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Volume 14
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Land, Volume 14, Issue 8 (August 2025) – 121 articles

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30 pages, 9398 KiB  
Article
Living with The River: The Role of Bridges in Shaping Valencia’s Urban Form Until 1957
by María-Montiel Durá-Aras, Eric Gielen, José-Sergio Palencia-Jiménez and Stergios-Aristoteles Mitoulis
Land 2025, 14(8), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081625 - 11 Aug 2025
Abstract
This study offers a novel perspective on the role of bridges as agents of urban transformation by examining their influence on the morphological development of Valencia (Spain) from the 13th century to the catastrophic flood of 1957. Traditionally viewed as mere connective infrastructure, [...] Read more.
This study offers a novel perspective on the role of bridges as agents of urban transformation by examining their influence on the morphological development of Valencia (Spain) from the 13th century to the catastrophic flood of 1957. Traditionally viewed as mere connective infrastructure, bridges are reframed here as key structuring elements that shaped urban expansion, resilience strategies, and socio-spatial dynamics. Through an innovative classification based on stages of bridges, the research integrates historical cartography, cadastral data, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to trace how successive waves of bridge construction aligned with distinct socio-political, environmental, and technological contexts. The study demonstrates that bridge development not only facilitated territorial connectivity but also directed urban growth patterns, enabled functional zoning, and responded adaptively to flood risk and demographic pressure. The case of Valencia is particularly significant in light of contemporary challenges in climate adaptation and sustainable urban planning. By unveiling bridges as morphological and functional drivers of urban form, this research offers transferable insights for cities worldwide grappling with the legacy of riverine geographies and the pressures of resilient transformation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Morphology: A Perspective from Space (Second Edition))
17 pages, 12990 KiB  
Article
Construction of Production-Living-Ecological Space Pattern Languages for Traditional Villages in Enshi Prefecture Based on Spatial Distribution Characteristics
by Yawei Zhang, Teng Cai, Zhiying Liu and Yang Shu
Land 2025, 14(8), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081624 - 11 Aug 2025
Abstract
To explore new methods for the conservation and utilization of traditional villages, a research path of “spatial distribution analysis–traditional village classification–pattern language identification” was constructed. First, the spatial distribution characteristics of traditional villages in Enshi Prefecture were analyzed. Then, the factors influencing the [...] Read more.
To explore new methods for the conservation and utilization of traditional villages, a research path of “spatial distribution analysis–traditional village classification–pattern language identification” was constructed. First, the spatial distribution characteristics of traditional villages in Enshi Prefecture were analyzed. Then, the factors influencing the distribution characteristics were explored, and traditional village types were classified. Finally, the Production-Living-Ecological space pattern languages (PLES-PLs) of traditional villages were identified. The results show the following: (1) Traditional villages in Enshi Prefecture exhibit a clustered distribution at the macro level, mainly concentrated in the central and southwestern regions, but the distribution is unbalanced across counties and cities. (2) Five Production-Living-Ecological space pattern languages were identified, namely Nested Pattern, Ring-Shaped Pattern, Guided Pattern, Juxtaposed Pattern, Semi-Enclosed Pattern. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Planning and Landscape Architecture)
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41 pages, 951 KiB  
Article
Recognition of Commons and ICCAs—Territories of Life in Europe: Assessing Twelve Years of Initiatives in Spain
by Sergio Couto, Gretchen Walters and José María Martín Civantos
Land 2025, 14(8), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081623 - 9 Aug 2025
Viewed by 38
Abstract
Lack of recognition lays at the root of many of the current challenges for commons and ICCAs—Territories of Life despite the wide range of ongoing, collective action initiatives in Europe acknowledging and fighting this gap. In this paper, using a mixed methods approach, [...] Read more.
Lack of recognition lays at the root of many of the current challenges for commons and ICCAs—Territories of Life despite the wide range of ongoing, collective action initiatives in Europe acknowledging and fighting this gap. In this paper, using a mixed methods approach, we analyze twelve years of three bottom-up initiatives based on the commons and ICCA—Territory of Life concept, implemented in Spain from 2012 to 2025. The aim of this research is to assess and understand the degree of success of the initiatives, based on an analysis of the source of recognition and the type of goals achieved. In general terms, the three recognition initiatives were successful, especially at the levels of self-, peer, and international recognition. However, all failed to substantially improve public awareness and national and sub-national governmental recognition, especially when addressing policy change and implementation. We conclude that, in the European context, despite these challenges, the concepts of “commons” and “ICCA-Territory of Life” are powerful tools to achieve some level of recognition and are a strategic priority for facing Europe’s challenges fostering solutions that reinforce the role, capacity, responsibility, and rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities. Full article
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18 pages, 1899 KiB  
Article
Research on Carbon Reduction Pathways: A Case Study of Kau Yi Chau Artificial Islands
by Xingyu Liu, Ming Zhang, Foci Chen, Yunzhe Tong, Kexi Xu, Zezhou Wu, Yani Lai, Yuefu Zhou and Xiangsheng Chen
Land 2025, 14(8), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081622 - 9 Aug 2025
Viewed by 41
Abstract
Developing artificial islands is considered to be an effective solution for land scarcity and economic growth in coastal regions. However, the construction and operation of artificial islands could generate significant carbon emissions, posing challenges for low-carbon transitions. In this study, Kau Yi Chau [...] Read more.
Developing artificial islands is considered to be an effective solution for land scarcity and economic growth in coastal regions. However, the construction and operation of artificial islands could generate significant carbon emissions, posing challenges for low-carbon transitions. In this study, Kau Yi Chau Artificial Islands are analyzed to explore low-carbon strategies tailored to artificial island development. A carbon emission accounting framework based on urban operational processes is established, and five scenarios are developed using the LEAP model: the Baseline Scenario (BAS), Low-Demand Scenario (S1), Regular Carbon Reduction Scenario (S2), Enhanced Carbon Reduction Scenario (S3), and Deepened Carbon Reduction Scenario (S4). Energy demand and carbon emissions are systematically assessed across sectors such as buildings, transportation, solid waste, and vegetation-based carbon sinks. The results indicate that, compared to the BAS, carbon emissions in the S1, S2, S3, and S4 scenarios are reduced by 19.5%, 20.8%, 41.9%, and 54.6%, respectively. S4 is identified as the optimal development pathway for the artificial islands. The carbon reduction contributions of different sectors are analyzed, and optimization measures are proposed, providing valuable insights for low-carbon planning in artificial islands development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)
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21 pages, 65608 KiB  
Article
Saline Peatland Degradation in the Mezzano Lowland: 66 Years of Agricultural Impacts on Carbon and Soil Biogeochemistry
by Aaron Sobbe, Valentina Brombin, Enzo Rizzo and Gianluca Bianchini
Land 2025, 14(8), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081621 - 9 Aug 2025
Viewed by 41
Abstract
The conversion of wetlands into croplands often leads to significant losses of peat soil salinity and soil organic matter (SOM), though quantifying these changes is challenging due to limited historical data. In this study, we compared current soil physicochemical properties with rare historical [...] Read more.
