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Materials, Volume 18, Issue 20 (October-2 2025) – 22 articles

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13 pages, 1197 KB  
Article
Study on Restraint Effect of Post-Casting Belt in Full-Section Interval Casting Immersed Tube
by Bang-Yan Liang, Wen-Huo Sun, Yong-Hui Huang and Kai Wang
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204665 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
The Chebei integral Immersed Tunnel introduced an innovative full-section interval casting process, where post-casting belts impose restraint effects on the full-section casting segments. To mitigate concrete cracking, this study investigates the influence of the bottom steel plate and steel bars in the post-casting [...] Read more.
The Chebei integral Immersed Tunnel introduced an innovative full-section interval casting process, where post-casting belts impose restraint effects on the full-section casting segments. To mitigate concrete cracking, this study investigates the influence of the bottom steel plate and steel bars in the post-casting belts on the mechanical behavior of full-section casting segments through comparative analysis of field tests and numerical simulations. Requirements for post-casting belt length are proposed. Key findings include: under post-casting belt restraint, the full-section casting segment’s shrinkage strain reached 348 με, with hydration heat-induced cooling and drying shrinkage contributing 60% and 40%, respectively. A temperature-dependent thermal expansion coefficient model was developed to characterize the nonlinear relationship between concrete strain and hydration heat temperature. Restraint effects diminished with increasing post-casting belt length, and the post-casting belt length should be control. At 1.6 m (Chebei design), restraint-induced tensile stress was 1.4 MPa (restraint coefficient β = 0.12), with the bottom steel plate and steel bars contributing about 70% and 30%, respectively. Relationships between post-casting belt length, stress, and restraint coefficient are established for engineering reference. These research findings have been successfully applied in the Chebei Immersed Tunnel, enabling high-quality prefabrication of full-section interval casting immersed tubes. Full article
18 pages, 6545 KB  
Article
Temperature-Dependent Effects of Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose on Rheological Properties and Microstructural Evolution of Robotic Plastering Mortars
by Guangjie Ling, Hongbin Yang and Sifeng Liu
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204664 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
Temperature-induced instability in early-age rheology poses a major challenge to the pumpability and application of robotic plastering mortars. This study systematically investigates the temperature-dependent effects of a high-viscosity (75,000 mPa·s) hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC) on the rheological properties and early microstructural evolution of [...] Read more.
Temperature-induced instability in early-age rheology poses a major challenge to the pumpability and application of robotic plastering mortars. This study systematically investigates the temperature-dependent effects of a high-viscosity (75,000 mPa·s) hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC) on the rheological properties and early microstructural evolution of mortars at 5 °C, 20 °C, and 40 °C. Mortars with HEMC dosages from 0 to 0.25 wt% were tested using rheological measurements, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and complementary microstructural analyses (XRD, FTIR, and SEM–EDS). Results show that HEMC reduced the initial static yield stress while monotonically increasing plastic viscosity, with the thickening effect more pronounced at higher temperatures. Notably, at 40 °C, the initial plastic viscosity of a 0.25% HEMC mix reached 14.4 Pa·s, a 133% increase compared to the control group. HEMC also effectively retarded the time-dependent increase in yield stress and stabilized plastic viscosity, thereby mitigating the adverse influence of elevated temperature. UPV confirmed that HEMC delayed microstructural formation, in agreement with the observed retardation of hydration reactions. At 40 °C, a 0.10% HEMC dosage postponed the percolation threshold from 67 min to 150 min, highlighting its strong retardation effect. Microstructural tests further revealed that HEMC delayed CH formation, refined C–S–H gels, and reduced the crystallinity of AFt, supporting the rheological and ultrasonic findings. A statistically significant, moderate-to-strong correlation (r = 0.88, R2 = 0.77, p < 0.001) was established between static yield stress and UPV, indicating that macroscopic rheological resistance responds to microstructural evolution. Based on these results, the recommended HEMC dosages to achieve stable rheological performance are 0.05–0.10% at 5 °C, 0.10–0.15% at 20 °C, and 0.15–0.20% at 40 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Materials for Sustainable Buildings)
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16 pages, 8519 KB  
Article
The Oxidation and Corrosion Resistance of AlCrNbSiTiN Multi-Principal Element Nitride Coatings
by Zhenbo Lan, Jiangang Deng, Heng Xu, Zhuolin Xu, Zhengqi Wen, Wei Long, Lei Zhang, Ruoxi Wang, Jie Liu and Yanming Chen
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204663 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
Multi-principal element nitrides have great application potential in protective coatings. However, the investigation of the oxidation and corrosion resistance of multi-principal element nitride coatings is still insufficient. The synthesis and high-temperature performance of AlCrNbSiTiN multi-principal element nitride coatings fabricated through optimized arc ion [...] Read more.
