Toxics

Article

17 pages, 1319 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Contamination Assessment and Potential Human Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Urban Soils from Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA

by Muhammad Saleem, Donald A. Sens, Seema Somji, David Pierce, Yuqiang Wang, August Leopold, Mohammad Ehsanul Haque and Scott H. Garrett

Toxics 2023, 11(2), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020132 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3392

Abstract

Heavy metal (HM) pollution of soil is an increasingly serious problem worldwide. The current study assessed the metal levels and ecological and human health risk associated with HMs in Grand Forks urban soils. A total 40 composite surface soil samples were investigated for [...] Read more.

Heavy metal (HM) pollution of soil is an increasingly serious problem worldwide. The current study assessed the metal levels and ecological and human health risk associated with HMs in Grand Forks urban soils. A total 40 composite surface soil samples were investigated for Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Hg, Cr, Cd and Tl using microwave-assisted HNO₃-HCl acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. The enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), ecological risk and potential ecological risk index were used for ecological risk assessment. The park soils revealed the following decreasing trend for metal levels: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > As > Co > Cd > Tl > Hg. Based on mean levels, all the studied HMs except As and Cr were lower than guideline limits set by international agencies. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Cr and Tl may originate from natural sources, while Hg, Pb, As and Cd may come from anthropogenic/mixed sources. The Igeo results showed that the soil was moderately polluted by As and Cd and, based on EF results, As and Cd exhibited significant enrichment. The contamination factor analysis revealed that Zn and Pb showed moderate contamination, Hg exhibited low to moderate contamination and As and Cd showed high contamination in the soil. Comparatively higher risk was noted for children over adults and, overall, As was the major contributor (>50%), followed by Cr (>13%), in the non-carcinogenic risk assessment. Carcinogenic risk assessment revealed that As and Cr pose significant risks to the populations associated with this urban soil. Lastly, this study showed that the soil was moderately contaminated by As, Cd, Pb and Hg and should be regularly monitored for metal contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)

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15 pages, 1678 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Associations with Blood Lead and Urinary Cadmium Concentrations in Relation to Mortality in the US Population: A Causal Survival Analysis with G-Computation

by Nasser Laouali, Tarik Benmarhnia, Bruce P. Lanphear and Youssef Oulhote

Toxics 2023, 11(2), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020133 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3073

Abstract

Using the parametric g-formula, we estimated the 27-year risk of all-cause and specific causes of mortality under different potential interventions for blood lead (BLLs) and urinary cadmium (UCd) levels. We used data on 14,311 adults aged ≥20 years enrolled in the NHANES-III between [...] Read more.

Using the parametric g-formula, we estimated the 27-year risk of all-cause and specific causes of mortality under different potential interventions for blood lead (BLLs) and urinary cadmium (UCd) levels. We used data on 14,311 adults aged ≥20 years enrolled in the NHANES-III between 1988 and 1994 and followed up through 31 Dec 31 2015. Time and cause of death were determined from the National Death Index records. We used the parametric g-formula with pooled logistic regression models to estimate the relative and absolute risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality under different potential threshold interventions for BLLs and UCd concentrations. Median follow-up was 22.5 years. A total of 5167 (36%) participants died by the end of the study, including 1550 from cardiovascular diseases and 1135 from cancer. Increases in BLLs and creatinine-corrected UCd levels from the 5th to the 95th percentiles were associated with risk differences of 4.17% (1.54 to 8.77) and 6.22% (4.51 to 12.00) for all-cause mortality, 1.52% (0.09 to 3.74) and 1.06% (−0.57 to 3.50) for cardiovascular disease mortality, and 1.32% (−0.09 to 3.67) and 0.64% (−0.98 to 2.80) for cancer mortality, respectively. Interventions to reduce historical exposures to lead and cadmium may have prevented premature deaths, especially from cardiovascular disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Environmental Epidemiology)

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15 pages, 2398 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Occupational Exposure to Metal Engineered Nanoparticles: A Human Biomonitoring Pilot Study Involving Italian Nanomaterial Workers

by Beatrice Bocca, Beatrice Battistini, Veruscka Leso, Luca Fontana, Stefano Caimi, Mauro Fedele and Ivo Iavicoli

Toxics 2023, 11(2), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020120 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2911

Abstract

Advances in nanotechnology have led to an increased use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and the likelihood for occupational exposures. However, how to assess such exposure remains a challenge. In this study, a methodology for human biomonitoring, based on Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma [...] Read more.

Advances in nanotechnology have led to an increased use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and the likelihood for occupational exposures. However, how to assess such exposure remains a challenge. In this study, a methodology for human biomonitoring, based on Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS), was developed as a tool to assess the ENPs exposure of workers involved in nanomaterial activities in two Italian Companies. The method was validated for size and number concentration determination of Ag, Au, In₂O₃, Ir, Pd, Pt, and TiO₂ NPs in urine and blood samples. The results showed the presence of In₂O₃ NPs in blood of exposed workers (mean, 38 nm and 10,371 particles/mL), but not in blood of controls. Silver, Au, and TiO₂ NPs were found in urine (mean, Ag 29 nm and 16,568 particles/mL) or blood (mean, Au 15 nm and 126,635 particles/mL; TiO₂ 84 nm and 27,705 particles/mL) of workers, though these NPs were found also in controls. The presence of ENPs in both workers and controls suggested that the extra-professional exposure is a source of ENPs that cannot be disregarded. Iridium, Pd, and Pt NPs were not detected neither in blood nor in urine. Overall, the findings provided a rational basis to evaluate the exposure assessment to ENPs in cohorts of workers as part of risk assessment and risk management processes in workplaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)

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17 pages, 3021 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chemical Composition and Transgenerational Effects on Caenorhabditis elegans of Seasonal Fine Particulate Matter

by Rongying Yang, Pengxiang Ge, Xiaoming Liu, Wankang Chen, Zhansheng Yan and Mindong Chen

Toxics 2023, 11(2), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020116 - 24 Jan 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2698

Abstract

While numerous studies have demonstrated the adverse effects of fine particulate matter (PM) on human health, little attention has been paid to its impact on offspring health. The multigenerational toxic effects on Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) were investigated by acute exposure. [...] Read more.

While numerous studies have demonstrated the adverse effects of fine particulate matter (PM) on human health, little attention has been paid to its impact on offspring health. The multigenerational toxic effects on Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) were investigated by acute exposure. PM_2.5 and PM₁ samples were collected and analysed for their chemical composition (inorganic ions, metals, OM, PAHs) in different seasons from April 2019 to January 2020 in Lin’an, China. A higher proportion of organic carbon components (34.3%, 35.9%) and PAHs (0.0144%, 0.0200%) occupied the PM_2.5 and PM₁ samples in winter, respectively. PM₁ in summer was enriched with some metal elements (2.7%). Exposure to fine PM caused developmental slowing and increased germ cell apoptosis, as well as inducing intestinal autofluorescence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. PM₁ caused stronger toxic effects than PM_2.5. The correlation between PM component and F0 generation toxicity index was analysed. Body length, germ cell apoptosis and intestinal autofluorescence were all highly correlated with Cu, As, Pb, OC and PAHs, most strongly with PAHs. The highest correlation coefficients between ROS and each component are SO₄²⁻ (R = 0.743), Cd (R = 0.816) and OC (R = 0.716). The results imply that OC, PAHs and some transition metals play an important role in the toxicity of fine PM to C. elegans, where the organic fraction may be the key toxicogenic component. The multigenerational studies show that PM toxicity can be passed from parent to offspring, and gradually returns to control levels in the F3–F4 generation with germ cell apoptosis being restored in the F4 generation. Therefore, the adverse effects of PM on reproductive damage are more profound. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxic Effects of Manufactured Nanoparticles and Atmospheric Particulate Matter)

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15 pages, 1834 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Rapid Screening Method for the Detection of Additives in Electronics and Plastic Consumer Products Using AP-MALDI-qTOF-MS

by Maurice de Jonker, Pim E. G. Leonards, Marja H. Lamoree and Sicco H. Brandsma

Toxics 2023, 11(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020108 - 23 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3401

Abstract

A novel method was developed and optimized for the fast-screening analysis of additives in electronics and plastic consumer products using atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (AP-MALDI) coupled with a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (qTOF) mass spectrometer (MS). To simplify sample preparation and increase [...] Read more.