The conversion of wetlands into croplands often leads to significant losses of peat soil salinity and soil organic matter (SOM), though quantifying these changes is challenging due to limited historical data. In this study, we compared current soil physicochemical properties with rare historical data from the Mezzano Lowland (ML) in Northeastern Italy, a former wetland drained over 60 years ago. The transformation, which affected approximately 18,100 hectares, was achieved through the construction of a network of drainage canals and pumping stations capable of removing large volumes of water, enabling intensive agricultural use. Results showed a marked decrease in electrical conductivity (EC) and sulphate concentration, indicating extensive salt leaching from the upper peat soil layers. EC dropped from historical values up to 196 mS/cm (1967–1968) to a current maximum of 4.93 mS/cm, while sulphate levels declined by over 90%. SOM also showed significant depletion, especially in deeper layers (50–100 cm), with losses ranging from 50 to 60 wt%, due to increased aeration and microbial activity post-drainage. These climatic and environmental changes, including a marked reduction in soil salinity and sulphate concentrations due to prolonged leaching, have likely shifted the Mezzano Lowland from a carbon sink to a net source of CO2 and CH4 by promoting microbial processes that enhance methane production under anaerobic conditions. To detect residual peat layers, we used Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR), which, combined with soil sampling, proved effective for tracking long-term peat soil changes. This approach can inform sustainable land management strategies to prevent further carbon loss and maintain peat soil stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Security of Peatland Ecosystems: Risk Assessment, Pollution Prevention and Restoration)
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19 pages, 945 KiB  
Article
Clarifying Influences of Sampling Bias (Concentration) and Locational Errors (Uncertainties) on Precision or Generality of Species Distribution Models
by Brice B. Hanberry
Land 2025, 14(8), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081620 - 9 Aug 2025
Viewed by 70
Abstract
Locational errors and sampling bias may produce unrepresentative species distribution models. To decompose the influence of errors, I modeled species distributions of 31 mammal species from georeferenced records and random samples from range maps, with potential sources of errors added or removed, using [...] Read more.
Locational errors and sampling bias may produce unrepresentative species distribution models. To decompose the influence of errors, I modeled species distributions of 31 mammal species from georeferenced records and random samples from range maps, with potential sources of errors added or removed, using the random forests algorithm. Errors included the addition of (1) cities, (2) administrative centers, (3) records flagged as potential errors (e.g., outliers), and (4) urban records to range map samples; the removal of (5) flagged records and (6) urban records from georeferenced records; and the addition of (7) random points and (8) clustered points to georeferenced records. I also examined separation between thinned and unthinned (i.e., locally concentrated) records and ocean and land areas. Errors generally did not perturb species distributions, particularly if errors were located within species ranges. The greatest departure relative to unaltered models (mean niche overlap values of 0.96 out of 1) was due to the addition of administrative centers at a 13% error rate. Because locational errors overall do not occur in modern georeferenced records, outliers may provide important samples from undersampled areas. Delineating land from ocean coordinates may require a land layer at the highest available resolution and buffered to match the distance of locational uncertainty for georeferenced records. Predicted areas for species distributions increased along the spectrum of models from concentrated georeferenced records, thinned records, and random samples from range maps. Species distributions modeled with all georeferenced records will have the greatest sampling concentration (to differentiate from bias, because predictive modeling is not hypothesis testing), resulting in model locational precision, whereas species distribution models from random samples of range maps will have locational generality (rather than errors). The risk of removing samples of suitable conditions is the generation of unrepresentative models whereas the benefit of sample removal is slightly more generalized models, but which also may represent overpredictions. Full article
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18 pages, 1848 KiB  
Article
The Built Environment and Urban Vibrancy: A Data-Driven Study of Non-Commuters’ Destination Choices Around Metro Stations
by Yanan Liu and Hua Du
Land 2025, 14(8), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081619 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 109
Abstract
The metro railway system is pivotal not just as a crucial transportation network for daily commuters but also as a significant enhancer of urban vibrancy, especially through its role in attracting a substantial volume of non-commuters. This study focuses on non-commuting travel behaviors [...] Read more.
The metro railway system is pivotal not just as a crucial transportation network for daily commuters but also as a significant enhancer of urban vibrancy, especially through its role in attracting a substantial volume of non-commuters. This study focuses on non-commuting travel behaviors around metro stations, exploring how the built environment affects non-commuters’ destination choices. A Random Forest model is developed based on data from Chengdu, China. The model is interpreted with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis. Route length, building coverage, greenery, and proximity are key factors and indicate a nonlinear impact on non-commuters’ destination choices. The impact of these factors was found to vary significantly depending on the scale and context, indicating a need for nuanced urban planning approaches. The findings highlight the need for sophisticated urban planning that balances functionality and needs in transit-oriented development, aiming to cater to non-commuters and promote sustainable, vibrant urban spaces. Full article
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20 pages, 1311 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Ecosystem Service Value and Implementation Pathways: A Case Study of Jiangsu Jianchuan Ecological Restoration Project
by Pinjie Zhang, Jingyan Wang, Yijia Zhu, Pingyan Ge and Zhunqiao Liu
Land 2025, 14(8), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081618 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 86
Abstract
Over recent decades, coastal wetlands in Jiangsu Province have faced multiple challenges, including overfishing, reclamation for aquaculture, wetland shrinkage, and biodiversity loss. Implementing wetland ecological restoration proves crucial for mitigating the degradation of coastal wetland ecosystems. Quantifying ecosystem service values and establishing rational [...] Read more.
