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Stability of microRNAs in Canine Serum—A Prerequisite for Use as Biomarkers in Tumour Diagnostics

Journal Description

Veterinary Sciences

Veterinary Sciences is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on veterinary sciences published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Veterinary Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Veterinary)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 21.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Journal Cluster of Animal Science: Animals, Arthropoda, Birds, Insects, Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, Pets, Poultry, Ruminants and Veterinary Sciences.

Impact Factor: 2.3 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 2.4 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2306-7381

Latest Articles

18 pages, 9567 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Evolution Analysis of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Southern Xinjiang, China, from 2023 to 2025

by Shuhua Liu, Mengzhe Hou, Xin Chen, Baihe Ma, Zhen Zhang, Meiliang Guo, Yunlai Chen and Lianrui Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090874 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a major pathogen causing substantial economic losses in the global swine industry, was studied in southern Xinjiang to characterize its local epidemic features. Based on 632 clinical samples collected from 13 pig farms between 2023 and [...] Read more.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a major pathogen causing substantial economic losses in the global swine industry, was studied in southern Xinjiang to characterize its local epidemic features. Based on 632 clinical samples collected from 13 pig farms between 2023 and 2025, quantitative RT-PCR detection showed an overall positivity rate of 18.35% (116/632), with PRRSV-2 single infection accounting for 97.41% (113/116), PRRSV-1 single infection for 1.72% (2/116), and co-infection for 0.86% (1/116). Among 38 ORF5 sequences obtained from positive samples, Sublineage 1.8 (NADC30-like) was dominant, comprising 97.14% of successfully sequenced strains. Molecular analysis revealed that PRRSV-1 isolates carried six amino acid mutations including A129V (consistent with the Chinese strain CN/FJFQ-1/2023), while PRRSV-2 strains exhibited key variations such as the neutralization escape mutation Q13R, virulence-associated site K151R, and an anomalous vaccine marker A137. Furthermore, a recombinant strain (XJLETUQ2025-7) between NADC30 and VR-2332 was identified with breakpoints in NSP2 and NSP10. Serological surveillance of 2043 vaccinated pigs showed an overall antibody positive rate of 83.0% (1696/2043), with increasing annual rates from 72.3% (2023) and 75.4% (2024) to 91.3% (2025). In conclusion, the PRRSV epidemic in southern Xinjiang is primarily driven by NADC30-like strains of PRRSV-2, with recombination events and GP5 epitope variations posing challenges to disease control. These findings enhance the epidemiological understanding of PRRSV in the region and provide valuable insights for vaccine development and prevention strategies. Full article

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24 pages, 1956 KB

Open AccessReview

Cases of Interspecies Transmission of Influenza A Virus from Swine to Humans

by Nailya Klivleyeva, Tatyana Glebova, Nurbol Saktaganov and Richard Webby

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090873 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025

Influenza A viruses infect many animal species and have great zoonotic potential. The epidemiology of swine influenza worldwide is of particular importance because the pig can act as a “mixing vessel” where avian and human influenza viruses can undergo genetic reassortment, creating new [...] Read more.

Influenza A viruses infect many animal species and have great zoonotic potential. The epidemiology of swine influenza worldwide is of particular importance because the pig can act as a “mixing vessel” where avian and human influenza viruses can undergo genetic reassortment, creating new viruses. Zoonotic transmission allows new strains of influenza A viruses to be introduced into the human population, potentially causing the next influenza pandemic. The dynamic nature of swine influenza viruses poses challenges to both the swine industry and public health as a source of zoonotic infection. Human infections with swine influenza viruses are regularly reported. Many of these zoonotic events have occurred through close contact between humans and pigs, particularly at agricultural fairs, which have become a source of emerging of swine-origin influenza A viruses. These unique pig–human interfaces have caused the majority of human infections with variant influenza A viruses. In this review, we examine zoonotic spread of influenza A viruses of swine origin, transmission of influenza viruses from pigs to humans worldwide, and the reasons for the emergence of zoonoses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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21 pages, 963 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Findings on Low-Dose 1cp-LSD for Canine Anxiety: Exploring the Role of Owner Neuroticism and Psychopathology

by Elisa Hernández-Álvarez, Jaime Rojas-Hernández, Lucas F. Borkel, Domingo J. Quintana-Hernández, Tobías Fernández-Borkel and Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090872 (registering DOI) - 9 Sep 2025

