Land | July 2025 - Browse Articles

27 pages, 19389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Semi-Supervised Clustering with Membership Information and Deep Learning in Landslide Susceptibility Assessment

by Hua Xia, Zili Qin, Yuanxin Tong, Yintian Li, Rui Zhang and Hongxia Luo

Land 2025, 14(7), 1472; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071472 (registering DOI) - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

Landslide susceptibility assessment (LSA) plays a crucial role in disaster prevention and mitigation. Traditional random selection of non-landslide samples (labeled as 0) suffers from poor representativeness and high randomness, which may include potential landslide areas and affect the accuracy of LSA. To address [...] Read more.

Landslide susceptibility assessment (LSA) plays a crucial role in disaster prevention and mitigation. Traditional random selection of non-landslide samples (labeled as 0) suffers from poor representativeness and high randomness, which may include potential landslide areas and affect the accuracy of LSA. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel Landslide Susceptibility Index–based Semi-supervised Fuzzy C-Means (LSI-SFCM) sampling strategy combining membership degrees. It utilizes landslide and unlabeled samples to map landslide membership degree via Semi-supervised Fuzzy C-Means (SFCM). Non-landslide samples are selected from low-membership regions and assigned membership values as labels. This study developed three models for LSA—Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), U-Net, and Support Vector Machine (SVM), and compared three negative sample sampling strategies: Random Sampling (RS), SFCM (samples labeled 0), and LSI-SFCM. The results demonstrate that the LSI-SFCM effectively enhances the representativeness and diversity of negative samples, improving the predictive performance and classification reliability. Deep learning models using LSI-SFCM performed with superior predictive capability. The CNN model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 95.52% and a prediction rate curve value of 0.859. Furthermore, compared with the traditional unsupervised fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering, SFCM produced a more reasonable distribution of landslide membership degrees, better reflecting the distinction between landslides and non-landslides. This approach enhances the reliability of LSA and provides a scientific basis for disaster prevention and mitigation authorities. Full article

14 pages, 1250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pinelands: Impacts of Different Long-Term Land Uses on Soil Physical Properties in Red Ferrosols

by Ana Carolina de Mattos e Avila, Jackson Adriano Albuquerque and Gunnar Kirchhof

Land 2025, 14(7), 1471; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071471 (registering DOI) - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

Century-long land-use practices have a profound impact on soil physical and chemical properties, with direct implications for soil health and agricultural sustainability. This study aimed to assess the effects of four contrasting land uses—remnant vegetation, pasture, cultivated areas, and loafing areas—on the physical [...] Read more.

Century-long land-use practices have a profound impact on soil physical and chemical properties, with direct implications for soil health and agricultural sustainability. This study aimed to assess the effects of four contrasting land uses—remnant vegetation, pasture, cultivated areas, and loafing areas—on the physical and chemical properties of Red Ferrosols in the Toowoomba region, Queensland, Australia. Soil samples were collected from upper and lower slope positions for each land use. Physical properties, including bulk density, porosity, water retention, and permeability, as well as chemical properties such as organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, were analysed. The results showed that remnant vegetation preserved the most favourable soil conditions, with lower bulk density, higher porosity, and greater water retention. Cultivated areas exhibited significant soil degradation, marked by compaction, reduced infiltration, and depleted organic matter. Loafing areas displayed localised nutrient enrichment but higher compaction due to livestock trampling. Pastures maintained intermediate conditions, retaining some beneficial soil characteristics. These findings emphasise the critical need for sustainable land management strategies to protect soil structure and function, supporting the long-term productivity and resilience of Red Ferrosols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers for "Land, Soil and Water" Section)

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26 pages, 1655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Heat Islands and Land-Use Patterns in Zagreb: A Composite Analysis Using Remote Sensing and Spatial Statistics

by Dino Bečić and Mateo Gašparović

Land 2025, 14(7), 1470; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071470 (registering DOI) - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

Urban heat islands (UHIs) present a growing environmental issue in swiftly urbanizing regions, where impermeable surfaces and a lack of vegetation increase local temperatures. This research analyzes the spatial distribution of urban heat islands in Zagreb, Croatia, utilizing remote sensing data, urban planning [...] Read more.

Urban heat islands (UHIs) present a growing environmental issue in swiftly urbanizing regions, where impermeable surfaces and a lack of vegetation increase local temperatures. This research analyzes the spatial distribution of urban heat islands in Zagreb, Croatia, utilizing remote sensing data, urban planning metrics, and spatial-statistical analysis. Composite rasters of land surface temperature (LST) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were generated from four cloud-free Landsat 9 images obtained in the summer of 2024. The data were consolidated into regulatory planning units through zonal statistics, facilitating the evaluation of the impact of built-up density and designated green space on surface temperatures. A composite UHI index was developed by combining normalized land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measurements, while spatial clustering was examined with Local Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi*. The results validate spatial patterns of heat intensity, with high temperatures centered in densely built residential areas. This research addresses the gap in past UHI studies by providing a reproducible approach for detecting thermal stress zones, linking satellite data with spatial planning variables. The results support the development of localized climate adaptation methods and highlight the importance of integrating green infrastructure into urban planning methodologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Land Use Change and Its Spatial Planning)

30 pages, 14631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unsupervised Plot Morphology Classification via Graph Attention Networks: Evidence from Nanjing’s Walled City

by Ziyu Liu and Yacheng Song

Land 2025, 14(7), 1469; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071469 (registering DOI) - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

Urban plots are pivotal links between individual buildings and the city fabric, yet conventional plot classification methods often overlook how buildings interact within each plot. This oversight is particularly problematic in the irregular fabrics typical of many Global South cities. This study aims [...] Read more.