Multi-principal element nitrides have great application potential in protective coatings. However, the investigation of the oxidation and corrosion resistance of multi-principal element nitride coatings is still insufficient. The synthesis and high-temperature performance of AlCrNbSiTiN multi-principal element nitride coatings fabricated through optimized arc ion plating (AIP) were explored. Leveraging the high ionization efficiency and ion kinetic energy characteristic of AIP, coatings with significantly fewer internal defects were obtained. These coatings demonstrate superior mechanical properties, including a maximum hardness of 36.5 GPa and critical crack propagation resistance (CPR) values approaching 2000 N2. Optimal coatings exhibited exceptional water vapor corrosion resistance (5.15 at% O after 200 h). The coatings prepared at −150 V had the optimal corrosion resistance, with the coating resistance and corrosion current density being 1.68 × 104 Ω·cm2 and 0.79 μA·cm−2, respectively. AlCrNbSiTiN coatings produced under these optimized AIP conditions exhibit remarkably high-temperature oxidation, highlighting their potential for use in demanding engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Science and Technology of High Entropy Materials)
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22 pages, 1787 KB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of Novel 3D-Printed Restorative Materials for Definitive Dental Applications
by Moritz Hoffmann, Andrea Coldea and Bogna Stawarczyk
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4662; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204662 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties and long-term stability of 3D-printable resins for permanent fixed dental prostheses (FDPs), focusing on whether material performance is influenced by 3D-printer type or by differences in resin formulations. Specimens (N = 621) [...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties and long-term stability of 3D-printable resins for permanent fixed dental prostheses (FDPs), focusing on whether material performance is influenced by 3D-printer type or by differences in resin formulations. Specimens (N = 621) were printed. CAD/CAM blocks (BRILLIANT Crios) served as control. Flexural strength (FS) with elastic modulus (E_calc), Weibull modulus (m), Martens’ hardness (HM), indentation modulus (EIT), elastic modulus (E_RFDA), shear modulus (G_RFDA), and Poisson’s Ratio (ν) were measured initially, after water storage (24 h, 37 °C), and after thermocycling (5–55 °C, 10,000×). SEM analysis assessed microstructure. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov–Smirnov, ANOVA with Scheffe post hoc, Kruskal–Wallis with Mann–Whitney U, and Weibull statistics with maximum likelihood (α = 0.05). A ceramic crown printed with Midas showed higher FS, HM, and EIT values after thermocycling than with Pro55s, and higher E_calc scores across all aging regimes. A Varseo Smile Crown Plus printed with VarseoXS and AsigaMax showed a higher FS value than TrixPrint2, while AsigaMax achieved the highest initial E_calc and E_RFDA values, and VarseoXS did so after thermocycling. HM, EIT, and G_RFDA were higher for TrixPrint2 and AsigaMax printed specimens, while ν varied by system and aging. 3Delta Crown, printed with AsigaMax, showed the highest FS, E_calc, HM, EIT, and m values after aging. VarseoSmile triniQ and Bridgetec showed the highest E_RFDA and G_RFDA values depending on aging, and Varseo Smile Crown Plus exhibited higher ν initially and post-aging. Printer system and resin formulation significantly influence the mechanical and aging behaviors of 3D-printed FDP materials, underscoring the importance of informed material and printer selection to ensure long-term clinical success. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Biomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications)
20 pages, 6936 KB  
Article
Mechanistic Insights into Cooling-Rate-Governed Acicular Ferrite Transformation Kinetics and Strengthening-Toughening Synergy in EH36 Heavy Steel Plate
by Chunliang Yan, Fengming Wang, Rongli Sang and Qingjun Zhang
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204661 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study was focused on addressing the performance degradation in core microstructures of ultra-heavy steel plates (thickness ≥ 50 mm) caused by non-uniform cooling during thermo-mechanical controlled processing. Using microalloyed DH36 steel as the research subject, we systematically investigated the effects of cooling [...] Read more.
This study was focused on addressing the performance degradation in core microstructures of ultra-heavy steel plates (thickness ≥ 50 mm) caused by non-uniform cooling during thermo-mechanical controlled processing. Using microalloyed DH36 steel as the research subject, we systematically investigated the effects of cooling rate on the nucleation and growth of acicular ferrite and its consequent microstructure-property relationships through an integrated approach combining in situ observation via high-temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy with multiscale characterization techniques. Results demonstrate that the cooling rate significantly affects acicular ferrite formation, with the range of 3–7 °C/s being most conducive to acicular ferrite formation. At 5 °C/s, the acicular ferrite volume fraction reached a maximum of 74% with an optimal aspect ratio (5.97). Characterization confirmed that TiOx-Al2O3·SiO2-MnO-MnS complex inclusions act as effective nucleation sites for acicular ferrite, where the MnS outer layer plays a key role in reducing interfacial energy and promoting acicular ferrite radial growth. Furthermore, the interlocking acicular ferrite structure was shown to enhance microhardness by 14% (HV0.1 = 212.5) compared to conventional ferrite through grain refinement strengthening and dislocation strengthening (with a dislocation density of 2 × 108 dislocations/mm2). These results provide crucial theoretical insights and a practical processing window for strengthening-toughening control of heavy plate core microstructures, offering a viable pathway for improving the comprehensive performance of ultra-heavy plates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Metallurgy of Metals and Alloys (4th Edition))
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15 pages, 6338 KB  
Article
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels for Automobiles: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties
by Guoqiang Ma, Bo Gao, Zhen Chen, Yuquan Li, Ruirui Wu, Hailian Gui and Zhibing Chu
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204660 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel is widely used in automotive industry for reduction of consumption and emissions. The microstructure and mechanical properties of two automotive HSLA steels with different strength grades were systematically investigated in present study. Microstructural characterization was conducted using optical microscopy [...] Read more.