This study investigated the effects of low-dose 1cp-LSD, a prodrug of LSD, on canine anxiety, while exploring the influence of owner psychopathology on treatment outcomes. Seven dogs exhibiting anxiety-related behaviors were recruited and received 2.5, 5, or 10 µg of 1cp-LSD orally every [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of low-dose 1cp-LSD, a prodrug of LSD, on canine anxiety, while exploring the influence of owner psychopathology on treatment outcomes. Seven dogs exhibiting anxiety-related behaviors were recruited and received 2.5, 5, or 10 µg of 1cp-LSD orally every three days for 30 days. One additional dog, which did not meet clinical criteria for anxiety but whose owner perceived it as anxious, received a placebo (saccharin) as an observational case. Anxiety levels were assessed using validated scales at baseline, post-treatment, and one month after treatment cessation. Owners’ neuroticism and psychopathological dimensions were evaluated using the IPIP and SA-45 scales. Linear regression analyses examined associations between anxiety reduction, administered dose, and owner psychological traits. A significant reduction in separation anxiety scores was observed post-treatment (mean: 11.3 ± 3.0, p = 0.023). Higher 1cp-LSD doses correlated with greater anxiety reduction (B = −1.15, 95% CI = [−2.29, −0.003], p = 0.050). Additionally, higher owner psychoticism scores were associated with smaller improvements in canine anxiety (p = 0.035). Anxiety levels remained low one month after treatment, with significant associations between canine anxiety and the owners’ hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, and paranoid ideation. These findings support the potential role of low-dose serotonergic psychedelics in managing canine anxiety and suggest an association between caregiver psychological traits and treatment outcomes. The sustained reduction in anxiety behaviors also suggests a meaningful and lasting improvement in animal welfare. However, significant results should be interpreted cautiously due to the small sample size. Further blinded, controlled studies are needed to validate these preliminary observations and assess broader applications in veterinary behavioral medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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10 pages, 613 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Sexual Dimorphism and Asymmetry in Quail (Coturnix coturnix) Feet Using Geometric Morphometrics

by Barış Can Güzel, Burak Ünal, Mehmet Eroğlu, Fatma İşbilir and Tomasz Szara

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090871 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Understanding morphological variation and asymmetry in avian limbs provides essential insights into functional anatomy, locomotor behavior, and developmental stability. In this study, we investigated shape and size variation in the feet of quails (Coturnix coturnix) using two-dimensional geometric morphometric methods. A [...] Read more.

Understanding morphological variation and asymmetry in avian limbs provides essential insights into functional anatomy, locomotor behavior, and developmental stability. In this study, we investigated shape and size variation in the feet of quails (Coturnix coturnix) using two-dimensional geometric morphometric methods. A total of 233 animals were analyzed, representing both the left and right feet of male and female individuals. Nine homologous fixed landmarks were digitized on each foot, and configurations were subjected to Generalized Procrustes Analysis, followed by mirroring of right-side landmarks to ensure consistent orientation. Statistical analyses revealed no significant sexual dimorphism in either foot shape or centroid size. Principal Component Analysis indicated that the main shape variation was distributed individually rather than by sex and primarily affected the relative positions of toes and claws. Procrustes ANOVA confirmed that differences between sexes were not greater than expected by chance. Directional and fluctuating asymmetry were evaluated using a bilateral symmetry model to assess bilateral asymmetry. Directional asymmetry indicated consistent left–right differences, while fluctuating asymmetry reflected individual-level developmental instability and comprised the main source of variation. These findings provide a detailed morphological baseline for quail foot structure and highlight the importance of considering asymmetry in studies of avian functional morphology. The approach may also be a reference for future research into developmental stress, locomotor adaptation, or species-specific anatomical patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative and Functional Anatomy in Veterinary and Animal Sciences)

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19 pages, 331 KB

Open AccessArticle

My Workplace Is Not a Safe Place: Transgressive Behavior and Workplace Harassment in Veterinary Clinics in the Netherlands

by Jolanda Jansen, Quintie Stoel and Theo J. G. M. Lam

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090870 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Workplace harassment and transgressive behavior—including aggression, bullying, sexual harassment, and discrimination—is a growing concern in society, including veterinary practice, worldwide. This study explores its prevalence in Dutch veterinary clinics serving different animal species, using an anonymous online survey conducted between December 2023 and [...] Read more.

Workplace harassment and transgressive behavior—including aggression, bullying, sexual harassment, and discrimination—is a growing concern in society, including veterinary practice, worldwide. This study explores its prevalence in Dutch veterinary clinics serving different animal species, using an anonymous online survey conducted between December 2023 and January 2024. In total, 632 responses were included in the analyses. The respondents were grouped into veterinary support staff, i.e., nurses, technicians, and receptionists (54.1%), veterinarians (35.1%), practice managers (9.7%), and other (1.1%). The respondents mostly identified themselves as female (94.0%). The findings reveal that 69.6% of respondents experienced at least one form of transgressive behavior in 2023. Aggression was the most common (59.7%), followed by bullying (35.8%), discrimination (14.1%), and sexual harassment (5.9%). Younger professionals (aged ≤ 30) and veterinary support staff reported significantly more aggression and bullying than other groups (p < 0.005). Client-related incidents dominated aggression and bullying (p < 0.001), while colleagues and supervisors together accounted for most discrimination (p < 0.001). The results underscore an urgent need for interventions and cultural change in the veterinary sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Clinical Communication in Veterinary Medicine: Research and Practical Applications)

23 pages, 3886 KB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Analysis of Central Nervous System Diseases in Dogs, with Special Focus on Non-Suppurative Encephalomyelitis (1962–2022)

by Inga Marie Nägler, Adnan Fayyad, Christina Puff, Wolfgang Baumgärtner and Peter Wohlsein

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090869 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Studies spanning decades provide important information about the epidemiology and occurrence of a broad range of diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs. This study analyzed records and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) CNS tissue samples from necropsied dogs with neuropathologic changes [...] Read more.

