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29 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
Energies2026, 19(2), 461;https://doi.org/10.3390/en19020461 
(registering DOI)

17 January 2026

Wheel load is a critical information source reflecting the status of vehicle load distribution and motion. Yet, existing in-wheel motor products are primarily designed as propulsion units and inherently lack the load-sensing capabilities required by...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
1,634 Views
45 Pages

25 September 2025

With the rapid development of the electric vehicle (EV) industry, the regenerative braking system (RBS) has become a pivotal technology for enhancing overall vehicle energy efficiency and safety. This article systematically reviews recent research ad...

  • Article
  • Open Access
29 Citations
6,031 Views
24 Pages

20 April 2018

Exact estimation of longitudinal force and sideslip angle is important for lateral stability and path-following control of four-wheel independent driven electric vehicle. This paper presents an effective method for longitudinal force and sideslip ang...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,381 Views
35 Pages

10 July 2021

Controllability, maneuverability, fault-tolerance/isolation and safety are significantly enhanced in electric vehicles (EV) equipped with the redundant actuator configuration of four-in-wheel electric motors (4IWM). A highly reconfigurable architectu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
1,578 Views
8 Pages

Implementation and Control Logic Design of Intelligent Electric Power Steering System

  • Shin-Hung Chang,
  • Pin-Yung Chen,
  • Yi-Hua Ting and
  • Shih-Wei Hung

25 December 2009

In this paper, an intelligent electric power steering system is proposed to replace a traditional hydraulic power steering system and implemented in a real light hybrid electric vehicle. An intelligent fuzzy control algorithm is applied to yield basi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
716 Views
22 Pages

3 July 2025

For the longitudinal tire force estimation problem of four-wheel independent drive electric vehicles (4WIDEVs), traditional model-based observers have limitations such as high modeling complexity and strong parameter sensitivity, while pure data-driv...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
9,095 Views
31 Pages

A Review of One-Box Electro-Hydraulic Braking System: Architecture, Control, and Application

  • Xinyu Zhao,
  • Lu Xiong,
  • Guirong Zhuo,
  • Wei Tian,
  • Jing Li,
  • Qiang Shu,
  • Xuanbai Zhao and
  • Guodong Xu

25 January 2024

With the development of automobile electrification and intelligence, new requirements have been put forward for automotive braking technologies. Under this background, the One-box EHB (Electro-Hydraulic Braking system) brake-by-wire technology has em...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,587 Views
20 Pages

To enhance the path tracking capability and driving stability of intelligent vehicles, a controller is designed that synergizes active front wheel steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment (DYC), specifically tailored for distributed-drive electric vehicl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,722 Views
6 Pages

Fuel Cell Hybrid Taxi Well-to-Wheel Life-Cycle Analysis

  • Patricia Baptista,
  • João Ribau,
  • João Bravo,
  • Carla Silva,
  • Paul Adcock and
  • Ashley Kells

31 December 2010

In a collaboration led by hydrogen fuel cell developer Intelligent Energy, a fleet of classic London cabs fitted out with hydrogen fuel cell power systems will be produced, with the objective of having a small fleet ready for full road trials in time...

  • Review
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,074 Views
37 Pages

Research Review of Agricultural Machinery Power Chassis in Hilly and Mountainous Areas

  • Yiyong Jiang,
  • Ruochen Wang,
  • Renkai Ding,
  • Zeyu Sun,
  • Yu Jiang and
  • Wei Liu

The terrain in hilly and mountainous areas is complex, and the level of agricultural mechanization is low. This article systematically reviews the research progress of key technologies for agricultural machinery power chassis in hilly and mountainous...

  • Article
  • Open Access
233 Views
27 Pages

25 December 2025

To tackle the challenges faced by traditional wheeled tractors, whose steering systems have low flexibility and a large turning radius, and thus make turning hard in small fields and greenhouses, this paper proposes a differential steering control te...

  • Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,591 Views
29 Pages

A Review of Coordinated Control Technology for Chassis of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles

  • Yuhang Zhang,
  • Yingfeng Cai,
  • Xiaoqiang Sun,
  • Hai Wang,
  • Long Chen,
  • Te Chen and
  • Chaochun Yuan

26 June 2025

Distributed-drive electric vehicles (DDEVs), through independent, rapid, and precise control of the driving/braking torque of each wheel, offer unprecedented opportunities to enhance their handling stability, ride comfort, energy economy, and safety....

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,702 Views
30 Pages

An NMPC-Based Integrated Longitudinal and Lateral Vehicle Stability Control Based on the Double-Layer Torque Distribution

  • Xu Bai,
  • Yinhang Wang,
  • Mingchen Jia,
  • Xinchen Tan,
  • Liqing Zhou,
  • Liang Chu and
  • Di Zhao

26 June 2024

With the ongoing promotion and adoption of electric vehicles, intelligent and connected technologies have been continuously advancing. Electrical control systems implemented in electric vehicles have emerged as a critical research direction. Various...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,627 Views
15 Pages

4 March 2019

The experienced drivers with good driving skills are used as objects of learning, and road steering test data of skilled drivers are collected in this article. First, a nonlinear fitting was made to the driving trajectory of skilled driver in order t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,231 Views
21 Pages

Aiming to improve the distance per charge of four in-wheel independent motor-drive electric vehicles in intelligent transportation systems, a hierarchical energy management strategy that weighs their computational efficiency and optimization performa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
5,267 Views
19 Pages

13 March 2020

In order to effectively reduce the energy consumption of the vehicle, an optimal torque distribution control for multi-axle electric vehicles (EVs) with in-wheel motors is proposed. By analyzing the steering dynamics, the formulas of additional steer...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,343 Views
17 Pages

