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A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition)

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A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 October 2025) | Viewed by 12826

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Dr. Yangyi Wu

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School of Urban Design, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Interests: regional sustainable development; spatial modeling; statistics; spatiotemporal analysis; land use policy; sustainability in land management processes and urban planning; urban sprawl; coupled human–natural systems; environmental countermeasures
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Dear Colleagues,

The concept of livability in an urban context has increasingly become a central focus for researchers, policymakers, and urban planners. As the world's population continues to urbanize at an unprecedented rate, the question of how to make cities more livable, sustainable, and equitable has risen as a key concern. Given this background, this Special Issue, “A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition),” aims to contribute to this crucial discourse by advancing urban planning strategies and practices.

The notion of a “livable city” encompasses a wide array of components, including environmental sustainability, social equity, economic viability, and cultural vibrancy. Thus, it is highly related to the spatial organizations of an urban environment, society, and economy, which constitute the essential targets of urban planning. Therefore, the concepts of rational land use and sustainable urban spaces are critical when addressing the multifaceted challenges that cities face today. As such, this Special Issue invites contributions that shed light on innovative urban planning strategies, policy interventions, and practical initiatives demonstrating the potential to transform cities into more livable spaces. Additionally, through articles with various foci, including empirical studies, theoretical explorations, and methodology contributions, this Special Issue aims to comprehensively evaluate current trends, challenges, and opportunities related to the concept of creating livable cities. We seek to foster a multidisciplinary dialogue that can inform and inspire urban planners, policymakers, and geographers committed to the vision of sustainable and equitable urban development.

The scope of this call encompasses (but is not limited to) the following areas:

Strategies for sustainable land use;
The impact of land-use regulations;
Innovative approaches to urban planning, design, and architecture;
New methods in urban spatial planning;
Smart city technologies in urban infrastructure management;
Addressing equity and inclusivity in urban development;
Economic impacts of urban planning decisions;
Public participation and governance in urban planning processes;
Adapting urban spaces to climate change challenges;
Strategies for resilient urban infrastructure.

Dr. Yangyi Wu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

rational land use
sustainable urban space
urban planning and design
spatial optimization
public participation and governance
land-use policy

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Related Special Issue

A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space in Land (16 articles)

Published Papers (12 papers)

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30 pages, 48790 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Impact of Metro on Land Use Types and Development Intensity

by Yunfei Xu, Jun Wang, Weiming Zhang, Hong Yang and Heping Li

Land 2025, 14(12), 2390; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14122390 - 8 Dec 2025

Viewed by 304

Abstract

The metro system is a key driver of urban land use development; however, its spatiotemporal impact mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. This study investigates the effects of metro development on land use types and development intensity in Wuhan, China, from 2014 to 2019, and employs a Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model to capture the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of these impacts. Results show that metro construction significantly promotes land use transformation along metro lines, especially from non-construction land to residential and commercial uses, while also increasing development intensity. GTWR analysis further reveals that metro network characteristics, station attributes, and built environment features surrounding stations strongly influence land development. These impacts exhibit pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity, becoming more pronounced over time as the metro network extends into suburban areas. The findings provide valuable insights for urban and transportation planners, supporting the formulation of strategies for integrated land use development and metro network expansion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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24 pages, 39791 KB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Physical Examination and Hypernetwork Analysis for Shenzhen, China: A Livability-Driven Sustainable Development Study

by Kai Peng, Junzheng Li, Yaqi Zhou, Rui Wang, Miao Li and Yang Wang

Land 2025, 14(11), 2289; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14112289 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 833