Studies spanning decades provide important information about the epidemiology and occurrence of a broad range of diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS) of dogs. This study analyzed records and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) CNS tissue samples from necropsied dogs with neuropathologic changes between 1962 and 2022. A total of 134,854 animals, including 20,117 dogs, were submitted for necropsy during this time span. Of these dogs, 2646 displayed alterations of the CNS. Degenerative and non-suppurative inflammatory lesions were the most common changes, accounting for 35.6% and 28.6%, respectively. Vascular diseases, neoplasms, congenital malformations, and suppurative inflammation represented 13.8%, 8.6%, 7.2%, and 5.4% of cases, respectively. Morbillivirus canis, the agent of canine distemper, was the most commonly diagnosed. The second most commonly detected virus, varicellovirus suidalpha1, the agent of pseudorabies, occurred almost exclusively between the mid-1970s and 1990s. Other pathogens, including Lyssavirus rabies, canine herpes virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, apicomplexan parasites, such as Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, as well as fungal and other parasitic infections, were less frequently diagnosed. Interestingly, 47.6% of cases with non-suppurative inflammation remained etiologically undetermined. This study provides insights into the epidemiology of canine neurotropic infections and shows the value of FFPE material for investigations of past disease outbreaks. Full article

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30 pages, 3992 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sheep Pox Susceptibility: Role of Genetic Variants, Gene Expression, and Immune-Oxidative Markers

by Asmaa A. Darwish, Huda A. Alqahtani, Amin Tahoun, Ahmed Ateya, Noha A. Helmy, Amani A. Hafez, Hanan M. Alharbi, Khairiah M. Alwutayd, Manal A. Babaker, Ammar AL-Farga, Eman A. Al-Shahari, Zakaria A. Salih, Mohammed Ali. Al-Duais and Ahmed El-Sayed

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090867 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Sheep pox, caused by sheep pox virus (SPV), is a transboundary disease that threatens sheep production and trade. This study aimed to identify genetic, immunological, and biochemical markers associated with susceptibility to SPV in Barki ewes. A total of 100 adult ewes were [...] Read more.

Sheep pox, caused by sheep pox virus (SPV), is a transboundary disease that threatens sheep production and trade. This study aimed to identify genetic, immunological, and biochemical markers associated with susceptibility to SPV in Barki ewes. A total of 100 adult ewes were examined, including 50 clinically healthy and 50 naturally infected animals. PCR detected SPV DNA in 60% of suspected scab samples, highlighting diagnostic challenges in field investigations. Blood samples were analyzed for hematological indices, cytokine profiles, acute phase proteins, oxidative stress biomarkers, iron metabolism, and hormonal parameters. Expression profiles and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 15 immune and antioxidant genes were characterized from cDNA-derived sequences. Infected animals exhibited microcytic hypochromic anemia, leukocytosis, elevated proinflammatory cytokines, and reduced IL-10. Acute phase proteins, oxidative stress markers, and cortisol were increased, whereas antioxidant capacity and transferrin were reduced. Twenty-three SNPs were identified, including non-synonymous variants, which showed promising but unvalidated associations with disease status. These findings highlight immune, oxidative, and genetic alterations in SPV-infected sheep, but further longitudinal and cross-validated studies are needed to establish their diagnostic or breeding utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Viral Pathogens in Domestic and Wild Animals)

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13 pages, 3012 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Novel Mutations in the LEPR Gene on Litter Size in Gobi Short Tail Sheep and Sonid Sheep

by Sen Yang, Lin An, Pengda Dong, Ming Zhang, Guifang Cao, Taogetao Baoying, Lai Da, Changqing Li and Bin Tong

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090868 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Increasing the litter size in sheep is a primary objective in breeding programs, driving sustained interest in identifying candidate functional genes and molecular markers associated with fecundity. The known FecD mutation in the LEPR gene has been shown to regulate reproductive traits by [...] Read more.

