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Physical Sciences Forum

Physical Sciences Forum is an open access journal dedicated to publishing findings resulting from academic conferences, workshops and similar events in the area of physical sciences. Each conference proceeding can be individually indexed, is citable via a digital object identifier (DOI) and freely available under an open access license. The conference organizers and proceedings editors are responsible for managing the peer-review process and selecting papers for conference proceedings.

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2673-9984

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Vol. 12

MaxEnt 2024

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Vol. 11

Axion-Wimp 2024

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Vol. 10

IOCP 2024

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Vol. 9

MaxEnt 2023

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Vol. 8

NuFACT 2022

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Vol. 7

ECU 2023

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Latest Articles

7 pages, 1595 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Progress in GrAHal-CAPP/DMAG for Axion Dark Matter Search in the 1–3 μeV Range

by Pierre Pugnat, Rafik Ballou, Philippe Camus, Guillaume Donnier-Valentin, Thierry Grenet, Ohjoon Kwon, Jérôme Lacipière, Mickaël Pelloux, Rolf Pfister, Yannis K. Semertzidis, Arthur Talarmin, Jérémy Vessaire and SungWoo Youn

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 11(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025011003 - 24 Oct 2025

Two outstanding problems of particle physics and cosmology, namely the strong-CP problem and the nature of dark matter, can be solved with the discovery of a single new particle, the axion. The modular high magnetic field and flux hybrid magnet platform of LNCMI-Grenoble, [...] Read more.

Two outstanding problems of particle physics and cosmology, namely the strong-CP problem and the nature of dark matter, can be solved with the discovery of a single new particle, the axion. The modular high magnetic field and flux hybrid magnet platform of LNCMI-Grenoble, which was recently put in operation up to 42 T, offers unique opportunities for axion/axion-like particle search using Sikivie-type haloscopes. In this paper, the focus will be on the 350–600 MHz frequency range corresponding to the 1–3 μeV axion mass range requiring a large-bore RF-cavity. It will be built by DMAG and integrated within the large-bore superconducting hybrid magnet outsert, providing a central magnetic field up to 9 T in 812 mm warm bore diameter. The progress achieved by Néel Institute in the design of the complex cryostat with its double dilution refrigerators to cooldown below 50 mK the ultra-light Cu RF-cavity of 650 mm inner diameter and the first stage of the RF measurement chain are presented. Perspectives for the targeted sensitivity, assuming less than 2-year integration time, are recalled. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th Patras Workshop on Axions, WIMPs and WISPs)

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10 pages, 632 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nonparametric Full Bayesian Significance Testing for Bayesian Histograms

by Fernando Corrêa, Julio Michael Stern and Rafael Bassi Stern

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 12(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025012011 - 20 Oct 2025

In this article, we present an extension of the Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST) for nonparametric settings, termed NP-FBST, which is constructed using the limit of finite dimension histograms. The test statistics for NP-FBST are based on a plug-in estimate of the cross-entropy [...] Read more.

In this article, we present an extension of the Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST) for nonparametric settings, termed NP-FBST, which is constructed using the limit of finite dimension histograms. The test statistics for NP-FBST are based on a plug-in estimate of the cross-entropy between the null hypothesis and a histogram. This method shares similarities with Kullback–Leibler and entropy-based goodness-of-fit tests, but it can be applied to a broader range of hypotheses and is generally less computationally intensive. We demonstrate that when the number of histogram bins increases slowly with the sample size, the NP-FBST is consistent for Lipschitz continuous data-generating densities. Additionally, we propose an algorithm to optimize the NP-FBST. Through simulations, we compare the performance of the NP-FBST to traditional methods for testing uniformity. Our results indicate that the NP-FBST is competitive in terms of power, even surpassing the most powerful likelihood-ratio-based procedures for very small sample sizes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 43rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

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12 pages, 1558 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Model-Based and Physics-Informed Deep Learning Neural Network Structures

by Ali Mohammad-Djafari, Ning Chu, Li Wang, Caifang Cai and Liang Yu

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 12(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025012010 - 20 Oct 2025

Neural Networks (NNs) have been used in many areas with great success. When an NN’s structure (model) is given, during the training steps, the parameters of the model are determined using an appropriate criterion and an optimization algorithm (training). Then, the trained model [...] Read more.