A novel method was developed and optimized for the fast-screening analysis of additives in electronics and plastic consumer products using atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (AP-MALDI) coupled with a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (qTOF) mass spectrometer (MS). To simplify sample preparation and increase sample throughput, an innovative 48 well graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) doped AP-MALDI target plate was developed. The GNP incorporated in the target plate fulfilled the role of the MALDI matrix and, therefore, sample extracts could be directly transferred to the AP-MALDI 48 well target plate and analyzed without a subsequent matrix addition. The homogeneously dispersed and immobilized GNP target plates also provided increased signal intensity and reproducibility. Furthermore, analytical standards of various plastic additives and plastic products with known concentrations of additives were studied to assess the AP-MALDI ionization mechanisms and method capability. The analysis time was 15 s per measurement using an automated sequence. The GNP-doped target plates exhibited high desorption/ionization of low molecular weight molecules (<1000 Da) and can be used in both positive and negative ionization modes. The AP-MALDI-qTOF-MS method was applied to screen for additives in various electronics and plastic consumer products. Suspect screening was performed using a database containing 1366 compounds. A total of 56 additives including antioxidants, flame retardants, plasticizers, UV-stabilizers, and UV-filters were identified (confidence level 4). Identification of certain plastic additives in plastic children’s toys may indicate that they are recycled from waste electronic and electronic equipment (WEEE). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Analytical Method of Emerging Contaminants and Risk Assessment)

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14 pages, 2148 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characterization of an Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Aerosol Generation Platform to Determine Exposure Risks

by Qian Zhang, Jennifer Jeon, Travis Goldsmith, Marilyn Black, Roby Greenwald and Christa Wright

Toxics 2023, 11(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020099 - 21 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3797

Abstract

Evaluating vaping parameters that influence electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) emission profiles and potentially hazardous exposure levels is essential to protecting human health. We developed an automated multi-channel ENDS aerosol generation system (EAGS) for characterizing size-resolved particle emissions across pod- and mod-type devices [...] Read more.

Evaluating vaping parameters that influence electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) emission profiles and potentially hazardous exposure levels is essential to protecting human health. We developed an automated multi-channel ENDS aerosol generation system (EAGS) for characterizing size-resolved particle emissions across pod- and mod-type devices using real-time monitoring instruments, an exposure chamber, and vaping parameters including different ventilation rates, device type and age, e-liquid formulation, and atomizer setup. Results show the ENDS device type, e-liquid flavoring, and nicotine content can affect particle emissions. In general, pod-type devices have unimodal particle size distributions and higher number emissions, while mod-type devices have bimodal size distributions and higher mass emissions. For pod-type devices, later puff fractions emit lower aerosols, which is potentially associated with the change of coil resistance and power during ageing. For a mod-type device, an atomizer with a lower resistance coil and higher power generates larger particle emissions than an atomizer with a greater resistance coil and lower power. The unventilated scenario produces higher particle emission factors, except for particle mass emission from pod-type devices. The data provided herein indicate the EAGS can produce realistic and reproducible puff profiles of pod- and mod-type ENDS devices and therefore is a suitable platform for characterizing ENDS-associated exposure risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exposure to Indoor Hazardous Chemicals and Harmful Impacts on Human Body)

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19 pages, 2456 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Paclitaxel, but Not Cisplatin, Affects Satellite Glial Cells in Dorsal Root Ganglia of Rats with Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity

by Eleonora Pozzi, Elisa Ballarini, Virginia Rodriguez-Menendez, Annalisa Canta, Alessia Chiorazzi, Laura Monza, Mario Bossi, Paola Alberti, Alessio Malacrida, Cristina Meregalli, Arianna Scuteri, Guido Cavaletti and Valentina Alda Carozzi

Toxics 2023, 11(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020093 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3057

Abstract

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity is one of the most common dose-limiting toxicities of several widely used anticancer drugs such as platinum derivatives (cisplatin) and taxanes (paclitaxel). Several molecular mechanisms related to the onset of neurotoxicity have already been proposed, most of them having the [...] Read more.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity is one of the most common dose-limiting toxicities of several widely used anticancer drugs such as platinum derivatives (cisplatin) and taxanes (paclitaxel). Several molecular mechanisms related to the onset of neurotoxicity have already been proposed, most of them having the sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the peripheral nerve fibers as principal targets. In this study we explore chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity beyond the neuronocentric view, investigating the changes induced by paclitaxel (PTX) and cisplatin (CDDP) on satellite glial cells (SGC) in the DRG and their crosstalk. Rats were chronically treated with PTX (10 mg/Kg, 1qwx4) or CDDP (2 mg/Kg 2qwx4) or respective vehicles. Morpho-functional analyses were performed to verify the features of drug-induced peripheral neurotoxicity. Qualitative and quantitative immunohistochemistry, 3D immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and transmission electron microscopy analyses were also performed to detect alterations in SGCs and their interconnections. We demonstrated that PTX, but not CDDP, produces a strong activation of SGCs in the DRG, by altering their interconnections and their physical contact with sensory neurons. SGCs may act as principal actors in PTX-induced peripheral neurotoxicity, paving the way for the identification of new druggable targets for the treatment and prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drugs Toxicity)

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13 pages, 2092 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Significant Biotransformation of Arsenobetaine into Inorganic Arsenic in Mice

by Jichao Zhang, Zijun Ye, Liping Huang, Qianyu Zhao, Kaige Dong and Wei Zhang

Toxics 2023, 11(2), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11020091 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2470

Abstract

Arsenic (As) is extremely toxic to living organisms at high concentrations. Arsenobetaine (AsB), confirmed to be a non-toxic form, is the main contributor to As in the muscle tissue of marine fish. However, few studies have investigated the biotransformation and biodegradation of AsB [...] Read more.

Arsenic (As) is extremely toxic to living organisms at high concentrations. Arsenobetaine (AsB), confirmed to be a non-toxic form, is the main contributor to As in the muscle tissue of marine fish. However, few studies have investigated the biotransformation and biodegradation of AsB in mammals. In the current study, C57BL/6J mice were fed four different diets, namely, Yangjiang and Zhanjiang fish diets spiked with marine fish muscle containing AsB, and arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) diets spiked with As(III) and As(V), respectively, to investigate the biotransformation and bioaccumulation of AsB in mouse tissues for 42 d. Different diets exhibited different As species distributions, which contributed to varying levels of As bioaccumulation in different tissues. The intestines accumulated the highest level of As, regardless of form, which played a major part in As absorption and distribution in mice. We observed a significant biotransformation of AsB to As(V) following its diet exposure, and the liver, lungs, and spleen of AsB-treated mice showed higher As accumulation levels than those of As(III)- or As(V)-treated mice. Inorganic As showed relatively high accumulation levels in the lungs and spleen after long-term exposure to AsB. Overall, these findings provided strong evidence that AsB undergoes biotransformation to As(V) in mammals, indicating the potential health risk associated with long-term AsB intake in mammals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioaccumulation and Toxicokinetics of Organic and Inorganic Compounds in Aquatic and Soil Organisms)

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15 pages, 4591 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prenatal Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Alters Hepatic Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme Expression in Mouse Offspring via Histone Modifications

by Hanhan Zhu, Guangming Liu, Qi Chang, Mengyao Yan, Kun Yang, Yanxin Li, Yali Nie, Xiaotian Li, Shengna Han, Pei Wang and Lirong Zhang

Toxics 2023, 11(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010082 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2879

Abstract

Inflammation is a major regulator of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), therefore contributing to the interindividual variability of drug effects. However, whether prenatal inflammation affects DMEs expression in offspring remains obscure. This study investigated the effects of prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure on hepatic expression of [...] Read more.

Inflammation is a major regulator of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), therefore contributing to the interindividual variability of drug effects. However, whether prenatal inflammation affects DMEs expression in offspring remains obscure. This study investigated the effects of prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure on hepatic expression of inflammatory-related genes, nuclear receptors, and DMEs in offspring mice. Prenatal LPS exposure on gestational day (GD) 10 led to higher expression of NF-κB, Pxr, and Cyp2b10, while lower expression of Car, Ahr, Cyp3a11, and Ugt1a1 in postnatal day (PD) 30 offspring. However, multiple doses of LPS exposure on GD10-14 resulted in higher levels of inflammatory-related genes, Cyp1a2, and Cyp2b10, and lower levels of Pxr and Cyp3a11 in PD30 offspring liver. For PD60 offspring, decreased hepatic expression of NF-κB and IL-6, and increased expression of Pxr and Cyp3a11 were seen in single-dose LPS groups, whereas opposite results were observed in the multiple-dose LPS groups. Notably, enhanced H3K4me3 levels in the PXR response elements of the Cyp3a11 promoter were observed in the liver of PD60 offspring mice from dams treated with multiple doses of LPS during pregnancy. Overall, this study suggests that parental LPS exposure could persistently alter the hepatic expression of DMEs, and histone modifications may contribute to the long-term effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Life Exposure, Biological Response and Molecular Mechanisms)

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24 pages, 8430 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

PFAS Biotransformation Pathways: A Species Comparison Study

by Richard C. Kolanczyk, Megan R. Saley, Jose A. Serrano, Sara M. Daley and Mark A. Tapper

Toxics 2023, 11(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010074 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7962

Abstract

Limited availability of fish metabolic pathways for PFAS may lead to risk assessments with inherent uncertainties based only upon the parent chemical or the assumption that the biodegradation or mammalian metabolism map data will serve as an adequate surrogate. A rapid and transparent [...] Read more.