Over recent decades, coastal wetlands in Jiangsu Province have faced multiple challenges, including overfishing, reclamation for aquaculture, wetland shrinkage, and biodiversity loss. Implementing wetland ecological restoration proves crucial for mitigating the degradation of coastal wetland ecosystems. Quantifying ecosystem service values and establishing rational ecological compensation standards provide essential references for ecological compensation research and alleviating human–land conflicts. The Jianchuan Ecological Restoration Project, located in Dafeng District of Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, employs integrated wetland, woodland, and farmland construction to rebuild biodiversity, enhance water conservation capacity, and improve water purification functions, thereby significantly boosting regional ecological services. Results have demonstrated that the total ecosystem service value of this project reaches CNY 76.2896 million, with climate regulation representing the highest value (CNY 68.1496 million, 89.33% of total). Subsequent values include biodiversity maintenance (3.40%), water purification (3.31%), and food production (2.95%), while carbon sequestration/oxygen release (0.96%) and soil retention (0.05%) show relatively lower contributions. Notably, this project innovatively integrates carbon finance mechanisms through “carbon sink loans”, achieving efficient transformation of ecological value from “paper accounts” to market realization. This study establishes a scientific foundation for ecological restoration projects through ecosystem service-based value assessment and pathway exploration, offering both theoretical framework and practical references. Full article
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15 pages, 2370 KiB  
Article
Effect of Rotational Grazing on Soil Quality and Animal Behavior in an Integrated Crop–Livestock (ICL) System on Small Subtropical Farms
by Valdemir Antoneli, Leticia Martini Gamba, Joao Anésio Bednarz, Maria Paz Corrales Marmol, Michael Vrahnakis, Aristeidis Kastridis and George N. Zaimes
Land 2025, 14(8), 1617; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081617 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 105
Abstract
The usage of land on small farms in subtropical regions varies with climatic conditions. Agricultural cultivation typically occurs during the spring and summer (of the southern hemisphere), with tobacco being the primary crop on most small farms. During these seasons, livestock graze in [...] Read more.
The usage of land on small farms in subtropical regions varies with climatic conditions. Agricultural cultivation typically occurs during the spring and summer (of the southern hemisphere), with tobacco being the primary crop on most small farms. During these seasons, livestock graze in pastures and woodlots. After the tobacco harvest (March), farmers plant winter cover crops, and by May, livestock is moved from the pastures to the agricultural areas. This study aimed to examine how grazing influences soil density, water infiltration rates, and animal behavior across different land types (pasture, native forest, eucalyptus reforestation, and agriculture) during the tobacco-growing season, and the off-season when grazing occurs on agricultural lands. It was found that forage availability and climatic conditions determined grazing duration in pastures and forests, under Integrated Crop–Livestock (ICL) systems. Higher forage volume in the agriculture area reduced grazing time and increased resting periods. Eucalyptus reforestation areas had the best soil conditions due to minimal grazing occurring there. An increase in soil bulk density and a decrease in water infiltration rates were observed at the end of the grazing period in both pasture and woodland areas. Year-round ICL systems appear to enhance soil quality through fallow periods, improving forage availability, soil moisture retention, and water infiltration as well. Full article
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26 pages, 39069 KiB  
Article
Soil Inorganic Carbon Losses Counteracted Soil Organic Carbon Increases in Deeper Soil over 30 Years in North China
by Yuanyuan Tang, Xiangyun Yang, Xinru Wang, Guohong Du, Mukesh Kumar Soothar, Qi Tian and Yanbing Qi
Land 2025, 14(8), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081616 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 70
Abstract
Finding out the dynamics of soil organic carbon and inorganic carbon is paramount for sustaining terrestrial carbon cycling and climate change mitigation. From the 1980s to 2010s, substantial changes in land use, climate, and agricultural practices have occurred across North China. This study [...] Read more.
Finding out the dynamics of soil organic carbon and inorganic carbon is paramount for sustaining terrestrial carbon cycling and climate change mitigation. From the 1980s to 2010s, substantial changes in land use, climate, and agricultural practices have occurred across North China. This study systematically quantified the stratified dynamics of soil carbon stocks (0–100 cm with 20 cm intervals) and their compositional shifts by using the geographically weighted regression kriging model. The model integrated soil sample data from provincial surveys across North China with key environmental covariates (e.g., elevation, precipitation, air temperature, and the vegetation index) to spatially predict and analyze vertical carbon stock changes. The results indicated that soil carbon stocks decreased considerably by 5.86 Gt in the one-meter soil profile from the 1980s to the 2010s. Significant losses in soil inorganic carbon stocks directly contributed to net soil carbon sources. These significant soil inorganic carbon losses of 7.03 Gt, originating primarily from losses of 7.35 Gt in deeper soil layers (20–100 cm), effectively offset increases of 1.17 Gt in soil organic carbon. About two-thirds of regions in North China have been categorized as carbon source regions. These are distributed for the most part in arid and semi-arid areas and the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. The remaining one-third of regions have been classified as carbon sink regions which are primarily found in the Loess Plateau, the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain, the Middle-lower Yangtze Plain, and the Northeast China Plain. Significant losses in soil inorganic carbon stocks caused by strong carbon sources may undermine global measures aimed at enhancing terrestrial ecosystem carbon sequestration and fixation. Our results highlight the urgent need to account for vulnerable subsurface inorganic carbon pools in regional carbon sequestration strategies and climate models. Full article
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27 pages, 1156 KiB  
Article
Transaction Risks and Governance Choice for the Urban-Rural Transfer of Development Right in China: The Case of Chengdu
by Chen Shi
Land 2025, 14(8), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081615 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 94
Abstract
To enhance the utilization efficiency of existing construction land and promote integrated urban–rural development, China’s government has implemented the “Linkage” Policy, which has commodified land development rights and reallocated urban–rural development potential. In recent years, a growing number of studies have examined the [...] Read more.
To enhance the utilization efficiency of existing construction land and promote integrated urban–rural development, China’s government has implemented the “Linkage” Policy, which has commodified land development rights and reallocated urban–rural development potential. In recent years, a growing number of studies have examined the diversified governance structures of “Linkage” projects, which has deepened our understanding of China’s project-based rural land governance. However, most studies have focused primarily on governance performance while neglecting the comparative advantages of different governance structures in improving process efficiency, particularly within the same local institutional environment. To fill this gap, this study first conceptualizes the transactions and sub-transactions in the Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) and then systematically assesses the associated organizational risks. Drawing on Transaction Cost Theory, this paper analyzes how governance diversity mitigates risks and optimizes efficiency. Empirically, this research employs a comparative case study approach, examining three representative governance modes using data triangulation to ensure robust findings. Finally, the theoretical and empirical analyses yield three key findings regarding China’s TDR system: First, given the inherent complexity and substantial financial investment required, the efficient implementation of China’s rural land development projects necessitates leveraging complementary stakeholder strengths. Second, transaction risks constitute the primary source of transaction costs and the central concern of all governance structures. Third, beyond governance structure selection, local institutional innovations and collective action mechanisms significantly enhance governance efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional Solutions to Urban-Rural Coordinated Development in the Megacity Regions (3rd Edition))
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24 pages, 15247 KiB  
Article
Differentiated Climate Drivers of Carbon and Water Use Efficiencies Across Land Use Types in the Yellow River Basin, China
by Xianglong Tang, Leshan Cai and Pengzhen Du
Land 2025, 14(8), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081614 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 86
Abstract
Given the crucial role of land use in shaping coupled water–carbon processes in ecosystems, it is essential to assess carbon use efficiency (CUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) across different land use types. This study established an analytical framework incorporating trend analysis, partial [...] Read more.
