Pathogens, Volume 14, Issue 4

Gram-negative bacteria release outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that deliver various molecules, including virulence factors, to interact with their host. Recent studies have suggested that OMVs may also serve as carriers for RNAs, particularly small re...

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a globally widespread and vast destructive plant pathogenic fungus that causes significant yield losses in crops. Due to the lack of effective resistant germplasm resources, the control of diseases caused by S. sclerotioru...

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) causes sporadic and epizootic outbreaks among various domesticated and non-domesticated animal species worldwide. Although outbreaks are mostly reported in domestic pigs, mortality is reported in elephants, ungulates...

Contrary to extensively studied porcine alphaherpesvirus (SuHV-1/PRV), betaherpesvirus (SuHV-2/PCMV) and Gammaherpesvirinae (SuHV-3/PLHV-1, SuHV-4/PLHV-2, SuHV-5/PLHV-3) infections remain unexplored in the swine population in Poland. The aim of this...

(1) Background: S. parasuis is a potential opportunistic zoonotic pathogen that can infect pigs, cattle, and humans, composed of former members of S. suis serotypes 20, 22, and 26. In recent years, unclassified serotypes and a serotype 11 S. parasuis...

Several indirect findings suggest that host-related factors influence susceptibility to Coxiella burnetii infection. We decided to explore the influence of genetic factors related to both innate and adaptive immunity in acute Q fever susceptibility....

Leptospirosis is a well-known disease that frequently occurs after floods. At the beginning of May 2024, a catastrophic flood occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, affecting two million people and leading to a state of calamity. Given t...

This review summarizes the interactions between Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, and its vectors, the triatomines, and highlights open questions. Four important facts should be emphasized at the outset: (1) The development of...

Infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), such as Mycobacterium abscessus, elicit diverse cell death mechanisms including apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis, which play key roles in immunopathogenesis. NTM can manipulate these cell de...

Post-surgical central nervous system infections (PCNSIs) are a major cause of morbidity, poor functional outcomes and mortality in neurosurgical patients. These infections complicate operations of the CNS or are related to the use of neurosurgical de...

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection poses significant challenges to maternal and neonatal health, particularly in endemic regions. Vertical transmission, which occurs most commonly through prolonged breastfeeding and rarely duri...

Respiratory viral infections trigger immune and inflammatory responses that can be associated with excessive oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH) depletion, and a cytokine storm that drives virus-induced cell/tissue damage and severe disease. Erdostei...

This study analyzed eleven isolates of colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, originating from Portugal and Taiwan, which are associated with various pathologies. The results revealed significant genetic diversity among the isolates, with each ex...

Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable pathogen notorious for its antibiotic resistance and diverse virulence mechanisms, including toxin production, biofilm formation, and immune evasion. This article explores innovative anti-virulence strategies to...

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota (GM) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are significantly associated, but the causal relationship has not been fully elucidated. Methods: We investigated the association between GM and...

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a polyphenol produced by many plants and is found in red and green propolis. Here, we evaluated the antileishmanial activity of this natural product against Leishmania amazonensis. CAPE exhibited IC₅₀ values of...

Fusarium graminearum is a common plant pathogen among cereals worldwide. The application of chemical antifungal compounds is the most frequently used method in controlling F. graminearum. However, its excessive use and the genomic plasticity of the f...

Colombia has the fourth largest livestock herd on the American continent. Cattle farms are expanding in Colombia, sometimes impacting traditional communities and reserves. This is especially true for the Zenú ethnic group, whose ancestral terr...

COVID-19 has caused millions of deaths globally; however, the characterization of molecular biomarkers of severe disease remains of great scientific importance. The aim of this study was to capture the transcriptional differences of the whole blood g...

Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) circulating among wild birds and poultry may differ in virulence. Some NDVs cause devastating outbreaks in chickens. The NDV/duck/Moscow/3639/2008 (d3639) strain was isolated from a wild duck. Its genome was sequenced...

Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a potentially fatal infection, particularly affecting individuals with chronic conditions such as diabetes or kidney or liver diseases. This review examines melioidosis in India over the past two d...

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Mentha piperita (MP) on growth, immune enhancement, and disease resistance in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) over a 90-day period, particularly against Aeromonas hydrophila. MP...

Since the emergence of serotype BTV-3, another bluetongue virus, in fall 2023, this variant has been causing great losses in livestock farming in Europe. The virus spreads faster than the epidemic BTV-8, which appeared on the continent nine years ear...

Babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne illness, and pulmonary manifestations have not been well described previously. This is a single-center, retrospective study of hospitalized adults with confirmed babesiosis at Westchester Medical Center (Valhalla,...

Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main etiological agent in pediatric lower respiratory tract infections. The limited availability of therapeutic options for severe clinical cases associated with RSV infection makes prophylactic...

The aim of this retrospective 6-year study was to analyze demographic, laboratory and clinical features of 212 patients (<18 years of age) with EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM) hospitalized in a tertiary clinical care center in southea...

Brucellosis, a contagious reproductive disease of livestock, has a significant economic impact in terms of abortions and stillbirths and has zoonotic importance. A study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in a bovine populati...

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, a potentially devastating disease to fetuses and immunocompromised individuals. Among its microneme proteins, MIC1 and MIC4 play crucial roles in host-parasite interac...

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising adjunct in the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis (IE), a disease characterized by diagnostic complexity and significant morbidity. Machine learning (ML) models such as SABIER an...

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of mortality, with drug resistance highlighting the need for new vaccine targets. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase A (PpiA), a conserved Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) protein, plays a role in bacterial stress ada...

The distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes shows inconsistencies across countries, ethnicities, and socioeconomic levels. An in-depth identification of HPV infection rates and genotypes across regions, ethnicities, and age groups in lar...

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Aedes albopictus has established populations in several European countries with a sustained spreading pattern through the continent. This invasive mosquito is a public health threat due to its vector competence for multiple arboviruses. Notably, the...

Eosinophils are granulocytes involved in the effector phase of type 2 T cell immune responses, which are elevated in inflammatory conditions like ulcerative colitis (UC) and other allergic diseases. UC is a chronic inflammatory colon disease, marked...

Background: Influenza remains a global health challenge, causing significant morbidity and mortality. This study explores the epidemiology of influenza A (IAV) and B (IBV) during the 2021–2023 winter seasons within a targeted Jordanian subpopul...

The 1999 outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) in New York City (NYC) marked the first documented introduction of the virus into the western hemisphere, prompting extensive public health surveillance. This study examines the epidemiology of WNV from 2000...

Serratia marcescens acquisition is a common problem in intensive care units (ICUs). Following an initial outbreak in 2017 with ongoing endemicity, this study aimed to analyze the impact of behavioral interventions and sink removals on S. marcescens i...

Italy was one of the first countries to implement a hepatitis B (HBV) immunization strategy in 1991; since its introduction, the epidemiology of this disease has significantly changed. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the seroprevale...

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a multifactorial polygenic inflammatory bowel disease linked to aberrant immune response. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP) has been associated with CD; however, detecting MAP in CD tissues remains highly challenging....

The global fauna of Didymozoidae infecting fishes is very diverse and includes 270 species. Integrative taxonomic studies in this group are rare, and genetic data are lacking for the molecular identification of species. In this study, a new genus and...

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality among drug users in Asia. This study systematically reviews and analyzes the pooled prevalence of HBV and HCV, considering geographic and methodol...

Background: Psoriasis is a prevalent and persistent inflammatory disorder with systemic manifestations. Emerging evidence implicates the gut microbiota in regulating inflammatory responses, metabolic pathways, and immune homeostasis. This review synt...

Uterine health is paramount to fertility in broodmares and for the success of a breeding project, and the Lusitano breed is no exception. This study aimed to characterize the mare uterine microbiota using practical clinical evaluation methods. Mares...

Although the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic primarily affected the human population, the virus has also been detected in various animal species worldwide, raising concerns about its potential to establish new animal reservoirs. This study aimed to investigate t...

Antibiotic resistance represents a growing public health threat, with airborne drug-resistant strains being especially alarming due to their ease of transmission and association with severe respiratory infections. The respiratory microbiome plays a p...

Alveolar Echinococcosis (AE) is a serious zoonotic disease caused by infection of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae. To survive within the host, E. multilocularis has developed a complex immune evasion mechanism including the inhibition of complemen...

Lyme disease (LD), caused by infection with the tick-borne bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi, is associated with a wide array of symptoms in human patients. Variations in clinical manifestations are thought to be influenced by genetic differences among...

Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax (P. heterophylla) was a valued traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Previous studies have shown that P. heterophylla TuMV spreads during the vegetative propagation cycle using tuberous roots as carriers. Howeve...

The rising antifungal resistance in Nakaseomyces glabratus, especially to azole drugs like fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole, presents a significant clinical challenge. Plant-derived compounds with synergistic antifungal effects offer a pro...

Pathogenic fungi that exhibit the ability to alternate between hyphal and yeast morphology in response to environmental stimuli are considered dimorphic. Under saprobic conditions, some fungi exist as filamentous hyphae, producing conidia. When conid...