Urban plots are pivotal links between individual buildings and the city fabric, yet conventional plot classification methods often overlook how buildings interact within each plot. This oversight is particularly problematic in the irregular fabrics typical of many Global South cities. This study aims to create a plot classification method that jointly captures metric and configurational characteristics. Our approach converts each cadastral plot into a graph whose nodes are building centroids and whose edges reflect Delaunay-based proximity. The model then learns unsupervised graph embeddings with a two-layer Graph Attention Network guided by a triple loss that couples building morphology with spatial topology. We then cluster the embeddings together with normalized plot metrics. Applying the model to 8973 plots in Nanjing’s historic walled city yields seven distinct plot morphological types. The framework separates plots that share identical FAR–GSI values but differ in internal organization. The baseline and ablation experiments confirm the indispensability of both configurational and metric information. Each type aligns with specific renewal strategies, from incremental upgrades of courtyard slabs to skyline management of high-rise complexes. By integrating quantitative graph learning with classical typo-morphology theory, this study not only advances urban form research but also offers planners a tool for context-sensitive urban regeneration and land-use management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Urban Science and Real Estate Dynamics: Insights into Housing, Finance, and Land Use)

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1 pages, 110 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Luo et al. Assessing the Recreational Resource Value of National Park Based on Visitor Perception—A Case of Three-River-Source National Park in China. Land 2024, 13, 1882

by Xiao Luo, Zongcai Huang and Lingen Wang

Land 2025, 14(7), 1468; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071468 (registering DOI) - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

In the published publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating the Balance: The Role of National Parks in Ecological Conservation and Socioeconomic Development)

28 pages, 8203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Development of Central and Northern Euboea (Evia) Through the Protection and Revealing of the Area’s Cultural and Environmental Reserve

by Kyriakos Lampropoulos, Anastasia Vythoulka, George Petrakos, Vasiliki (Betty) Charalampopoulou, Anastasia A. Kioussi and Antonia Moropoulou

Land 2025, 14(7), 1467; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071467 (registering DOI) - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study explores a strategic framework for the sustainable development of Northern and Central Euboea (Evia), Greece, through the preservation and promotion of cultural and environmental assets. This research aims to redirect tourism flows from overdeveloped coastal zones to underutilized inland areas by [...] Read more.

This study explores a strategic framework for the sustainable development of Northern and Central Euboea (Evia), Greece, through the preservation and promotion of cultural and environmental assets. This research aims to redirect tourism flows from overdeveloped coastal zones to underutilized inland areas by leveraging local heritage and natural resources. The methodology was developed within the context of the AEI research project and combines bibliographic research, stakeholder consultation, GIS analysis, and socioeconomic assessment. Based on this framework, a series of thematic cultural routes and agritourism initiatives were designed to enhance regional attractiveness and resilience. The study proposes the utilization of ICT tools such as GIS-based mapping, a digital development platform, and an online tourism portal to document, manage, and promote key assets. The socioeconomic impact of the proposed interventions was evaluated using an input–output model, revealing that each EUR 1 million invested in the region is expected to generate EUR 650,000 in local GDP and create 14 new jobs. The results underscore the potential of alternative tourism to stimulate inclusive and sustainable growth, particularly in post-disaster rural regions. This integrated approach can serve as a model for other territories facing similar environmental, economic, and demographic challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preservation, Reuse and Reveal of Cultural Heritage Through Sustainable Land Management, Rural and Urban Development (Third Edition))

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19 pages, 941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residents’ Perceptions of Informal Green Spaces in High-Density Cities: Urban Land Governance Implications from Taipei

by Chen-Yi Sun, Tzu-Pei Chiang and Ya-Wen Wu

Land 2025, 14(7), 1466; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071466 (registering DOI) - 15 Jul 2025

Abstract

In high-density and land-scarce urban environments such as Taipei—a typical example of compact development in East Asia—informal green spaces (IGSs)—defined as unmanaged or unplanned vegetated urban areas such as vacant lots, street verges, and railway margins—play a growing role in urban environmental and [...] Read more.

In high-density and land-scarce urban environments such as Taipei—a typical example of compact development in East Asia—informal green spaces (IGSs)—defined as unmanaged or unplanned vegetated urban areas such as vacant lots, street verges, and railway margins—play a growing role in urban environmental and social dynamics. This study explores residents’ perceptions of IGSs and examines how these spaces contribute to urban sustainability and land governance. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines the literature review, field observations, and a structured public opinion survey in Taipei’s Wenshan District, the study identifies key perceived benefits and drawbacks of IGSs. Findings show that residents highly value IGSs for enhancing urban greenery, offering recreational opportunities, and promoting physical and mental health. However, concerns persist regarding safety, sanitation, and maintenance—particularly fears of waste accumulation, mosquito breeding, and risks to children. The results highlight the dual nature of IGSs as both vital ecological assets and potential sources of urban disorder. These insights underscore the need for inclusive, community-based governance models that can transform IGSs into legitimate components of green infrastructure. The study contributes to emerging discussions on adaptive urban land governance by proposing that informal spaces be strategically integrated into urban planning frameworks to enhance environmental equity, resilience, and citizen well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning for Sustainable Urban and Land Development, Second Edition)

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24 pages, 5634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Coordination of Transportation Network and Ecological Corridors Based on Maxent Model and Circuit Theory in the Giant Panda National Park, China

by Xinyu Li, Gaoru Zhu, Jiaqi Sun, Leyao Wu and Yuting Peng

Land 2025, 14(7), 1465; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071465 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

National parks serve as critical spatial units for conserving ecological baselines, maintaining genetic diversity, and delivering essential ecosystem services. However, accelerating socio-economic development has increasingly intensified the conflict between ecological protection and transportation infrastructure. Ecologically sustainable transportation planning is, therefore, essential to mitigate [...] Read more.

National parks serve as critical spatial units for conserving ecological baselines, maintaining genetic diversity, and delivering essential ecosystem services. However, accelerating socio-economic development has increasingly intensified the conflict between ecological protection and transportation infrastructure. Ecologically sustainable transportation planning is, therefore, essential to mitigate habitat fragmentation, facilitate species migration, and conserve biodiversity. This study examines the Giant Panda National Park and its buffer zone, focusing on six mammal species: giant panda, Sichuan snub-nosed monkey, leopard cat, forest musk deer, rock squirrel, and Sichuan takin. By integrating Maxent ecological niche modeling with circuit theory, it identified ecological source areas and potential corridors, and employed a two-step screening approach to design species-specific wildlife crossings. In total, 39 vegetated overpasses were proposed to serve all target species; 34 underpasses were integrated using existing bridge and culvert structures to minimize construction costs; and 27 canopy bridges, incorporating suspension cables and elevated pathways, were designed to connect forest canopies for arboreal species. This study established a multi-species and multi-scale conservation framework, providing both theoretical insights and practical strategies for ecologically integrated transportation planning in national parks, contributing to the synergy between biodiversity conservation and sustainable development goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territorial Space and Transportation Coordinated Development)

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36 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Transformation and Precision Farming as Catalysts of Rural Development

by Andrey Ronzhin, Aleksandra Figurek, Vladimir Surovtsev and Khapsat Dibirova

Land 2025, 14(7), 1464; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071464 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

The European Union’s developing rural development plan places digital and precision agriculture at the centre of agricultural modernisation and economic development. This article examines how agricultural practices in rural EU regions are being influenced by smart technology, such as drones, IoT sensors, satellite-based [...] Read more.