Increasing the litter size in sheep is a primary objective in breeding programs, driving sustained interest in identifying candidate functional genes and molecular markers associated with fecundity. The known FecD mutation in the LEPR gene has been shown to regulate reproductive traits by influencing the ovulation rate of Davisdale sheep. However, the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LEPR and litter size remains unknown in Gobi short tail sheep and Sonid sheep. In this research, we found one novel variant and thirteen known variants through direct sequencing in Sonid sheep and Gobi short tail sheep and performed an association study in a large-scale population. The association analysis identified two SNPs (c.240C>T (rs159694506) and c.279C>T (rs159694508)) with significant litter size associations in Gobi short tail sheep (p < 0.01 ). In Sonid sheep, the c.240C>T (rs159694506), c.279C>T (rs159694508), g.41249772C>T (rs412130067), g.41249873A>C (rs425490800), g.41250357T>C (rs424307284), and g.41250358T>C (rs404651806) SNPs were significantly associated with litter size (p < 0.05 ). In addition, in GB sheep, the frequency of the litter-size-associated C allele at the c.240C>T (rs159694506) and c.279C>T (rs159694508) variants were significantly lower than that in Sonid sheep (SN), Mongolia sheep (MG), Ujimqin sheep (UM), Tan sheep (Tan), Hu sheep (Hu), and Small-tailed Han sheep (STH) populations. In SN sheep, the frequency of the litter-size-associated C allele at the c.240C>T (rs159694506) and c.279C>T (rs159694508) variant was significantly lower than that in the DPU. These findings provided valuable molecular markers pertinent to the fecundity of sheep, offering scientific evidence for the genetic improvement of these breeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Markers in Ruminant Reproduction)

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21 pages, 1400 KB

Open AccessReview

The Ecological–Evolutionary Game of the Insect Gut Microbiome: Environmental Drivers, Host Regulation, and Prospects for Cross-Cutting Applications

by Ying Wang, Jie Tang, Yao Chen, Shuyi Chen, Sumin Chen, Xin Yu, Caijing Wan, Guoqi Xiang, Yaping Chen and Qiang Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090866 (registering DOI) - 5 Sep 2025

The insect gut contains a complex and diverse microbial community, and the composition of the insect gut microbial community is influenced by multiple factors such as the host’s genetics, dietary habits, and the external environment. The host’s immune system maintains the stability and [...] Read more.

The insect gut contains a complex and diverse microbial community, and the composition of the insect gut microbial community is influenced by multiple factors such as the host’s genetics, dietary habits, and the external environment. The host’s immune system maintains the stability and balance of the microbial community through a number of mechanisms. The microorganisms in this community play key roles in the nutrient metabolism, detoxification, immune regulation, development, and behaveior of insects. In recent years, the relevant literature has reported advances in the study of insect gut microbes, indicating the potential applications of insect gut microbes in several fields. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current information on the structure of insect gut microbial communities and complex host–microbe–environment interactions. The diversity of insects’ gut microbial communities and the functions of their gut microbes are revealed. By studying insect gut microbial communities, we can gain insights into the functions of these microbes in the host and explore the causal relationships between them and the host’s physiology and behavior. This will not only help us to understand the mechanism of action of the microbiome, but also provide a basis for the development of innovative biotechnology based on insect gut microbes. This research has significant theoretical value in academia and also has a wide range of applications in agriculture, environmental protection, industrial production, and healthcare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction Between Intestinal Microorganisms and Hosts to Regulate Animal Growth)

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10 pages, 807 KB

Open AccessArticle

Behavioral Assessment of Equine Relaxation Following Manual Therapy: A Pilot Study

by Yavuzkan Paksoy, Kerem Ural, Hasan Erdoğan, Songül Erdoğan and Serdar Paşa

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090865 - 5 Sep 2025

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the relaxation, stress reduction and behavioral changes observed after manual therapy applied to horses exposed to racing and physical training stimulus. This descriptive approach is aimed at veterinary clinicians to evaluate the therapy process [...] Read more.

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the relaxation, stress reduction and behavioral changes observed after manual therapy applied to horses exposed to racing and physical training stimulus. This descriptive approach is aimed at veterinary clinicians to evaluate the therapy process more effectively with behavioral feedback. For this purpose, the study was conducted in two different equestrian clubs in Adana (Adana Mediterranean and Suvari Equestrian Clubs) between 2023 and 2024. A total of 32 racehorses (16 Thoroughbred, 16 Arabian; 16 female, 16 male) of different ages, genders and breeds were included in the study. Five minutes of manual therapy was applied for each of 7 different muscle groups. After the massage, behavioral observations were made for 10 min by moving 2 m away from the animals, and no separate baseline assessment was performed prior to the intervention. The application was carried out by a veterinarian with 15 years of experience. Importantly, no separate baseline assessment or control group was performed, and only behavioral responses were evaluated, which represents a major limitation of this pilot study. Among the observed behaviors in all horses, blinking, muscle twitching, respiratory changes, lip relaxation, licking and chewing were recorded for all horses. Relaxation signs such as head dropping (78.1%), yawning (34.4%), and ears falling to the side (62.5%) were frequently observed. Behaviors such as the appearance of the third eyelid (3.1%), grunting (12.5%) and sneezing (15.6%) were observed at a low percentage. Individual variables such as gender and breed did not have a statistically significant effect on the percentage of behavior (Chi-square test, p > 0.05). In conclusion, these preliminary findings suggest that manual therapy applications might be effective in reducing stress by triggering relaxation behaviors in riding horses, as these behaviors have been previously reported in the literature as reliable indicators of relaxation. Evaluation of behavioral responses after massage could be an important tool in determining physiotherapeutic effects. The fact that the application is performed by experienced people is an important factor that increases the success of the therapy and shows that manual therapy provides relaxation regardless of individual differences. Future controlled studies integrating physiological stress biomarkers are warranted to confirm these observations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Precision Feeding and Management of Farm Animals, 3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 3161 KB