Abstract

Rapid global urbanization has intensified the need for cities to transition from growth-oriented models to sustainable development frameworks that prioritize livability, environmental quality, and social equity, positioning urban physical examination as an essential methodology for guiding this transformation. This study analyzes the spatial–temporal evolution of Shenzhen’s sustainable urban transformation from 2020 to 2024, employing urban physical examination methodologies combined with hypernetwork analysis to evaluate livability enhancement strategies. The research develops an economic vitality index incorporating urban points of interest density, Habitat Environment Index, and land surface temperature. Through spatial optimization analysis and hypernetwork modeling, the study examines the evolution of Shenzhen’s economic vitality and sustainable development patterns, with a particular focus on the impacts of economic centralization on regional sustainability and habitability. Results show Shenzhen’s economic vitality index increased by 10.47% from 2020 to 2024. However, regional disparities persist, with western and central regions displaying higher vitality than eastern coastal areas. The hypernetwork analysis reveals clustering patterns in livable spaces, with connectivity indicators ranging from 3.75 to 3.86. The uneven distribution of public facilities in Longgang and Yantian Districts highlights the need for improved resource allocation. These findings provide evidence-based support for sustainable urban space strategies in rapidly developing cities, emphasizing the importance of equitable resource allocation and community-centered planning approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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20 pages, 4985 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Street Landscapes Influence Cycling Preferences? Revealing Nonlinear and Interaction Effects Using Interpretable Machine Learning: A Case Study of Xiamen Island

by Pengliang Hu, Jingnan Huang, Libo Fang, Chao Luo, Ershen Zhang and Guoen Wang

Land 2025, 14(11), 2253; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14112253 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 323

Abstract

Building cycling-friendly street environments is crucial for promoting sustainable urban mobility. However, existing studies exploring the influence of the built environment on cycling have paid limited attention to the three-dimensional characteristics of street landscapes and have mostly relied on linear assumptions. To address these gaps, this study employs street view imagery and interpretable machine learning methods to investigate the nonlinear and interaction effects of street landscape elements on residents’ cycling preferences in Xiamen Island, China. The results reveal that the visual indices of buildings, sky, vegetation, and roads are the most influential variables affecting cycling preferences. These factors exhibit pronounced nonlinear relationships with cycling preference. For instance, buildings exhibit a threshold effect, with positive influences on cycling preference when the building index is below 0.12 and negative effects when it exceeds 0.12. A low sky index significantly suppresses cycling preference, whereas higher values offer only limited additional benefits, with an optimal range of 0.1–0.25. Vegetation contributes positively only at relatively high levels, suggesting that its index should ideally exceed 0.3. The road index shows a V-shaped relationship: values between 0.15 and 0.25 reduce cycling preference, whereas values below 0.15 or above 0.25 enhance it. Moreover, clear interaction effects among these variables are observed, suggesting that the combined visual composition of the streetscape plays an important role in shaping cycling preferences. These findings deepen the understanding of how street landscape characteristics influence cycling behavior and provide nuanced, practical insights for designing cycling-friendly streets and promoting sustainable travel in urban environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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20 pages, 2703 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Land Tenure Strength on Urban Green Space Morphology: A Global Multi-City Analysis Based on Landscape Metrics

by Huidi Zhou, Yunchao Li, Xinyi Su, Mingwei Xie, Kaili Zhang and Xiangrong Wang

Land 2025, 14(11), 2140; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14112140 - 27 Oct 2025

Viewed by 577

Abstract

Urban green spaces (UGS) are pivotal to urban sustainability, yet their morphology—patch size, shape, and configuration—remains insufficiently linked to institutional drivers. We investigate how land tenure strength shapes UGS morphology across 36 cities in nine countries. Using OpenStreetMap data, we delineate UGS and compute landscape metrics (AREA, PARA, SHAPE, FRAC, PAFRAC) via FRAGSTATS; we develop a composite index of land tenure strength capturing ownership, use-right duration, expropriation compensation, and government land governance capacity. Spearman’s rank correlations indicate a scale-dependent coupling: stronger tenure is significantly associated with micro-scale patterns—smaller patch areas and more complex, irregular boundaries—consistent with fragmented ownership and higher transaction costs, whereas macro-scale indicators (e.g., overall green coverage/connectivity) show weaker sensitivity. These findings clarify an institutional pathway through which property rights intensity influences the physical fabric of urban nature. Policy implications are twofold: in high-intensity contexts, flexible instruments (e.g., transferable development rights, negotiated acquisition, ecological compensation) can maintain network connectivity via embedded, fine-grain interventions; in low-intensity contexts, one-off land assembly can efficiently deliver larger, regular green cores. The results provide evidence-based guidance for aligning green infrastructure design with diverse governance regimes and advancing context-sensitive sustainability planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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49 pages, 31316 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying and Prioritising Public Space Demands in Historic Districts: Perspectives from Tourists and Local Residents in Yangzhou