The European Union’s developing rural development plan places digital and precision agriculture at the centre of agricultural modernisation and economic development. This article examines how agricultural practices in rural EU regions are being influenced by smart technology, such as drones, IoT sensors, satellite-based research, and AI-driven platforms, through an analysis of recent data from sources across the European Union. This study applies a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of strategic policy documents and EU databases, to evaluate the ways in which precision agriculture reduces input consumption, increases productivity, reduces labour shortages and rural area depopulation, and improves sustainability. By investing in infrastructure, developing communities for data exchange, and organising training for farmers, European policies such as the Strategic Plans of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the SmartAgriHubs initiative, and the AgData program actively encourage the transition to digital agriculture. Cyprus is analysed as a case study to show how targeted investments and initiatives supported by the EU can help smaller countries, with limited natural resources, to realise the benefits of digital transformation in agriculture. A special focus is placed on how solutions adapted to agro-climatic and socioeconomic conditions can contribute to strengthening the competitiveness of the agricultural sector, attracting young people to get involved in this field and opening up new economic opportunities. The results of previous research indicate that digital agriculture not only improves productivity but also proves to be a strategic mechanism for attracting and retaining young people in rural areas. Thus, this work additionally contributes to the broader goal of the European Union—the development of smart, inclusive, and sustainable rural areas, in which digital technologies are not only seen as tools for efficiency but also as key means for integrated and long-term rural development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Development Strategies in the EU: Strengthening Agricultural Sectors and Local Economies)

25 pages, 6526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Typo-Morphology as a Conceptual Tool for Rural Settlements: Decoding Harran’s Vernacular Heritage with Reflections from Alberobello

by Ozge Ogut

Land 2025, 14(7), 1463; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071463 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Typo-morphology, as interpreted by the Italian School of Planning, provides an approach to investigate the relationship between built form and socio-cultural patterns in vernacular settlements. This study examines Harran, a heritage site in southeastern Türkiye known for its distinctive conic domed dwellings, to [...] Read more.

Typo-morphology, as interpreted by the Italian School of Planning, provides an approach to investigate the relationship between built form and socio-cultural patterns in vernacular settlements. This study examines Harran, a heritage site in southeastern Türkiye known for its distinctive conic domed dwellings, to explore how typo-morphological analysis can inform culturally sensitive design and adaptive reuse approaches. Despite its historical significance and inclusion in the UNESCO tentative list, Harran faces insufficient documentation, fragmented governance, limited conservation, and increasing pressure from urbanization and natural disasters. Using multiple sources and fieldwork, the research reconstructs the morphological evolution of Harran through diachronic maps across compound, district, and town scales. Reflections from Alberobello, Italy, i.e., the sister city of Harran and a UNESCO-listed town with a similarly unique vernacular fabric, provide a comparative view to explore different heritage management approaches. Harran evolved through informal, culture-driven growth, whereas Alberobello followed a regulated path. While Alberobello benefits from planned development and institutional preservation, Harran faces partial abandonment and neglect. By positioning typo-morphology as a conceptual planning tool, this paper emphasizes the need for context-responsive, ethically grounded, and inclusive approaches to heritage planning and conservation. It argues for planning practices that are not only technically competent but also attuned to place-based knowledge, local identities, and the long-term sustainability of living heritage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Morphology: A Perspective from Space (Second Edition))

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35 pages, 9139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Living Regeneratively: Housing Design That Enables Resident Agency in Ecological Restoration

by Cristina Hernandez-Santin and Dominique Hes

Land 2025, 14(7), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071462 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

In 2022, the United Nations Global Biodiversity Framework set forth an ambitious target for “biodiversity-inclusive cities”, recognising the imperative to address biodiversity decline across all sectors, including the built environment. However, the application of this emerging concept remains limited, with few projects directly [...] Read more.

In 2022, the United Nations Global Biodiversity Framework set forth an ambitious target for “biodiversity-inclusive cities”, recognising the imperative to address biodiversity decline across all sectors, including the built environment. However, the application of this emerging concept remains limited, with few projects directly aligned with the framework’s objectives or timelines necessary for meaningful biodiversity outcomes. To address this limitation this research presents The Paddock, a 27-home regenerative development in southeastern Australia, designed to empower residents in ecological restoration and regeneration efforts. Engagement was initiated through citizen science surveys and a co-design workshop during 2015–2016. As a result, The Paddock seeks to support five focal species’ return via ecosystem-centred design principles. Utilising a mixed-methods approach, the paper documents the design process, ecological decision-making, and the evolving people–nature relationships within the community. Preliminary results indicate the anecdotal return of four targeted species alongside other local fauna. Feedback gathered from residents, combined with insights from the landowner and architect, illustrates that residing in a regenerative environment enhances ecological connections and stewardship tendencies. Ongoing long-term species monitoring will further evaluate the project’s ecological impact. This case study underscores the potential of biodiversity inclusive design (BID) in fostering biodiversity-positive and socially responsive housing developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human–Nature Relations in Urban Landscape Planning)

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27 pages, 4651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Infrared UAV Applications for Spatially Explicit Wildlife Occupancy Modeling

by Eve Bohnett, Babu Ram Lamichanne, Surendra Chaudhary, Kapil Pokhrel, Giavanna Dorman, Axel Flores, Rebecca Lewison, Fang Qiu, Doug Stow and Li An

Land 2025, 14(7), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071461 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Assessing the impact of community-based conservation programs on wildlife biodiversity remains a significant challenge. This pilot study was designed to develop and demonstrate a scalable, spatially explicit workflow using thermal infrared (TIR) imagery and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for non-invasive biodiversity monitoring. Conducted [...] Read more.