High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel is widely used in automotive industry for reduction of consumption and emissions. The microstructure and mechanical properties of two automotive HSLA steels with different strength grades were systematically investigated in present study. Microstructural characterization was conducted using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), while mechanical properties were evaluated with Vickers hardness tester and tensile tests. Both steels exhibited a ferrite matrix with spheroidized carbides/pearlites. However, Sample A displayed equiaxed ferrite grains with localized pearlite colonies, while Sample B featured pronounced elongated ferrite grains with a band structure. Tensile testing revealed that Sample B had higher ultimate tensile stress and yield stress compared to Sample A. Texture analysis indicated that both steels were dominated by α-fiber and γ-fiber textures, with minor θ-fiber texture, resulting in minimal mechanical anisotropy between the rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD). The quantitative assessment of strengthening mechanisms, based on microstructural parameters and experimental data, revealed that grain boundary strengthening dominates, with dislocation strengthening also contributing significantly. This work provides the first comprehensive quantification of individual strengthening contributions in automotive HSLA steels, offering critical guidance for developing further higher-strength automotive steels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
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18 pages, 8027 KB  
Article
Effect of Cementitious Capillary Crystalline Waterproof Material on the Resistance of Concrete to Sulfate Erosion
by Guangchuan Fu, Ke Tang, Dan Zheng, Bin Zhao, Pengfei Li, Guoyou Yao and Xinxin Li
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4659; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204659 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
Concrete structures are vulnerable to sulfate attacks during their service life, as sulfate ions react with cement hydration products to form expansive phases, generating internal stresses that cause mechanical degradation. In this study, a cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing material (CCCW) was incorporated into [...] Read more.
Concrete structures are vulnerable to sulfate attacks during their service life, as sulfate ions react with cement hydration products to form expansive phases, generating internal stresses that cause mechanical degradation. In this study, a cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing material (CCCW) was incorporated into concrete to mitigate sulfate ingress and enhance sulfate resistance. The evolution of compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, dynamic elastic modulus, and the microstructure of concrete was investigated in sulfate-exposed concretes with varying CCCW dosages and strength grades; the sulfate ion concentration profiles were also analyzed. The results indicate that the enhancement effect of CCCW on sulfate resistance declines progressively with increasing concrete strength. The formation of calcium silicate hydrate and calcium carbonate fills the pores of concrete, hindering the intrusion of sulfate solution. Moreover, the self-healing effect of concrete further inhibits the diffusion of sulfate ions through cracks, improving the sulfate resistance of concrete. These findings provide critical insights and practical guidance for improving concrete resistance to sulfate-induced deterioration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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20 pages, 3385 KB  
Article
Study on Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of 34CrNi3MoA Alloy Steel Considering the Coupling Effect of Temperature and Strain Rate
by Xiaoyan Guan, Zhengyuan Zhang, Hengheng Wu, Jianzhi Chen, Li Sun and Guochao Li
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4658; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204658 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
Temperature and strain rate play a crucial role in determining the mechanical properties of metals. These critical parameters are typically assessed using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test. However, previous studies have seldom considered the coupled influence of temperature and strain rate [...] Read more.
Temperature and strain rate play a crucial role in determining the mechanical properties of metals. These critical parameters are typically assessed using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test. However, previous studies have seldom considered the coupled influence of temperature and strain rate on dynamic mechanical behavior, thereby reducing the accuracy of constitutive models. To accurately characterize the dynamic mechanical behavior of 34CrNi3MoA low-alloy steel, a new constitutive model combining temperature and strain rate was developed. Firstly, SHPB experiments under varying temperatures and strain rates were designed to obtain actual stress–strain curves. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of 34CrNi3MoA low-alloy steel are significantly influenced by both temperature and strain rate. True stress has a significant temperature-softening effect within the temperature range of 25 °C to 600 °C, while the flow stress in the yield stage increases with rising strain rate. Secondly, a novel constitutive model was established by integrating a correction function. The model comprises three components: a strain rate-strengthening function influenced by temperature, a temperature-softening function influenced by strain rate, and a strain-hardening correction function accounting for the coupling of temperature and strain rate. Comparing the mean relative error, the new model significantly improves accuracy compared to the original Johnson–Cook (J-C) model. Full article
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21 pages, 5514 KB  
Article
Dynamic Constitutive Model of Basalt Fiber Concrete After High Temperature Based on Fractional Calculus
by Wenbiao Liang, Kai Ding, Yan Li, Yue Zhai, Lintao Li and Yi Tian
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204657 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
Concrete materials undergo a series of physical and chemical changes under high temperature, leading to the degradation of mechanical properties. This study investigates basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC) through high-temperature testing using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus. Impact compression tests were conducted [...] Read more.
