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Land, Volume 14, Issue 7 (July 2025) – 192 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In this review article, we examine the profound impact of geospatial data, the IoT, and AI on smart governance from 2015 to 2025. We highlight pioneering applications and persistent challenges across urban planning, environmental management, and citizen engagement. By analyzing key trends and innovations, we reveal the transformative potential of data-driven approaches in promoting resilient, inclusive, and adaptable governance systems. View this paper
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15 pages, 403 KiB  
Article
Estimating the Value of Recreation and Ecotourism Using Meta-Regression Analysis
by Namhee Kim and Hyun No Kim
Land 2025, 14(7), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071504 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 292
Abstract
Estimating the economic value of recreation and ecotourism is essential for sustainable ecosystem management and informed environmental policymaking. However, values derived from individual studies often vary because of subjective preferences and contextual variability, making it challenging to obtain generalizable estimates. To address this [...] Read more.
Estimating the economic value of recreation and ecotourism is essential for sustainable ecosystem management and informed environmental policymaking. However, values derived from individual studies often vary because of subjective preferences and contextual variability, making it challenging to obtain generalizable estimates. To address this issue, this study employed a meta-regression analysis synthesizing 179 willingness-to-pay (WTP) observations obtained from 48 individual valuation studies conducted across various recreational and ecotourism sites in the Republic of Korea. Focusing specifically on national parks, which are prominent providers of cultural ecosystem services, we examined how site characteristics, study design factors, and valuation methodologies influenced estimated WTP values. Outliers were systematically identified and treated using statistical methods, with the random-effects model utilizing studentized residuals yielding the most robust results. Our findings revealed that national parks and studies employing the travel cost method (TCM) were associated with significantly higher WTP values. By applying the developed meta-regression model, we estimated that the total value of recreational and ecotourism services provided by national parks in the Republic of Korea was approximately USD 865.0 million in 2020. These results highlight the effectiveness of meta-regression analysis in synthesizing heterogeneous valuation studies, facilitating more accurate benefit transfers, and offering empirical insights to guide ecosystem service policy and management decisions. Full article
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18 pages, 7515 KiB  
Article
Ecological Stability over the Period: Land-Use Land-Cover Change and Prediction for 2030
by Mária Tárníková and Zlatica Muchová
Land 2025, 14(7), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071503 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 378
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate land-use and land-cover change and the associated change in the ecological stability of the model area Dobrá–Opatová (district of Trenčín, Slovakia), where increasing landscape transformation has raised concerns about declining ecological resilience. Despite the importance of sustainable land [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate land-use and land-cover change and the associated change in the ecological stability of the model area Dobrá–Opatová (district of Trenčín, Slovakia), where increasing landscape transformation has raised concerns about declining ecological resilience. Despite the importance of sustainable land management, few studies in this region have addressed long-term landscape dynamics in relation to ecological stability. This research fills that gap by evaluating historical and recent LULC changes and their ecological consequences. Four time horizons were analysed: 1850, 1949, 2009, and 2024. Although the selected time periods are irregular, they reflect key milestones in the region’s land development, such as pre-industrial land use, post-war collectivisation, and recent land consolidation. These activities significantly altered the structure of the landscape. To assess future trends, we used the MOLUSCE plug-in in QGIS to simulate ecological stability for the future. The greatest structural landscape changes occurred between 1850 and 1949. Significant transformation in agricultural areas was observed between 1949 and 2009, when collectivisation reshaped small plots into large block structures and major water management projects were implemented. The 2009–2024 period was marked by land consolidation, mainly resulting in the construction of gravel roads. These structural changes have contributed to a continuous decrease in ecological stability, calculated using the coefficient of ecological stability derived from LULC categories. To explore future trends, we simulated ecological stability for the year 2030 and the simulation confirmed a continued decline in ecological stability, highlighting the need for sustainable land-use planning in the area. Full article
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16 pages, 3848 KiB  
Article
Residential Location Preferences in a Post-Conflict Context: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach to Assess High-Demand Areas in Kabul New City, Afghanistan
by Vineet Chaturvedi and Walter Timo de Vries
Land 2025, 14(7), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071502 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 781
Abstract
As part of the post-conflict reconstruction and recovery, the development of Kabul New City aims to bring relief to the existing capital city, Kabul, which has experienced exponential population growth, putting heavy pressure on its existing resources. Kabul New City is divided into [...] Read more.
As part of the post-conflict reconstruction and recovery, the development of Kabul New City aims to bring relief to the existing capital city, Kabul, which has experienced exponential population growth, putting heavy pressure on its existing resources. Kabul New City is divided into four subsectors, and each of them is being developed and is expected to reach a target population by 2025, as defined by the master plan. The study’s objective is to determine which of the four zones are in demand and need to be prioritized for development, as per the model results. The data collection involves an online questionnaire, and the responses are collected from residents of Kabul and Herat. Agent-based modeling (ABM) is an emerging method of simulating urban dynamics. Cities are evolving continuously and are forming unique spatial patterns that result from the movement of residents in search of new locations that accommodate their needs and preferences. An agent-based model is developed using the weighted random selection process based on household size and income levels. The agents are the residents of Kabul and Herat, and the environment is the land use classification image using the Sentinel 2 image of Kabul New City. The barren class is treated as the developable area and is divided into four sub-sectors. The model simulates three alternative growth rate scenarios, i.e., ambitious, moderate, and steady. The results of the simulation reveal that the sub-sector Dehsabz South, being closer to Kabul city, is in higher demand. Barikab is another sub-sector high in demand, which has connectivity through the highway and is an upcoming industrial hub. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial-Temporal Evolution Analysis of Land Use)
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23 pages, 2754 KiB  
Article
How Are Residents’ Livelihoods Affected by National Parks? A SEM Model Based on DFID Framework
by Likun Gu, Guoqing Shi, Yuanke Zhao, Huicong Liu and Xinyu Ye
Land 2025, 14(7), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071501 - 21 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 424
Abstract
National parks represent a global initiative for biodiversity conservation and environmentally sustainable societal development, with China having launched its own national park program. The establishment and operation of these parks significantly impact local residents’ livelihoods. Based on DFID’s Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, an assessment [...] Read more.