Given the crucial role of land use in shaping coupled water–carbon processes in ecosystems, it is essential to assess carbon use efficiency (CUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) across different land use types. This study established an analytical framework incorporating trend analysis, partial correlation, and relative contribution methods to evaluate how WUE and CUE in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) responded to key climatic variables between 2001 and 2023. It also identified the dominant climatic drivers across different land use types during 2001–2022. The principal findings were as follows: (1) from 2001 to 2023, the mean WUE and CUE were 0.73 g C m−2 mm−1 and 0.60, respectively. (2) Wetlands and croplands had higher WUE, while grasslands and shrublands showed higher CUE. (3) MAT was negatively correlated with WUE and CUE across 89% and 74% of the YRB, respectively, while MAP and SR showed spatially variable effects. (4) MAT was the dominant factor driving WUE variation across all land use types (accounting for approximately 40%). Except for shrublands, CUE was mainly influenced by MAP. These results highlight differentiated climate impacts across land use types, providing important insights for ecosystem restoration and spatial governance. Full article
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15 pages, 26209 KiB  
Article
Quality of Constructed Technogenic Soils in Urban Gardens Located on a Reclaimed Clay Pit
by Dariusz Gruszka, Katarzyna Szopka and Cezary Kabala
Land 2025, 14(8), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081613 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 107
Abstract
Urban gardening plays diverse social, cultural and economic roles; its further development appears to be worthwhile, provided that soil contamination does not compromise ecosystem services. This study was conducted at a complex of urban gardens in Wroclaw (Poland) where topsoil screening indicated significant [...] Read more.
Urban gardening plays diverse social, cultural and economic roles; its further development appears to be worthwhile, provided that soil contamination does not compromise ecosystem services. This study was conducted at a complex of urban gardens in Wroclaw (Poland) where topsoil screening indicated significant spatial differentiation of trace elements content, presumably related to the history of the site. Urbic Technosols cover the reclaimed section of the gardens, where industrial and urban waste materials, such as ash, slag, construction and demolition, and household waste, were used to fill former clay and sand mines. Although the topsoil layers, comprised of transported external soil, exhibited beneficial physicochemical properties and high fertility, they were seriously contaminated with trace elements (up to 1700, 920, 740, 5.1, 7.4, and 5.1 mg kg−1 zinc, lead, copper, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic, respectively). The trace elements were likely transferred from technogenic materials used for mine infilling, which now underlie the thin humus layers of the garden soils. The results suggest that the quality of soils in urban gardens located at reclaimed post-mining sites, while seemingly beneficial for horticulture based on physicochemical soil properties and fertility indices, can be seriously and permanently compromised by soil contamination from inappropriate materials used for site reclamation, thereby affecting soil quality and posing potential health and ecological risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Ecological Risk Assessment Based on LULC)
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29 pages, 16361 KiB  
Article
Urban Subway Station Site Selection Prediction Based on Clustered Demand and Interpretable Machine Learning Models
by Yun Liu, Xin Yao, Hang Lv, Dingjie Zhou, Zhiqiang Xie, Xiaoqing Zhao, Quan Zhu and Cong Chai
Land 2025, 14(8), 1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081612 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 73
Abstract
With accelerating urbanization, the development of rail transit systems—particularly subways—has become a key strategy for alleviating urban traffic congestion. However, existing studies on subway station site selection often lack a spatially continuous evaluation of site suitability across the entire study area. This may [...] Read more.
With accelerating urbanization, the development of rail transit systems—particularly subways—has become a key strategy for alleviating urban traffic congestion. However, existing studies on subway station site selection often lack a spatially continuous evaluation of site suitability across the entire study area. This may lead to a disconnect between planning and actual demand, resulting in issues such as “overbuilt infrastructure” or the “island effect.” To address this issue, this study selects Kunming City, China, as the study area, employs the K-means++ algorithm to cluster existing subway stations based on passenger flow, integrates multi-source spatial data, applies a random forest algorithm for optimal positive sample selection and driving factor identification, and subsequently uses a LightGBM-SHAP explainable machine learning framework to develop a predictive model for station location based on mathematical modeling. The main findings of the study are as follows: (1) Using the random forest model, 20 key drivers influencing site selection were identified. SHAP analysis revealed that the top five contributing factors were connectivity, nighttime lighting, road network density, transportation service, and residence density. Among these, transportation-related factors accounted for three out of five and emerged as the primary determinants of subway station site selection. (2) The site selection prediction model exhibited strong performance, achieving an R2 value of 0.95 on the test set and an average R2 of 0.79 during spatial 5-fold cross-validation, indicating high model reliability. The spatial distribution of predicted suitability indicated that the core urban area within the Second Ring Road exhibited the highest suitability, with suitability gradually declining toward the periphery. High-suitability areas outside the Third Ring Road in suburban regions were primarily aligned along existing subway lines. (3) The cumulative predicted probability within a 300 m buffer zone around each station was positively correlated with passenger flow levels. Overlaying the predicted results with current station locations revealed strong spatial consistency, indicating that the model outputs closely align with the actual spatial layout and passenger usage intensity of existing stations. These findings provide valuable decision-making support for optimizing subway station layouts and planning future transportation infrastructure, offering both theoretical and practical significance for data-driven site selection. Full article
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25 pages, 11944 KiB  
Article
Landscape Health Assessment of Suburban Forest Parks with Different Land Use Intensities and Grid Scales
by Hao Luo, Qing Zhao, Wan-Hui Qian, Chi Zhang, Ling-Yu Zhang and Xiao-Jun Wu
Land 2025, 14(8), 1611; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081611 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 182
Abstract
Landscape health assessments are crucial for balancing conservation and use practices. However, studies considering different land use intensities and grid scales from a functional perspective are limited. This study aimed to develop a landscape classification and indicator system based on functional characteristics using [...] Read more.
Landscape health assessments are crucial for balancing conservation and use practices. However, studies considering different land use intensities and grid scales from a functional perspective are limited. This study aimed to develop a landscape classification and indicator system based on functional characteristics using Xiqiao Mountain National Forest Park and Yunyong National Forest Park as research objects. The entropy weight method was used to determine indicator weights, and grid analysis and spatial interpolation were used to analyze the spatial distribution, impact differences, and factors influencing landscape health. The effect of different grid scales on landscape health under varying land use intensities first weakened and then strengthened with increasing grid scales; the optimal grid scales for the two parks were 54 × 54 m and 66 × 66 m, respectively. The forest/non-forest area ratio decreased as the health level of the landscape increased. At the optimal grid scale, the threshold range of the forest/non-forest area ratio for achieving optimal landscape health was 4.46–5.81 and 0.79–0.87 in the two parks, respectively. The results indicate that improved landscape health in suburban forest parks requires the intensive development of construction land, enhanced forest management, and functional synergistic designs to promote coordinated functional development. Full article
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27 pages, 9075 KiB  
Article
The Ephemeral Cultural Landscape of an Australian Federal Election
by Dirk H. R. Spennemann and Deanna Duffy
Land 2025, 14(8), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081610 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 254
Abstract
This paper explores the concept of ephemeral cultural landscapes through the lens of public election advertising during the 2025 Australian Federal election in the regional city of Albury, New South Wales. Framing election signage as a transient cultural landscape, the study assesses the [...] Read more.