Neural Networks (NNs) have been used in many areas with great success. When an NN’s structure (model) is given, during the training steps, the parameters of the model are determined using an appropriate criterion and an optimization algorithm (training). Then, the trained model can be used for the prediction or inference step (testing). As there are also many hyperparameters related to optimization criteria and optimization algorithms, a validation step is necessary before the NN’s final use. One of the great difficulties is the choice of NN structure. Even if there are many “on the shelf” networks, selecting or proposing a new appropriate network for a given data signal or image processing task, is still an open problem. In this work, we consider this problem using model-based signal and image processing and inverse problems methods. We classify the methods into five classes: (i) explicit analytical solutions, (ii) transform domain decomposition, (iii) operator decomposition, (iv) unfolding optimization algorithms, (v) physics-informed NN methods (PINNs). A few examples in each category are explained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 43rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

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12 pages, 4024 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Superconducting Quantum Sensors for Fundamental Physics Searches

by Gulden Othman, Robert H. Hadfield, Katharina-Sophie Isleif, Friederike Januschek, Axel Lindner, Manuel Meyer, Dmitry Morozov, Devendra Kumar Namburi, Elmeri Rivasto, José Alejandro Rubiera Gimeno and Christina Schwemmbauer

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 11(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025011002 - 20 Oct 2025

Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors (TESs) are a promising technology for fundamental physics applications due to their low dark count rates, excellent energy resolution, and high detection efficiency. On the DESY campus, we have been developing a program to characterize cryogenic quantum sensors for [...] Read more.

Superconducting Transition Edge Sensors (TESs) are a promising technology for fundamental physics applications due to their low dark count rates, excellent energy resolution, and high detection efficiency. On the DESY campus, we have been developing a program to characterize cryogenic quantum sensors for fundamental physics applications, particularly focused on TESs. We currently have two fully equipped dilution refrigerators that enable simultaneous TES characterization and fundamental physics searches. In this paper, we summarize the current status of our TES characterization, including recent calibration efforts and efficiency measurements, as well as simulations to better understand TES behavior and its backgrounds. Additionally, we summarize some physics applications that we are already exploring or planning to explore. We will give preliminary projections on a direct dark matter search with our TES, where exploiting low-threshold electron scattering in superconducting materials allows us to search for sub-MeV-scale dark matter. We are also working toward performing a measurement of the even-number photon distribution (beyond one pair) of a quantum-squeezed light source. Finally, if it proves to meet the requirements, our TES detector may be used as a second, independent detection system to search for an axion signal at the ALPS II experiment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th Patras Workshop on Axions, WIMPs and WISPs)

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11 pages, 2705 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Understanding Exoplanet Habitability: A Bayesian ML Framework for Predicting Atmospheric Absorption Spectra

by Vasuda Trehan, Kevin H. Knuth and M. J. Way

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 12(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025012009 - 13 Oct 2025

The evolution of space technology in recent years, fueled by advancements in computing such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), has profoundly transformed our capacity to explore the cosmos. Missions like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have made information about [...] Read more.

The evolution of space technology in recent years, fueled by advancements in computing such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), has profoundly transformed our capacity to explore the cosmos. Missions like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have made information about distant objects more easily accessible, resulting in extensive amounts of valuable data. As part of this work-in-progress study, we are working to create an atmospheric absorption spectrum prediction model for exoplanets. The eventual model will be based on both collected observational spectra and synthetic spectral data generated by the ROCKE-3D general circulation model (GCM) developed by the climate modeling program at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). In this initial study, spline curves are used to describe the bin heights of simulated atmospheric absorption spectra as a function of one of the values of the planetary parameters. Bayesian Adaptive Exploration is then employed to identify areas of the planetary parameter space for which more data are needed to improve the model. The resulting system will be used as a forward model so that planetary parameters can be inferred given a planet’s atmospheric absorption spectrum. This work is expected to contribute to a better understanding of exoplanetary properties and general exoplanet climates and habitability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 43rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

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10 pages, 1916 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nested Sampling for Exploring Lennard-Jones Clusters

by Lune Maillard, Fabio Finocchi, César Godinho and Martino Trassinelli

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 12(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025012008 - 13 Oct 2025

Cited by 1

Lennard-Jones clusters, while an easy system, have a significant number of non equivalent configurations that increases rapidly with the number of atoms in the cluster. Here, we aim at determining the cluster partition function; we use the nested sampling algorithm, which transforms the [...] Read more.