Assessing the impact of community-based conservation programs on wildlife biodiversity remains a significant challenge. This pilot study was designed to develop and demonstrate a scalable, spatially explicit workflow using thermal infrared (TIR) imagery and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for non-invasive biodiversity monitoring. Conducted in a 2-hectare grassland area in Chitwan, Nepal, the study applied TIR-based grid sampling and multi-species occupancy models with thin-plate splines to evaluate how species detection and richness might vary between (1) morning and evening UAV flights, and (2) the Chitwan National Park and Kumroj Community Forest. While the small sample area inherently limits ecological inference, the aim was to test and demonstrate data collection and modeling protocols that could be scaled to larger landscapes with sufficient replication, and not to produce generalizable ecological findings from a small dataset. The pilot study results revealed higher species detection during morning flights, which allowed us to refine our data collection. Additionally, models accounting for spatial autocorrelation using thin plate splines suggested that community-based conservation programs effectively balanced ecosystem service extraction with biodiversity conservation, maintaining richness levels comparable to the national park. Models without splines indicated significantly higher species richness within the national park. This study demonstrates the potential for spatially explicit methods for monitoring grassland mammals using TIR UAV as indicators of anthropogenic impacts and conservation effectiveness. Further data collection over larger spatial and temporal scales is essential to capture the occupancy more generally for species with larger home ranges, as well as any effects of rainfall, flooding, and seasonal variability on biodiversity in alluvial grasslands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land, Biodiversity, and Human Wellbeing)

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24 pages, 13416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Biomass in Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster Forests Using UAV-Based LiDAR in Central and Northern Portugal

by Leilson Ferreira, André Salgado de Andrade Sandim, Dalila Araújo Lopes, Joaquim João Sousa, Domingos Manuel Mendes Lopes, Maria Emília Calvão Moreira Silva and Luís Pádua

Land 2025, 14(7), 1460; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071460 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Accurate biomass estimation is important for forest management and climate change mitigation. This study evaluates the potential of using LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data, acquired through Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), for estimating above-ground and total biomass in Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster [...] Read more.

Accurate biomass estimation is important for forest management and climate change mitigation. This study evaluates the potential of using LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data, acquired through Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), for estimating above-ground and total biomass in Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster stands in central and northern Portugal. The acquired LiDAR point clouds were processed to extract structural metrics such as canopy height, crown area, canopy density, and volume. A multistep variable selection procedure was applied to reduce collinearity and select the most informative predictors. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were developed and validated using field inventory data. Random Forest (RF) models were also tested for E. globulus, enabling a comparative evaluation between parametric and machine learning regression models. The results show that the 25th height percentile, canopy cover density at two meters, and height variance demonstrated an accurate biomass estimation for E. globulus, with coefficients of determination (R²) varying between 0.86 for MLR and 0.90 for RF. Although RF demonstrated a similar predictive performance, MLR presented advantages in terms of interpretability and computational efficiency. For P. pinaster, only MLR was applied due to the limited number of field data, yet R² exceeded 0.80. Although absolute errors were higher for Pinus pinaster due to greater biomass variability, relative performance remained consistent across species. The results demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of UAV LiDAR point cloud data for stand-level biomass estimation, providing simple and effective models for biomass estimation in these two species. Full article

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6 pages, 171 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Strategic Planning for Urban Sustainability

by Carlos J. L. Balsas and Awais Piracha

Land 2025, 14(7), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071458 - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

The inception of strategic planning in the Western world can be traced to the post-World War II period [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning for Urban Sustainability)

20 pages, 9502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Coupling Characteristics Between Urban Land Development Intensity and Population Density from a Building-Space Perspective: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration

by Xiaozhou Wang, Lie You and Lin Wang

Land 2025, 14(7), 1459; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071459 - 13 Jul 2025

Viewed by 139

Abstract

As China shifts from rapid to high-quality development, urban growth has exhibited allometric patterns. This study evaluated land use efficiency from the perspective of architectural space, focusing on 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2020. A land [...] Read more.

As China shifts from rapid to high-quality development, urban growth has exhibited allometric patterns. This study evaluated land use efficiency from the perspective of architectural space, focusing on 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2020. A land development intensity index was constructed at both the provincial and municipal levels using the entropy weight method, integrating floor area ratio, building density, and functional mix. The spatiotemporal characteristics of land development intensity and population density were analyzed, and a coordination coupling model was applied to identify mismatches between land and population. The results reveal: (1) Temporally, the imbalance of “more people, less land” in the Yangtze River Delta diminished. Spatially, leading regions exhibit a diffusion effect. Shanghai showed a decline in both population density and development intensity; Zhejiang maintained balanced development; Jiangsu experienced accelerated growth; and Anhui showed signs of catching up. (2) Although the two indicators showed a high coupling degree and strong correlation, the coordination degree remained low, indicating poor quality of correlation. The land-population relationship demonstrated a fluctuating pattern of “strengthening–weakening” over time. Shanghai exhibited the highest coordination, while more than half of the cities in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui still needed optimization. (3) Unlike previous findings that linked such patterns to shrinking cities, in this transformation stage, the number of cities where land development intensity exceeded population density continued to grow in advanced regions. This study first applied 3D building data at the macro scale to support differentiated spatial policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Data Analysis and Geographic Information Systems for Urban Land Use)

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24 pages, 7656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixed Temporal Measurement of Land Use Based on AOI Data and Thermal Data

by Yiyang Hu, Hongfei Chen, Xiping Yang, Yuzheng Cui, Tianxiao Cui and Wenqing Fang

Land 2025, 14(7), 1457; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071457 - 13 Jul 2025

Viewed by 120

Abstract

Land use mix is important for urban planning, and existing land use mix metrics frameworks have been developed comprehensively in terms of categories, distances, and attributes. However, most existing indices focus solely on the spatial dimension of land use mixing, neglecting the inherent [...] Read more.

Land use mix is important for urban planning, and existing land use mix metrics frameworks have been developed comprehensively in terms of categories, distances, and attributes. However, most existing indices focus solely on the spatial dimension of land use mixing, neglecting the inherent temporal variation of land use within short time scales, which results in difficulties in comprehensively and accurately capturing the cyclical dynamic characteristics of land use. In response to this problem, this study introduces innovative modifications to the diversity indicator from the perspective of the temporal availability of land use, based on the business time characteristics of land use. Specifically, three time-sensitive indexes were proposed, including the temporal diversity index (TDI), the daily temporal diversity index (DTDI), and the temporal entropy index (TEI). With these indexes, this paper measures and analyzes the functional mix of street blocks in Xi’an City. The results of the study show that the indexes are effective in reflecting changes in the temporal dimension of the land use mix. Meanwhile, Xi’an’s land use mix pattern is more reasonable in terms of setting business hours, but the type of functional mix needs to be optimized. The proposed indicator system offers a novel perspective on the spatiotemporal mixing of land use and delivers more precise decision-making support for urban planning and management. Full article

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28 pages, 18279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From the Past to the Future: Unveiling the Impact of Extreme Climate on Vegetation Dynamics in Northern China Through Historical Trends and Future Projections

by Yuxuan Zhang, Xiaojun Yao, Juan Zhang and Qin Ma

Land 2025, 14(7), 1456; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071456 - 13 Jul 2025