This paper explores the concept of ephemeral cultural landscapes through the lens of public election advertising during the 2025 Australian Federal election in the regional city of Albury, New South Wales. Framing election signage as a transient cultural landscape, the study assesses the distribution of election signage (corflutes) disseminated by political candidates against demographic and socio-economic criteria of the electorate. The paper examines how corflutes and symbolic signage reflect personal agency, spatial contestation, and community engagement within urban and suburban environments. A detailed windscreen survey was conducted across Albury over three days immediately prior to and on election day, recording 193 instances of campaign signage and mapping their spatial distribution in relation to polling booth catchments, population density, generational cohorts, and socio-economic status. The data reveal stark differences between traditional party (Greens, Labor, Liberal) strategies and that of the independent candidate whose campaign was marked by grassroots support and creative symbolism, notably the use of orange corflutes shaped like emus. The independent’s campaign relied on personal property displays, signaling civic engagement and a bottom-up assertion of political identity. While signage for major parties largely disappeared within days of the election, many of the independent’s symbolic emus persisted, blurring the temporal boundaries of the ephemeral landscape and extending its visual presence well beyond the formal campaign period. The study argues that these ephemeral landscapes, though transitory, are powerful cultural expressions of political identity, visibility, and territoriality shaping public and private spaces both materially and symbolically. Ultimately, the election signage in Albury serves as a case study for understanding how ephemeral landscapes can materially and symbolically shape public space during moments of civic expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultural Landscapes in Transition: Balancing Heritage, Development, and Sustainability)
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20 pages, 4835 KiB  
Article
Soil Inorganic Carbon Content and Its Environmental Controls in the Weibei Loess Region: A Random Forest-Based Spatial Analysis
by Duoxun Xu, Yongkang Ding, Yuchen Yan, Jianli Qian, Qianzhuo Zhao and Anquan Xia
Land 2025, 14(8), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081609 - 8 Aug 2025
Viewed by 225
Abstract
Soil carbon constitutes the largest terrestrial carbon reservoir, with inorganic forms (SIC) contributing an estimated 20–40% of the global total. Despite its relevance to arid-region carbon cycling and stabilization, SIC remains less studied than soil organic carbon (SOC). This study quantified surface SIC [...] Read more.
Soil carbon constitutes the largest terrestrial carbon reservoir, with inorganic forms (SIC) contributing an estimated 20–40% of the global total. Despite its relevance to arid-region carbon cycling and stabilization, SIC remains less studied than soil organic carbon (SOC). This study quantified surface SIC content (0–20 cm) and its environmental drivers across the Weibei Loess region using 3261 soil samples collected between 2008 and 2010. A combination of Random Forest (RF) modeling and optimal parameter geodetector (OPGD) analysis was employed to assess spatial heterogeneity and identify key environmental controls. SIC content ranged from 0.10 to 3.56 g kg−1 (mean = 1.23 ± 0.41 g kg−1), generally lower than reported values in the Tibetan Plateau and Inner Mongolia. Higher concentrations were observed in central areas, with lower values toward the periphery. While mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP) remained key climatic correlates, shortwave radiation (srad) emerged as the strongest control on SIC across the region, exhibiting a significant positive association with its accumulation. Notably, its interaction with wind speed (vs) further amplified this effect, highlighting the synergistic role of radiation and near-surface turbulence in regulating inorganic carbon retention in surface soils. Collectively, these variables explained ~56% of SIC spatial variation. Favorable conditions for SIC accumulation were identified within specific environmental thresholds: srad (171–172 W/m2), MAP (546–587 mm), MAT (10.2–11.5 °C), and vs (1.90–1.96 m/s). These findings offer a quantitative basis for understanding SIC patterns in loess-derived soils and support the development of region-specific strategies for carbon regulation under changing climatic conditions. Full article
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20 pages, 2328 KiB  
Article
Characteristics, Sources, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soils and Sediments in the Yellow River Delta, China
by Yilei Zhao, Yuxuan Wu, Yue Qi, Junsheng Li, Xueyan Huang, Yuchen Hou, Haojing Hao and Shuyu Zhu
Land 2025, 14(8), 1608; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081608 - 7 Aug 2025
Viewed by 187
Abstract
This study investigates the presence, origin, and associated ecological and human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from uncultivated lands and beach sediments within the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China. The measured concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in soils spanned [...] Read more.
This study investigates the presence, origin, and associated ecological and human health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from uncultivated lands and beach sediments within the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China. The measured concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in soils spanned 24.97–326.42 ng/g (mean: 130.88 ng/g), while concentrations in sediments ranged from 46.17 to 794.32 ng/g, averaging 227.22 ng/g. In terms of composition, low-molecular-weight PAHs predominated in soil samples, whereas high-molecular-weight compounds were more prevalent in sediments. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model results suggested that petroleum pollution and fuel combustion were the main sources of PAHs in soils, whereas the contribution in sediments was derived from petroleum and traffic pollution. The ecological risk assessment results indicated that there existed no obvious ecological risk of soil PAHs, but sediment PAHs could negatively impact the surrounding ecological environment, especially in the northern coastal beach area. In addition, soil PAHs posed no potential carcinogenic risk to humans. Further pollution prevention and management measures are required in this region to ensure the safety of the environment. Full article
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14 pages, 2320 KiB  
Article
Differentiated Microbial Strategies in Carbon Metabolic Processes Responding to Salt Stress in Cold–Arid Wetlands
by Yongman Wang, Mingqi Wang, Tiezheng Wu, Jialin Zhao, Junyi Li, Hongliang Xie, Lixin Wang and Linhui Wu
Land 2025, 14(8), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081607 - 7 Aug 2025
Viewed by 190
Abstract
With the rising concerns about climate change and continuous increase in the salinity of soil, it is essential to understand the C-cycling functioning of saline soil to better predict the ecological functions and health of soil. Microbes play critical roles in C-cycling. However, [...] Read more.