Lennard-Jones clusters, while an easy system, have a significant number of non equivalent configurations that increases rapidly with the number of atoms in the cluster. Here, we aim at determining the cluster partition function; we use the nested sampling algorithm, which transforms the multidimensional integral into a one-dimensional one, to perform this task. In particular, we use the nested_fit program, which implements slice sampling as search algorithm. We study here the 7-atom and 36-atom clusters to benchmark nested_fit for the exploration of potential energy surfaces. We find that nested_fit is able to recover phase transitions and find different stable configurations of the cluster. Furthermore, the implementation of the slice sampling algorithm has a clear impact on the computational cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 43rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

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14 pages, 300 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring Quantized Entropy Production Strength in Mesoscopic Irreversible Thermodynamics

by Giorgio Sonnino

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 12(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025012007 - 13 Oct 2025

This letter aims to investigate thermodynamic processes in small systems in the Onsager region by showing that fundamental quantities such as total entropy production can be discretized on the mesoscopic scale. Even thermodynamic variables can conjugate to thermodynamic forces, and thus, Glansdorff–Prigogine’s dissipative [...] Read more.

This letter aims to investigate thermodynamic processes in small systems in the Onsager region by showing that fundamental quantities such as total entropy production can be discretized on the mesoscopic scale. Even thermodynamic variables can conjugate to thermodynamic forces, and thus, Glansdorff–Prigogine’s dissipative variable may be discretized. The canonical commutation rules (CCRs) valid at the mesoscopic scale are postulated, and the measurement process consists of determining the eigenvalues of the operators associated with the thermodynamic quantities. The nature of the quantized quantity β , entering the CCRs, is investigated by a heuristic model for nano-gas and analyzed through the tools of classical statistical physics. We conclude that according to our model, the constant β does not appear to be a new fundamental constant but corresponds to the minimum value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 43rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

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8 pages, 1340 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Trans-Dimensional Diffusive Nested Sampling for Metabolic Network Inference

by Johann Fredrik Jadebeck, Wolfgang Wiechert and Katharina Nöh

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 12(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025012005 - 24 Sep 2025

Bayesian analysis is particularly useful for inferring models and their parameters given data. This is a common task in metabolic modeling, where models of varying complexity are used to interpret data. Nested sampling is a class of probabilistic inference algorithms that are particularly [...] Read more.

Bayesian analysis is particularly useful for inferring models and their parameters given data. This is a common task in metabolic modeling, where models of varying complexity are used to interpret data. Nested sampling is a class of probabilistic inference algorithms that are particularly effective for estimating evidence and sampling the parameter posterior probability distributions. However, the practicality of nested sampling for metabolic network inference has yet to be studied. In this technical report, we explore the amalgamation of nested sampling, specifically diffusive nested sampling, with reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo. We apply the algorithm to two synthetic problems from the field of metabolic flux analysis. We present run times and share insights into hyperparameter choices, providing a useful point of reference for future applications of nested sampling to metabolic flux problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 43rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

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8 pages, 1008 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Combining Knowledge About Metabolic Networks and Single-Cell Data with Maximum Entropy

by Carola S. Heinzel, Johann F. Jadebeck, Elisabeth Zelle, Johannes Seiffarth and Katharina Nöh

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 12(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025012003 - 24 Sep 2025

Better understanding of the fitness and flexibility of microbial platform organisms is central to biotechnological process development. Live-cell experiments uncover the phenotypic heterogeneity of living cells, emerging even within isogenic cell populations. However, how this observed heterogeneity in growth relates to the variability [...] Read more.

Better understanding of the fitness and flexibility of microbial platform organisms is central to biotechnological process development. Live-cell experiments uncover the phenotypic heterogeneity of living cells, emerging even within isogenic cell populations. However, how this observed heterogeneity in growth relates to the variability of intracellular processes that drive cell growth and division is less understood. We here approach the question, how the observed phenotypic variability in single-cell growth rates links to metabolic processes, specifically intracellular reaction rates (fluxes). To approach this question, we employ the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) principle that allows us to bring together the phenotypic solution space, derived from metabolic network models, to single-cell growth rates observed in live-cell experiments. We apply the computational machinery to first-of-its-kind data of the microorganism Corynebacterium glutamicum, grown on different substrates under continuous medium supply. We compare the MaxEnt-based estimates of metabolic fluxes with estimates obtained by assuming that the average cell operates at its maximum growth rate, which is the current predominant practice in biotechnology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 43rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

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10 pages, 761 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nonparametric FBST for Validating Linear Models

by Rodrigo F. L. Lassance, Julio M. Stern and Rafael B. Stern

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 12(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025012002 - 24 Sep 2025

In Bayesian analysis, testing for linearity requires placing a prior to the entire space of potential regression functions. This poses a problem for many standard tests, as assigning positive prior probability to such a hypothesis is challenging. The Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST) [...] Read more.