National parks represent a global initiative for biodiversity conservation and environmentally sustainable societal development, with China having launched its own national park program. The establishment and operation of these parks significantly impact local residents’ livelihoods. Based on DFID’s Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, an assessment tool introduced by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for evaluating the livelihood standards of residents, this study constructs a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework to analyze how national parks affect residents’ livelihoods, discussing livelihood risk management and feasible capacity-building interventions. Focusing on the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park as a case study, the research reveals that indirect wildlife-inflicted damage poses more pronounced negative impacts on local communities than park establishment policies. Both regulatory land-use restrictions and wildlife conflicts disrupt land-based livelihood activities, ultimately affecting residents’ livelihood stability. Mitigation requires comprehensive measures, including retaining essential farmland; providing vocational skill training; offering specialized loans; diversifying employment channels; and improving compensation mechanisms to safeguard residents’ livelihood security. Full article
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34 pages, 31153 KiB  
Article
Study on Urban System Relationships and Resilience Promotion Strategies in Underdeveloped Mountainous Areas Based on Social Network Analysis: A Case Study of Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture
by Huayan Yuan, Jinyu Fan, Jie Luo, Rui Ren and Hai Li
Land 2025, 14(7), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071500 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 405
Abstract
Urban systems are the spatial carriers of social and economic relations at the regional level, and their relational and structural resilience are key to regional coordination and sustainable development, attracting widespread attention from scholars. In order to analyze the internal relationships of urban [...] Read more.
Urban systems are the spatial carriers of social and economic relations at the regional level, and their relational and structural resilience are key to regional coordination and sustainable development, attracting widespread attention from scholars. In order to analyze the internal relationships of urban agglomerations in underdeveloped mountainous regions and optimize their spatial resource allocation and resilience, this study takes the urban agglomeration of Qiandongnan in China as an example and researches their internal relationships, development potential, and influencing factors based on quantitative methods such as social network analysis. The results show that the urban cluster in Qiandongnan presents “large dispersion and small aggregation” distribution characteristics, with the karst landscape as the main influencing factor; the spatial network exhibits a scale-free morphology with an obvious core–periphery structure, demonstrating moderate stability but poor completeness, weak equilibrium, and low overall resilience; only 15.61% of nodes demonstrate high competitiveness; urban units with functional roles serve as critical network nodes; urban units’ development potential is divided into three tiers (with 47.31% being medium-high), although overall levels remain low; and the development potential, overall network, individual network, and network resilience of urban units are all positively correlated, with economic and transportation development conditions being the main influencing factors. Based on the abovementioned findings, this study proposes a “multi-level resilience promotion path for network structure optimization”, which provides a theoretical basis and optimization control methods for the reconstruction and synergistic development of urban agglomerations. It also serves as a reference for the development planning of urban systems in other underdeveloped mountainous regions. Full article
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18 pages, 2680 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Evolution, Factors, and Enhancement Paths of Ecological Civilization Construction Effectiveness: Empirical Evidence Based on 48 Cities in the Yellow River Basin of China
by Haifa Jia, Pengyu Liang, Xiang Chen, Jianxun Zhang, Wanmei Zhao and Shaowen Ma
Land 2025, 14(7), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071499 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 376
Abstract
Climate change, resource scarcity, and ecological degradation have become critical bottlenecks constraining socio-economic development. Basin cities serve as key nodes in China’s ecological security pattern, playing indispensable roles in ecological civilization construction. This study established an evaluation index system spanning five dimensions to [...] Read more.
Climate change, resource scarcity, and ecological degradation have become critical bottlenecks constraining socio-economic development. Basin cities serve as key nodes in China’s ecological security pattern, playing indispensable roles in ecological civilization construction. This study established an evaluation index system spanning five dimensions to assess the effectiveness of ecological civilization construction. This study employs the entropy-weighted Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Back-Propagation (BP) neural network methods to evaluate the level of ecological civilization construction in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2022, to analyze its indicator weights, and to explore the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of each city. The results demonstrate the following: (1) Although the ecological civilization construction level of cities in the Yellow River Basin shows a steady improvement, significant regional development disparities persist. (2) The upper reaches are primarily constrained by ecological fragility and economic underdevelopment. The middle reaches exhibit significant internal divergence, with provincial capitals leading yet demonstrating limited spillover effects on neighboring areas. The lower reaches face intense anthropogenic pressures, necessitating greater economic–ecological coordination. (3) Among the dimensions considered, Territorial Space and Eco-environmental Protection emerged as the two most influential dimensions contributing to performance differences. According to the ecological civilization construction performance and changing characteristics of the 48 cities, this study proposes differentiated optimization measures and coordinated development pathways to advance the implementation of the national strategy for ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. Full article
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23 pages, 9488 KiB  
Article
Effects of 2D/3D Urban Morphology on Cooling Effect Diffusion of Urban Rivers in Summer: A Case Study of Huangpu River in Shanghai
by Yuhui Wang, Shuo Sheng, Junda Huang and Yuncai Wang
Land 2025, 14(7), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071498 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 454
Abstract
The diffusion effect of river cooling is critical for mitigating the urban heat island effect in riverside areas and for establishing an urban cooling network. River cooling effect diffusion is influenced by the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) urban morphology of surrounding areas. [...] Read more.
The diffusion effect of river cooling is critical for mitigating the urban heat island effect in riverside areas and for establishing an urban cooling network. River cooling effect diffusion is influenced by the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) urban morphology of surrounding areas. However, the characteristics of 2D/3D urban morphology that facilitate efficient river cooling effect diffusion remain unclear. This study establishes a technical framework to analyze river cooling effect diffusion resistance (RCDR) across different urban morphologies, using the Huangpu River waterside area in Shanghai as a case study. Seven urban morphology indicators, derived from both 2D and 3D dimensions, were developed to characterize the river cooling effect diffusion resistance. The relative contributions and marginal effects were analyzed using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) model. The study found that (1) river cooling effect diffusion was heterogeneous, with four typical patterns; (2) the Landscape Shape Index (LSI) and Blue-green Space Ratio (BGR) significantly impacted cooling effect diffusion; and (3) optimal cooling effect diffusion occurred when the blue-green space occupancy ratio exceeded 20% and building density ranged from 0.1 to 0.3. This study’s technical framework offers a new perspective on river cooling effect diffusion and heat island mitigation in riverside spaces, with significant practical value and potential for broader application. Full article
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19 pages, 4329 KiB  
Article
Quantifying Soil Carbon Sequestration Potential Through Carbon Farming Practices with RothC Model Adapted to Lithuania
by Gustė Metrikaitytė Gudelė and Jūratė Sužiedelytė Visockienė
Land 2025, 14(7), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071497 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 545
Abstract
Climate change poses one of the greatest challenges of our time, with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions significantly contributing to global warming. The agriculture, forestry, and land-use (AFOLU) sectors not only emit GHGs but also offer the potential for carbon sequestration, which can mitigate [...] Read more.