Limited availability of fish metabolic pathways for PFAS may lead to risk assessments with inherent uncertainties based only upon the parent chemical or the assumption that the biodegradation or mammalian metabolism map data will serve as an adequate surrogate. A rapid and transparent process, utilizing a recently created database of systematically collected information for fish, mammals, poultry, plant, earthworm, sediment, sludge, bacteria, and fungus using data evaluation tools in the previously described metabolism pathway software system MetaPath, is presented. The fish metabolism maps for 10 PFAS, heptadecafluorooctyl(tridecafluorohexyl)phosphinic acid (C6/C8 PFPiA), bis(perfluorooctyl)phosphinic acid (C8/C8 PFPiA), 2-[(6-chloro-1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-dodecafluorohexyl)oxy]-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA), N-Ethylperfluorooctane-1-sulfonamide (Sulfuramid; N-EtFOSA), N-Ethyl Perfluorooctane Sulfonamido Ethanol phosphate diester (SAmPAP), Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA), 8:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate diester (8:2 diPAP), 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (8:2 FTOH), 10:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (10:2 FTOH), and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), were compared across multiple species and systems. The approach demonstrates how comparisons of metabolic maps across species are aided by considering the sample matrix in which metabolites were quantified for each species, differences in analytical methods used to identify metabolites in each study, and the relative amounts of metabolites quantified. Overall, the pathways appear to be well conserved across species and systems. For PFAS lacking a fish metabolism study, a composite map consisting of all available maps would serve as the best basis for metabolite prediction. This emphasizes the importance and utility of collating metabolism into a searchable database such as that created in this effort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue PFAS Toxicology and Metabolism)

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14 pages, 527 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Health Risk in a Geographic Area of Thailand with Endemic Cadmium Contamination: Focus on Albuminuria

by Soisungwan Satarug, David A. Vesey, Glenda C. Gobe, Supabhorn Yimthiang and Aleksandra Buha Đorđević

Toxics 2023, 11(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010068 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3582

Abstract

An increased level of cadmium (Cd) in food crops, especially rice is concerning because rice is a staple food for over half of the world’s population. In some regions, rice contributes to more than 50% of the total Cd intake. Low environmental exposure [...] Read more.

An increased level of cadmium (Cd) in food crops, especially rice is concerning because rice is a staple food for over half of the world’s population. In some regions, rice contributes to more than 50% of the total Cd intake. Low environmental exposure to Cd has been linked to an increase in albumin excretion to 30 mg/g creatinine, termed albuminuria, and a progressive reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to below 60 mL/min/1.73 m², termed reduced eGFR. However, research into albuminuria in high exposure conditions is limited. Here, we applied benchmark dose (BMD) analysis to the relevant data recorded for the residents of a Cd contamination area and a low-exposure control area. We normalized the excretion rates of Cd (E_Cd) and albumin (E_alb) to creatinine clearance (C_cr) as E_Cd/C_cr and E_alb/C_cr to correct for differences among subjects in the number of surviving nephrons. For the first time, we defined the excretion levels of Cd associated with clinically relevant adverse kidney health outcomes. E_alb/C_cr varied directly with E_Cd/C_cr (β = 0.239, p < 0.001), and age (β = 0.203, p < 0.001), while normotension was associated with lower E_alb/C_cr (β = −0.106, p = 0.009). E_Cd/C_cr values between 16.5 and 35.5 ng/L of the filtrate were associated with a 10% prevalence of albuminuria, while the E_Cd/C_cr value of 59 ng/L of the filtrate was associated with a 10% prevalence of reduced eGFR. Thus, increased albumin excretion and eGFR reduction appeared to occur at low body burdens, and they should form toxicity endpoints suitable for the calculation of health risk due to the Cd contamination of food chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Health Effects of Heavy Metal)

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13 pages, 3490 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Recyclable Carbon Cloth-Supported ZnO@Ag₃PO₄ Core–Shell Structure for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dye

by Yuan Yi, Qifang Guan, Wenguang Wang, Siyuan Jian, Hengchao Li, Liangpeng Wu, Haiyan Zhang and Chuanjia Jiang

Toxics 2023, 11(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010070 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2909

Abstract

The extensive use of organic dyes in industry has caused serious environmental problems, and photocatalysis is a potential solution to water pollution by organic dyes. The practical application of powdery photocatalysts is usually limited by the rapid recombination of charge carriers and difficulty [...] Read more.

The extensive use of organic dyes in industry has caused serious environmental problems, and photocatalysis is a potential solution to water pollution by organic dyes. The practical application of powdery photocatalysts is usually limited by the rapid recombination of charge carriers and difficulty in recycling. In this study, recyclable carbon cloth-supported ZnO@Ag₃PO₄ composite with a core–shell structure was successfully prepared by solvothermal treatment and subsequent impregnation–deposition. The as-prepared carbon cloth-supported ZnO@Ag₃PO₄ composite showed an improved photocatalytic activity and stability for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB), a model organic dye, under visible light irradiation. The decomposition ratio of RhB reached 87.1% after exposure to visible light for 100 min, corresponding to a reaction rate constant that was 4.8 and 15.9 times that of carbon cloth-supported Ag₃PO₄ or ZnO alone. The enhanced performance of the composite can be attributed to the effectively inhibited recombination of photoinduced electron–hole pairs by the S-scheme heterojunction. The carbon fibers further promoted the transfer of charges. Moreover, the carbon cloth-supported ZnO@Ag₃PO₄ can be easily separated from the solution and repeatedly used, demonstrating a fair recyclability and potential in practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterial-Enabled Environmental Remediation and Removal of Emerging Pollutants)

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13 pages, 1056 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Rapid Determination of Selected PFAS in Textiles Entering the Waste Stream

by Daniel Simon Drage, Martin Sharkey, Harald Berresheim, Marie Coggins and Stuart Harrad

Toxics 2023, 11(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010055 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4256

Abstract

Due to new European legislation, products entering the waste stream containing some perfluoro alkyl substances (PFAS) are subject to “low persistent organic pollutant concentration limits”. Concentrations of restricted PFAS must be below this limit for them to be legally recycled or disposed of. [...] Read more.

Due to new European legislation, products entering the waste stream containing some perfluoro alkyl substances (PFAS) are subject to “low persistent organic pollutant concentration limits”. Concentrations of restricted PFAS must be below this limit for them to be legally recycled or disposed of. A rapid extraction and clean-up method was developed for the determination of 21 PFAS in various polymers used in soft furnishings and upholstery. The optimised method used vortexing and ultrasonication in methanol (0.1% NH₄OH), followed by a dilution and syringe filter clean-up step. PFAS were subsequently determined via UPLC-TripleTOF/MS. Good recoveries (80–120%) of target analytes were obtained with tall and narrow chromatogram peaks. The method was validated using control matrix samples spiked with target analytes. Repeated measurements of concentrations of target compounds showed good agreement with the spiked concentrations demonstrating good accuracy and precision. The resultant extracts provided low noise levels resulting in low limits of quantification ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/kg. The developed method was applied successfully to real consumer products and it provided various advantages over traditional methods, including a substantially reduced analysis time, consumables and solvent consumption, and a high sample throughput which is critical to comply with implemented and proposed legislation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Analytical Method of Emerging Contaminants and Risk Assessment)

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13 pages, 2376 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Novel Brominated Flame Retardants in Dust from E-Waste-Dismantling Workplace in Central China: Contamination Status and Human Exposure Assessment

by Xuelin Li, Yu Wang, Wenbin Bai, Qiuyue Zhang, Leicheng Zhao, Zhipeng Cheng, Hongkai Zhu and Hongwen Sun

Toxics 2023, 11(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010058 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3826

Abstract

Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been widely used as alternatives to legacy BFRs. However, information on the contamination status and human exposure risks of electronic waste (e-waste)-derived NBFRs in the e-waste workplace is limited. In this study, six NBFRs and the legacy [...] Read more.

Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been widely used as alternatives to legacy BFRs. However, information on the contamination status and human exposure risks of electronic waste (e-waste)-derived NBFRs in the e-waste workplace is limited. In this study, six NBFRs and the legacy BFRs, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), were analyzed in 50 dust samples from an e-waste-dismantling workplace in Central China. The dust concentration of NBFRs in e-waste-dismantling workshops (median, 157–169 ng/g) was found to be significantly higher than those in an outdoor environment (17.3 ng/g) (p < 0.01). Differently, the highest median concentration of HBCDs was found in dust from the dismantling workshop for cellphones and computers (367 ng/g) among studied areas. The bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEHTBP) was the predominant compound, which contributed 66.0–88.0% of measured NBFR concentrations. NBFRs might originate from plastic and rubber materials in wastes based on the correlation and principal component analysis. Moreover, the total estimated daily intakes (average scenario) of NBFRs were calculated at 2.64 × 10⁻² ng/kg bw/d and 2.91× 10⁻² ng/kg bw/d for the male and female dismantling workers, respectively, via dust ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact pathways, which were lower than the reference dose values, and thus indicated a limited human exposure risk for NBFRs at the current level. Although the dust concentrations and daily intakes of NBFRs were still lower than those of other emerging pollutants (e.g., organophosphate and nitrogenous flame retardants) measured in the same sampling set, the elevated levels of NBFRs suggested the progressive BFR replacement process in China, which deserves more attention regarding their adverse effects on both the environment and human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Persistent Organic Pollutants in Environment: Bioaccumulation, Biomonitoring and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment)

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16 pages, 803 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Hair as a Bioindicator for the Environmental Presence of Toxic and Trace Elements

by Susanna Draghi, Stella Agradi, Federica Riva, Duygu Tarhan, Bengü Bilgiç, Banu Dokuzeylül, Alev Meltem Ercan, Mehmet Erman Or, Gabriele Brecchia, Daniele Vigo, Francesco Arioli, Federica Di Cesare and Giulio Curone

Toxics 2023, 11(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010049 - 3 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2471

Abstract

The return to pasture use as an alternative to intensive livestock farming implies some risks with the lack or the excessive presence of potentially toxic elements; in this regard, wild animals have been used as bioindicators for decades. Thus, the purpose of this [...] Read more.

The return to pasture use as an alternative to intensive livestock farming implies some risks with the lack or the excessive presence of potentially toxic elements; in this regard, wild animals have been used as bioindicators for decades. Thus, the purpose of this study is quantifying Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, Se, As, Cd, Ni, Pb, Al, Fe, and Mg in fur from roe deer and understanding if it is a valid bioindicator tool. Hair was collected from 39 hunted roe deer and divided by age (<36 months old/≥36 months old), sex (male/female), and area of origin (urbanized/rural area). The mean concentrations of Fe, Mg, Mn, Al, Cr, and Pb were higher (p < 0.05) in the urbanized group; the mean levels of Mg and Cr were higher (p < 0.05) in older animals; and Cu, Fe, Mg, Cd, and Cr showed a higher accumulation in females. Our findings showed an age-related variation of elements, with higher concentrations in adult animals and females. In conclusion, our findings prove that hair is a valid matrix for this type of survey, and wild animals are good bioindicators for monitoring the presence of trace elements in pastures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomonitoring of Elements in Wildlife Animals)

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9 pages, 4643 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

First Evidence of Microplastics in Human Urine, a Preliminary Study of Intake in the Human Body

by Concetta Pironti, Valentina Notarstefano, Maria Ricciardi, Oriana Motta, Elisabetta Giorgini and Luigi Montano

Toxics 2023, 11(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11010040 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 172 | Viewed by 15907

Abstract

The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) and their health effects is a recent scientific topic. However, the investigation of MPs in human/biological matrices has several limitations due to analytical methods and sample treatment protocols. In this study, the presence of MPs in the [...] Read more.

The ubiquitous presence of microplastics (MPs) and their health effects is a recent scientific topic. However, the investigation of MPs in human/biological matrices has several limitations due to analytical methods and sample treatment protocols. In this study, the presence of MPs in the urine samples of six volunteers from different cities in the south of Italy (three men and three women) was investigated by Raman microspectroscopy. The analysis pinpointed four pigmented microplastic fragments (4–15 μm size), with irregular shapes, which were characterized in terms of morphology and chemical composition. Polyethylene vinyl acetate (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene (PE) MPs were found in four samples (PVA and PVC in one female sample and PP and PE in three male samples). This preliminary study suggests that MPs could pass through the gastrointestinal tract and are eliminated through biological processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Health Effects of Environmental Nano-/Microparticle Exposure)

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14 pages, 2073 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nanoplastic Exposure at Predicted Environmental Concentrations Induces Activation of Germline Ephrin Signal Associated with Toxicity Formation in the Caenorhabditis elegans Offspring

by Yue Zhao, Xin Hua, Qian Bian and Dayong Wang

Toxics 2022, 10(11), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110699 - 17 Nov 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 2879

Abstract

In nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) at predicted environmental concentrations can cause induction of transgenerational toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms for toxicity formation of PS-NP in the offspring remain largely unknown. In this study, based on high-throughput sequencing, Ephrin [...] Read more.

In nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, exposure to polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) at predicted environmental concentrations can cause induction of transgenerational toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms for toxicity formation of PS-NP in the offspring remain largely unknown. In this study, based on high-throughput sequencing, Ephrin ligand EFN-3 was identified as a target of KSR-1/2 (two kinase suppressors of Ras) in the germline during the control of transgenerational PS-NP toxicity. At parental generation (P0-G), exposure to 0.1–10 μg/L PS-NP caused the increase in expression of germline efn-3, and this increase in germline efn-3 expression could be further detected in the offspring, such as F1-G and F2-G. Germline RNAi of efn-3 caused a resistance to transgenerational PS-NP toxicity, suggesting that the activation of germline EFN-3 at P0-G mediated transgenerational PS-NP toxicity. In the offspring, Ephrin receptor VAB-1 was further activated by the increased EFN-3 caused by PS-NP exposure at P0-G, and RNAi of vab-1 also resulted in resistance to transgenerational PS-NP toxicity. VAB-1 acted in both the neurons and the germline to control toxicity of PS-NP in the offspring. In the neurons, VAB-1 regulated PS-NP toxicity by suppressing expressions of DBL-1, JNK-1, MPK-1, and GLB-10. In the germline, VAB-1 regulated PS-NP toxicity by increasing NDK-1 and LIN-23 expressions and decreasing EGL-1 expression. Therefore, germline Ephrin ligand EFN-3 and its receptor VAB-1 acted together to mediate the formation of transgenerational PS-NP toxicity. Our data highlight the important role of activation in germline Ephrin signals in mediating transgenerational toxicity of nanoplastics at predicted environmental concentrations in organisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotoxicology Research: Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model Organism)

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10 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Risk Assessment of Essential and Toxic Elements in Freshwater Fish Species from Lakes near Black Sea, Bulgaria

by Katya Peycheva, Veselina Panayotova, Rositsa Stancheva, Lubomir Makedonski, Albena Merdzhanova, Vincenzo Parrino, Vincenzo Nava, Nicola Cicero and Francesco Fazio

Toxics 2022, 10(11), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110675 - 8 Nov 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2783

Abstract

The aims of this study were to measure the concentrations of selected toxic and essential elements in the muscle tissue of five common freshwater fish species (roach (Rutilus rutilus), freshwater bream (Abramis brama), prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and common [...] Read more.

The aims of this study were to measure the concentrations of selected toxic and essential elements in the muscle tissue of five common freshwater fish species (roach (Rutilus rutilus), freshwater bream (Abramis brama), prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio)) from Lake Burgas and Lake Mandra (Bulgaria). In all samples the levels of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe and Zn were under the maximum allowed concentrations for safe human consumption in Bulgaria and ranged as follows: Cd 0.02–0.05; Cr 0.03–0.06; Cu 0.11–0.20; Mn 0.05–0.71; Ni 0.06–0.11; Pb 0.15–0.27, Fe 1.68–5.86 and Zn 1.94–9.06 mg/kg wet weight. The concentration of As was under detection limit. An assessment of the human risk by calculation of the target hazard quotients (THQ), hazard index (HI) and target risk (TR) was performed. The target hazard quotient (THQ) for individual elements and HI for combined metals were lower than 1, indicating no health risk for consumers due to the intake of either individual or combined metals. The target risk for iAs, Pb and Ni was below 10⁻⁶, indicating no carcinogenic risk. According to these results, the consumption of these freshwater fish species is safe for human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

12 pages, 2108 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Evaluation of Skin Irritation of Acids Commonly Used in Cleaners in 3D-Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model, KeraSkin^TM

by Jee-hyun Hwang, Seungmi Lee, Ho Geon Lee, Dalwoong Choi and Kyung-Min Lim

Toxics 2022, 10(10), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100558 - 24 Sep 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6169

Abstract

Cleaners such as dishwashing liquids contain various chemicals that cause skin damage. Alkaline agents used in cleaners alter the lipid composition of the skin and damage the skin barrier. However, little is known about the effects of acids used in cleaners on the [...] Read more.