Concrete materials undergo a series of physical and chemical changes under high temperature, leading to the degradation of mechanical properties. This study investigates basalt fiber-reinforced concrete (BFRC) through high-temperature testing using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus. Impact compression tests were conducted on specimens after exposure to elevated temperatures to analyze the effects of varying fiber content, temperature levels, and impact rates on the mechanical behaviors of BFRC. Based on fractional calculus theory, a dynamic constitutive equation was established to characterize the viscoelastic properties and high-temperature damage of BFRC. The results indicate that the dynamic compressive strength of BFRC decreases significantly with increasing temperature but increases gradually with higher impact rates, demonstrating fiber-toughening effects, thermal degradation effects, and strain rate strengthening effects. The proposed constitutive model aligns well with the experimental data, effectively capturing the dynamic mechanical behaviors of BFRC after high-temperature exposure, including its transitional mechanical characteristics across elastic, viscoelastic, and viscous states. The viscoelastic behaviors of BFRC are fundamentally attributed to the synergistic response of its multi-phase composite system across different scales. Basalt fibers enhance the material’s elastic properties by improving the stress transfer mechanism, while high-temperature exposure amplifies its viscous characteristics through microstructural deterioration, chemical transformations, and associated thermal damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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15 pages, 3194 KB  
Article
Influence and Mechanism of Azodicarbonamide Expansive Agent on the Workability, Mechanical Strength and Plastic Shrinkage of UHPC
by Haowen Zhan, Jing Yang, Haoran Guo, Caiqian Yang, Weigang Lu and Yuan Yao
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4656; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204656 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study introduces an innovative approach to addressing the plastic shrinkage of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) using an azodicarbonamide (ADC) expansive agent. The influence of ADC on the workability, mechanical properties, and plastic shrinkage of UHPC were systematically investigated. The findings reveal that the [...] Read more.
This study introduces an innovative approach to addressing the plastic shrinkage of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) using an azodicarbonamide (ADC) expansive agent. The influence of ADC on the workability, mechanical properties, and plastic shrinkage of UHPC were systematically investigated. The findings reveal that the addition of ADC generates a substantial number of bubbles within the UHPC slurry, thereby reducing internal frictional resistance and cohesion of the mixture. Consequently, the fluidity and setting time of UHPC were enhanced to varying degrees with increasing ADC content. However, the introduction of these bubbles also reduced the density, leading to a noticeable decline in both compressive and flexural strength, particularly at later stages. Notably, ADC effectively mitigated early shrinkage and increased the vertical expansion rate within the first 24 h. When the ADC dosage ranged from 0.04% to 0.1%, the UHPC remained in an expanded state within 24 h, with a notable difference in expansion rate exceeding 0.02% from 3 to 24 h. Microstructural and pore structure analysis revealed that the ADC generated considerable gas during the mixing process, forming numerous micropores within the UHPC matrix. These dispersed pores contributed to reduced compactness of the UHPC hydrates, resulting in increased pore area, porosity, and average pore diameter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
11 pages, 1301 KB  
Article
Artificial Neural Network Approach for Hardness Prediction in High-Entropy Alloys
by Makachi Nchekwube, A. K. Maurya, Dukhyun Chung, Seongmin Chang and Youngsang Na
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4655; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204655 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are highly concentrated, multicomponent alloys that have received significant attention due to their superior properties compared to conventional alloys. The mechanical properties and hardness are interrelated, and it is widely known that the hardness of HEAs depends on the principal [...] Read more.