Climate change poses one of the greatest challenges of our time, with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions significantly contributing to global warming. The agriculture, forestry, and land-use (AFOLU) sectors not only emit GHGs but also offer the potential for carbon sequestration, which can mitigate climate change. This study presents a methodological framework for estimating soil organic carbon (SOC) changes based on carbon farming practices in northern Lithuania. Using satellite-derived indicators of cover crops, no-till farming, and residue retention combined with soil and climate data, SOC dynamics were modeled across the Joniškis municipality for the period 2019–2020 using the Rothamsted Carbon Model (RothC) model. The integration of geospatial data and process-based modeling allowed for spatial estimation of SOC change, revealing positive trends ranging from 0.23 to 0.32 t C ha−1 year−1. Higher increases were observed in areas where multiple carbon farming practices overlapped. The proposed workflow demonstrates the potential of combining Earth observation and modeling approaches for regional-scale carbon assessment and provides a basis for future applications in sustainable land management and climate policy support. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soils and Land Management Under Climate Change (Second Edition))
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25 pages, 5547 KiB  
Article
Urban Expansion and Landscape Transformation in Năvodari, Romania: An Integrated Geospatial and Socio-Economic Perspective
by Cristina-Elena Mihalache and Monica Dumitrașcu
Land 2025, 14(7), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071496 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 621
Abstract
Urban growth often surpasses the actual needs of the population, leading to inefficient land use and long-term environmental challenges. This study provides an integrated perspective on urban landscape transformation by linking socio-demographic dynamics with ecological consequences, notably vegetation loss and increased impervious surfaces. [...] Read more.
Urban growth often surpasses the actual needs of the population, leading to inefficient land use and long-term environmental challenges. This study provides an integrated perspective on urban landscape transformation by linking socio-demographic dynamics with ecological consequences, notably vegetation loss and increased impervious surfaces. The study area is Năvodari Administrative-Territorial Unit (ATU), a coastal tourist city located along the Black Sea in Romania. By integrating geospatial datasets such as Urban Atlas and Corine Land Cover with population- and construction-related statistics, the analysis reveals a disproportionate increase in urbanized land compared to population growth. Time-series analyses based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) from 1990 to 2022 highlight significant ecological degradation, including vegetation loss and increased built-up density. The findings suggest that real estate investment and tourism-driven development play a more substantial role than demographic dynamics in shaping land use change. Understanding urban expansion as a coupled social–ecological process is essential for promoting sustainable planning and enhancing environmental resilience. While this study is focused on the coastal city of Năvodari, its insights are relevant to a broader international context, particularly for rapidly developing tourist destinations facing similar urban and ecological pressures. The findings support efforts toward more inclusive, balanced, and environmentally responsible urban development, aligning with the core principles of Sustainable Development Goal 11, particularly Target 11.3, which emphasizes sustainable urbanization and efficient land use. Full article
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22 pages, 3599 KiB  
Article
A Framework for Synergy Measurement Between Transportation and Production–Living–Ecological Space Using Volume-to-Capacity Ratio, Accessibility, and Coordination
by Xiaoyi Ma, Mingmin Liu, Jingru Huang, Ruihua Hu and Hongjie He
Land 2025, 14(7), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071495 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 334
Abstract
In the stage of high-quality development, the functional coordination between transportation systems and territorial space is a key issue for improving urban spatial efficiency. This paper breaks through the traditional volume-to-capacity ratio analysis paradigm and innovatively integrates the “production-living-ecological space” theory. By introducing [...] Read more.
In the stage of high-quality development, the functional coordination between transportation systems and territorial space is a key issue for improving urban spatial efficiency. This paper breaks through the traditional volume-to-capacity ratio analysis paradigm and innovatively integrates the “production-living-ecological space” theory. By introducing an improved accessibility evaluation model and developing a coordination measurement algorithm, a three-dimensional evaluation mechanism covering development potential assessment, service efficiency diagnosis, and resource allocation optimization is established. Empirical research indicates that the improved accessibility indicators can precisely identify the transportation location value of regional functional cores, while the composite coordination indicators can deconstruct the spatiotemporal matching characteristics of “transportation facilities—spatial functions,” providing a dual decision-making basis for the redevelopment of existing space. This measurement system innovatively realizes the integration of planning transmission mechanisms with multi-scale application scenarios, guiding both overall spatial planning and urban renewal area re-optimization. The methodology, applied to the urban villages of Guangzhou, can significantly increase land utilization intensity and value. The research results offer a technical tool for cross-scale collaboration in land space planning reforms and provide theoretical innovations and practical guidance for the value reconstruction of existing spaces under the context of new urbanization. Full article
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33 pages, 304 KiB  
Article
LEADER Territorial Cooperation in Rural Development: Added Value, Learning Dynamics, and Policy Impacts
by Giuseppe Gargano and Annalisa Del Prete
Land 2025, 14(7), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071494 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 693
Abstract
This study examines the added value of territorial cooperation within the LEADER approach, a key pillar of the EU’s rural development policy. Both interterritorial and transnational cooperation projects empower Local Action Groups (LAGs) to tackle common challenges through innovative and community-driven strategies. Drawing [...] Read more.
This study examines the added value of territorial cooperation within the LEADER approach, a key pillar of the EU’s rural development policy. Both interterritorial and transnational cooperation projects empower Local Action Groups (LAGs) to tackle common challenges through innovative and community-driven strategies. Drawing on over 3000 projects since 1994, LEADER cooperation has proven its ability to deliver tangible results—such as joint publications, pilot projects, and shared digital platforms—alongside intangible benefits like knowledge exchange, improved governance, and stronger social capital. By facilitating experiential learning and inter-organizational collaboration, cooperation enables stakeholders to work across territorial boundaries and build networks that respond to both national and transnational development issues. The interaction among diverse actors often fosters innovative responses to local and regional problems. Using a mixed-methods approach, including case studies of Italian LAGs, this research analyses the dynamics, challenges, and impacts of cooperation, with a focus on learning processes, capacity building, and long-term sustainability. Therefore, this study focuses not only on project outcomes but also on the processes and learning dynamics that generate added value through cooperation. The findings highlight how territorial cooperation promotes inclusivity, fosters cross-border dialogue, and supports the development of context-specific solutions, ultimately enhancing rural resilience and innovation. In conclusion, LEADER cooperation contributes to a more effective, participatory, and sustainable model of rural development, offering valuable insights for the broader EU cohesion policy. Full article
33 pages, 832 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Role and Challenges for Indigenous and Community-Governed Lands in Contributing to Target 3 of the Global Biodiversity Framework
by Caroline Lumosi, Carolina Hazin, James Fitzsimons and Siyu Qin
Land 2025, 14(7), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071493 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 768
Abstract
Target 3 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework commits nations to protecting and conserving at least 30% of the world’s terrestrial and inland water areas and coastal and marine areas by 2030 (30 × 30). There can be significant overlap with Indigenous and [...] Read more.