by Jizhou Chen, Xiaobin Li, Jialing Chen, Lijun Xu, Hao Feng and Rong Zhu

Land 2025, 14(9), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091921 - 20 Sep 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1392

Abstract

With the ongoing advancement of urban renewal and cultural tourism, public spaces within historic cultural districts face dual challenges of structural complexity and diverse user demands. There is an urgent need to establish a scientific, user-oriented evaluation system to enhance spatial quality and user satisfaction. This study takes the Nanhesha Historic and Cultural Quarter in Yangzhou as a case study, focusing on two primary user groups: tourists and local residents. Employing semi-structured interviews and grounded theory, it distils a demand evaluation framework comprising four dimensions—spatial structure, environmental perception, socio-cultural aspects, and facility systems—with a total of 21 indicators. Subsequently, employing the Delphi method, experts were invited to refine the indicators through two rounds of deliberation. The Kano model was then applied to classify the demand attributes of different groups, identifying five common demands and sixteen differentiated demands. These were categorised into three sensitivity levels. Further integrating the Satisfaction Increment Index (SII), Dissatisfaction Decrement Index (DDI), and sensitivity values, a two-dimensional prioritisation model was constructed. This yielded a unified three-tier priority system alongside independent ranking frameworks for each user group. Findings reveal that visitors prioritise immediate experiential attributes such as spatial accessibility, appropriate scale, and environmental cleanliness, whereas residents favour long-term usage-oriented aspects including cultural expression, convenient facilities, and climate adaptability. This research not only enriches the theoretical framework for studying public space perception in historic cultural districts but also provides actionable evaluation criteria and practical pathways for multi-stakeholder spatial optimisation design. It offers guidance for the high-quality, refined development of public spaces within historic quarters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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19 pages, 7584 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coupling Coordination of Built-Up Land Intensity and Green Land-Use Efficiency in Hainan Island Based on Multi-Source Heterogeneous Data Fusion

by Man Jiao and Boqun Li

Land 2025, 14(9), 1913; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091913 - 19 Sep 2025

Viewed by 755

Abstract

Aligning urban land development intensity with green land-use efficiency (GLUE) is crucial for fostering high-quality regional growth. This study aims to examine the coupling and coordination between built-up land intensity (BUI) and GLUE by utilizing multi-source heterogeneous data for Hainan Island (2017, 2020). A coupling coordination degree model and Geographical Detector are applied to quantify BUI, GLUE, and their coupling coordination, while also identifying the underlying driving factors. The results reveal the following: (i) Following the Free Trade Port initiative, BUI increased by 15.8%, while GLUE grew by 4.9%; (ii) The BUI–GLUE system is still in an adjustment phase, with 94% of jurisdictions showing low coordination; (iii) The primary drivers of coupling have shifted from economic fundamentals to policy and institutional guidance, with their interactions demonstrating significant synergies. These findings suggest that policy-induced land expansion may outpace improvements in GLUE, potentially leading to an imbalance in the land system. This paper introduces an innovative Driver–Response–Feedback and Production–Living–Ecological (DRF–PLE) framework and develops a transferable diagnostic tool for evaluating land-use system sustainability in rapidly urbanizing regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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40 pages, 9028 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decoding Socio-Cultural Spatial Patterns in Historic Chinese Neighborhoods: A Pattern Language Approach from Chengdu

by Yaozhong Zhang and Branka Dimitrijevic

Land 2025, 14(9), 1803; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091803 - 4 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1504