Open AccessReview

Antiviral Activity of Diltiazem HCl Against Pseudorabies Virus Infection In Vitro

by Mengting Zuo, Decai Xiang, Zhen-Xing Zhang, Xi Yang, Yuqing Duan, Juan Li, Bangquan Zeng, Lu Dong, Guoquan Wu, Yi Zhou, Lei Tan and Bofang Duan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090864 - 5 Sep 2025

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly pathogenic agent that adversely impacts swine populations, leading to considerable economic losses within the Chinese pig industry. Furthermore, the potential for PRV to transmit across species from pigs to other hosts has attracted significant attention. In light [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly pathogenic agent that adversely impacts swine populations, leading to considerable economic losses within the Chinese pig industry. Furthermore, the potential for PRV to transmit across species from pigs to other hosts has attracted significant attention. In light of this, the identification of effective antiviral agents against PRV infection is of paramount importance. In this study, we investigated the antiviral properties of Diltiazem HCl (DTZ) against PRV infection in susceptible cell lines. Our results demonstrated that DTZ significantly inhibited PRV infection in both PK15 and Vero cells. Moreover, this chemical compound exhibited antiviral activity against both variant and classical strains of PRV, as well as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Time-of-addition assays showed that DTZ exerted its inhibitory effect through specific interference with the virus replication process. Subsequent transcriptomic analysis via RNA sequencing indicated that the calcium signaling pathway might be involved in the antiviral properties of DTZ against PRV infection. Specifically, treatment with EGTA or calcium ion (Ca²⁺)-free medium inhibited PRV infection; this inhibitory effect was substantially mitigated upon the reintroduction of CaCl₂. In summary, DTZ effectively suppressed PRV infection in vitro, demonstrating its potential as an antiviral agent against PRV infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Diseases in Animals: Molecular Insights, Diagnostic Innovations, and One Health Implications)

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20 pages, 4084 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae in Swine Farms, Mainland China, 2003–2024: A Meta-Analysis

by Hongyu Zhou, Huiling Zhang, Xueping Zhang, Lina Ye, Xinyuan Liu and Tangjie Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090863 - 5 Sep 2025

This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence and risk factors of M. hyopneumoniae infection in swine farms across mainland China from 2003 to 2024. A total of 54 eligible cross-sectional studies were analyzed by stratifying farms as subclinically or [...] Read more.

This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence and risk factors of M. hyopneumoniae infection in swine farms across mainland China from 2003 to 2024. A total of 54 eligible cross-sectional studies were analyzed by stratifying farms as subclinically or clinically infected. The overall pooled prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae was estimated as 33.4%, with clinical infection farms showing a significantly higher prevalence (52.9%) than subclinical farms (11.5%). Subgroup analyses revealed significant variations in infection rates based on age, sampling year, geographic region, farming scale, season, sampling type, and diagnostic method. Small-scale farms, farms with breeding swine, and farms in the Northwest region showed the highest infection rates. Diagnostic methods and sampling types also significantly influenced detection rates. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the results, while publication bias was addressed using the Trim-and-Fill method. To effectively reduce the burden of M. hyopneumoniae in the swine industry in mainland China, future efforts should prioritize enhanced biosecurity, improved diagnostic accuracy, and region-specific vaccination and management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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42 pages, 2279 KB

Open AccessReview

From Farm to Fork: Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens in Livestock Production and the Food Chain