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are highly concentrated, multicomponent alloys that have received significant attention due to their superior properties compared to conventional alloys. The mechanical properties and hardness are interrelated, and it is widely known that the hardness of HEAs depends on the principal alloying elements and their composition. Therefore, the desired hardness prediction to develop new HEAs is more interesting. However, the relationship of these compositions with the HEA hardness is very complex and nonlinear. In this study, we develop an artificial neural network (ANN) model using experimental data sets (535). The compositional elements—Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Fe, W, Mo, and Ti—are considered input parameters, and hardness is considered as an output parameter. The developed model shows excellent correlation coefficients (Adj R2) of 99.84% and 99.3% for training and testing data sets, respectively. We developed a user-friendly graphical interface for the model. The developed model was used to understand the effect of alloying elements on hardness. It was identified that the Al, Cr, and Mn were found to significantly enhance hardness by promoting the formation and stabilization of BCC and B2 phases, which are inherently harder due to limited active slip systems. In contrast, elements such as Co, Cu, Fe, and Ni led to a reduction in hardness, primarily due to their role in stabilizing the ductile FCC phase. The addition of W markedly increased the hardness by inducing severe lattice distortion and promoting the formation of hard intermetallic compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning for Materials Design)
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24 pages, 4912 KB  
Article
Numerical Simulation and Prediction of Flexure Performance of PSC Girders with Long-Term Prestress Loss
by Jun-Hee Won, Woo-Ri Kwon and Jang-Ho Jay Kim
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4654; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204654 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
The purpose of this parametric study was to develop a numerical simulation model calibrated with experimental data to predict the flexural behavior of prestressed concrete (PSC) girders subjected to long-term prestress losses. The model is capable of accurately simulating the flexural behavior of [...] Read more.
The purpose of this parametric study was to develop a numerical simulation model calibrated with experimental data to predict the flexural behavior of prestressed concrete (PSC) girders subjected to long-term prestress losses. The model is capable of accurately simulating the flexural behavior of PSC girders using commercial finite-element (FE) software in the ABAQUS/Explicit program. The accuracy of the model was validated by comparing its results with flexural response test data from three post-tensioned girders, with the tendons ultimately having tensile strength capacities of 1860 MPa, 2160 MPa, and 2400 MPa. The comparison demonstrated generally excellent agreement between numerical and experimental results in terms of the load–deflection response and crack propagation behavior, from the onset of first cracking through the maximum load and into the ductile response range. Subsequently, a parametric study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tendon ultimate strength, amount of long-term prestress loss, grouting defects, degradation-induced reductions in concrete strength, and reductions in tendon cross-sectional area on girder flexural behavior. Through this parametric investigation, the study identified key factors with respect to long-term prestress loss that may influence the flexural behavior of aging PSC structures. Full article
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27 pages, 5257 KB  
Article
Production of Food-Grade Monocalcium Phosphate from Meat-Bone Meal
by Zygmunt Kowalski, Agnieszka Wilkosz-Język and Agnieszka Makara
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4653; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204653 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
The study presents a developed process for producing monocalcium phosphate from hydroxyapatite ash, a by-product of meat-bone meal incineration. The process integrates technological and environmental synergies, enabling efficient recycling of both materials and energy. Waste hydroxyapatite ash, obtained as an intermediate by-product of [...] Read more.
The study presents a developed process for producing monocalcium phosphate from hydroxyapatite ash, a by-product of meat-bone meal incineration. The process integrates technological and environmental synergies, enabling efficient recycling of both materials and energy. Waste hydroxyapatite ash, obtained as an intermediate by-product of the meat-bone meal process, is converted into high-quality monocalcium phosphate. Furthermore, waste heat from incineration is recovered, improving energy efficiency and reducing costs. Preliminary economic analysis indicates that the process is highly profitable, with an annual production capacity of 21,700 tons at a cost of $924 per ton, compared to a market price of $1400 per ton. The total production cost is estimated at $20,058,947, while total sales are projected to reach $30,380,000, yielding a profit of $10,321,053 (34% profit margin). The proposed method is consistent with the principles of the Circular Economy and Cleaner Production, promoting sustainability by reducing waste, lowering resource consumption, and enhancing energy efficiency. The developed technology is both environmentally friendly and economically viable, offering a promising pathway for efficient monocalcium phosphate production and a blueprint for industrial-scale implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials with Medical Applications)
31 pages, 31569 KB  
Article
Pareto-Efficient Utilization of Coated Vermiculite Aggregate in High-Strength Lightweight Mortar with Mohr–Coulomb Parameter Analysis
by Zeynep Algin, Muhammed Şerif Yoluk and Halil Murat Algin
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4652; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204652 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
A multilayered coating process, based on cement and silica fume, was applied to the surface of expanded vermiculite aggregate (EVA) using a cold bonding method. This investigation represents the first systematic study of this multilayered coating method, with the objective of evaluating the [...] Read more.