Research on TD3-Based Distributed Micro-Tillage Traction Bottom Control Strategy

  • Guangxiu Ning,
  • Lide Su,
  • Yong Zhang,
  • Jian Wang,
  • Caili Gong and
  • Yu Zhou

Due to its flexibility and versatility, the electric distributed drive micro-tillage chassis can be used more often in the future in Intelligence agriculture scenarios. However, due to the complex working conditions of the agricultural operation envi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
18 Citations
7,646 Views
24 Pages

With the availability of modern assistive techniques, ambient intelligence, and the Internet of Things (IoT), various innovative assistive environments have been developed, such as driving assistance systems (DAS), where the human driver can be provi...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,326 Views
31 Pages

A Comprehensive Overview of the Development and Research of Energy Savings of Electric Wheel Loader

  • Xiaotao Fei,
  • Zuo Cheng,
  • Shaw Voon Wong,
  • Muhammad Amin Azman,
  • Dawei Wang,
  • Xiuxian Zhang,
  • Qiuchen Shao and
  • Qingqiu Lin

Electric wheel loaders (EWLs) have emerged as a pivotal innovation in the 2020s, representing a transformative shift toward high-efficiency, low-emission construction machinery. Despite their growing technological and environmental significance, a sy...

  • Article
  • Open Access
269 Views
21 Pages

Vehicle Sideslip Angle Redundant Estimation Based on Multi-Source Sensor Information Fusion

  • Danhua Chen,
  • Jie Hu,
  • Guoqing Sun,
  • Feiyue Rong,
  • Pei Zhang,
  • Yuanyi Huang and
  • Ze Cao

3 January 2026

The sideslip angle is a key state for evaluating the lateral stability of a vehicle. Its accurate estimation is crucial for active safety and intelligent driving assistance systems. To improve the estimation accuracy and robustness of the sideslip an...

  • Proceeding Paper
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,132 Views
8 Pages

Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Renewable Energy Management of Hybrid Systems

  • Benhammou Aissa,
  • Tedjini Hamza,
  • Guettaf Yacine and
  • Hartani Mohamed Amine

The field of energy is of great interest for development, especially in the transportation industry. This paper investigates a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with two-wheel drives powered by a fuel cell, battery, DC generators, and supercapacitors. Ea...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,980 Views
26 Pages

Vehicle running state parameters and road surface state are crucial to the stability of four-wheel independent drive and steering electric vehicle control. Therefore, this study explores the estimation of vehicle driving state parameters and road sur...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,684 Views
17 Pages

22 March 2024

In the automotive sector, the zero emissions area has been dominated by battery electric vehicles. However, prospective users cite charging times, large batteries, and the deployment of charging stations as a counter-argument. Hydrogen will offer a s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,850 Views
17 Pages

Trajectory Tracking Control of Intelligent X-by-Wire Vehicles

  • Zixu Wang,
  • Yong Li,
  • Chuyo Kaku and
  • Hongyu Zheng

Vehicle intelligence is an effective way to improve driving safety and comfort and reduce traffic accidents. The trajectory tracking control of unmanned vehicles is the core module of intelligent vehicles. As a redundant system, the X-by-wire electri...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
3,988 Views
22 Pages

Processor-in-the-Loop Architecture Design and Experimental Validation for an Autonomous Racing Vehicle

  • Eugenio Tramacere,
  • Sara Luciani,
  • Stefano Feraco,
  • Angelo Bonfitto and
  • Nicola Amati

5 August 2021

Self-driving vehicles have experienced an increase in research interest in the last decades. Nevertheless, fully autonomous vehicles are still far from being a common means of transport. This paper presents the design and experimental validation of a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
25 Citations
5,019 Views
27 Pages

Accurate and Efficient Energy Management System of Fuel Cell/Battery/Supercapacitor/AC and DC Generators Hybrid Electric Vehicles

  • Aissa Benhammou,
  • Hamza Tedjini,
  • Mohammed Amine Hartani,
  • Rania M. Ghoniem and
  • Ali Alahmer

26 June 2023

The development of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) is rapidly gaining traction as a viable solution for reducing carbon emissions and improving fuel efficiency. One type of HEV that is gaining significant interest is the fuel cell/battery/supercapaci...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,838 Views
12 Pages

Development and Testing of a Friction-Driven Forestry Electric Monorail Car

  • Haoting Xu,
  • Daochun Xu,
  • Cheng Zheng,
  • Xiaopeng Bai and
  • Wenbin Li

30 January 2023

A friction-driven forestry electric monorail car based on a wheel hub motor is designed with the aim of solving the problems of the low transportation capacity, low running speed, large turning radius, and poor stability of low-slope mountain forestr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
852 Views
19 Pages

Design of Electrical Control System for Precision Rice Hill Direct-Seeding Device and Seeding Performance Comparison Test

  • Hanqing Li,
  • Ke Yang,
  • Lin Ling,
  • Bingxin Yan,
  • Guangwei Wu,
  • Xiaojun Gao and
  • Shengnan Liu

This study develops a novel electric-driven metering device to address the mismatch between the seeder rotation speed and vehicle speed in traditional mechanical precision hill direct-seeding metering devices for rice, which is caused by wheel slippa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4,444 Views
23 Pages

Design and Field Experiment of Synchronous Hole Fertilization Device for Maize Sowing

  • Feng Pan,
  • Jincheng Chen,
  • Baiwei Wang,
  • Ziheng Fang,
  • Jinxin Liang,
  • Kangkang He and
  • Chao Ji

The disadvantages of traditional strip fertilization technology for corn planting in China include low fertilizer utilization rates, unstable operation quality, and environmental pollution. Therefore, in this study, a synchronous hole fertilization d...