In Bayesian analysis, testing for linearity requires placing a prior to the entire space of potential regression functions. This poses a problem for many standard tests, as assigning positive prior probability to such a hypothesis is challenging. The Full Bayesian Significance Test (FBST) sidesteps this issue, standing out for also being logically coherent and offering a measure of evidence against H 0 , although its application to nonparametric settings is still limited. In this work, we use Gaussian process priors to derive FBST procedures that evaluate general linearity assumptions, such as testing the adherence of data and performing variable selection to linear models. We also make use of pragmatic hypotheses to verify if the data might be compatible with a linear model when factors such as measurement errors or utility judgments are accounted for. This contribution extends the theory of the FBST, allowing for its application in nonparametric settings and requiring, at most, simple optimization procedures to reach the desired conclusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 43rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

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11 pages, 1274 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Value of Information in Economic Contexts

by Stefan Behringer and Roman V. Belavkin

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 12(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025012006 - 23 Sep 2025

This paper explores the application of the Value of Information, (VoI), based on the Claude Shannon/Ruslan Stratonovich framework within economic contexts. Unlike previous studies that examine circular settings and strategic interactions, we focus on a non-strategic linear setting. We employ standard [...] Read more.

This paper explores the application of the Value of Information, (VoI), based on the Claude Shannon/Ruslan Stratonovich framework within economic contexts. Unlike previous studies that examine circular settings and strategic interactions, we focus on a non-strategic linear setting. We employ standard economically motivated utility functions, including linear, quadratic, constant absolute risk aversion (CARA), and constant relative risk aversion (CRRA), across various priors of the stochastic environment, and analyse the resulting specific VoI forms. The curvature of these VoI functions play a decisive role in determining whether acquiring additional costly information enhances the efficiency of the decision making process. We also outline potential implications for broader decision-making frameworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 43rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

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10 pages, 790 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Comparison of MCMC Algorithms for an Inverse Squeeze Flow Problem

by Aricia Rinkens, Rodrigo L. S. Silva, Clemens V. Verhoosel, Nick O. Jaensson and Erik Quaeghebeur

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 12(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025012004 - 22 Sep 2025

Using Bayesian inference to calibrate constitutive model parameters has recently seen a rise in interest. The Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is one of the most commonly used methods to sample from the posterior. However, the choice of which MCMC algorithm to [...] Read more.

Using Bayesian inference to calibrate constitutive model parameters has recently seen a rise in interest. The Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is one of the most commonly used methods to sample from the posterior. However, the choice of which MCMC algorithm to apply is typically pragmatic and based on considerations such as software availability and experience. We compare three commonly used MCMC algorithms: Metropolis-Hastings (MH), Affine Invariant Stretch Move (AISM) and No-U-Turn sampler (NUTS). For the comparison, we use the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence as a convergence criterion, which measures the statistical distance between the sampled and the ‘true’ posterior. We apply the Bayesian framework to a Newtonian squeeze flow problem, for which there exists an analytical model. Furthermore, we have collected experimental data using a tailored setup. The ground truth for the posterior is obtained by evaluating it on a uniform reference grid. We conclude that, for the same number of samples, the NUTS results in the lowest KL divergence, followed by the AISM sampler and last the MH sampler. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 43rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

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13 pages, 597 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

On Singular Bayesian Inference of Underdetermined Quantities—Part I: Invariant Discrete Ill-Posed Inverse Problems in Small and Large Dimensions

by Fabrice Pautot

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 12(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025012001 - 19 Sep 2025

When the quantities of interest remain underdetermined a posteriori, we would like to draw inferences for at least one particular solution. Can we do so in a Bayesian way? What is a probability distribution over an underdetermined quantity? How do we get a [...] Read more.