Viewed by 138

Abstract

Over the past few decades, occurrences of extreme climatic events have escalated significantly, with severe repercussions for global ecosystems and socio-economics. northern China (NC), characterized by its complex topography and diverse climatic conditions, represents a typical ecologically vulnerable region where vegetation is highly [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, occurrences of extreme climatic events have escalated significantly, with severe repercussions for global ecosystems and socio-economics. northern China (NC), characterized by its complex topography and diverse climatic conditions, represents a typical ecologically vulnerable region where vegetation is highly sensitive to climate change. Therefore, monitoring vegetation dynamics and analyzing the influence of extreme climatic events on vegetation are crucial for ecological conservation efforts in NC. Based on extreme climate indicators and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), this study employed trend analysis, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition, all subsets regression analysis, and random forest to quantitatively investigate the spatiotemporal variations in historical and projected future NDVI trends in NC, as well as their responses to extreme climatic conditions. The results indicate that from 1982 to 2018, the NDVI in NC generally exhibited a recovery trend, with an average growth rate of 0.003/a and a short-term variation cycle of approximately 3 years. Vegetation restoration across most areas was primarily driven by short-term high temperatures and long-term precipitation patterns. Future projections under different emission scenarios (SSP245 and SSP585) suggest that extreme climate change will continue to follow historical trends. However, increased radiative forcing is expected to constrain both the rate of vegetation growth and its spatial expansion. These findings provide a scientific basis for mitigating the impacts of climate anomalies and improving ecological quality in NC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegetation Cover Changes Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Data)

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14 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Plant Diversity Responses to Fire Recurrence in Disjunct Amazonian Savannas

by Mariana Martins Medeiros de Santana, Rodrigo Nogueira de Vasconcelos, Salustiano Vilar da Costa Neto, Eduardo Mariano Neto and Washington de Jesus Sant’Anna da Franca Rocha

Land 2025, 14(7), 1455; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071455 - 13 Jul 2025

Viewed by 191

Abstract

Fire is a key ecological driver in tropical savannas, yet its effects on plant biodiversity remain understudied in Amazonian savannas. This study investigates how fire recurrence influences taxonomic and functional diversity in savanna ecosystems in northeastern Amazonia. We conducted vegetation surveys across five [...] Read more.

Fire is a key ecological driver in tropical savannas, yet its effects on plant biodiversity remain understudied in Amazonian savannas. This study investigates how fire recurrence influences taxonomic and functional diversity in savanna ecosystems in northeastern Amazonia. We conducted vegetation surveys across five phytophysiognomies in Amapá State, Brazil, and compiled trait data for 226 plant species. Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) were used to evaluate the relationships between fire frequency and diversity metrics across five landscape scales. The results showed that taxonomic diversity—particularly Shannon diversity—exhibited a unimodal response to fire recurrence, with peak diversity occurring at intermediate fire frequencies. Abundance increased with fire frequency, indicating potential dominance by fire-tolerant species. Functional diversity responded more subtly: functional richness and dispersion showed weak, non-linear associations with fire, while functional evenness remained stable. These findings suggest that recurrent fire can reduce taxonomic diversity without strongly altering functional structure, possibly due to functional redundancy among species. The use of multiscale models revealed that biodiversity–fire relationships vary with spatial context. In conclusion, this study highlights the moderate resilience of Amazonian savannas to fire recurrence and emphasizes the need to incorporate these ecosystems into fire management plans in climate change scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vegetation Spatial Dynamics and Plant Diversity Trends of Natural and Urban Landscapes)

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15 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions of Ecosystem Services and Conservation: The Role of Gender and Education in Northeastern Algeria

by Farrah Samraoui, Chahrazed Nahli, Sarra Snani, Riad Nedjah, Abdallah Aouadi, Yacine Rouibi, Abdellatif Satour and Boudjéma Samraoui

Land 2025, 14(7), 1454; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071454 - 12 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Wetlands in northeastern Algeria’s Numidia region provide vital ecosystem services, yet their cultural and intangible values (e.g., spiritual or aesthetic benefits) remain under-recognized in policy and practice. This study explores how gender, education, occupation, and wetland protection status influence local perceptions of provisioning, [...] Read more.

Wetlands in northeastern Algeria’s Numidia region provide vital ecosystem services, yet their cultural and intangible values (e.g., spiritual or aesthetic benefits) remain under-recognized in policy and practice. This study explores how gender, education, occupation, and wetland protection status influence local perceptions of provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services. Based on surveys (n = 552) across 12 wetland communities, results show that women place greater importance on cultural services, while those with higher education display more ecological awareness but less connection to traditional practices. Occupation and residence in protected areas also significantly shape valuation. These findings highlight the need for inclusive conservation strategies that integrate gender perspectives and local knowledge, promoting community-driven stewardship. This research supports more equitable and resilient environmental governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land, Biodiversity, and Human Wellbeing)

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25 pages, 7406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Landslide Susceptibility Level Mapping in Kozhikode, Kerala, Using Machine Learning-Based Random Forest, Remote Sensing, and GIS Techniques

by Pradeep Kumar Badapalli, Anusha Boya Nakkala, Raghu Babu Kottala, Sakram Gugulothu, Fahdah Falah Ben Hasher, Varun Narayan Mishra and Mohamed Zhran

Land 2025, 14(7), 1453; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071453 - 12 Jul 2025

Viewed by 193

Abstract

Landslides are among the most destructive natural hazards in the Western Ghats region of Kerala, driven by complex interactions between geological, hydrological, and anthropogenic factors. This study aims to generate a high-resolution Landslide Susceptibility Level Map (LSLM) using a machine learning (ML)-based Random [...] Read more.