With the rising concerns about climate change and continuous increase in the salinity of soil, it is essential to understand the C-cycling functioning of saline soil to better predict the ecological functions and health of soil. Microbes play critical roles in C-cycling. However, limited research has been conducted to understand the impact of soil salinity on the microbial functional genes involved in C-cycling. In this study, effects of varying soil salinity levels in wetlands on the C-cycling functions and diversity of soil microbes were investigated by metagenomic sequencing. The results showed a higher relative abundance of genes related to decomposition of easily degradable organic C at low salinity. On the other hand, higher abundance of genes participating in the decomposition of recalcitrant organic C were observed at high salinity. These findings indicate distinct metabolic bias of soil microbes based on the salinity levels. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were dominant in soils with low to medium salinity levels, while Bacteroidetes phyla was prominent in highly saline soils. Furthermore, partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) identified electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus as key regulators of C-cycling gene expression. Overall, the present study highlights the intricate connections between salinity, microbial attributes, and carbon metabolism in soil, suggesting that the soil microbes adapt to saline stress through divergent eco-adaptations. The findings of this study highlight the significance of exploring these microbial interactions for effective management and conservation of saline wetlands. Full article
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22 pages, 2485 KiB  
Article
Urban Land Revenue and Common Prosperity: An Urban Differential Rent Perspective
by Fang He, Yuxuan Si and Yixi Hu
Land 2025, 14(8), 1606; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081606 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 254
Abstract
Common prosperity serves as a pivotal condition for achieving sustainable development by fostering social equity, bolstering economic resilience, and promoting environmental stewardship. Differential land revenue, as a crucial form of property based on spatial resource occupation, significantly contributes to the achievement of common [...] Read more.
Common prosperity serves as a pivotal condition for achieving sustainable development by fostering social equity, bolstering economic resilience, and promoting environmental stewardship. Differential land revenue, as a crucial form of property based on spatial resource occupation, significantly contributes to the achievement of common prosperity, though empirical evidence of its impact is limited. This study explores the potential influence of land utilization revenue disparity on common prosperity from the perspective of urban macro differential rent (UMDR). Utilizing panel data from 280 Chinese cities spanning 2007 to 2020, we discover that UMDR and common prosperity levels exhibit strikingly similar spatiotemporal evolution. Further empirical analysis shows that UMDR significantly raises urban common prosperity levels, with a 0.217 standard unit increase in common prosperity for every 1 standard unit rise in UMDR. This boost stems from enhanced urban prosperity and the sharing of development achievements, encompassing economic growth, improved public services, enhanced ecological civilization, and more equitable distribution of development gains between urban and rural areas and among individuals. Additionally, we observe that UMDR has a more pronounced effect on common prosperity in eastern cities and those with a predominant service industry. This study enhances the comprehension of the relationship between urban land revenue disparities, prosperity, and equitable sharing, presenting a new perspective for the administration to contemplate the utilization of land-based policy tools in pursuit of the common prosperity goal and ultimately achieve sustainable development. Full article
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15 pages, 1258 KiB  
Article
Biochar Affects Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Urban Forestry Waste
by Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriya, Tamanna Mamun Novera, Dengge Qin, Zhengfeng An and Scott X. Chang
Land 2025, 14(8), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081605 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 263
Abstract
Urban forests are vital to cities because they provide a range of ecosystem services, including carbon (C) sequestration, air purification, and urban cooling. However, urban forestry also generates significant amounts of organic waste, such as grass clippings, pruned tree branches, and fallen tree [...] Read more.
Urban forests are vital to cities because they provide a range of ecosystem services, including carbon (C) sequestration, air purification, and urban cooling. However, urban forestry also generates significant amounts of organic waste, such as grass clippings, pruned tree branches, and fallen tree leaves and woody debris that can contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions if not properly managed. In this study, we investigated the effect of wheat straw biochar (produced at 500 °C) on GHG emissions from two types of urban forestry waste: green waste (GW) and yard waste (YW), using a 100-day laboratory incubation experiment. Overall, GW released more CO2 than YW, but biochar addition reduced cumulative CO2 emissions by 9.8% in GW and by 17.6% in YW. However, biochar increased CH4 emissions from GW and reduced the CH4 sink strength of YW. Biochar also had contrasting effects on N2O emissions, increasing them by 94.3% in GW but decreasing them by 61.4% in YW. Consequently, the highest global warming potential was observed in biochar-amended GW (125.3 g CO2-eq kg−1). Our findings emphasize that the effect of biochar on GHG emissions varies with waste type and suggest that selecting appropriate biochar types is critical for mitigating GHG emissions from urban forestry waste. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use Effects on Carbon Storage and Greenhouse Gas Emissions)
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28 pages, 5190 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Coevolution Between Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being in Ecotourism-Dominated Counties: A Case Study of Chun’an, Zhejiang Province, China
by Weifeng Jiang and Lin Lu
Land 2025, 14(8), 1604; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081604 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 218
Abstract
Investigating the coevolution between ecosystem services (ES) and human well-being (HWB) holds significant implications for achieving the sustainable operation of human–environment systems. However, limited research has focused on ES-HWB interactions in ecotourism-dominated counties. To address this gap, this study takes Chun’an County in [...] Read more.
Investigating the coevolution between ecosystem services (ES) and human well-being (HWB) holds significant implications for achieving the sustainable operation of human–environment systems. However, limited research has focused on ES-HWB interactions in ecotourism-dominated counties. To address this gap, this study takes Chun’an County in Zhejiang Province, China, as a case study, with the research objective of exploring the processes, patterns, and mechanisms of the coevolution between ecosystem services (ES) and human well-being (HWB) in ecotourism-dominated counties. By integrating multi-source heterogeneous data, including land use data, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and statistical records, and employing methods such as the dynamic equivalent factor method, the PLUS model, the coupling coordination degree model, and comprehensive evaluation, we analyzed the synergistic evolution of ES-HWB in Chun’an County from 2000 to 2020. The results indicate that (1) the ecosystem service value (ESV) fluctuated between 30.15 and 36.85 billion CNY, exhibiting a spatial aggregation pattern centered on the Qiandao Lake waterbody, with distance–decay characteristics. The PLUS model confirms ecological conservation policies optimize ES patterns. (2) The HWB index surged from 0.16 to 0.8, driven by tourism-led economic growth, infrastructure investment, and institutional innovation, facilitating a paradigm shift from low to high well-being at the county level. (3) The ES-HWB interaction evolved through three phases—disordered, antagonism, and coordination—revealing tourism as a key mediator driving coupled human–environment system sustainability via a pressure–adaptation–synergy transmission mechanism. This study not only advances the understanding of ES-HWB coevolution in ecotourism-dominated counties, but also provides a transferable methodological framework for sustainable development in similar regions. Full article
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23 pages, 4515 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Post-Fire Deciduous Shrub Cover Using Machine Learning and Multiscale Remote Sensing
by Hannah Trommer and Timothy Assal
Land 2025, 14(8), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081603 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 144
Abstract
Wildfire and drought are key drivers of shrubland expansion in southwestern US landscapes. Stand-replacing fires in conifer forests induce shrub-dominated stages, and changing climatic patterns may cause a long-term shift to deciduous shrubland. We assessed change in deciduous fractional shrub cover (DFSC) in [...] Read more.