When the quantities of interest remain underdetermined a posteriori, we would like to draw inferences for at least one particular solution. Can we do so in a Bayesian way? What is a probability distribution over an underdetermined quantity? How do we get a posterior for one particular solution from a posterior for infinitely many underdetermined solutions? Guided by discrete invariant underdetermined ill-posed inverse problems, we find that a probability distribution over an underdetermined quantity is non-absolutely continuous, partially improper with respect to the initial reference measure but proper with respect to its restriction to its support. Thus, it is necessary and sufficient to choose the prior restricted reference measure to assign partially improper priors using e.g., the principle of maximum entropy and the posterior restricted reference measure to obtain the proper posterior for one particular solution. We can then work with underdetermined models like Hoeffding–Sobol expansions seamlessly, especially to effectively counter the curse of dimensionality within discrete nonparametric inverse problems. We show Singular Bayesian Inference (SBI) at work in an advanced Bayesian optimization application: dynamic pricing. Such a nice generalization of Bayesian–maxentropic inference could motivate many theoretical and practical developments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 43rd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

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20630 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Axion Searches with IAXO and BabyIAXO

by Johanna von Oy and Maurizio Giannotti

Phys. Sci. Forum 2025, 11(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2025011001 - 25 Jul 2025

Of the three major axion search experimental strategies, light-shining-through-wall experiments, haloscopes, and helioscopes, this paper focuses on the latter. IAXO, the International AXion Observatory, will be a next-generation helioscope following in the footsteps of previous experiments like SUMICO and CAST. Helioscopes aim to [...] Read more.

Of the three major axion search experimental strategies, light-shining-through-wall experiments, haloscopes, and helioscopes, this paper focuses on the latter. IAXO, the International AXion Observatory, will be a next-generation helioscope following in the footsteps of previous experiments like SUMICO and CAST. Helioscopes aim to detect axions produced in the Sun, utilizing a magnetic field to couple them to X-ray photons. BabyIAXO represents a near-term step toward IAXO, designed to test custom components while delivering competitive results in axion searches. The experimental components are currently under development and construction. Further research into the applications of BabyIAXO beyond baseline axion searches is being conducted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 19th Patras Workshop on Axions, WIMPs and WISPs)

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1 pages, 132 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Francesco Prudenzano, Huabei Jiang and Maurizio Ferrari

Phys. Sci. Forum 2024, 10(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2024010010 - 10 Mar 2025

n/a Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Photonics)

6 pages, 1677 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Magneto-Optical Investigation of Surface Magnetization in Comparison with Bulk Magnetization

by Hermann Tetzlaff, Martin Wortmann and Andrea Ehrmann

Phys. Sci. Forum 2024, 10(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2024010009 - 4 Mar 2025

Exchange-biased specimens were produced by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of ferromagnetic (FM) Co-on-CoO substrates after the substrates had been irradiated by heavy ions to induce defects in the antiferromagnet (AFM). Measurements were obtained at different temperatures for different sample orientations with respect to [...] Read more.

Exchange-biased specimens were produced by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of ferromagnetic (FM) Co-on-CoO substrates after the substrates had been irradiated by heavy ions to induce defects in the antiferromagnet (AFM). Measurements were obtained at different temperatures for different sample orientations with respect to the external magnetic field. While the EB was relatively small, measurements of the bulk magnetization at low temperatures revealed unusually shaped hysteresis loops. The surface magnetization, however, showed simple, nearly rectangular hysteresis loops. This study focuses on the advantage of complementary information on surface and bulk magnetization from optical and non-optical measurement methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Photonics)

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6 pages, 1660 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Chromatic Dispersion of Chalcogenide Glass-Based Photonic Crystal Fiber with Ultra-High Numerical Aperture

by Jyoti Chauhan, Yogita Kalra and Ravindra Kumar Sinha

Phys. Sci. Forum 2024, 10(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2024010008 - 20 Feb 2025

Cited by 1

We report a graded index chalcogenide glass (As₂Se₃)-based photonic crystal fiber having a solid core. The proposed PCF has ultra-high numerical aperture value reaching up to 1.82 for the explored wavelength range of 1.8–10 μm in the mid-infrared region. [...] Read more.