A multilayered coating process, based on cement and silica fume, was applied to the surface of expanded vermiculite aggregate (EVA) using a cold bonding method. This investigation represents the first systematic study of this multilayered coating method, with the objective of evaluating the effectiveness of coating thickness in the production of high-performance lightweight mortar. In the experimental phase of this study, a range of aggregate replacement levels was examined, and a series of tests were conducted to assess parameters such as dry density, porosity, thermal conductivity, water absorption, sorptivity, compressive strength, flexural strength, and shear strength. The obtained Mohr–Coulomb (MC) constitutive model parameters and shear strength properties were verified numerically. The verification process facilitated the simulation of the three-dimensional (3D) combined behavior of the produced mortar with cement paste, cement–silica fume liner, and EVA. The simulation was conducted using a micro-scale finite element (FE) model based on the Computer Tomography (CT) data. The Pareto-efficient utilization boundaries of coated-EVA in the production of high-strength lightweight mortar are then specified using Response Surface optimization analyses. The present study demonstrates that the cold bonding multilayered coating process is a highly effective aggregate-strengthening method. This study revealed that the Pareto-efficient replacement range of coated-EVA is 24–58%, corresponding to a coating thickness of 0.9–2.6 mm. It is evident that the effective utilization of the replaced aggregate in the mortar production is subject to a limit, which can be determined through Pareto-efficiency analysis, and it is contingent upon the performance requirements of the resulting mortar. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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13 pages, 1795 KB  
Article
Enhanced Wear and Corrosion Resistance of AlCoCrFeNiMoTi High-Entropy Alloy via B Addition by Laser Cladding
by Sansan Ao, Jiaxun Sun, Ziyuan Qi, Youxiang Wei, Hongyu Chen and Yang Li
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204651 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
To address the synergistic degradation mechanisms in engineering service environments, we propose a boron microalloying strategy to enhance the multifunctional surface performance of AlCoCrFeNiMo-based high-entropy alloys. AlCoCrFeNiMoTiBx coatings (x = 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5) were fabricated on Q235 steel substrates using laser [...] Read more.
To address the synergistic degradation mechanisms in engineering service environments, we propose a boron microalloying strategy to enhance the multifunctional surface performance of AlCoCrFeNiMo-based high-entropy alloys. AlCoCrFeNiMoTiBx coatings (x = 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5) were fabricated on Q235 steel substrates using laser cladding. The microstructure of the coatings was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), while their wear and corrosion resistance were evaluated through tribological and electrochemical tests. The key findings indicate that boron addition preserves the original body-centered cubic (BCC) and σ phases in the coating while promoting the in situ formation of TiB2, leading to lattice distortion. With increasing B content, the BCC phase becomes refined, and both the fraction and size of TiB2 particles increase. Boron incorporation improves the coating’s microhardness and wear resistance, with the highest wear resistance achieved at x = 1, where abrasive and oxidative wear predominate. At lower content (x = 0.5), B enhances the stability of the passive film and thereby improves corrosion resistance. In contrast, excessive formation of large TiB2 particles introduces defects into the passive film, accelerating its degradation. Full article
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17 pages, 2802 KB  
Article
Identification of Adiabatic Temperature Rise Characteristics for Mass Concrete Using the Physics-Informed Neural Network
by Jae Min Lee, Chang Joon Lee and WoonSeong Jeong
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4650; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204650 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study addresses the inverse problem of identifying adiabatic temperature rise (ATR) characteristics for mass concrete using the Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN). The characteristics are defined by parameters representing the maximum ATR and temperature increasing rate. The PINN-based identification of these parameters was [...] Read more.
This study addresses the inverse problem of identifying adiabatic temperature rise (ATR) characteristics for mass concrete using the Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN). The characteristics are defined by parameters representing the maximum ATR and temperature increasing rate. The PINN-based identification of these parameters was conducted using virtual experimental data generated through numerical simulation with three different ATR models. To assess the robustness of the PINN in the identification process, noise was introduced into the data. The observation period and noise condition of the data were used as variables to evaluate the performance of PINN-based parameter identification. In addition, 10 independent PINN training sessions were conducted, and the results were statistically analyzed. The identification performance of the unknown parameters was influenced by the observation period. The PINN accurately identified the parameters used in the virtual experiments, even with short-term observation data, regardless of the noise. Statistical analysis indicates that the PINN demonstrates significant reliability and consistency in parameter identification. Full article
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12 pages, 3323 KB  
Article
Effects of Laser Shock Processing on the Mechanical Properties of 6061-T6 Aluminium Alloy Using Nanosecond and Picosecond Laser Pulses
by Martha Guadalupe Arredondo Bravo, Gilberto Gomez-Rosas, Miguel Morales, David Munoz-Martin, Juan Jose Moreno-Labella, Jose Manuel Lopez Lopez, Jose Guadalupe Quiñones Galvan, Carlos Rubio-Gonzalez, Francisco Javier Casillas Rodriguez and Carlos Molpeceres
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4649; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204649 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
Laser shock processing (LSP) is a surface treatment technique used to enhance mechanical properties such as hardness, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance. This study investigates the effects of LSP on a 6061-T6 aluminium alloy using four treatment conditions: nanosecond (ns-LSP), picosecond (ps-LSP), and [...] Read more.