Target 3 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework commits nations to protecting and conserving at least 30% of the world’s terrestrial and inland water areas and coastal and marine areas by 2030 (30 × 30). There can be significant overlap with Indigenous and traditional territories (ITTs) and protected areas. We explore if and/or how ITTs are currently recognized and reported as contributors to national protection targets by analyzing whether these territories are counted as standalone conservation areas, integrated into government-led protected and conserved area networks or systems, or neither, in 18 countries. Our analysis reveals critical linkages between tenure regimes, ITTs and their recognition in reporting to global area-based conservation databases. Legal recognition of tenure rights, particularly ownership and stewardship rights, emerged as the strongest predictor of whether ITTs are formally being accounted for in these databases. Our findings also reveal that the contribution of ITTs to national protection targets not only depend on tenure type but also on governance rights, despite the way it is reported. We categorize systemic barriers and opportunities that have implications for the contribution of ITTs to 30 × 30 goals. Full article
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19 pages, 6727 KiB  
Article
Soil Contamination and Related Ecological Risks: Complex Analysis of the Defor Petrila Tailings Dump, Romania
by Emilia-Cornelia Dunca, Mădălina-Flavia Ioniță and Sorin Mihai Radu
Land 2025, 14(7), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071492 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 295
Abstract
Assessing the risks associated with waste disposal is essential for environmental protection and sustainable development, especially given concerns about the impact of industrial activities on the environment. This study analyses soil contamination in the Defor Petrila tailings-dump area caused by the deposition of [...] Read more.
Assessing the risks associated with waste disposal is essential for environmental protection and sustainable development, especially given concerns about the impact of industrial activities on the environment. This study analyses soil contamination in the Defor Petrila tailings-dump area caused by the deposition of waste material resulting from coal exploitation. To characterise the heavy-metal contamination in detail, we applied a comprehensive methodology that includes the calculation of the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), and potential ecological risk index (PERI), along with an analysis of the heavy-metal concentration isolines and a statistical analysis using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results reveal varying levels of heavy-metal concentrations, as indicated by the calculated indices. The findings underscore the need for remediation and ongoing monitoring to mitigate the environmental impacts. This study provides a scientific basis for decision making in environmental management and highlights the importance of assessing mining-waste disposal near human settlements using various contamination-assessment methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)
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25 pages, 147691 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Landscape Patterns for Tea Plantation Agroecosystems: A Case Study of an Important Agricultural Heritage System in Enshi, China
by Jiaqian Wu, Chunyang Li and Tong Wang
Land 2025, 14(7), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071491 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 511
Abstract
The agroecosystems of tea plantations play a significant role in regional ecosystem services, with some recognized as Important Agricultural Heritage Systems. Despite notable progress in conserving these unique agricultural landscapes, systematic approaches to delineating the core conservation zone and establishing robust ecological networks [...] Read more.
The agroecosystems of tea plantations play a significant role in regional ecosystem services, with some recognized as Important Agricultural Heritage Systems. Despite notable progress in conserving these unique agricultural landscapes, systematic approaches to delineating the core conservation zone and establishing robust ecological networks for agricultural heritage systems remain insufficient. This study employed the Enshi Yulu Tea Agricultural Heritage System as a case study, integrating the MaxEnt model, InVEST model, and circuit theory to quantitatively assess landscape connectivity and prioritize conservation efforts. The analysis delineated a core conservation zone of 718.04 km2 for tea plantations, identified 77 ecological corridors, and pinpointed 104 critical ecological nodes. The results indicate 43.96 km2 of synergistic areas between tea plantations and ecological sources, demonstrating that the agroecosystems of tea plantations provide higher ESs values compared to monoculture plantations and farmlands. In addition, an ecological optimization framework featuring a “four belts and four zones” spatial configuration was proposed, aimed at enhancing connectivity and promoting the sustainable development of tea plantation agricultural heritage. The proposed framework can provide evidence-based references for future policy formulation, and deliver actionable insights for land-use planning, habitat restoration, and infrastructure mitigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Landscape Ecology)
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27 pages, 1627 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Expected Risk Tolerance Mechanism of Child-Friendly Environment Transformation in High-Density Communities
by Yan Liu, Xujie Wang and Yinan Sun
Land 2025, 14(7), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071490 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 364
Abstract
As urbanization intensifies, high-density communities have become a dominant urban form, making Child-Friendly Community (CFC) development crucial for sustainable urban growth. However, transforming these communities poses challenges, particularly regarding residents’ risk perceptions—an area largely overlooked in existing research. To address this gap, this [...] Read more.
As urbanization intensifies, high-density communities have become a dominant urban form, making Child-Friendly Community (CFC) development crucial for sustainable urban growth. However, transforming these communities poses challenges, particularly regarding residents’ risk perceptions—an area largely overlooked in existing research. To address this gap, this study introduces “Risk Tolerance (RT)” as a key variable and constructs a multidimensional model of Child-Friendly Community Transformation Risk Tolerance (CFCTRT) to examine its structure and influencing factors. Based on survey data from residents in high-density communities in China’s first- and second-tier cities, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used for empirical analysis. The results show that residents exhibit lower tolerance toward changes in safety, economy, and daily life, but higher tolerance in resource and aesthetic dimensions. Expectations for CFCs and satisfaction with current communities both positively influence CFCTRT, with satisfaction also mediating the relationship between expectations and tolerance. These findings provide a novel perspective on residents’ psychological responses to CFC transformations and offer empirical support for more inclusive and adaptive urban planning strategies. Full article
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5 pages, 1738 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Hanson, C.T. Cumulative Severity of Thinned and Unthinned Forests in a Large California Wildfire. Land 2022, 11, 373
by Chad T. Hanson
Land 2025, 14(7), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071489 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 249
Abstract
There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article
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21 pages, 4935 KiB  
Article
Optimization of the Loess Plateau of the China Ecological Network Pattern Based on a PLUS Model
by Xiaoyan Luo, Xun Luo, Xianhua Yang, Jian Wang, Jialing Liao, Yu He, Ye Du and Ye Yang
Land 2025, 14(7), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071488 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 375
Abstract
Optimizing the ecological network is an urgent need to enhance the stability of the ecosystem and maintain regional ecological security. We utilized the PLUS (Patch-generating Land Use Simulation) model to simulate the land use patterns of the Loess Plateau of China under four [...] Read more.