Wildfire and drought are key drivers of shrubland expansion in southwestern US landscapes. Stand-replacing fires in conifer forests induce shrub-dominated stages, and changing climatic patterns may cause a long-term shift to deciduous shrubland. We assessed change in deciduous fractional shrub cover (DFSC) in the eastern Jemez Mountains from 2019 to 2023 using topographic and Sentinel-2 satellite data and evaluated the impact of spatial scale on model performance. First, we built a 10 m and a 20 m random forest model. The 20 m model outperformed the 10 m model, achieving an R-squared value of 0.82 and an RMSE of 7.85, compared to the 10 m model (0.76 and 9.99, respectively). We projected the 20 m model to the other years of the study using imagery from the respective years, yielding yearly DFSC predictions. DFSC decreased from 2019 to 2022, coinciding with severe drought and a 2022 fire, followed by an increase in 2023, particularly within the 2022 fire footprint. Overall, DFSC trends showed an increase, with elevation being a key variable influencing these trends. This framework revealed vegetation dynamics in a semi-arid system and provided a close look at post-fire regeneration in deciduous resprouting shrubs and could be applied to similar systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land – Observation and Monitoring)
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19 pages, 8835 KiB  
Article
The Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Driving Factors of Traditional Villages’ Tourism Transformation Level in Shaanxi, China
by Huidi Jia, Lanbo Li, Siying Wu, Ruiqi Zhao and Huan Yang
Land 2025, 14(8), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081602 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 187
Abstract
Although numerous studies have examined the spatial patterns of traditional villages and their driving factors, limited attention has been devoted to the transformation of tourism. This study focused on traditional villages in Shaanxi Province, employing geodetector and grounded theory methods to analyze their [...] Read more.
Although numerous studies have examined the spatial patterns of traditional villages and their driving factors, limited attention has been devoted to the transformation of tourism. This study focused on traditional villages in Shaanxi Province, employing geodetector and grounded theory methods to analyze their spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors. First, most traditional villages have not developed tourism. Only 11.98% reached the relatively mature tourism stage. Second, the spatial distribution of mature traditional tourism villages is scattered and primarily clustered in Liuba County, Mizhi County, and Jia County. Third, the factors influencing spatial distribution characteristics include resource endowment, transportation accessibility, and regional economic conditions. Among these factors, the level of traditional villages, village heritage values, and the local tourism environment show the strongest explanatory power. These findings can help enhance cultural resilience, promote economic transformation and upgrading, and support the sustainable development of traditional villages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Tourism Development: Land Use, Ecosystem Services, and Community Interactions)
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22 pages, 10285 KiB  
Article
Biophysical and Social Constraints of Restoring Ecosystem Services in the Border Regions of Tibet, China
by Lizhi Jia, Silin Liu, Xinjie Zha and Ting Hua
Land 2025, 14(8), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081601 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 268
Abstract
Ecosystem restoration represents a promising solution for enhancing ecosystem services and environmental sustainability. However, border regions—characterized by ecological fragility and geopolitical complexity—remain underrepresented in ecosystem service and restoration research. To fill this gap, we coupled spatially explicit models (e.g., InVEST and RUSLE) with [...] Read more.
Ecosystem restoration represents a promising solution for enhancing ecosystem services and environmental sustainability. However, border regions—characterized by ecological fragility and geopolitical complexity—remain underrepresented in ecosystem service and restoration research. To fill this gap, we coupled spatially explicit models (e.g., InVEST and RUSLE) with scenario analysis to quantify the ecosystem service potential that could be achieved in China’s Tibetan borderlands under two interacting agendas: ecological restoration and border-strengthening policies. Restoration feasibility was evaluated through combining local biophysical constraints, economic viability (via restoration-induced carbon gains vs. opportunity costs), operational practicality, and simulated infrastructure expansion. The results showed that per-unit-area ecosystem services in border counties (particularly Medog, Cona, and Zayu) exceed that of interior Tibet by a factor of two to four. Combining these various constraints, approximately 4–17% of the border zone remains cost-effective for grassland or forest restoration. Under low carbon pricing (US$10 t−1 CO2), the carbon revenue generated through restoration is insufficient to offset the opportunity cost of agricultural production, constituting a major constraint. Habitat quality, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration increase modestly when induced by restoration, but a pronounced carbon–water trade-off emerges. Planned infrastructure reduces restoration benefits only slightly, whereas raising the carbon price to about US$50 t−1 CO2 substantially expands such benefits. These findings highlight both the opportunities and limits of ecosystem restoration in border regions and point to carbon pricing as the key policy lever for unlocking cost-effective restoration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Land Policy in Shaping Rural Development Outcomes)
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18 pages, 8682 KiB  
Article
Urban Carbon Metabolism Optimization Based on a Source–Sink–Flow Framework at the Functional Zone Scale
by Cui Wang, Liuchang Xu, Xingyu Xue and Xinyu Zheng
Land 2025, 14(8), 1600; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081600 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 275
Abstract
Carbon flow tracking and spatial pattern optimization at the scale of urban functional zones are key scientific challenges in achieving carbon neutrality. However, due to the complexity of carbon metabolism processes within urban functional zones, related studies remain limited. To address these scientific [...] Read more.
Carbon flow tracking and spatial pattern optimization at the scale of urban functional zones are key scientific challenges in achieving carbon neutrality. However, due to the complexity of carbon metabolism processes within urban functional zones, related studies remain limited. To address these scientific challenges, this study, based on the “source–sink–flow” ecosystem services framework, develops an integrated analytical approach at the scale of urban functional zones. The carbon balance is quantified using the CASA model in combination with multi-source data. A network model is employed to trace carbon flow pathways, identify critical nodes and interruption points, and optimize the urban spatial pattern through a low-carbon land use structure model. The research results indicate that the overall carbon balance in Hangzhou exhibits a spatial pattern of “deficit in the center and surplus in the periphery.” The main urban area shows a significant carbon deficit and relatively poor connectivity in the carbon flow network. Carbon sequestration services primarily flow from peripheral areas (such as Fuyang and Yuhang) with green spaces and agricultural functional zones toward high-emission residential–commercial and commercial–public functional zones in the central area. However, due to the interruption of multiple carbon flow paths, the overall carbon flow transmission capacity is significantly constrained. Through spatial optimization, some carbon deficit nodes were successfully converted into carbon surplus nodes, and disrupted carbon flow edges were repaired, particularly in the main urban area, where 369 carbon flow edges were restored, resulting in a significant improvement in the overall transmission efficiency of the carbon flow network. The carbon flow visualization and spatial optimization methods proposed in this paper provide a new perspective for urban carbon metabolism analysis and offer theoretical support for low-carbon city planning practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Second Edition: Urban Planning Pathways to Carbon Neutrality)
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24 pages, 6924 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Time Series Estimation of Impervious Surface Coverage Rate in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Urbanization and Vulnerability Assessment of Ecological Environment Response
by Yuyang Cui, Yaxue Zhao and Xuecao Li
Land 2025, 14(8), 1599; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081599 - 6 Aug 2025
Viewed by 196
Abstract
As urbanization processes are no longer characterized by simple linear expansion but exhibit leaping, edge-sparse, and discontinuous features, spatiotemporally continuous impervious surface coverage data are needed to better characterize urbanization processes. This study utilized GAIA impervious surface binary data and employed spatiotemporal aggregation [...] Read more.