Laser shock processing (LSP) is a surface treatment technique used to enhance mechanical properties such as hardness, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance. This study investigates the effects of LSP on a 6061-T6 aluminium alloy using four treatment conditions: nanosecond (ns-LSP), picosecond (ps-LSP), and a combination of nanosecond–picosecond (nsps-LSP) and picosecond–nanosecond (psns-LSP) pulses. Two laser systems were employed: a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (850 mJ/pulse, 6 ns, 1064 nm, 10 Hz), and an Ekspla Atlantic 355-60 laser (0.110 mJ/pulse, 13 ps, 1064 nm, 1 kHz). All treatments induced compressive residual stresses up to 1 mm in depth. Additionally, improvements in microhardness were observed, particularly at deeper layers in the combined nsps-LSP treatment. Surface roughness was measured and compared. Among all configurations, the nsps-LSP treatment produced the highest compressive residual stresses (−428 MPa) and greater microhardness at depth. These results suggest that the combined nsps-LSP treatment represents a promising approach to enhance the mechanical performance of metallic components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Laser Processing Technology of Materials—Second Edition)
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18 pages, 3151 KB  
Article
An Inverse Analysis of Interfacial Parameter Values for Mode I Debonding Between Steel and Hot-Melt Adhesive
by Jun Shi, Jian Zhang, Mingzhen Hu, Yingjie Li, Guide Deng and Wenjun Liu
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4648; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204648 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
A polyethylene pipe reinforced with winding steel wires (PSP) is a new composite pipe in which steel wires are effectively bonded with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) through hot-melt adhesive, ensuring the mechanical properties and structural integrity of the pipe. One of the main failure [...] Read more.
A polyethylene pipe reinforced with winding steel wires (PSP) is a new composite pipe in which steel wires are effectively bonded with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) through hot-melt adhesive, ensuring the mechanical properties and structural integrity of the pipe. One of the main failure modes at the PSP joint is the interfacial debonding between the steel wire and the hot-melt adhesive. To find a good method to overcome this debonding failure mode, the first priority is to be able to quantitatively characterize the interface performance. Thus, in this study, double cantilever beam (DCB) tests are used to investigate the interfacial properties between steel and hot-melt adhesive, and a finite element model with cohesive element representing the adhesive interface is established to analyze the interfacial properties and the interfacial failure process. However, the interfacial parameters, including interface strength and fracture energy, cannot be obtained directly; thus, based on the inverse optimization calculation concept, an ABAQUS–Python–MATLAB interactive program is developed to continuously optimize and adjust the key parameters of the interface during iterative calculations so that the load–displacement simulation curve is close to the experimental curve, thereby determining the solution set of interface strength and fracture energy. With the inversion parameters substituted into the DCB model, the simulated reaction force–displacement curve is obtained, and it is consistent with the experimental one. Furthermore, this paper compares the pattern of simulated crack tip propagation during the loading process with the experimental results, and it is found that the simulated curve agrees well with the trends of the experimental ones. This proves the effectiveness of the DCB finite element model and the inversion calculation method from a new perspective, indicating that the simulation results of the DCB model were consistent with the experiment. This method can provide guidance and reference for the mechanical behavior analysis of the bonding interface of other materials or structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials Simulation and Design)
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14 pages, 1824 KB  
Article
Homometallic 2D Cd2+ and Heterometallic 3D Cd2+/Ca2+, Cd2+/Sr2+ Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on an Angular Tetracarboxylic Ligand
by Rafail P. Machattos, Nikos Panagiotou, Vasiliki I. Karagianni, Manolis J. Manos, Eleni E. Moushi and Anastasios J. Tasiopoulos
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204647 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study reports on the synthesis, structural characterization and gas sorption studies of a homometallic 2D Cd2+ MOF and two heterometallic 3D Cd2+/Ca2+ and Cd2+/Sr2+ -MOFs based on the angular tetracarboxylic ligand 3,3′,4,4′-sulfonyltetracarboxylic acid (H4 [...] Read more.