Optimizing the ecological network is an urgent need to enhance the stability of the ecosystem and maintain regional ecological security. We utilized the PLUS (Patch-generating Land Use Simulation) model to simulate the land use patterns of the Loess Plateau of China under four different development scenarios in 2030, constructed the corresponding ecological network, and evaluated the network structure. The results indicate the following: (1) By 2030, the spatial pattern of ecological network under the four scenarios will be concentrated in the east and west, in the north and south, and the middle of the Loess Plateau. (2) The change of land use pattern driven by a single policy has a trade-off effect on the ecological network and is prone to form the phenomenon of “ecological increase–functional lag”. (3) The regional ecological network layout of “four cores, multiple corridors and multiple sources” was proposed. The results reveal the development trends of land-use change and ecological protection construction under different future development scenarios in the Loess Plateau, which is helpful for decision-makers to balance the relationship between ecological protection and economic development and realize regional sustainable development. Full article
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21 pages, 9917 KiB  
Article
Rock Exposure-Driven Ecological Evolution: Multidimensional Spatiotemporal Analysis and Driving Path Quantification in Karst Strategic Areas of Southwest China
by Yue Gong, Shuang Song and Xuanhe Zhang
Land 2025, 14(7), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071487 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 324
Abstract
Southwest China, with typical karst, is one of the 36 biodiversity hotspots in the world, facing extreme ecological fragility due to thin soils, limited water retention, and high bedrock exposure. This fragility intensifies under climate change and human pressures, threatening regional sustainable development. [...] Read more.
Southwest China, with typical karst, is one of the 36 biodiversity hotspots in the world, facing extreme ecological fragility due to thin soils, limited water retention, and high bedrock exposure. This fragility intensifies under climate change and human pressures, threatening regional sustainable development. Ecological strategic areas (ESAs) are critical safeguards for ecosystem resilience, yet their spatiotemporal dynamics and driving mechanisms remain poorly quantified. To address this gap, this study constructed a multidimensional ecological health assessment framework (pattern integrity–process efficiency–function diversity). By integrating Sen’s slope, a correlated Mann–Kendall (CMK) test, the Hurst index, and fuzzy C-means clustering, we systematically evaluated ecological health trends and identified ESA differentiation patterns for 2000–2024. Orthogonal partial least squares structural equation modeling (OPLS-SEM) quantified driving factor intensities and pathways. The results revealed that ecological health improved overall but exhibited significant spatial disparity: persistently high in southern Guangdong and most of Yunnan, and persistently low in the Sichuan Basin and eastern Hubei, with 41.47% of counties showing declining/slightly declining trends. ESAs were concentrated in the southwest/southeast, whereas high-EHI ESAs increased while low-EHI ESAs declined. Additionally, the natural environmental and human interference impacts decreased, while unique geographic factors (notably the rock exposure rate, with persistently significant negative effects) increased. This long-term, multidimensional assessment provides a scientific foundation for targeted conservation and sustainable development strategies in fragile karst ecosystems. Full article
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23 pages, 14080 KiB  
Article
Regional Ecological Environment Quality Prediction Based on Multi-Model Fusion
by Yiquan Song, Zhengwei Li and Baoquan Wei
Land 2025, 14(7), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071486 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 364
Abstract
Regional ecological environmental quality (EEQ) is a vital indicator for environmental management and supporting sustainable development. However, the absence of robust and accurate EEQ prediction models has hindered effective environmental strategies. This study proposes a novel approach to address this gap by integrating [...] Read more.
Regional ecological environmental quality (EEQ) is a vital indicator for environmental management and supporting sustainable development. However, the absence of robust and accurate EEQ prediction models has hindered effective environmental strategies. This study proposes a novel approach to address this gap by integrating the ecological index (EI) model with several predictive models, including autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and cellular automata (CA), to forecast regional EEQ. Initially, the spatiotemporal evolution of the input data used to calculate the EI score was analyzed. Subsequently, tailored prediction models were developed for each dataset. These models were sequentially trained and validated, and their outputs were integrated into the EI model to enhance the accuracy and coherence of the final EEQ predictions. The novelty of this methodology lies not only in integrating existing predictive models but also in employing an innovative fusion technique that significantly improves prediction accuracy. Despite data quality issues in the case study dataset led to higher prediction errors in certain regions, the overall results exhibit a high degree of accuracy. A comparison of long-term EI predictions with EI assessment results reveals that the R2 value for the EI score exceeds 0.96, and the kappa value surpasses 0.76 for the EI level, underscoring the robust performance of the integrated model in forecasting regional EEQ. This approach offers valuable insights into exploring regional EEQ trends and future challenges. Full article
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24 pages, 7613 KiB  
Article
Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Public Service Facilities for Children—A Case Study of the Central Urban Area of Shenyang
by Ruiqiu Pang, Jiawei Xiao, Jun Yang and Weisong Sun
Land 2025, 14(7), 1485; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071485 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 354
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of urbanization, the increasing demand and insufficient supply of public service facilities for children have become urgent problems requiring resolution. This study employs the Shannon diversity index, the location entropy, spatial autocorrelation, and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to [...] Read more.
With the rapid advancement of urbanization, the increasing demand and insufficient supply of public service facilities for children have become urgent problems requiring resolution. This study employs the Shannon diversity index, the location entropy, spatial autocorrelation, and the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of children’s public service facilities in the central urban area of Shenyang. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) There are significant differences in the spatial distribution of children’s public service facilities. Higher quantity distribution and diversity index are observed in the core area and Hunnan District compared to the peripheral areas. The Gini coefficient of various facilities is below the fair threshold of 0.4, but 90.32% of the study units have location entropy values below 1, indicating a supply–demand imbalance. (2) The spatial distribution of various facilities exhibits significant clustering characteristics, with distinct differences between high-value and low-value cluster patterns. (3) The spatial distribution of facilities is shaped by four factors: population, transportation, economy, and environmental quality. Residential area density and commercial service facility density emerge as the primary positive drivers, whereas road density and average housing price act as the main negative inhibitors. (4) The mechanisms of influencing factors exhibit spatial heterogeneity. Positive driving factors exert significant effects on new urban areas and peripheral zones, while negative factors demonstrate pronounced inhibitory effects on old urban areas. Non-linear threshold effects are observed in factors such as subway station density and public transport station density. Full article
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23 pages, 72638 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Distribution and Heritage Corridor Construction of Vernacular Architectural Heritage in the Cao’e River, Jiaojiang River, and Oujiang River Basin
by Liwen Jiang, Jun Cai and Yilun Fan
Land 2025, 14(7), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071484 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 484
Abstract
The Cao’e-Jiaojiang-Oujiang River Basin possesses abundant vernacular architectural heritage with significant historical–cultural value. However, challenges like dispersed distribution and inconsistent conservation hinder its systematic protection and utilization within territorial spatial planning, necessitating a deeper understanding of its spatiotemporal patterns. Utilizing 570 identified heritage [...] Read more.