by Ayman Elbehiry and Eman Marzouk

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090862 - 4 Sep 2025

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock production systems has emerged as a major global health concern, threatening not only animal welfare and agricultural productivity but also food safety and public health. The widespread, and often poorly regulated, use of antimicrobials for growth promotion, prophylaxis, [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock production systems has emerged as a major global health concern, threatening not only animal welfare and agricultural productivity but also food safety and public health. The widespread, and often poorly regulated, use of antimicrobials for growth promotion, prophylaxis, and metaphylaxis has accelerated the emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria and resistance genes. These elements circulate across interconnected animal, environmental, and human ecosystems, driven by mobile genetic elements and amplified through the food production chain. It is estimated that more than two-thirds of medically important antimicrobials are used in animals, and AMR could cause millions of human deaths annually by mid-century if unchecked. In some livestock systems, multidrug-resistant E. coli prevalence already exceeds half of isolates, particularly in poultry and swine in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology, ecological drivers, and One Health implications of AMR in food-producing animals. We highlight key zoonotic and foodborne bacterial pathogens—including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus—as well as underappreciated reservoirs in commensal microbiota and livestock environments. Diagnostic platforms spanning phenotypic assays, PCR, MALDI-TOF MS, whole-genome sequencing, and CRISPR-based tools are examined for their roles in AMR detection, surveillance, and resistance gene characterization. We also evaluate current antimicrobial stewardship practices, global and regional surveillance initiatives, and policy frameworks, identifying critical implementation gaps, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Emerging sectors such as aquaculture and insect farming are considered for their potential role as future AMR hotspots. Finally, we outline future directions including real-time genomic surveillance, AI-assisted resistance prediction, and integrated One Health data platforms as essential innovations to combat AMR. Mitigating the threat of AMR in animal agriculture will require coordinated scientific, regulatory, and cross-sectoral responses to ensure the long-term efficacy of antimicrobial agents for both human and veterinary medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Pathogens in Primary Animal Food Production)

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23 pages, 4452 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Bacillus subtilis and Bacteriophage Supplementation on Water Quality, Carcass Traits, and Muscle Growth in Magang Geese

by Yong Li, Yongquan Luo, Yuanhao Han, Zhiyuan Liu, Songchao Li, Xiujin Li, Zhongping Wu, Yunbo Tian, Yunmao Huang and Xumeng Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090861 - 4 Sep 2025

Background: Escherichia coli and Salmonella contamination in goose bath water releases endotoxins like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), compromising immunity and hindering goose farming. Objective: This study evaluated effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis and bacteriophage supplementation on water quality, carcass traits, and muscle growth in Magang [...] Read more.

Background: Escherichia coli and Salmonella contamination in goose bath water releases endotoxins like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), compromising immunity and hindering goose farming. Objective: This study evaluated effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis and bacteriophage supplementation on water quality, carcass traits, and muscle growth in Magang geese. Method: A total of 288 geese were divided into four groups based on similarity in weight (n = 6 geese): A (basal diet); B (basal diet + bacteriophage: 5.0 × 10¹⁰ PFU/L at 1:1000 dilution); C (basal diet + Bacillus subtilis: 5.0 × 10⁹ CFU/kg); D (basal diet + bacteriophage + Bacillus subtilis). Results: Supplementation significantly increased wing length, tibia length, and live weight at 60 days. It reduced water and plasma endotoxin levels and suppressed viable counts of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and total bacteria in water across rearing stages. Supplementation up-regulated mRNA and protein expression of myogenic regulators (MYOD, MYOG, MYH1) and IGF-1, while down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), suggesting enhanced myofiber growth. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that Bacillus subtilis and bacteriophage supplementation improves goose growth performance and immune status by modulating key genes, reducing pathogens and endotoxins, offering an eco-friendly strategy to enhance productivity and potentially reduce antibiotic dependency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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18 pages, 255 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Aqueous Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract as a Natural Alternative to Antibiotics in Broiler Chickens: Impacts on Growth, Digestibility, and Blood Lipid Profile

by Rifat Ullah Jan, Muhammad Ayaz, Shah Zeb Ahmad, Muhammad Tahir, Muhammad Irfan Khan, Muhammad Iftikhar, Huanyong Han, Hosameldeen Mohamed Husien, Zang Yu and Mengzhi Wang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090860 - 4 Sep 2025

Excessive use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in broiler rearing has led to severe issues due to antimicrobial resistance and drug residues in meat. This study was conducted to evaluate aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) as a natural alternative to antibiotics in [...] Read more.

Excessive use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in broiler rearing has led to severe issues due to antimicrobial resistance and drug residues in meat. This study was conducted to evaluate aqueous Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) as a natural alternative to antibiotics in broiler chickens. 150 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into five groups: one control, three MOLE-treated groups (60, 90, and 120 mL/L), and one Enrofloxacin-treated group (an antibiotic). The birds were monitored for a 35-day trial period, split further into a starter phase (0–21 days) and a finisher phase (22–35 days). The results were that at the starter phase of their lives, birds treated with MOLE120 experienced better body weight gain and optimal feed conversion ratio (FCR), which showed improved early growth performance. In the finisher phase, the MOLE90 group demonstrated the best FCR and a favorable weight gain, showing better efficiency at later stages. Crude protein digestibility was highest in the MOLE90 group (69.97%), and apparent metabolizable energy also increased in all MOLE-treated groups, especially MOLE120 (2938.9 kcal/kg). Regarding the blood lipid profile, the MOLE90 group had the lowest low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (82.3 mg/dL) and cholesterol (181.7 mg/dL), while MOLE120 achieved the highest high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level (92.6 mg/dL) with significant (p < 0.05) effects across all parameters. Triglycerides were slightly higher in MOLE groups but remained within physiological limits. In conclusion, MOLE supplementation, particularly at 90–120 mL/L, improved performance and blood lipid metabolism in a phase-specific manner. MOLE120 was more effective in early growth, while MOLE90 proved optimal in the finishing stage. This study supports the potential of MOLE as a phytogenic substitute for antibiotics in poultry production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Ruminant Health and Production: Alternatives to Antibiotics)