This study reports on the synthesis, structural characterization and gas sorption studies of a homometallic 2D Cd2+ MOF and two heterometallic 3D Cd2+/Ca2+ and Cd2+/Sr2+ -MOFs based on the angular tetracarboxylic ligand 3,3′,4,4′-sulfonyltetracarboxylic acid (H4STBA). The homometallic 2D Cd2+ MOF with the formula [NH2(CH3)2]+2[Cd(STBA)]2−n·nDMF·1.5nH2O—(1)n·nDMF·1.5nH2O was synthesized from the reaction of CdCl2·H2O and 3,3′,4,4′-diphthalic sulfonyl dianhydride (3,3′,4,4′-DPSDA) with stoichiometric ratio of 1:1.3 in DMF/H2O (5/2 mL) at 100 °C. The two heterometallic Cd2+/Ca2+ and Cd2+/Sr2+ compounds were prepared from analogous reactions to this afforded (1)n·nDMF·1.5nH2O with the difference that the reaction mixture also contained AE(NO3)2 (AE2+ = Ca2+ or Sr2+) and, in particular, from the reaction of AE(NO3)2, CdCl2·H2O and 3,3′,4,4′-DPSDA with stoichiometric ratio 1:1.1:1.4 in DMF/H2O (5/2 mL) at 100 °C. Notably, compounds [CdCa(STBA)(H2O)2]n·0.5nDMF—(2)n·0.5nDMF and [CdSr(STBA)(H2O)2]n·0.5nDMF—(3)n·0.5nDMF are the first heterometallic compounds Mn+/AE2+ (M = any metal ion) reported containing ligand H4STBA. The structure of (1)n·nDMF·1.5nH2O comprises a 2D network based on helical 1D chain secondary building unit (SBU) [Cd2+(STBA)4−)]2−. The 2D sheets are linked through hydrogen bonding interactions, giving rise to a pseudo-3D structure. On the other hand, compounds (2)n·1.5nH2O and (3)n·1.5nH2O display 3D microporous structures consisting of a helical 1D chain SBU [Cd2+AE2+(STBA)4−)]. All three compounds contain rhombic channels along c axes. The three MOFs exhibit an appreciable thermal stability, up to 350–400 °C. Gas sorption measurements on activated materials (2)n and (3)n revealed moderate BET surface areas of 370 m2/g and 343 m2/g, respectively, along with CO2 uptake capacity of 2.58 mmol/g at 273 K. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Metal–Organic Frameworks)
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17 pages, 5072 KB  
Article
Microstructure and Properties of Binderless μWC Obtained Using the Electroconsolidation Method
by Edvin Hevorkian, Waldemar Samociuk, Miroslaw Rucki, Zbigniew Krzysiak, Daniel Pieniak, Volodymyr Nerubatskyi, Volodymyr Chyshkala, Serhii Lytovchenko, Leszek Chalko, Dmitrij Morozow, Jacek Caban and Vitalii Kulich
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4646; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204646 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
This paper contributes to the knowledge of binderless tungsten carbide (WC), which attracts the attention of many engineers and scientists for its superior properties, but its application is limited due to difficulties with the consolidation of initial powders. In the present study, the [...] Read more.
This paper contributes to the knowledge of binderless tungsten carbide (WC), which attracts the attention of many engineers and scientists for its superior properties, but its application is limited due to difficulties with the consolidation of initial powders. In the present study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of binderless WC, sintered with the electroconsolidation technique from the initial powder of a grain size of 100–200 nm, were investigated. The material was compared with nWC sintered with the same method from a nanopowder with particles of size ca. 70 nm. The binderless μWC demonstrated hardness of HV = 30.06 ± 0.09 GPa, which is almost 14% higher than that of nWC, but its fracture toughness was lower (KIC = 6.59 ± 0.46 MPa·m1/2 under 1 kg load). These differences can be attributed to the improved homogeneity of the μWC microstructure, where no large agglomerates appeared to be present in nWC. The measured plastic properties, with no signs of brittle fracture, further confirm the applicability of the binderless WC under contact stress conditions. Full article
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19 pages, 2721 KB  
Article
Effect of Vibration Timing on Mechanical and Durability Properties of Early-Strength Cement-Based Composites for Bridge Wet Joints
by Xiaodong Li, Jianxin Li, Xiang Tian, Yafeng Pang, Bing Fu and Shuangxi Zhou
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4645; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204645 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study explores the influence of vibration timing on the performance of high early-strength cement-based composites used in bridge wet joints. A series of experimental techniques, including SEM, MIP, and RCM tests, were employed to evaluate microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and durability. The [...] Read more.
This study explores the influence of vibration timing on the performance of high early-strength cement-based composites used in bridge wet joints. A series of experimental techniques, including SEM, MIP, and RCM tests, were employed to evaluate microstructural evolution, mechanical properties, and durability. The results indicate that vibration applied between the initial and final setting phases has a critical impact, significantly reducing early-age compressive, flexural, and bond strengths. This deterioration is mainly attributed to micro-crack formation and enhanced pore connectivity, as confirmed by SEM and MIP analyses. Moreover, vibration markedly increases the chloride diffusion coefficient, particularly in mixtures with higher water-to-binder ratios, thereby raising long-term durability concerns. These findings underscore the necessity of optimizing mix proportions and strictly controlling vibration timing to ensure both the mechanical performance and service life of high early-strength cement composites in bridge construction. The study provides practical insights for the design and application of durable, resilient bridge wet joints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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1 pages, 119 KB  
Correction
Correction: Wang et al. Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-Narrow Gap-Welded and Submerged Arc-Welded Q355E HSLA Steel. Materials 2025, 18, 2805
by Youqi Wang, Renge Li, Qingnian Wen, Wenkai Xiao, Shang Wu, Xian Zhai and Fuju Zhang
Materials 2025, 18(20), 4644; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204644 - 10 Oct 2025
Abstract
In the published publication [...] Full article
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