Cleaners such as dishwashing liquids contain various chemicals that cause skin damage. Alkaline agents used in cleaners alter the lipid composition of the skin and damage the skin barrier. However, little is known about the effects of acids used in cleaners on the skin. Here, we investigated the effects of acidic pH on the skin and evaluated the skin irritation of acids commonly used in cleaners with a 3D-reconstructed human epidermis model, KeraSkin^TM, according to OECD TG439. First, to examine the effects of acidic pH, we evaluated the skin irritation of citrate buffers (0.1 M, McIlvaine buffer) prepared in a wide pH range (pH 1.5–6.0). Surprisingly, cell viability was not significantly affected even at pH 1.5, reflecting that the acidity alone may not be sufficient to induce skin irritation. Even after longer exposure (180 min), the cell viability was not reduced below 50%, a cutoff to determine an irritant. To examine the effect of the anionic part, several organic acids used in cleaners (citric acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, and succinic acid) were examined. These organic acids also failed to reduce viability at 0.1 M. However, at 1 M, most of the acids tested, except lactic acid, were determined to be skin irritants. Histology further supported the skin irritancy of acids at 1 M. Similarly, inorganic acids (hydrogen bromide, hydrogen chloride, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid) were determined to be irritants only at 1 M. In the case of alkaline agents, pH and concentrations were also important factors to determine the skin irritancy, although the epidermal structure and lipids were more damaged than acids. Collectively, we demonstrated that both the pH and concentration are important factors for the skin irritancy of acids, shedding an important insight into the mechanism of skin irritation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exposure to Indoor Hazardous Chemicals and Harmful Impacts on Human Body)

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14 pages, 8324 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Harmful Effects of Pyraclostrobin on the Fat Body and Pericardial Cells of Foragers of Africanized Honey Bee

by Lais V. B. Inoue, Caio E. C. Domingues, Aleš Gregorc, Elaine C. M. Silva-Zacarin and Osmar Malaspina

Toxics 2022, 10(9), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090530 - 9 Sep 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3945

Abstract

Managed honey bees are daily exposed in agricultural settings or wild environments to multiple stressors. Currently, fungicide residues are increasingly present in bees’ pollen and nectar and can harm colonies’ production and survival. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the effects of the [...] Read more.

Managed honey bees are daily exposed in agricultural settings or wild environments to multiple stressors. Currently, fungicide residues are increasingly present in bees’ pollen and nectar and can harm colonies’ production and survival. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the effects of the fungicide pyraclostrobin on the fat body and pericardial cells of Africanized honey bees. The foragers were divided into three experimental treatment groups and two controls: pyraclostrobin 0.125 ng/µL (FG1), 0.025 ng/µL (FG2), 0.005 ng/µL (FG3), untreated control (CTL), and acetone control (CAC). After five days of oral exposure (ad libitum), the bees were dissected and prepared for histopathological and morphometric analysis. The FG1-treated bees showed extensive cytoarchitecture changes in the fat body and pericardial cells, inducing cell death. Bees from the FG2 group showed disarranged oenocytes, peripheral vacuolization, and pyknotic nuclei of pericardial cells, but the cytoarchitecture was not compromised as observed in FG1. Additionally, immune system cells were observed through the fat body in the FG1 group. Bees exposed to FG3 demonstrated only oenocytes vacuolization. A significant decrease in the oenocyte’s surface area for bees exposed to all pyraclostrobin concentrations was observed compared to the CTL and CAC groups. The bees from the FG1 and FG2 treatment groups presented a reduced surface area of pericardial cells compared to the controls and the FG3 group. This study highlighted the harmful effects of fungicide pyraclostrobin concentrations at the individual bee cellular level, potentially harming the colony level on continuous exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicology)

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15 pages, 3919 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Incorporation of Metabolic Activation in the HPTLC-SOS-Umu-C Bioassay to Detect Low Levels of Genotoxic Chemicals in Food Contact Materials

by Emma Debon, Paul Rogeboz, Hélia Latado, Gertrud E. Morlock, Daniel Meyer, Claudine Cottet-Fontannaz, Gabriele Scholz, Benoît Schilter and Maricel Marin-Kuan

Toxics 2022, 10(9), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10090501 - 27 Aug 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3248

Abstract

The safety evaluation of food contact materials requires excluding mutagenicity and genotoxicity in migrates. Testing the migrates using in vitro bioassays has been proposed to address this challenge. To be fit for that purpose, bioassays must be capable of detecting very low, safety [...] Read more.

The safety evaluation of food contact materials requires excluding mutagenicity and genotoxicity in migrates. Testing the migrates using in vitro bioassays has been proposed to address this challenge. To be fit for that purpose, bioassays must be capable of detecting very low, safety relevant concentrations of DNA-damaging substances. There is currently no bioassay compatible with such qualifications. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), coupled with the planar SOS Umu-C (p-Umu-C) bioassay, was suggested as a promising rapid test (~6 h) to detect the presence of low levels of mutagens/genotoxins in complex mixtures. The current study aimed at incorporating metabolic activation in this assay and testing it with a set of standard mutagens (4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, aflatoxin B1, mitomycin C, benzo(a)pyrene, N-ethyl nitrourea, 2-nitrofluorene, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, 2-aminoanthracene and methyl methanesulfonate). An effective bioactivation protocol was developed. All tested mutagens could be detected at low concentrations (0.016 to 230 ng/band, according to substances). The calculated limits of biological detection were found to be up to 1400-fold lower than those obtained with the Ames assay. These limits are lower than the values calculated to ensure a negligeable carcinogenic risk of 10⁻⁵. They are all compatible with the threshold of toxicological concern for chemicals with alerts for mutagenicity (150 ng/person). They cannot be achieved by any other currently available test procedures. The p-Umu-C bioassay may become instrumental in the genotoxicity testing of complex mixtures such as food packaging, foods, and environmental samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment of Food Contact Materials/Articles)

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15 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ecotoxicity of Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Microplastics in Marine Zooplankton

by Michela Di Giannantonio, Chiara Gambardella, Roberta Miroglio, Elisa Costa, Francesca Sbrana, Marco Smerieri, Giovanni Carraro, Roberto Utzeri, Marco Faimali and Francesca Garaventa

Toxics 2022, 10(8), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080479 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 6849

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the ecotoxicity of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics (MPs) in two marine zooplankton: the crustacean Artemia franciscana and the cnidarian Aurelia sp. (common jellyfish). To achieve this goal, (i) MP uptake, (ii) [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the ecotoxicity of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics (MPs) in two marine zooplankton: the crustacean Artemia franciscana and the cnidarian Aurelia sp. (common jellyfish). To achieve this goal, (i) MP uptake, (ii) immobility, and (iii) behavior (swimming speed, pulsation mode) of crustacean larval stages and jellyfish ephyrae exposed to MPs concentrations (1, 10, 100 mg/L) were assessed for 24 h. Using traditional and novel techniques, i.e., epifluorescence microscopy and 3D holotomography (HT), PVDF and PLA MPs were found in the digestive systems of the crustaceans and in the gelatinous tissue of jellyfish. Immobility was not affected in either organism, while a significant behavioral alteration in terms of pulsation mode was found in jellyfish after exposure to both PVDF and PLA MPs. Moreover, PLA MPs exposure in jellyfish induced a toxic effect (EC50: 77.43 mg/L) on the behavioral response. This study provides new insights into PLA and PVDF toxicity with the potential for a large impact on the marine ecosystem, since jellyfish play a key role in the marine food chain. However, further investigations incorporating additional species belonging to other trophic levels are paramount to better understand and clarify the impact of such polymers at micro scale in the marine environment. These findings suggest that although PVDF and PLA have been recently proposed as innovative and, in the case of PLA, biodegradable polymers, their effects on marine biota should not be underestimated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights on Ecotoxicological Effects of Anthropogenic Contaminants in Aquatic Organisms)

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14 pages, 598 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Glyphosate and AMPA in Human Urine of HBM4EU Aligned Studies: Part A Children

by Jurgen Buekers, Sylvie Remy, Jos Bessems, Eva Govarts, Loïc Rambaud, Margaux Riou, Janja Snoj Tratnik, Anja Stajnko, Andromachi Katsonouri, Konstantinos C. Makris, Annelies De Decker, Bert Morrens, Nina Vogel, Marike Kolossa-Gehring, Marta Esteban-López, Argelia Castaño, Helle Raun Andersen and Greet Schoeters

Toxics 2022, 10(8), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080470 - 12 Aug 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3992

Abstract

Few data are available on the exposure of children to glyphosate (Gly) in Europe. Within HBM4EU, new HBM exposure data were collected from aligned studies at five sampling sites distributed over Europe (studies: SLO CRP (SI); ORGANIKO (CY); GerES V-sub (DE); 3XG (BE); [...] Read more.