Abstract

As cities densify and lifestyles become increasingly individualized, older adults face heightened risks of isolation and reduced wellbeing. Yet in historic Chinese neighborhoods, everyday socio-cultural practices—square dancing, Mahjong, community gardening and street markets—continue to foster social cohesion and spatial familiarity. This study employs Christopher Alexander’s pattern-language framework to examine how these practices are spatially embedded across six traditional neighborhoods in Chengdu. Drawing on systematic field observation, photographic surveys and typological mapping, it identifies recurring spatial configurations that support older adults’ participation and cultural continuity. While many canonical patterns remain relevant, the analysis shows how several require contextual reinterpretation to reflect Chinese collectivism, threshold sociability and informal public-space use. Synthesizing these insights, the paper develops a pattern-based design toolkit for culturally sensitive urban regeneration, contributing to age-friendly planning grounded in lived spatial practices. Although centered on six historic neighborhoods in Chengdu, the findings are intended primarily for Chinese heritage-led regeneration and—where comparable high-density morphologies, edge conditions and management regimes exist—are cautiously transferable to heritage districts elsewhere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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19 pages, 2122 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial–Temporal Variation and Influencing Mechanism of Production–Living–Ecological Functions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

by Ying Huang, Lan Ye, Qingyang Jiang, Yufeng Wang, Guo Wan, Xiaoyu Gan and Bo Zhou

Land 2025, 14(9), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14091720 - 25 Aug 2025

Viewed by 619

Abstract

Optimizing the regional spatial pattern of land use and high-quality economic development requires an accurate understanding of the multifunctional evolution of land use. Based on remote sensing data and socio-economic data from 2000 to 2023, this study utilizes a land transfer matrix, an evaluation index system, an obstacle degree model, and regression analysis to deeply explore the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of the production–living–ecological functions (PLEF) in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) over the 23-year period. The results show the following: ① the living function area of the YREB has increased by 22,400 km², while the production function area has decreased by 20,600 km², and the ecological function area has decreased by 1800 km². ② The production and living function spaces are characterized by high values in the eastern region and low values in the western region, and the ecological function space is characterized by high values in the western region and low values in the eastern region. ③ In the YREB, production function was the main obstacle to the PLEF between 2000 and 2023. ④ Population growth, economic development, agricultural technology, and agricultural efficiency are the main factors that influence the spatial and temporal evolution of the PLEF. This study suggests exploring an interactive compensation mechanism of the PLEF that combines the government and the market to form a differentiated development strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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20 pages, 1392 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Transportation Accessibility on Regional Land Price Disparities in South Korea, 2010–2019

by Kyungjae Lee, Dohyeong Choi and Seongwoo Lee

Land 2025, 14(8), 1515; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081515 - 23 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1494

Abstract

Transportation infrastructure is a fundamental driver of economic growth and regional connectivity; and the supply of this infrastructure is often assumed to reduce spatial disparities. This study investigates the impact of transportation accessibility on regional disparities in land prices across South Korea from 2010 to 2019. Using spatial econometric models and geographically weighted regression (GWR), this study evaluates how variations in transportation networks influence land price differentials between regions. The results confirm that transportation accessibility positively affects land prices; but GWR coefficients reveal substantial regional variations in the extent to which accessibility improvements drive land price growth. Furthermore, while the overall distribution of transportation accessibility remained relatively stable, its influence on land price appreciation varied significantly, contributing to a widening gap in land values between regions. These findings underscore the critical role of transportation infrastructure in shaping regional inequalities and highlight the need for more equitable transportation policies to mitigate spatial disparities and promote balanced regional development Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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27 pages, 1627 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Expected Risk Tolerance Mechanism of Child-Friendly Environment Transformation in High-Density Communities

by Yan Liu, Xujie Wang and Yinan Sun

Land 2025, 14(7), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071490 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 891