18 pages, 547 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Three Different Balanced Sedative-Anaesthetic Protocols in Captive Baboons (Papio hamadryas)

by Martina Amari, Federica Alessandra Brioschi, Petra Cagnardi, Giulia Sala, Francesco Ferrari, Michele Capasso, Luigi Elia, Elena Venturelli, Federica Di Cesare, Francesco Zinno and Giuliano Ravasio

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090859 - 4 Sep 2025

Baboons’ management requires chemical restraint. Three intramuscular sedative protocols in captive hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) undergoing health-check and male vasectomy were compared. Animals were assigned to TZD_G (n = 17; tiletamine/zolazepam 3 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 20 μg/kg), KDM_G (n [...] Read more.

Baboons’ management requires chemical restraint. Three intramuscular sedative protocols in captive hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) undergoing health-check and male vasectomy were compared. Animals were assigned to TZD_G (n = 17; tiletamine/zolazepam 3 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 20 μg/kg), KDM_G (n = 23; ketamine 6 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 30 μg/kg + methadone 0.2 mg/kg), or MDM_G (n = 9; midazolam 2 mg/kg + dexmedetomidine 60 μg/kg + methadone 0.2 mg/kg). Propofol was titrated intravenously for anaesthetic induction and maintenance. Sedation time and quality and cardiopulmonary parameters were recorded. Atipamezole (TZD_G 0.2 mg/kg, KDM_G 0.3 mg/kg, MDM_G 0.6 mg/kg) and flumazenil (MDM_G 0.02 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly post-procedure. Recovery time and quality were recorded. Data were reported as median (interquartile range) or regression coefficient (B). Sedation was deepest in TZD_G (20, 20–20; KDM_G 20, 19–20; MDM_G 19, 15–20; p = 0.017). MDM_G had a significantly higher heart rate (B = 10.27, p = 0.001), respiratory rate (B = 9.09, p < 0.001), and lower end-tidal carbon dioxide (B = −3.00, p = 0.03) than TZD_G, while KDM_G had a lower respiratory rate than TZD_G (B = −3.67, p = 0.02) and a higher temperature (B = 1.66 p = 0.001). TZD_G showed the longest recovery (minutes: 19, 11.5–30; KDM_G: 6, 4–12; MDM_G: 4, 2.5–5; p < 0.001), while MDM_G the best recovery (0, 0–0; TZD_G: 9, 6–12; KDM_G: 0, 0–6; p < 0.001). TZD produced deepest sedation but bad recovery; KDM offered optimal sedation and recovery, and cardiopulmonary stability; MDM provided lighter sedation and excellent recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Zoo, Aquatic, and Wild Animal Medicine)

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27 pages, 734 KB

Open AccessReview

Genetic Diversity of Newcastle Disease Virus and Its Implications for Vaccine Development

by Olga A. Kondakova, Alexey A. Agranovsky, Ekaterina M. Ryabchevskaya, Elizaveta P. Umarova, Dmitriy L. Granovskiy, Stepan E. Toropov, Ekaterina A. Evtushenko, Nikolai A. Nikitin and Olga V. Karpova

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090858 - 4 Sep 2025

The Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, induces the highly contagious Newcastle disease in poultry. Newcastle disease outbreaks, common in many developing countries, have been recorded worldwide for a century. Poultry, even vaccinated stocks, together with wild and synanthropic birds, serve as [...] Read more.

The Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, induces the highly contagious Newcastle disease in poultry. Newcastle disease outbreaks, common in many developing countries, have been recorded worldwide for a century. Poultry, even vaccinated stocks, together with wild and synanthropic birds, serve as reservoirs of NDV. Despite the extensive use of commercial NDV vaccines, Newcastle disease outbreaks frequently occur in vaccinated chickens, resulting in great economic losses. The primary limitation of commercial Newcastle disease vaccines is their restricted compatibility with emerging novel NDV strains. The advancement of vaccines and vaccination techniques is anticipated to reduce the propagation of pathogenic NDV strains and consequently alleviate losses in poultry production. This review examines the NDV genotypes and strains implicated in both current and historical Newcastle disease outbreaks, and evaluates existing and candidate NDV vaccines, emphasizing recent innovations and novel techniques. Our aim was to delineate critical subjects for future inquiry and to furnish extensive data that could aid researchers in understanding the current advancements and existing problems in Newcastle disease vaccination prophylactics. The emergence of a new generation of vaccines employing advanced technologies may substantially improve the efficacy of Newcastle disease prevention and control. Full article

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16 pages, 2432 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Supplementation with Chlorogenic Acid-Rich Extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver During Peri-Implantation on the Reproductive Performance and Gut Microbiota of Sows

by Yan Zhang, Hexuan Qu, Hongda Pan, Dao Xiang, Seongho Choi and Shuang Liang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090857 - 4 Sep 2025

Chlorogenic acid (CGA)-rich extracts from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (CAE) are known for their gut health and antioxidant benefits in livestock. This study examines the effects of CAE supplementation during the peri-implantation period on sow reproductive performance and the gut microbiota. Sixty Dongliao black [...] Read more.