As urbanization processes are no longer characterized by simple linear expansion but exhibit leaping, edge-sparse, and discontinuous features, spatiotemporally continuous impervious surface coverage data are needed to better characterize urbanization processes. This study utilized GAIA impervious surface binary data and employed spatiotemporal aggregation methods to convert thirty years of 30 m resolution data into 1 km resolution spatiotemporal impervious surface coverage data, constructing a long-term time series annual impervious surface coverage dataset for the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Based on this dataset, we analyzed urban expansion processes and landscape pattern indices in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, exploring the spatiotemporal response relationships of ecological environment changes. Results revealed that the impervious surface area increased dramatically from 7579.3 km2 in 1985 to 37,484.0 km2 in 2020, representing a year-on-year growth of 88.5%. Urban expansion rates showed two distinct peaks: 800 km2/year around 1990 and approximately 1700 km2/year during 2010–2015. In high-density urbanized areas with impervious surfaces, the average forest area significantly increased from approximately 2500 km2 to 7000 km2 during 1985–2005 before rapidly declining, grassland patch fragmentation intensified, while in low-density areas, grassland area showed fluctuating decline with poor ecosystem stability. Furthermore, by incorporating natural and social factors such as Fractional Vegetation Coverage (FVC), Habitat Quality Index (HQI), Land Surface Temperature (LST), slope, and population density, we assessed the vulnerability of urbanization development in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Results showed that high vulnerability areas (EVI > 0.5) in the Beijing–Tianjin core region continue to expand, while the proportion of low vulnerability areas (EVI < 0.25) in the northern mountainous regions decreased by 4.2% in 2020 compared to 2005. This study provides scientific support for the sustainable development of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration, suggesting location-specific and differentiated regulation of urbanization processes to reduce ecological risks. Full article
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19 pages, 5212 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Land Surface Temperature Trend of Lake Drūkšiai’s Coastline
by Jūratė Sužiedelytė Visockienė, Eglė Tumelienė and Rosita Birvydienė
Land 2025, 14(8), 1598; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081598 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 159
Abstract
This study investigates long-term land surface temperature (LST) trends along the shoreline of Lake Drūkšiai, a transboundary lake in eastern Lithuania that formerly served as a cooling reservoir for the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP). Although the INPP was decommissioned in 2009, its [...] Read more.
This study investigates long-term land surface temperature (LST) trends along the shoreline of Lake Drūkšiai, a transboundary lake in eastern Lithuania that formerly served as a cooling reservoir for the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP). Although the INPP was decommissioned in 2009, its legacy continues to influence the lake’s thermal regime. Using Landsat 8 thermal infrared imagery and NDVI-based methods, we analysed spatial and temporal LST variations from 2013 to 2024. The results indicate persistent temperature anomalies and elevated LST values, particularly in zones previously affected by thermal discharges. The years 2020 and 2024 exhibited the highest average LST values; some years (e.g., 2018) showed lower readings due to localised environmental factors such as river inflow and seasonal variability. Despite a slight stabilisation observed in 2024, temperatures remain higher than those recorded in 2013, suggesting that pre-industrial thermal conditions have not yet been restored. These findings underscore the long-term environmental impacts of industrial activity and highlight the importance of satellite-based monitoring for the sustainable management of land, water resources, and coastal zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Geospatial Techniques for Land Change Analysis and Management)
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28 pages, 10144 KiB  
Article
Decoding the Spatial–Temporal Coupling Dynamics of Land Use Intensity and Balance in China’s Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle: A 1 km Grid-Based Analysis
by Zijia Yan, Chenxi Zhou, Ziyi Tang, Hanfei Wang and Hao Li
Land 2025, 14(8), 1597; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081597 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 362
Abstract
Amid China’s national strategic prioritization of the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle and accelerated territorial spatial planning, this study deciphered the synergistic evolution of Land Use Intensity (LUI) and Balance Degree of Land Use Structure (BDLUS) during rapid urbanization. Leveraging 1 km grid units and [...] Read more.
Amid China’s national strategic prioritization of the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle and accelerated territorial spatial planning, this study deciphered the synergistic evolution of Land Use Intensity (LUI) and Balance Degree of Land Use Structure (BDLUS) during rapid urbanization. Leveraging 1 km grid units and integrating emerging spatiotemporal hotspot analysis, BFAST, and geographic detectors, we systematically analyzed spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of LUI, BDLUS, and their Coupling Coordination Degree (CCD) from 2000 to 2022. Key findings: (1) LUI strongly correlated with economic growth, with core areas reaching high-intensity development (average > 2.96) versus ecologically constrained marginal zones (<2.42), marked by abrupt changes during 2011–2014; (2) BDLUS improvements covered 82.22% of the study area, driven by the Yangtze River Economic Belt strategy (21.96% hotspot concentration), yet structural imbalance persisted in transitional zones (18.81% cold spots); (3) CCD exhibited center-edge dichotomy, contrasting high-value cores (CCD > 0.68) with ecologically sensitive edges (9.80% cold spots), peaking in regulatory shifts around 2010; (4) terrain constraints and intensified human activities (the interaction effect between nighttime lighting and population density increased by 219.49% after 2020) jointly governed coupling mechanisms, with urbanization and industrial transition becoming dominant drivers. This research advances an “intensity–structure–coordination” framework and elucidates “dual-core resonance” dynamics, offering theoretical foundations for spatial optimization and ecological civilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS for Land Use Change Assessment)
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5 pages, 131 KiB  
Editorial
The Coordinated Development of Territorial Space and Transportation
by Gaoru Zhu, Linchuan Yang and Jing Chen
Land 2025, 14(8), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081596 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 141
Abstract
As a foundational, pioneering, and strategic sector of the national economy, transportation is deeply intertwined with the layout and structure of territorial space [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territorial Space and Transportation Coordinated Development)
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