The Cao’e-Jiaojiang-Oujiang River Basin possesses abundant vernacular architectural heritage with significant historical–cultural value. However, challenges like dispersed distribution and inconsistent conservation hinder its systematic protection and utilization within territorial spatial planning, necessitating a deeper understanding of its spatiotemporal patterns. Utilizing 570 identified heritage sites, this study employed ArcGIS spatial analysis (Kernel Density Estimation, Nearest Neighbor Index), correlation analysis with DEM data, and suitability analysis (Minimum Cumulative Resistance model, Gravity Model) to systematically examine spatial distribution characteristics, their evolution, and relationships with the geographical environment and historical context. Results revealed a distinct “four cores and three belts” spatial pattern. Temporally, distribution evolved from “discrete” (Song-Yuan) to “aggregated” (Ming-Qing) and then “diffused” (Modern era). Spatially, heritage showed density in plains, preference for low slopes, and settlement along waterways. Suitability analysis indicated higher corridor potential in the northern section (Cao’e-Jiaojiang) than the south (Oujiang), leading to the identification of a “Northern Segment (Shaoxing-Ningbo-Shengzhou-Taizhou)” and “Southern Segment (Wenzhou-Lishui)” corridor structure. This research provides a scientific basis for systematic conservation and integrated heritage corridor construction of vernacular architectural heritage in the basin, supporting Zhejiang’s Poetry Road Cultural Belt initiatives and cultural heritage protection within territorial spatial planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Landscape Transformation vs. Memory)
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22 pages, 1210 KiB  
Systematic Review
Peri-Urban Land Transformation in the Global South: Revisiting Conceptual Vectors and Theoretical Perspectives
by Shiwaye M. Tesfay, Genet Alem Gebregiorgis and Daniel G. Ayele
Land 2025, 14(7), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071483 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1457
Abstract
Peri-urban areas in the Global South are rapidly transforming due to urban expansion, land commodification, and institutional change. Although diverse theoretical perspectives address these dynamics, existing scholarship remains fragmented. This study systematically reviews how various theoretical frameworks deepen our understanding of peri-urban land [...] Read more.
Peri-urban areas in the Global South are rapidly transforming due to urban expansion, land commodification, and institutional change. Although diverse theoretical perspectives address these dynamics, existing scholarship remains fragmented. This study systematically reviews how various theoretical frameworks deepen our understanding of peri-urban land transformation, focusing on conceptual and institutional dimensions. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic review was conducted on 120 studies published between 1996 and 2024, sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and additional unindexed repositories. Eligible studies explicitly addressed peri-urban land issues in the Global South and applied theoretical approaches. Data extraction involved detailed coding of study characteristics, theoretical orientations, and thematic insights. Using open and selective coding, 19 thematic codes were identified. Three overarching themes emerged: (1) conceptualizing peri-urban spaces through territorial, functional, and transitional lenses; (2) institutionalization of place; and (3) theoretical interpretations of land transformation grounded in neoclassical, modernization, neo-Marxist, dependency, structuration, institutionalist, and urban political ecology frameworks. Studies were appraised for theoretical rigor, relevance, and potential conceptual bias. Limitations include the exclusion of non-English studies. Findings highlight the need for pluralistic, context-sensitive frameworks, with political ecology offering a particularly integrative analytical lens to examine global–local power dynamics and socio-natural transformations. This review was funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Georg Forster Fellowship, grant no. 1233452). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions)
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22 pages, 13221 KiB  
Article
Multi-Scenario Simulation of Ecosystem Service Value in Xiangjiang River Basin, China, Based on the PLUS Model
by Lisha Tang, Jingzhi Li, Chenmei Xie and Miao Wang
Land 2025, 14(7), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071482 - 17 Jul 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 317
Abstract
With rapid socio-economic development, excessive anthropogenic consumption and the exploitation of natural resources have impaired the self-healing, supply, and carrying capacities of ecosystems. The assessment and prediction of ecosystem service values (ESVs) are crucial for the coordinated development of ecology and economy. This [...] Read more.
With rapid socio-economic development, excessive anthropogenic consumption and the exploitation of natural resources have impaired the self-healing, supply, and carrying capacities of ecosystems. The assessment and prediction of ecosystem service values (ESVs) are crucial for the coordinated development of ecology and economy. This research examines the Xiangjiang River Basin and combines land use data from 1995 to 2020, Landsat images, meteorological data, and socio-economic data. These data are incorporated into the PLUS model to simulate land use patterns in 2035 under the following five scenarios: natural development, economic development, farmland protection, ecological protection, and coordinated development. Additionally, this research analyzes the dynamics of land use and changes in ESVs in the Xiangjiang River Basin. The results show that between 1995 and 2020 in the Xiangjiang River Basin, urbanization accelerated, human activities intensified, and the construction land area expanded significantly, while the areas of forest, farmland, and grassland decreased continuously. Based on multi-scenario simulations, the ESV showed the largest and smallest declines under economic development and ecological protection scenarios, respectively. This results from the economic development scenario inducing a rapid expansion in construction land. In contrast, construction land expansion was restricted under the ecological protection scenario, because the ecological functions of forests and water bodies were prioritized. This research proposes land use strategies to coordinate ecological protection and economic development to provide a basis for sustainable development in the Xiangjiang River Basin and constructing a national ecological security barrier, as well as offer Chinese experience and local cases for global ecological environment governance. Full article
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25 pages, 3482 KiB  
Article
Geoheritage, Geoeducation, and Geotourism Synergies on Tinos Island (Cyclades, Greece): Assessment, Interpretation, and Sustainable Development Perspectives
by George Zafeiropoulos, Sofia Karampela and Hara Drinia
Land 2025, 14(7), 1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071481 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 622
Abstract
Tinos Island, part of the Cyclades Complex in the central Aegean Sea, represents a distinctive case of geocultural heritage where geological formations and cultural identity intersect. This study evaluates the geoeducational and geotouristic potential of Tinos’ geosites using GEOAM methodology, which assesses their [...] Read more.