Chlorogenic acid (CGA)-rich extracts from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (CAE) are known for their gut health and antioxidant benefits in livestock. This study examines the effects of CAE supplementation during the peri-implantation period on sow reproductive performance and the gut microbiota. Sixty Dongliao black sows were randomized to receive either no supplementation (control) or CAE at 600 or 2000 mg/kg daily from gestation day −5 through day 15. High-dose CAE intake significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels in sow serum but decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) also increase significantly. These changes correlate with improved reproductive performance, including a larger litter size, higher numbers of live-born piglets, a greater individual birth weight of live-born piglets, a higher total litter birth weight of live-born piglets, and a lower mortality rate. 16S rRNA sequencing of the fecal microbiota revealed that CAE markedly altered microbial diversity and composition, reducing the abundance of potentially harmful bacteria but increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, supplementation with CAE during the peri-implantation phase can reduce oxidative stress, alter the gut microbiota composition, and improve sow reproductive performance, thus potentially increasing breeding farm profitability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Method and Perspective in Animal Reproduction)

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12 pages, 1210 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Survey of the Reproductive Lesions in Captive Female Non-Human Primates in Italy

by Valentina Galietta, Cristiano Cocumelli, Raffaella Parmigiani, Emanuela Bovi, Tiziana Palmerini, Chiara Acri, Pilar Di Cerbo, Marco Aloisi, Antonella Cersini and Claudia Eleni

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090856 - 4 Sep 2025

Non-human primates (NHPs) are considered important models for the study of reproductive diseases, due to their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. However, studies on spontaneous lesions of the reproductive system in NHPs housed in zoos remain limited compared to those in laboratory [...] Read more.

Non-human primates (NHPs) are considered important models for the study of reproductive diseases, due to their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. However, studies on spontaneous lesions of the reproductive system in NHPs housed in zoos remain limited compared to those in laboratory animals. In this study, we report a retrospective analysis of female reproductive pathologies in 103 necropsied non-human primates from Italian zoos between 2007 and 2024. Only adult, intact, non-pregnant females with macroscopically visible reproductive lesions were included. Histopathological examination revealed reproductive tract lesions in 15 individuals (14.6%), including both non-neoplastic (cystic endometrial hyperplasia, adenomyosis, endometriosis) and neoplastic (leiomyomas, cervical and ovarian adenocarcinomas, and metastatic tumors) conditions. Leiomyoma was the most common tumor, particularly in the genus Macaca, while rare malignant neoplasms and metastatic lesions were identified in the great apes and in the New World species. The results suggest an age-related degenerative component and highlight interspecific differences in the distribution of lesions, probably related to the reproductive physiology of the various species. These results underline the importance of systematic post-mortem surveillance to improve the management of reproductive health of these captive populations and provide comparative insights with humans. Full article

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15 pages, 4445 KB

Open AccessArticle

Simvastatin Combined with CpG Enhances the Immunogenicity of the H9N2 Inactivated Vaccine

by Yan Ma, Jiaxi Zhu, Zuchen Song, Lina Jiao, Ruihong Yu, Zheng Wang, Zhimin Zhang, Jiaguo Liu and Zhenguang Liu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 855; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090855 - 4 Sep 2025

The H9N2 virus has severely harmed the livestock and bird farming industry. Currently, it is mainly prevented through vaccination immunization. However, conventional vaccines often fail to induce durable immune responses and long-lasting immunoprotection. In this research, we used Simvastatin (Sim) and CpG as [...] Read more.

The H9N2 virus has severely harmed the livestock and bird farming industry. Currently, it is mainly prevented through vaccination immunization. However, conventional vaccines often fail to induce durable immune responses and long-lasting immunoprotection. In this research, we used Simvastatin (Sim) and CpG as adjuvants for the H9N2 inactivated vaccine to evaluate the vaccine’s immunogenicity in chickens. We evaluate vaccine immunogenicity through antibody testing, T lymphocyte phenotyping, and RNA-sequencing analysis. The results indicated that the Sim + CpG/H9N2 formulation significantly enhanced specific IgY and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers. It also increased the proportions of CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells, promoted immune organ development, and stimulated the formation of germinal centers. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that Sim + CpG/H9N2 vaccination significantly upregulated immune-related genes, which were enriched in pathways associated with stress response activation, immune cell recruitment, and inflammatory signaling. Overall, these findings demonstrate that Sim + CpG/H9N2 markedly enhances the immunogenicity of the inactivated H9N2 vaccine and provides new insights into the application of vaccine adjuvants for improved immune protection. Full article

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