Few data are available on the exposure of children to glyphosate (Gly) in Europe. Within HBM4EU, new HBM exposure data were collected from aligned studies at five sampling sites distributed over Europe (studies: SLO CRP (SI); ORGANIKO (CY); GerES V-sub (DE); 3XG (BE); ESTEBAN (FR)). Median Gly concentrations in urine were below or around the detection limit (0.1 µg/L). The 95th percentiles ranged between 0.18 and 1.03 µg Gly/L. The ratio of AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid; main metabolite of Gly) to Gly at molar basis was on average 2.2 and the ratio decreased with higher Gly concentrations, suggesting that other sources of AMPA, independent of metabolism of Gly to AMPA in the monitored participants, may concurrently operate. Using reverse dosimetry and HBM exposure data from five European countries (east, west and south Europe) combined with the proposed ADI (acceptable daily intake) of EFSA for Gly of 0.1 mg/kg bw/day (based on histopathological findings in the salivary gland of rats) indicated no human health risks for Gly in the studied populations at the moment. However, the absence of a group ADI for Gly+AMPA and ongoing discussions on e.g., endocrine disrupting effects cast some uncertainty in relation to the current single substance ADI for Gly. The carcinogenic effects of Gly are still debated in the scientific community. These outcomes would influence the risk conclusions presented here. Finally, regression analyses did not find clear associations between urinary exposure biomarkers and analyzed potential exposure determinants. More information from questionnaires targeting exposure-related behavior just before the sampling is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Human Biomonitoring Data and Risk Assessment of Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals: What Do We Learn for Prevention?)

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22 pages, 8841 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spatial Distribution, Contamination Levels, and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Household Dust in Cairo City, Egypt

by Ahmed Gad, Ahmed Saleh, Hassan I. Farhat, Yehia H. Dawood and Sahar M. Abd El Bakey

Toxics 2022, 10(8), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080466 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3153

Abstract

Urban areas’ pollution, which is owing to rapid urbanization and industrialization, is one of the most critical issues in densely populated cities such as Cairo. The concentrations and the spatial distribution of fourteen potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in household dust were investigated in [...] Read more.

Urban areas’ pollution, which is owing to rapid urbanization and industrialization, is one of the most critical issues in densely populated cities such as Cairo. The concentrations and the spatial distribution of fourteen potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in household dust were investigated in Cairo City, Egypt. PTE exposure and human health risk were assessed using the USEPA’s exposure model and guidelines. The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn surpassed the background values. Contamination factor index revealed that contamination levels are in the sequence Cd > Hg > Zn > Pb > Cu > As > Mo > Ni > Cr > Co > V > Mn > Fe > Al. The degree of contamination ranges from considerably to very high pollution. Elevated PTE concentrations in Cairo’s household dust may be due to heavy traffic emissions and industrial activities. The calculated noncarcinogenic risk for adults falls within the safe limit, while those for children exceed that limit in some sites. Cairo residents are at cancer risk owing to prolonged exposure to the indoor dust in their homes. A quick and targeted plan must be implemented to mitigate these risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potentially Toxic Elements Pollution in Urban and Suburban Environments)

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17 pages, 3502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Alleviation of Ammonium Toxicity in Salvia splendens ‘Vista Red’ with Silicon Supplementation

by Jinnan Song, Jingli Yang and Byoung Ryong Jeong

Toxics 2022, 10(8), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080446 - 3 Aug 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2870

Abstract

Ammonium (NH₄⁺) toxicity seriously hampers the yield and quality of salvia plants because most varieties or sub-species are highly sensitive to NH₄⁺. Silicon (Si) is an alternative that is used to minimize these disturbances and maintain better [...] Read more.

Ammonium (NH₄⁺) toxicity seriously hampers the yield and quality of salvia plants because most varieties or sub-species are highly sensitive to NH₄⁺. Silicon (Si) is an alternative that is used to minimize these disturbances and maintain better growth under NH₄⁺ toxicity. Nevertheless, the mitigatory effects of Si on NH₄⁺-stressed salvia are unknown. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine how Si assists to alleviate the NH₄⁺ toxicity degree in salvia. To this end, salvia plants were cultivated in a controlled environment supplied with a constant N (nitrogen) level (13 meq·L⁻¹) in the form of three NH₄⁺:NO₃⁻ ratios (0:100, 50:50, 100:0), each with (1.0 meq·L⁻¹) or without Si. Physiological disorders and typical NH₄⁺ toxicity symptoms, as well as interrupted photosynthesis, were observed in the 100% NH₄⁺-treated plants. Furthermore, cation uptake inhibition and oxidative damage were also imposed by the 100% NH₄⁺ supply. In contrast, in the presence of Si, the NH₄⁺ toxicity degree was attenuated and plant growth was ensured. Accordingly, the NH₄⁺ toxicity appearance ratio decreased significantly. Furthermore, Si-treated plants showed an ameliorated photosynthetic ability, elevated internal K and Ca levels, and enhanced antioxidative capacity, as reflected by improved major antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as diminished accumulation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and MDA (malondialdehyde). Our findings enlightened the agronomic importance of additional Si to nutrient solutions, especially pertaining to bedding plants at risk of NH₄⁺ toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Toxicity Effects on Plants)

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26 pages, 6143 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Morphometrical, Morphological, and Immunocytochemical Characterization of a Tool for Cytotoxicity Research: 3D Cultures of Breast Cell Lines Grown in Ultra-Low Attachment Plates

by Fernanda Malhão, Ana Catarina Macedo, Alice Abreu Ramos and Eduardo Rocha

Toxics 2022, 10(8), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080415 - 24 Jul 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3409

Abstract

Three-dimensional cell cultures may better mimic avascular tumors. Yet, they still lack characterization and standardization. Therefore, this study aimed to (a) generate multicellular aggregates (MCAs) of four breast cell lines: MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3 (tumoral) and MCF12A (non-tumoral) using ultra-low attachment (ULA) plates, [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional cell cultures may better mimic avascular tumors. Yet, they still lack characterization and standardization. Therefore, this study aimed to (a) generate multicellular aggregates (MCAs) of four breast cell lines: MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and SKBR3 (tumoral) and MCF12A (non-tumoral) using ultra-low attachment (ULA) plates, (b) detail the methodology used for their formation and analysis, providing technical tips, and (c) characterize the MCAs using morphometry, qualitative cytology (at light and electron microscopy), and quantitative immunocytochemistry (ICC) analysis. Each cell line generated uniform MCAs with structural differences among cell lines: MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 MCAs showed an ellipsoid/discoid shape and compact structure, while MCF12A and SKBR3 MCAs were loose, more flattened, and presented bigger areas. MCF7 MCAs revealed glandular breast differentiation features. ICC showed a random distribution of the proliferating and apoptotic cells throughout the MCAs, not fitting in the traditional spheroid model. ICC for cytokeratin, vimentin, and E-cadherin showed different results according to the cell lines. Estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors were positive only in MCF7 and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) in SKBR3. The presented characterization of the MCAs in non-exposed conditions provided a good baseline to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of potential anticancer compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicology)

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18 pages, 4564 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Dissolved Phase, Particulate Matter, and Sediment of the Sele River, Southern Italy: A Focus on Distribution, Risk Assessment, and Sources

by Paolo Montuori, Elvira De Rosa, Fabiana Di Duca, Bruna De Simone, Stefano Scippa, Immacolata Russo, Pasquale Sarnacchiaro and Maria Triassi

Toxics 2022, 10(7), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070401 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3606

Abstract

The Sele River, located in the Campania Region (southern Italy), is one of the most important rivers and the second in the region by average water volume, behind the Volturno River. To understand the distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in [...] Read more.

The Sele River, located in the Campania Region (southern Italy), is one of the most important rivers and the second in the region by average water volume, behind the Volturno River. To understand the distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Sele River, water sediment samples were collected from areas around the Sele plain at 10 sites in four seasons. In addition, the ecosystem health risk and the seasonal and spatial distribution of PAHs in samples of water and sediment were assessed. Contaminant discharges of PAHs into the sea were calculated at about 1807.9 kg/year. The concentration ranges of 16 PAHs in surface water (DP), suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment were 10.1–567.23 ng/L, 121.23–654.36 ng/L, and 331.75–871.96 ng/g, respectively. Isomeric ratio and principal component analyses indicated that the PAH concentrations in the water and sediment near the Sele River were influenced by industrial wastewater and vehicle emissions. The fugacity fraction approach was applied to determine the trends for the water-sediment exchange of 16 priority PAHs; the results indicated that fluxes, for the most part, were from the water into the sediment. The toxic equivalent concentration (TEQ) of carcinogenic PAHs ranged from 137.3 to 292.6 ngTEQ g⁻¹, suggesting that the Sele River basin presents a definite carcinogenic risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Water, Air and Soil Pollution Monitoring, Modeling and Restoration)

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16 pages, 1781 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Environmental and Health Risks Posed by Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater in the Sunan Coal Mine, China

by Lijuan Wang, Yuezan Tao, Bin Su, Lijun Wang and Peigui Liu

Toxics 2022, 10(7), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070390 - 12 Jul 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3981

Abstract

Groundwater is often used for domestic and irrigation purposes, even in mining areas. Mine drainage, rainfall, and infiltration cause heavy metal enrichment, adversely affecting the groundwater and harming human health. In this study, water samples (October 2021) in the Suzhou southern coal mining [...] Read more.