Abstract

As urbanization intensifies, high-density communities have become a dominant urban form, making Child-Friendly Community (CFC) development crucial for sustainable urban growth. However, transforming these communities poses challenges, particularly regarding residents’ risk perceptions—an area largely overlooked in existing research. To address this gap, this study introduces “Risk Tolerance (RT)” as a key variable and constructs a multidimensional model of Child-Friendly Community Transformation Risk Tolerance (CFCTRT) to examine its structure and influencing factors. Based on survey data from residents in high-density communities in China’s first- and second-tier cities, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is used for empirical analysis. The results show that residents exhibit lower tolerance toward changes in safety, economy, and daily life, but higher tolerance in resource and aesthetic dimensions. Expectations for CFCs and satisfaction with current communities both positively influence CFCTRT, with satisfaction also mediating the relationship between expectations and tolerance. These findings provide a novel perspective on residents’ psychological responses to CFC transformations and offer empirical support for more inclusive and adaptive urban planning strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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16 pages, 1554 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between the Perceived Restorativeness of Urban Parks and Sociocultural Value: A Case Study of Labor Park in Dalian, China

by Jidong Guo and Hyeogin Kwon

Land 2025, 14(5), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051097 - 18 May 2025

Viewed by 1603

Abstract

Urban parks are important places, reflecting the culture of residential communities. The role of urban parks in providing cultural experiences and creating local cultural value is becoming increasingly prominent. Based on attention restoration theory (ART), this paper uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to verify the relationship between perceived restorativeness and various factors in the sociocultural value of urban parks. The results show that being away, fascination, coherence, and compatibility all have significant positive effects on residents’ aesthetics; being away and fascination have direct positive effects on well-being; and fascination, coherence, and compatibility have direct positive effects on place identity. Therefore, the paper concludes that urban parks play a key role as cultural spaces. A higher level of perceived restorativeness of urban parks helps to enhance the social and cultural value of the area, promote residents’ aesthetics and well-being, improve residents’ sense of local identity, help build community culture, and showcase local residents’ lives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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26 pages, 3220 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Unplanned Land Use in a Planned City: A Systematic Review of Elite Capture, Informal Expansion, and Governance Reform in Islamabad

by Nafees Ahmad, Guoqiang Shen, Haoying Han and Junaid Ahmad

Land 2025, 14(11), 2248; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14112248 - 13 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1517

Abstract

Planned capitals across the Global South frequently experience unplanned land use transitions that contradict their founding visions. Despite six decades of planning and academic inquiry, Islamabad’s research remains fragmented. Environmental studies have documented land use and land cover changes through remote sensing, while governance-oriented analyses have highlighted institutional weaknesses and policy failures. However, these domains rarely intersect, and few studies systematically link spatial transformations with the underlying governance structures and political–economic processes that drive them. Consequently, the existing literature provides valuable but partial explanations for why Islamabad’s planned order unraveled. This study examines Islamabad, conceived in 1960 as a model of order and green balance, where the built-up area expanded by 377 km² (from 88 to 465 km²; +426%) and forest cover declined by 83 km² (−40%) between 1979 and 2019. Using a PRISMA-guided systematic review integrating spatial, governance, and policy data, we synthesized 39 peer-reviewed and gray literature sources to explain why Islamabad’s planned order unraveled. The findings reveal that governance fragmentation between the Capital Development Authority (CDA) and Metropolitan Corporation Islamabad (MCI), combined with elite capture and weak enforcement of the 2020–2040 Master Plan, has produced enduring contradictions between policy intent and urban reality. These conditions mirror those of other planned capitals, such as Brasília and Abuja. Grounded in Pakistan’s institutional context, the study proposes four actionable reforms: (1) regularization frameworks for informal settlements, (2) cross-agency spatial and fiscal coordination, (3) ecological thresholds within zoning by-laws, and (4) participatory master-plan reviews. Islamabad’s experience illustrates how planned capitals can evolve toward inclusive and ecologically resilient futures through governance reform and adaptive planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Livable City: Rational Land Use and Sustainable Urban Space (Second Edition))

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