Tinos Island, part of the Cyclades Complex in the central Aegean Sea, represents a distinctive case of geocultural heritage where geological formations and cultural identity intersect. This study evaluates the geoeducational and geotouristic potential of Tinos’ geosites using GEOAM methodology, which assesses their scientific, educational, and conservation value. Six geosites are examined to explore their geoeducational potential, including prominent locations such as the Tafoni formations and the Exombourgo granite massif. The findings highlight the significance of these sites, while also identifying challenges related to infrastructure, stakeholder engagement, and sustainable management. By integrating geoethics into geotourism practices, Tinos can adopt a balanced approach that enhances environmental conservation alongside community-driven economic benefits. The study underscores the need for collaborative initiatives to optimize the island’s geoheritage for education and tourism, ensuring its long-term preservation. Geotourism, when responsibly implemented, has the potential to strengthen local identity while advancing sustainable tourism development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geoparks as a Form of Tourism Space Management II)
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19 pages, 4141 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Potential Habitat for Korean Endemic Firefly, Luciola unmunsana Doi, 1931 (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), Using Species Distribution Models
by ByeongJun Jung, JuYeong Youn and SangWook Kim
Land 2025, 14(7), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071480 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 519
Abstract
This study aimed to predict the potential habitats of Luciola unmunsana using a species distribution model (SDM). Luciola unmunsana is an endemic species that lives only in South Korea, and because its females do not have genus wings and are less fluid, [...] Read more.
This study aimed to predict the potential habitats of Luciola unmunsana using a species distribution model (SDM). Luciola unmunsana is an endemic species that lives only in South Korea, and because its females do not have genus wings and are less fluid, it is difficult to collect, so research related to its distribution and restoration is relatively understudied. Therefore, this study predicted the potential habitats of Luciola unmunsana across South Korea using the single model Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) and a multi-model ensemble model to prepare basic data necessary for a conservation and habitat restoration plan for the species. A total of 39 points of occurrence were built based on public data and prior research from the Jeonbuk Green Environment Support Center (JGESC), the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), and the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR). Among the input variables, climate variables were based on the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenario-based ecological climate index, while nonclimate variables were based on topography, land cover maps, and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The main findings of this study are summarized below. First, in predicting Luciola unmunsana potential habitats, the EVI, water network analysis, land cover, and annual precipitation (Bio12) were identified as good predictors in both models. Accordingly, areas with high vegetation activity in their forests, adjacent to water resources, and stable humidity were predicted as potential habitats. Second, by overlaying the predicted potential habitats and highly significant variables, we found that areas with high vegetation vigor within their forests, proximity to water systems, and relatively high annual precipitation, which can maintain stable humidity, are potential habitats for Luciola unmunsana. Third, literature surveys used to predict potential habitat sites, including Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Yeongam-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Mudeungsan Mountain, Gwangju-si, Korea, and Gijang-gun, Busan-si, Korea, confirmed the occurrence of Luciola unmunsana. This study is significant in that it is the first to develop a regional SDM for Luciola unmunsana, whose population is declining due to urbanization. In addition, by applying various environmental variables that reflect ecological characteristics, it contributes to more accurate predictions of the potential habitats of this species. The predicted results can be used as basic data for the future conservation of Luciola unmunsana and the establishment of habitat restoration strategies. Full article
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26 pages, 3149 KiB  
Article
The Spatiotemporal Impact of Socio-Economic Factors on Carbon Sink Value: A Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression Analysis at the County Level from 2000 to 2020 in China’s Fujian Province
by Tao Wang and Qi Liang
Land 2025, 14(7), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071479 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 387
Abstract
Evaluating the economic value of carbon sinks is fundamental to advancing carbon market mechanisms and supporting sustainable regional development. This study focuses on Fujian Province in China, aiming to assess the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon sink value and analyze the influence of socio-economic [...] Read more.
Evaluating the economic value of carbon sinks is fundamental to advancing carbon market mechanisms and supporting sustainable regional development. This study focuses on Fujian Province in China, aiming to assess the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon sink value and analyze the influence of socio-economic drivers. Carbon sink values from 2000 to 2020 were estimated using Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) simulation combined with the carbon market valuation method. Eleven socio-economic variables were selected through correlation and multicollinearity testing, and their impacts were examined using Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) at the county level. The results indicate that the total carbon sink value in Fujian declined from CNY 3.212 billion in 2000 to CNY 2.837 billion in 2020, showing a spatial pattern of higher values in the southern region and lower values in the north. GTWR analysis reveals spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the effects of socio-economic factors. For example, the influence of urbanization and retail sales of consumer goods shifts direction over time, while the effects of industrial structure, population, road, and fixed asset investment vary across space. This study emphasizes the necessity of incorporating spatial and temporal dynamics into carbon sink valuation. The findings suggest that northern areas of Fujian should prioritize ecological restoration, rapidly urbanizing regions should adopt green development strategies, and counties guided by investment and consumption should focus on sustainable development pathways to maintain and enhance carbon sink capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)
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14 pages, 3792 KiB  
Article
Alterations in Soil Arthropod Communities During the Degradation of Bayinbuluk Alpine Grasslands in China Closely Related to Soil Carbon and Nitrogen
by Tianle Kou, Yang Hu, Yuanbin Jia, Maidinuer Abulaizi, Yuxin Tian, Zailei Yang and Hongtao Jia
Land 2025, 14(7), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071478 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 314
Abstract
Grassland degradation influences arthropod community structure and abundance, which, in turn, modulate element cycling in grassland ecosystems through predation and soil structure modification. In order to explore the influence of degradation on arthropods in Bayinbuluk alpine grassland, we selected four degraded transects (i.e., [...] Read more.