Groundwater is often used for domestic and irrigation purposes, even in mining areas. Mine drainage, rainfall, and infiltration cause heavy metal enrichment, adversely affecting the groundwater and harming human health. In this study, water samples (October 2021) in the Suzhou southern coal mining area were analyzed for the heavy metals As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn to determine potential effects of heavy metal contamination on environmental quality and human health. It was found that 22% and 31% of the sampling sites had “excellent” and “good” water quality, respectively. Excessive concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected in 47% and 72% of the samples, respectively. The non-carcinogenic health risk values of As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were below the negligible levels of health risk set by various environmental agencies. Content ranking was as follows: Fe > Mn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Zn > As, with Fe accounting for 43%. All sampling points exceeded the maximum acceptable level of Cr recommended by the agencies. Chromium, the major carcinogenic factor in the study area, contributed to 95.45% of the total health risk. Therefore, the authorities in this region must closely monitor three heavy metal elements—Fe, Mn, and Cr. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)

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17 pages, 7835 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Soil-Heavy Metal Pollution and the Health Risks in a Mining Area from Southern Shaanxi Province, China

by Rui Chen, Lei Han, Zhao Liu, Yonghua Zhao, Risheng Li, Longfei Xia and Yamin Fan

Toxics 2022, 10(7), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070385 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4405

Abstract

Soil-heavy metal pollution in mining areas is one of the problems in the comprehensive treatment of soil environmental pollution. To explore the degree of soil-heavy metal pollution and the human health risk in mining areas, the contents of soil As, Cd, Cu, Cr, [...] Read more.

Soil-heavy metal pollution in mining areas is one of the problems in the comprehensive treatment of soil environmental pollution. To explore the degree of soil-heavy metal pollution and the human health risk in mining areas, the contents of soil As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Cr(VI) in an abandoned gold mining area were determined. The geoaccumulation index (I_geo), single-factor pollution index (SPI), Nemerow comprehensive pollution index (NCPI), potential ecological risk index (PERI), and the human health risk assessment model were used to assess the pollution degree and the risk of soil-heavy metal pollution. Finally, the assessment results were used to provide remediation guidance. The results showed that (1) the average contents of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, and Ni in the mining area exceeded the background values of the soil elements. (2) The mining area was polluted by heavy metals to different degrees and had strong potential ecological hazards. (3) The total carcinogenic risk of heavy metals exceeded the health risk standard. The main components of pollution in the mining area were As, Cd, Cr, and Hg. Results from this study are expected to play a positive role in pollution treatment and the balance between humans and ecology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil and Health Risks)

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17 pages, 1608 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vitro Assessment of Pesticides Toxicity and Data Correlation with Pesticides Physicochemical Properties for Prediction of Toxicity in Gastrointestinal and Skin Contact Exposure

by Amélia M. Silva, Carlos Martins-Gomes, Tânia L. Silva, Tiago E. Coutinho, Eliana B. Souto and Tatiana Andreani

Toxics 2022, 10(7), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070378 - 8 Jul 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4502

Abstract

In this work, three pesticides of different physicochemical properties, namely, glyphosate (herbicide), imidacloprid (insecticide) and imazalil (fungicide), were selected to assess their cytotoxicity against distinct cell models (Caco-2, HepG2, A431, HaCaT, SK-MEL-5 and RAW 264.7 cells) to mimic gastrointestinal and skin exposure with [...] Read more.

In this work, three pesticides of different physicochemical properties, namely, glyphosate (herbicide), imidacloprid (insecticide) and imazalil (fungicide), were selected to assess their cytotoxicity against distinct cell models (Caco-2, HepG2, A431, HaCaT, SK-MEL-5 and RAW 264.7 cells) to mimic gastrointestinal and skin exposure with potential systemic effect. Cells were subjected to different concentrations of selected pesticides for 24 h or 48 h. Cell viability was assessed by Alamar Blue assay, morphological changes by bright-field microscopy and the IC₅₀ values were calculated. Cytotoxic profiles were analysed using the physico-chemical parameters of the pesticides, namely: molecular weight, water solubility, the partition coefficient in the n-octanol/water (Log P_ow) system, the topological polar surface area (TPSA), and number of hydrogen-bonds (donor/acceptor) and rotatable bonds. Results showed that glyphosate did not reduce cell viability (up to 1 mM), imidacloprid induced moderate toxicity (IC₅₀ > 1 mM for Caco-2 cells while IC₅₀ = 305.9 ± 22.4 μM for RAW 264.7 cells) and imazalil was highly cytotoxic (IC₅₀ > 253.5 ± 3.37 for Caco-2 cells while IC50 = 31.3 ± 2.7 μM for RAW 264.7 cells) after 24 h exposure. Toxicity was time-dependent as IC₅₀ values at 48 h exposure were lower, and decrease in cell viability was accompanied by changes in cell morphology. Pesticides toxicity was found to be directly proportional with their Log P_ow, indicating that the affinity to a lipophilic environment such as the cell membranes governs their toxicity. Toxicity is inverse to pesticides TPSA, but lower TPSA favours membrane permeation. The lower toxicity against Caco-2 cells was attributed to the physiology and metabolism of cell barriers equipped with various ABC transporters. In conclusion, physicochemical factors such as Log P_ow, TPSA and H-bond are likely to be directly correlated with pesticide-induced toxicity, thus being key factors to potentially predict the toxicity of other compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicology)

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21 pages, 2195 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dietary Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) Exposures in Juvenile Zebrafish Produce Subtle Behavioral Effects across Generations

by Yvonne Rericha, Lisa Truong, Connor Leong, Dunping Cao, Jennifer A. Field and Robyn L. Tanguay

Toxics 2022, 10(7), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10070372 - 4 Jul 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3352

Abstract

Ubiquitous anthropogenic contaminants of concern, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are frequently detected in the environment and human populations around the world. Diet is a predominate route of human exposure, and PFAS are frequently measured in food. Manufacturing trends have shifted from legacy [...] Read more.

Ubiquitous anthropogenic contaminants of concern, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are frequently detected in the environment and human populations around the world. Diet is a predominate route of human exposure, and PFAS are frequently measured in food. Manufacturing trends have shifted from legacy PFAS to shorter-chain alternatives that are suggested to be safer, such as perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). However, the current amount of data to support safety assessments of these alternatives is not yet sufficient. The present study investigated the effects of a 42-day dietary exposure to 1, 10, or 100 ng/g PFHxA in juvenile zebrafish. The zebrafish model was leveraged to interrogate morphometrics, fecundity, and numerous behavior endpoints across multiple generations. Dietary PFHxA exposure did not result in measurable body burden and did not affect growth, fecundity, adult social perception behavior, or associative learning. PFHxA exposure did induce abnormal adult anxiety behaviors in the F0 generation that persisted transgenerationally in the F1 and F2. Abnormal larval and juvenile behavior was observed in the F1 generation, but not in the F2. PFHxA juvenile dietary exposure induced subtle and multigenerational behavior effects that warrant further investigation of this and other alternative short-chain PFAS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Human Health Risk Assessment of Emerging Contaminants)

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19 pages, 2058 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Environmental Occurrence and Predicted Pharmacological Risk to Freshwater Fish of over 200 Neuroactive Pharmaceuticals in Widespread Use

by John P. Sumpter and Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci

Toxics 2022, 10(5), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10050233 - 3 May 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5281

Abstract

There is a growing concern that neuroactive chemicals released into the environment can perturb wildlife behaviour. Among these chemicals, pharmaceuticals such as antidepressants and anxiolytics have been receiving increasing attention, as they are specifically prescribed to modify behavioural responses. Many laboratory studies have [...] Read more.