Landslides are among the most destructive natural hazards in the Western Ghats region of Kerala, driven by complex interactions between geological, hydrological, and anthropogenic factors. This study aims to generate a high-resolution Landslide Susceptibility Level Map (LSLM) using a machine learning (ML)-based Random Forest (RF) model integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A total of 231 historical landslide locations obtained from the Bhukosh portal were used as reference data. Eight predictive factors—Stream Order, Drainage Density, Slope, Aspect, Geology, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Moisture Stress Index (MSI)—were derived from remote sensing and ancillary datasets, preprocessed, and reclassified for model input. The RF model was trained and validated using a 50:50 split of landslide and non-landslide points, with variable importance values derived to weight each predictive factor of the raster layer in ArcGIS. The resulting Landslide Susceptibility Index (LSI) was reclassified into five susceptibility zones: Very Low, Low, Moderate, High, and Very High. Results indicate that approximately 17.82% of the study area falls under high to very high susceptibility, predominantly in the steep, weathered, and high rainfall zones of the Western Ghats. Validation using Area Under the Curve–Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUC-ROC) analysis yielded an accuracy of 0.890, demonstrating excellent model performance. The output LSM provides valuable spatial insights for planners, disaster managers, and policymakers, enabling targeted mitigation strategies and sustainable land-use planning in landslide-prone regions. Full article

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19 pages, 13404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Bronze Age Productive Site on the Margin of the Venice Lagoon: Preliminary Data and Considerations

by Cecilia Rossi, Rita Deiana, Gaia Alessandra Garosi, Alessandro de Leo, Stefano Di Stefano, Sandra Primon, Luca Peruzzo, Ilaria Barone, Samuele Rampin, Pietro Maniero and Paolo Mozzi

Land 2025, 14(7), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071452 - 11 Jul 2025

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Abstract

The possibility of collecting new archaeological elements useful in reconstructing the dynamics of population, production and commercial activities in the Bronze Age at the edge of the central-southern Venice Lagoon was provided between 2023 and 2024 thanks to an intervention of rescue archaeology [...] Read more.

The possibility of collecting new archaeological elements useful in reconstructing the dynamics of population, production and commercial activities in the Bronze Age at the edge of the central-southern Venice Lagoon was provided between 2023 and 2024 thanks to an intervention of rescue archaeology planned during some water restoration works in the Giare–Mira area. Three small excavations revealed, approximately one meter below the current surface and covered by alluvial sediments, a rather complex palimpsest dated to the late Recent and the early Final Bronze Age. Three large circular pits containing exclusively purified grey/blue clay and very rare inclusions of vegetable fibres, and many large, fired clay vessels’ bases, walls and rims clustered in concentrated assemblages and random deposits point to potential on-site production. Two pyro-technological structures, one characterised by a sub-circular combustion chamber and a long inlet channel/praefurnium, and the second one with a sub-rectangular shape with arched niches along its southern side, complete the exceptional context here discovered. To analyse the relationship between the site and the natural sedimentary succession and to evaluate the possible extension of this site, three electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and low-frequency electromagnetic (FDEM) measurements were collected. Several manual core drillings associated with remote sensing integrated the geophysical data in the analysis of the geomorphological evolution of this area, clearly related to different phases of fluvial activity, in a framework of continuous relative sea level rise. The typology and chronology of the archaeological structures and materials, currently undergoing further analyses, support the interpretation of the site as a late Recent/early Final Bronze Age productive site. Geophysical and geomorphological data provide information on the palaeoenvironmental setting, suggesting that the site was located on a fine-grained, stable alluvial plain at a distance of a few kilometres from the lagoon shore to the south-east and the course of the Brenta River to the north. The archaeological site was buried by fine-grained floodplain deposits attributed to the Brenta River. The good preservation of the archaeological structures buried by fluvial sediments suggests that the site was abandoned soon before sedimentation started. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Archaeological Landscape and Settlement II)

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28 pages, 1987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Grazing and Land Use Coupling in Arid Pastoral China: Insights from Sunan County

by Bo Lan, Yue Zhang, Zhaofan Wu and Haifei Wang

Land 2025, 14(7), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071451 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 220

Abstract

Driven by climate change and stringent ecological conservation policies, arid and semi-arid pastoral areas face acute grassland degradation and forage–livestock imbalances. In Sunan County (Gansu Province, China), herders have increasingly turned to off-site grazing—leasing crop fields in adjacent oases during autumn and winter—to [...] Read more.

Driven by climate change and stringent ecological conservation policies, arid and semi-arid pastoral areas face acute grassland degradation and forage–livestock imbalances. In Sunan County (Gansu Province, China), herders have increasingly turned to off-site grazing—leasing crop fields in adjacent oases during autumn and winter—to alleviate local grassland pressure and adapt their livelihoods. However, the interplay between the evolving land use system (L) and this emergent borrowed pasture system (B) remains under-explored. This study introduces a coupled analytical framework linking L and B. We employ multi-temporal remote sensing imagery (2018–2023) and official statistical data to derive land use dynamic degree (LUDD) metrics and 14 indicators for the borrowed pasture system. Through entropy weighting and a coupling coordination degree model (CCDM), we quantify subsystem performance, interaction intensity, and coordination over time. The results show that 2017 was a turning point in grassland–bare land dynamics: grassland trends shifted from positive to negative, whereas bare land trends turned from negative to positive; strong coupling but low early coordination (C > 0.95; D < 0.54) were present due to institutional lags, infrastructural gaps, and rising rental costs; resilient grassroots networks bolstered coordination during COVID-19 (D ≈ 0.78 in 2023); and institutional voids limited scalability, highlighting the need for integrated subsidy, insurance, and management frameworks. In addition, among those interviewed, 75% (15/20) observed significant grassland degradation before adopting off-site grazing, and 40% (8/20) perceived improvements afterward, indicating its potential role in ecological regulation under climate stress. By fusing remote sensing quantification with local stakeholder insights, this study advances social–ecological coupling theory and offers actionable guidance for optimizing cross-regional forage allocation and adaptive governance in arid pastoral zones. Full article

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30 pages, 4104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Local Perspectives on the Trajectory and Drivers of Gazetted Forest Reserve Change in Nasarawa State, North Central Nigeria

by Banki T. Chunwate, Robert A. Marchant, Eleanor K. K. Jew and Lindsay C. Stringer

Land 2025, 14(7), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071450 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 117

Abstract

Understanding forest-cover change and its drivers is vital for global forest management and policy development. This study analyzed perceptions of historical drivers behind land-use/land-cover change (LULCC) and forest change in gazetted forests from 1966 to 2022 to evaluate the impact of human activities [...] Read more.