Grassland degradation influences arthropod community structure and abundance, which, in turn, modulate element cycling in grassland ecosystems through predation and soil structure modification. In order to explore the influence of degradation on arthropods in Bayinbuluk alpine grassland, we selected four degraded transects (i.e., non-degraded: ND, lightly degraded: LD, moderately degraded: MD, and heavily degraded: HD) to collect soil samples and determine their composition, spatial distribution, and diversity patterns, in addition to the factors driving community change. Following identification and analysis, the following results were obtained: (1) A total of 342 soil arthropods were captured in this study, belonging to 4 classes, 11 orders, and 24 families. (2) With the intensification of degradation, the dominant groups exhibited significant alteration: the initial dominant groups were Pygmephoridae and Microdispidae; however, as the level of degradation became more severe, the dominant groups gradually shifted to Campodeidae and Formicidae, as these groups are more adaptable to environmental changes. (3) Common groups included six families, including Parasitoididae and Onychiuridae, and rare groups included 16 families, such as Macrochelidae. (4) As degradation intensified, both the species diversity and population size of the arthropod community increased. Our Redundancy Analysis (RDA) results demonstrated that the key driving factors affecting the arthropod community were soil organic carbon (SOC), electrical conductivity (EC), soil total nitrogen (TN), and available nitrogen (AN). The above results indicate that grassland degradation, by altering soil properties, increases arthropod diversity, induces alterations in the dominant species, and reduces mite abundance, with these changes being closely related to soil carbon and nitrogen contents. The results of this study provide basic data for understanding the changes in soil arthropod communities during the degradation of alpine grasslands and also offer support for the sustainable development of soil organisms in grassland ecosystems. Full article
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20 pages, 3714 KiB  
Article
Seed Mixes in Landscape Design and Management: An Untapped Conservation Tool for Pollinators in Cities
by Cláudia Fernandes, Ana Medeiros, Catarina Teixeira, Miguel Porto, Mafalda Xavier, Sónia Ferreira and Ana Afonso
Land 2025, 14(7), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071477 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1292
Abstract
Urban green spaces are increasingly recognized as important habitats for pollinators, and wildflower seed mixes marketed as pollinator-friendly are gaining popularity, though their actual conservation value remains poorly understood. This study provides the first systematic screening of commercially available seed mixes in Portugal, [...] Read more.
Urban green spaces are increasingly recognized as important habitats for pollinators, and wildflower seed mixes marketed as pollinator-friendly are gaining popularity, though their actual conservation value remains poorly understood. This study provides the first systematic screening of commercially available seed mixes in Portugal, evaluating their taxonomic composition, origin, life cycle traits, and potential to support pollinator communities. A total of 229 seed mixes were identified. Although these have a predominance of native species (median 86%), the taxonomic diversity was limited, with 91% of mixes comprising species from only one or two families, predominantly Poaceae and Fabaceae, potentially restricting the range of floral resources available to pollinators. Only 21 seed mixes met the criteria for being pollinator-friendly, based on a three-step decision tree prioritizing native species, extended flowering periods, and visual diversity. These showed the highest percentage of native species (median 87%) and a greater representation of flowering plants. However, 76% of all mixes still included at least one non-native species, although none is considered invasive. Perennial species dominated all seed mix types, indicating the potential for the long-term persistence of wildflower meadows in urban spaces. Despite their promise, the ecological quality and transparency of the seed mix composition remain inconsistent, with limited certification or information on species origin. This highlights the need for clearer labeling, regulatory guidance, and ecologically informed formulations. Seed mixes, if properly designed and implemented, represent a largely untapped yet cost-effective tool for enhancing the pollinator habitats and biodiversity within urban landscapes. Full article
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16 pages, 5691 KiB  
Article
Balancing Urban Expansion and Food Security: A Spatiotemporal Assessment of Cropland Loss and Productivity Compensation in the Yangtze River Delta, China
by Qiong Li, Yinlan Huang, Jianping Sun, Shi Chen and Jinqiu Zou
Land 2025, 14(7), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071476 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 379
Abstract
Cropland is a critical resource for safeguarding food security. Ensuring both the quantity and quality of cropland is essential for achieving zero hunger and promoting sustainable agriculture. However, whether urbanization-induced cropland loss poses a substantial threat to regional food security remains a key [...] Read more.
Cropland is a critical resource for safeguarding food security. Ensuring both the quantity and quality of cropland is essential for achieving zero hunger and promoting sustainable agriculture. However, whether urbanization-induced cropland loss poses a substantial threat to regional food security remains a key concern. This study examines the central region of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in China, integrating CLCD (China Land Cover Dataset) land use/cover data (2001–2023), MOD17A2H net primary productivity (NPP) data, and statistical records to evaluate the impacts of urban expansion on grain yield. The analysis focuses on three components: (1) grain yield loss due to cropland conversion, (2) compensatory yield from newly added cropland under the requisition–compensation policy, (3) yield increases from stable cropland driven by agricultural enhancement strategies. Using Sen’s slope analysis, the Mann–Kendall trend test, and hot/coldspot analysis, we revealed that urban expansion converted approximately 14,598 km2 of cropland, leading to a grain production loss of around 3.49 million tons, primarily in the economically developed cities of Yancheng, Nantong, Suzhou, and Shanghai. Meanwhile, 8278 km2 of new cropland was added through land reclamation, contributing only 1.43 million tons of grain—offsetting just 41% of the loss. In contrast, stable cropland (102,188 km2) contributed an increase of approximately 9.84 million tons, largely attributed to policy-driven productivity gains in areas such as Chuzhou, Hefei, and Ma’anshan. These findings suggest that while compensatory cropland alone is insufficient to mitigate the food security risks from urbanization, the combined strategy of “Safeguarding Grain in the Land and in Technology” can more than compensate for production losses. This study underscores the importance of optimizing land use policy, strengthening technological interventions, and promoting high-efficiency land management. It provides both theoretical insight and policy guidance for balancing urban development with regional food security and sustainable land use governance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use Policy and Food Security: 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 1713 KiB  
Article
Exploring Pedestrian Satisfaction and Environmental Consciousness in a Railway-Regenerated Linear Park
by Lankyung Kim and Chul Jeong
Land 2025, 14(7), 1475; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071475 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 410
Abstract
This study employs Hannah Arendt’s (1958) the human condition as a philosophical framework to examine walking not merely as a physical activity but as a meaningful form of environmental consciousness. Homo faber, which denotes tool making, corresponds to the nature-based railway regeneration [...] Read more.
This study employs Hannah Arendt’s (1958) the human condition as a philosophical framework to examine walking not merely as a physical activity but as a meaningful form of environmental consciousness. Homo faber, which denotes tool making, corresponds to the nature-based railway regeneration exemplified by the Gyeongui Line Forest Park in Seoul City, South Korea. By applying walking as a method, bifurcated themes are explored: a pedestrian-provision focus on walkability and an environmentally oriented focus consisting of nature and culture, supporting the notion that environmental elements are co-experienced through the embodied activity of walking. Thematic findings are supported by generalized additive models, grounded in a between-method triangulation attempt. The results confirm the interdependencies among the park’s environment, pedestrian satisfaction, and environmental consciousness. Specifically, the environment surrounding the park, which traverses natural and cultural elements, is strongly associated with both pedestrian satisfaction and environmental sensitivity. The research reifies walking as a fundamental human condition, encompassing labor, work, and action, while arguing for heuristic reciprocity between homo faber and nature, as well as framing walking as a sustainably meaningful urban intervention. This study contributes to maturing the theoretical understanding of walking as a vital human condition and suggests practical insights for pedestrian-centered spatial transformation. Full article
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