We report a graded index chalcogenide glass (As₂Se₃)-based photonic crystal fiber having a solid core. The proposed PCF has ultra-high numerical aperture value reaching up to 1.82 for the explored wavelength range of 1.8–10 μm in the mid-infrared region. The value of numerical aperture increases as the pitch increase from 0.92 to 0.96 to 1 micrometer, at a particular value of wavelength. With this high value of numerical aperture, a PCF is capable of gathering a high amount of light in its core. With negative dispersion reaching up to −2000 ps/km/nm at 4.8 µm, the fiber acts as a dispersion-compensating fiber, with confinement loss being close to zero for higher values of wavelength. The confinement loss of the designed PCF is also significantly less and it decreases as the wavelength increases. Also, the value of dispersion is significantly less due to the regular variation in the size of the holes in the transverse direction, as compared to the design when there is no gradation. The design has been optimized with an appropriate value of the perfectly matched layer to achieve the best results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Photonics)

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37 pages, 363 KB

Open AccessConference Report

Abstracts of the 1st International Online Conference on Photonics

by Francesco Prudenzano, Huabei Jiang and Maurizio Ferrari

Phys. Sci. Forum 2024, 10(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2024010007 - 19 Feb 2025

The 1st International Online Conference on Photonics, centered around the theme of optics and photonics, was held from 14 to 16 October 2024. This conference aimed to highlight and facilitate the utilization of recent advancements in all areas related to optics and photonics, [...] Read more.

The 1st International Online Conference on Photonics, centered around the theme of optics and photonics, was held from 14 to 16 October 2024. This conference aimed to highlight and facilitate the utilization of recent advancements in all areas related to optics and photonics, as well as to address complex issues, exchange the latest scientific breakthroughs, and guide the development of future technologies and processes in these fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Photonics)

10 pages, 284 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Construction of Dimensionless Groups by Entropic Similarity

by Robert K. Niven

Phys. Sci. Forum 2023, 9(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2023009027 - 13 Feb 2025

Since the early 20th century, dimensional analysis and similarity arguments have provided a critical tool for the analysis of scientific, engineering, and thermodynamic systems. Traditionally, the resulting dimensionless groups are categorized into those defined by (i) geometric similarity, involving ratios of length [...] Read more.

Since the early 20th century, dimensional analysis and similarity arguments have provided a critical tool for the analysis of scientific, engineering, and thermodynamic systems. Traditionally, the resulting dimensionless groups are categorized into those defined by (i) geometric similarity, involving ratios of length scales; (ii) kinematic similarity, involving ratios of velocities or accelerations, and (iii) dynamic similarity, involving ratios of forces. This study considers an additional category based on entropic similarity, with three variants defined by the following: (i) ratios of global or local entropy production terms Π entrop = σ ˙ 1 / σ ˙ 2 or Π ^ entrop = σ ˙ ^ 1 / σ ˙ ^ 2 ; (ii) ratios of entropy flow rates Π entrop = F S , 1 / F S , 2 or magnitudes of entropy fluxes Π ^ entrop = | | j S 1 | | / | | j S 2 | | ; and (iii) the ratio of a fluid velocity to that of a carrier of information Π info = U / c . Given that all phenomena involving work against friction, dissipation, spreading, chemical reaction, mixing, separation, or the transmission of information are governed by the second law of thermodynamics, these are more appropriately analyzed directly in terms of competing entropic phenomena and the dominant entropic regime, rather than indirectly using ratios of forces. This work presents the entropic dimensionless groups derived for a wide range of diffusion, chemical reaction, dispersion, and wave phenomena, revealing an entropic interpretation for many known dimensionless groups and many new dimensionless groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 42nd International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering)

7 pages, 2383 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dual-Band Shared-Aperture Multimode OAM-Multiplexing Antenna Based on Reflective Metasurface

by Shuaicheng Li and Jie Cui

Phys. Sci. Forum 2024, 10(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/psf2024010006 - 26 Dec 2024

In this paper, a novel single-layer dual-band orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed reflective metasurface array antenna is proposed, which can independently generate OAM beams with different modes in the C-band and Ku-band, and complete flexible beam control in each operating band, achieving the [...] Read more.

In this paper, a novel single-layer dual-band orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed reflective metasurface array antenna is proposed, which can independently generate OAM beams with different modes in the C-band and Ku-band, and complete flexible beam control in each operating band, achieving the generation of an OAM beam with mode l = −1 under oblique incidence at 7G with 94.4% mode purity, and having a wider usable operating bandwidth at 12G with a wide operating bandwidth, and an OAM beam with mode l = +2 is generated under oblique incidence, achieving 82.5% mode purity, which verifies the performance of the unit, makes preparations for the next research, and provides new possibilities for communication in more transmission bands and larger channel capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 1st International Online Conference on Photonics)

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