Understanding forest-cover change and its drivers is vital for global forest management and policy development. This study analyzed perceptions of historical drivers behind land-use/land-cover change (LULCC) and forest change in gazetted forests from 1966 to 2022 to evaluate the impact of human activities around the gazetted forest reserves, comparing three forests in Nasarawa State, North Central Nigeria. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Three gazetted forests (Doma, Risha, and Odu) were sampled to represent the three geopolitical zones of the state. SPSS IBM version 29, NVivo 1.7, and Python 3 were used for data analyses to generate statistics and identify coherent themes across the forests. Results show that changes were perceived to be triggered by sixteen drivers (direct and indirect) related to social, economic, environmental, policy/institutional, and technological elements. Agricultural expansion, lumbering, and charcoal production were the most reported direct drivers, while population growth, poverty, and government policies were the most perceived indirect drivers. The results showed variations in human activities across forest sites. For example, agricultural expansion, lumbering, and grazing were more widespread, while construction and settlement activities differed between forests. The Risha forest community saw agriculture expansion ahead of other drivers, Doma forest people saw population growth above other drivers, and the Odu forest community saw lumbering aiding other drivers that led to change. Implementation of policies focusing on these key drivers must match local perceptions and priorities to engage people in forest conservation. These efforts could ensure effective forest protection that is vital for achieving global biodiversity and climate targets and safeguarding local livelihoods. The specific drivers of changes in each forest need to be targeted in conservation efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)

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24 pages, 3656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Urban Park Utility in Seoul: A Distance-to-Area Discounting Model

by Gyoungju Lee and Youngeun Kang

Land 2025, 14(7), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071449 - 11 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This study proposes a novel method to assess urban park accessibility by incorporating perceived utility based on both park area and distance. Departing from conventional models that treat accessibility as a function of geometric proximity alone, we define park utility as a distance-discounted [...] Read more.

This study proposes a novel method to assess urban park accessibility by incorporating perceived utility based on both park area and distance. Departing from conventional models that treat accessibility as a function of geometric proximity alone, we define park utility as a distance-discounted benefit of park area, thereby allowing for a more behaviorally grounded measure. A customized discounting function is introduced, where larger park sizes proportionally reduce perceived travel cost, and walking speed adjustments are applied based on demographic user profiles (children, adults, and older adults). The methodology was implemented using a Python-based v.3.12.9 geospatial workflow with network-based distance calculations between 18,614 census block groups and all urban parks in Seoul. Population-weighted utility scores were computed by integrating park size, distance, and age-specific mobility adjustments. The results reveal significant intra-urban disparities, with a citywide deficit of 4,066,046 m in population-weighted distance, particularly in areas with large populations but insufficient proximity to high-utility parks. Simulation analyses of 30 candidate sites demonstrate that strategic park placement can yield substantial utility improvements (maximum gain: 493,436 m), while indiscriminate expansion may not. These findings offer spatial decision support for optimizing limited public resources in urban green infrastructure planning and underscore the need to consider both park scale and user-specific walking behavior in evaluating accessibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning for Socio-Spatial Justice and Quality of Life in the Face of Competing Urban Development Dynamics)

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11 pages, 1600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Vulnerability to Natural Hazards of Displaced Persons in Cox’s Bazar

by Jack Dano, Carly Ching and Muhammad H Zaman

Land 2025, 14(7), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071448 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 210

Abstract

Refugee settlements are often positioned around natural borders, which often have a heightened danger of environmental hazards. Here, we aim to better understand why settlements are in environmentally vulnerable land and what social and physical factors contribute to this phenomenon. To do this, [...] Read more.

Refugee settlements are often positioned around natural borders, which often have a heightened danger of environmental hazards. Here, we aim to better understand why settlements are in environmentally vulnerable land and what social and physical factors contribute to this phenomenon. To do this, we present a holistic narrative that maps climate threats among displaced populations in Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh, while contextualizing environmental vulnerability by incorporating historical and social constraints. Using ArcGIS, an online mapping program, we illustrate the overlap between different climatic events and how these vulnerabilities compound and intensify one another. We also discuss the history of natural migration and settlement pertaining to the physical landscape and the sociopolitical reasons refugees remain in environmentally vulnerable areas. Overall, we find an emerging trend that may be broadly applicable to instances of forced displacement; physical settlement locations near international borders demarcated by landforms may be more vulnerable to the effects of climate change and extreme climate events. However, physical, social, and political reasons often cement these locations. Recommendations include enhancing the resilience of refugee camps through infrastructure improvements, sustainable land management, and reforestation efforts, which would benefit both the environment and local and refugee communities. Full article

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31 pages, 3620 KiB

Open AccessReview

Expansion of Lifestyle Blocks in Peri-Urban New Zealand: A Review of the Implications for Environmental Management and Landscape Design

by Han Xie, Diane Pearson, Sarah J. McLaren and David Horne

Land 2025, 14(7), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071447 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 213

Abstract

Lifestyle blocks (LBs) are small rural holdings primarily used for residential and recreational purposes rather than commercial farming. Despite the rapid expansion of LBs over the last 25 years, which has been driven by lifestyle amenity preference and land subdivision incentives, their environmental [...] Read more.

Lifestyle blocks (LBs) are small rural holdings primarily used for residential and recreational purposes rather than commercial farming. Despite the rapid expansion of LBs over the last 25 years, which has been driven by lifestyle amenity preference and land subdivision incentives, their environmental performance remains understudied. This is the case even though their proliferation is leading to an irreversible loss of highly productive soils and accelerating land fragmentation in peri-urban areas. Through undertaking a systematic literature review of relevant studies on LBs in New Zealand and comparable international contexts, this paper aims to quantify existing knowledge and suggest future research needs and management strategies. It focuses on the environmental implications of LB activities in relation to water consumption, food production, energy use, and biodiversity protection. The results indicate that variation in land use practices and environmental awareness among LB owners leads to differing environmental outcomes. LBs offer opportunities for biodiversity conservation and small-scale food production through sustainable practices, while also presenting environmental challenges related to resource consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and loss of productive land for commercial agriculture. Targeted landscape design could help mitigate the environmental pressures associated with these properties while enhancing their potential to deliver ecological and sustainability benefits. The review highlights the need for further evaluation of the environmental sustainability of LBs and emphasises the importance of property design and adaptable planning policies and strategies that balance environmental sustainability, land productivity, and lifestyle owners’ aspirations. It underscores the potential for LBs to contribute positively to environmental management while addressing associated challenges, providing valuable insights for ecological conservation and sustainable land use planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Architecture and Design in Urban and Peri-Urban Environment: 2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 5819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Future Development and Water Quality for the Pensacola and Perdido Bay Estuary Program: Applications for Urban Development Planning

by Tricia Kyzar, Michael Volk, Dan Farrah, Paul Owens and Thomas Hoctor

Land 2025, 14(7), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071446 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 251

Abstract

Land requirements and impacts from future development are a significant concern throughout the world. In Florida (USA), the state’s population increased from 18.8 M to 21.5 M between 2010 and 2020, and is projected to reach 26.6 M by 2040. To accommodate these [...] Read more.

Land requirements and impacts from future development are a significant concern throughout the world. In Florida (USA), the state’s population increased from 18.8 M to 21.5 M between 2010 and 2020, and is projected to reach 26.6 M by 2040. To accommodate these new residents, 801 km² of wetlands were converted to developed uses between 1996 and 2016. These conversions present a significant threat to Florida’s unique ecosystems and highlight the need to prioritize conservation and water resource protection, both for the natural and human services that wetland and upland landscapes provide. To better understand the relationship between future development and water resources, we used future development and event mean concentration (EMC) models for Escambia and Santa Rosa counties in Florida (USA) to assess impacts from development patterns on water quality/runoff and water resource protection priorities. This study found that if future development densities increased by 30%, reductions of 7713 acres for developed land, 17,768 acre feet of stormwater volume, ~88k lb/yr total nitrogen, and ~15k lb/yr total phosphorus could be achieved. It also found that urban infill, redevelopment, and stormwater management are essential and complementary tools to broader growth management strategies for reducing sprawl while also addressing urban stormwater impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling Biodiversity and Landscape Conservation Planning (Second Edition))

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22 pages, 3245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Habitat Quality in Karst Mountainous Areas of Guanling County Based on InVEST and MGWR Models

by Shuanglong Du, Zhongfa Zhou, Denghong Huang, Fei Dong, Xiandan Du, Yining Luo, Qingqing Dai and Yue Yang

Land 2025, 14(7), 1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071445 - 10 Jul 2025

Viewed by 266

Abstract

As a core karst region in Southwest China, Guanling County plays a crucial role in regional ecological governance. This study integrates the InVEST model, landscape pattern index analysis, and the MGWR spatial model to systematically explore the dynamic mechanisms of habitat quality in [...] Read more.

As a core karst region in Southwest China, Guanling County plays a crucial role in regional ecological governance. This study integrates the InVEST model, landscape pattern index analysis, and the MGWR spatial model to systematically explore the dynamic mechanisms of habitat quality in Guanling’s karst mountains. Key findings include: (1) Landscape pattern alterations exhibit significant impacts on habitat quality, characterized by strong spatial heterogeneity; (2) Expansion of forest and grassland effectively buffers the negative effects of construction land expansion, forming an ecological compensation mechanism through enhanced landscape connectivity; (3) Between 2000 and 2020, the proportion of high-importance habitat quality zones increased from 54.79% to 56.16%, with moderate-importance zones stabilizing at approximately 7.80% and general-importance zones growing to 2.46%. The results provide a multi-scale analytical framework for habitat protection and land use optimization in fragile karst ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nature-Based Solutions-2nd Edition)

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29 pages, 16473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Demographic Change and Commons Governance: Examining the Impacts of Rural Out-Migration on Public Open Spaces in China Through a Social–Ecological Systems Framework

by Xuerui Shi, Gabriel Hoh Teck Ling and Pau Chung Leng

Land 2025, 14(7), 1444; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071444 - 10 Jul 2025

Viewed by 209

Abstract

Rapid urbanization in China has driven substantial rural population out-migration, raising concerns about its implications for the governance of land commons in villages. While existing studies have acknowledged the effects of migration on rural resource management, little attention has been paid to its [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization in China has driven substantial rural population out-migration, raising concerns about its implications for the governance of land commons in villages. While existing studies have acknowledged the effects of migration on rural resource management, little attention has been paid to its influence on the self-governance of rural public open spaces (POSs). This study adopts the social–ecological systems (SES) framework to examine how rural out-migration shapes POS self-governance mechanisms. Based on survey data from 594 villagers across 198 villages in Taigu District, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and a mediation model grounded in the SES framework were employed for analysis. The results indicate that rural out-migration does not exert a direct impact on POS self-governance. Instead, it negatively influences governance outcomes through full mediation by villager organizations, the left-behind population, collective investment in POSs, and self-organizing activities. Notably, the mediating roles of the left-behind population and self-organizing activities account for 67.38% of the total effect, underscoring their critical importance. Drawing on these insights, the study proposes four policy recommendations to strengthen rural POS self-governance under conditions of demographic transition. This research contributes to the literature by being the first to incorporate an external social factor—rural out-migration—within the SES framework in the context of POS governance, thereby advancing both theoretical and practical understandings of rural commons management. Full article

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20 pages, 6376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyses of MODIS Land Cover/Use and Wildfires in Italian Regions Since 2001

by Ebrahim Ghaderpour, Francesca Bozzano, Gabriele Scarascia Mugnozza and Paolo Mazzanti

Land 2025, 14(7), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071443 - 10 Jul 2025

Viewed by 215

Abstract

Monitoring land cover/use dynamics and wildfire occurrences is very important for land management planning and risk mitigation practices. In this research, moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) annual land cover images for the period 2001–2023 are utilized for the twenty administrative regions of Italy. Monthly [...] Read more.

Monitoring land cover/use dynamics and wildfire occurrences is very important for land management planning and risk mitigation practices. In this research, moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) annual land cover images for the period 2001–2023 are utilized for the twenty administrative regions of Italy. Monthly MODIS burned area images are utilized for the period 2001–2020 to study wildfire occurrences across these regions. In addition, monthly Global Precipitation Measurement images for the period 2001–2020 are employed to estimate correlations between precipitation and burned areas annually and seasonally. Boxplots are produced to show the distributions of each land cover/use type within the regions. The non-parametric Mann–Kendall trend test and Sen’s slope are applied to estimate a linear trend, with statistical significance being evaluated for each land cover/use time series of size 23. Pearson’s correlation method is applied for correlation analysis. It is found that grasslands and woodlands have been declining and increasing in most regions, respectively, most significantly in Abruzzo (−0.88%/year for grasslands and 0.71%/year for grassy woodlands). The most significant and frequent wildfires have been observed in southern Italy, particularly in Basilicata, Apulia, and Sicily, mainly in grasslands. The years 2007 and 2017 experienced severe wildfires in the southern regions, mainly during July and August, due to very hot and dry conditions. Negative Pearson’s correlations are estimated between precipitation and burnt areas, with the most significant one being for Basilicata during the fire season (r = −0.43). Most of the burned areas were mainly within the elevation range of 0–500 m and the lowlands of Apulia. In addition, for the 2001–2020 period, a high positive correlation (r > 0.7) is observed between vegetation and land surface temperature, while significant negative correlations between these variables are observed for Apulia (r ≈ −0.59), Sicily (r ≈ −0.69), and Sardinia (r ≈ −0.74), and positive correlations (r > 0.25) are observed between vegetation and precipitation in these three regions. This study’s findings can guide land managers and policymakers in developing or maintaining a sustainable environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS for Land Use Change Assessment)

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