There is a growing concern that neuroactive chemicals released into the environment can perturb wildlife behaviour. Among these chemicals, pharmaceuticals such as antidepressants and anxiolytics have been receiving increasing attention, as they are specifically prescribed to modify behavioural responses. Many laboratory studies have demonstrated that some of these compounds can affect various aspects of the behaviour of a range of aquatic organisms; however, these investigations are focused on a very small set of neuroactive pharmaceuticals, and they often consider one compound at a time. In this study, to better understand the environmental and toxicological dimension of the problem, we considered all pharmaceuticals explicitly intended to modulate the central nervous system (CNS), and we hypothesised that these compounds have higher probability of perturbing animal behaviour. Based on this hypothesis, we used the classification of pharmaceuticals provided by the British National Formulary (based on their clinical applications) and identified 210 different CNS-acting pharmaceuticals prescribed in the UK to treat a variety of CNS-related conditions, including mental health and sleep disorders, dementia, epilepsy, nausea, and pain. The analysis of existing databases revealed that 84 of these compounds were already detected in surface waters worldwide. Using a biological read-across approach based on the extrapolation of clinical data, we predicted that the concentration of 32 of these neuroactive pharmaceuticals in surface waters in England may be high enough to elicit pharmacological effects in wild fish. The ecotoxicological effects of the vast majority of these compounds are currently uncharacterised. Overall, these results highlight the importance of addressing this environmental challenge from a mixture toxicology and systems perspective. The knowledge platform developed in the present study can guide future region-specific prioritisation efforts, inform the design of mixture studies, and foster interdisciplinary efforts aimed at identifying novel approaches to predict and interpret the ecological implications of chemical-induced behaviour disruption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioral Impairment in Aquatic Organisms Exposed to Neurotoxic Pollutants)

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17 pages, 4302 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Cultured Shrimp and Aquaculture Sludge

by Salma Sultana, Mohammad Belal Hossain, Tasrina R. Choudhury, Jimmy Yu, Md. Sohel Rana, Mohammad Abu Noman, M. Mozammal Hosen, Bilal Ahamad Paray and Takaomi Arai

Toxics 2022, 10(4), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040175 - 2 Apr 2022

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5973

Abstract

Shrimp is one of the major export products in South Asian countries and also an eminent source of nutrition for humans. Hence, any negative effect of this industry may affect not only the country’s economy but also human health. Therefore, in this study, [...] Read more.

Shrimp is one of the major export products in South Asian countries and also an eminent source of nutrition for humans. Hence, any negative effect of this industry may affect not only the country’s economy but also human health. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess heavy metal contamination and associated human health risks in cultured shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and aquaculture sludge collected from three shrimp farms of the Cox’s Bazar district, Bangladesh. The results showed that among the eight metals studied, Pb (17.75 ± 1.5 mg/kg) and Cu (9.43 ± 2.8 mg/kg) levels in all shrimp samples were higher than the recommended limit, whereas the concentrations of Cd (0.09 ± 0.03 mg/kg), Mn (4.83 ± 2.2 mg/kg), As (0.04 ± 0.02 mg/kg), Hg (0.02 ± 0.006 mg/kg), Zn (18.89 ± 2.9 mg/kg) and Cr (0.69 ± 0.6 mg/kg) were within the permissible level. The concentrations of Mn (1043.37 ± 59.8 mg/kg), Cr (30.38 ± 2.1 mg/kg), Zn (74.72 ± 1.13 mg/kg) and Cu (31.14 ± 1.4 mg/kg) in the sludge of all farms were higher than the recommended limit, whereas the concentrations of Pb (20.23 ± 1.9 mg/kg), Cd (0.09 ± 0.2 mg/kg), As (0.44 ± 0.34 mg/kg) and Hg (0.08 ± 0.02 mg/kg) in all sludge samples were lower than the threshold limits. However, the estimated daily intake (EDI), targeted hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) assessed for potential human health risk implications suggested that Pb and Cr may pose non-carcinogenic health effects, although carcinogenic risks (CR) values were acceptable for consumers. However, the pollution load index (PLI) of the studied area was below 1, which indicates low deterioration of the area. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and contamination factor (CF) analyses revealed that study area is unpolluted and sludge is enriched with metals in the following order: Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Cd > Hg > Pb > As. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence, Effects and Ecological Risk Assessment of Emerging Contaminants in Rivers)

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18 pages, 4967 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Biomonitoring Pilot Study in Workers from a Paints Production Plant Exposed to Pigment-Grade Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂)

by Enrico Bergamaschi, Valeria Bellisario, Manuela Macrì, Martina Buglisi, Giacomo Garzaro, Giulia Squillacioti, Federica Ghelli, Roberto Bono, Ivana Fenoglio, Francesco Barbero, Chiara Riganti, Antonella Marrocco, Sara Bonetta and Elisabetta Carraro

Toxics 2022, 10(4), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040171 - 31 Mar 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3902

Abstract

Among particulate matter composing paints, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) forms about 20% of the final suspension. Although TiO₂ is broadly used in many applications, TiO₂ powders represent an established respiratory hazard for workers with long-term exposure. In 35 workers of [...] Read more.

Among particulate matter composing paints, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) forms about 20% of the final suspension. Although TiO₂ is broadly used in many applications, TiO₂ powders represent an established respiratory hazard for workers with long-term exposure. In 35 workers of a paints production plant (15 exposed and 20 not exposed), we assessed pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17), surfactant protein D (SP-D) and Krebs von den Lungen-6 glycoprotein (KL-6) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). In urine samples, we measured 8-isoprostane (Isop) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) as biomarkers of oxidative stress, and Titanium (Ti-U) as a biomarker of exposure. Health status, habits and occupational history were recorded. Airborne respirable dusts and Ti were quantified. Particle number concentration and average diameter (nm) were detected by a NanoTracer™ monitoring device. Ti was measurable in filters collected at the respiratory breathing zone (0.11–0.44 µg/m³ 8-h TWA). IL-1β and IL-10 values were significantly higher in exposed workers, whereas SP-D was significantly lower (p < 0.001). KL-6 was significantly higher in workers than in controls (p < 0.01). MDA levels were significantly increased in exposed workers and were positively correlated with Ti-U. Exposure to TiO₂ in paint production is associated with the subtle alterations of lung pathobiology. These findings suggest the need for an integrated approach relying on both personal exposure and biomarker assessment to improve the hazard characterisation in occupational settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Biomonitoring in Health Risk Assessment: Current Practices and Recommendations for the Future)

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23 pages, 5395 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Environmentally Toxic Solid Nanoparticles in Noradrenergic and Dopaminergic Nuclei and Cerebellum of Metropolitan Mexico City Children and Young Adults with Neural Quadruple Misfolded Protein Pathologies and High Exposures to Nano Particulate Matter

by Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas, Angélica González-Maciel, Rafael Reynoso-Robles, Héctor G. Silva-Pereyra, Ricardo Torres-Jardón, Rafael Brito-Aguilar, Alberto Ayala, Elijah W. Stommel and Ricardo Delgado-Chávez

Toxics 2022, 10(4), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10040164 - 29 Mar 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6257

Abstract

Quadruple aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau, beta-amyloid, α-synuclein and TDP-43 neuropathology and metal solid nanoparticles (NPs) are documented in the brains of children and young adults exposed to Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) pollution. We investigated environmental NPs reaching noradrenergic and dopaminergic nuclei and the cerebellum [...] Read more.

Quadruple aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau, beta-amyloid, α-synuclein and TDP-43 neuropathology and metal solid nanoparticles (NPs) are documented in the brains of children and young adults exposed to Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) pollution. We investigated environmental NPs reaching noradrenergic and dopaminergic nuclei and the cerebellum and their associated ultrastructural alterations. Here, we identify NPs in the locus coeruleus (LC), substantia nigrae (SN) and cerebellum by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in 197 samples from 179 MMC residents, aged 25.9 ± 9.2 years and seven older adults aged 63 ± 14.5 years. Fe, Ti, Hg, W, Al and Zn spherical and acicular NPs were identified in the SN, LC and cerebellar neural and vascular mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, neuromelanin, heterochromatin and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) along with early and progressive neurovascular damage and cerebellar endothelial erythrophagocytosis. Strikingly, FeNPs 4 ± 1 nm and Hg NPs 8 ± 2 nm were seen predominantly in the LC and SN. Nanoparticles could serve as a common denominator for misfolded proteins and could play a role in altering and obstructing NPCs. The NPs/carbon monoxide correlation is potentially useful for evaluating early neurodegeneration risk in urbanites. Early life NP exposures pose high risk to brains for development of lethal neurologic outcomes. NP emissions sources ought to be clearly recognized, regulated, and monitored; future generations are at stake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inducing-Toxicity in the Neurological System by Environmental Pollutants)

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18 pages, 6198 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Rapid Method for Detecting Microplastics Based on Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Technology (FLIM)

by Fang Zhou, Xin Wang, Guangxin Wang and Yanxia Zuo

Toxics 2022, 10(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10030118 - 2 Mar 2022

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 7206

Abstract

With the increasing use and release of plastic products, microplastics have rapidly accumulated in ecological environments. When microplastics enter the food chain, they cause serious harm to organisms and humans. Microplastics pollution has become a growing concern worldwide; however, there is still no [...] Read more.

With the increasing use and release of plastic products, microplastics have rapidly accumulated in ecological environments. When microplastics enter the food chain, they cause serious harm to organisms and humans. Microplastics pollution has become a growing concern worldwide; however, there is still no standardized method for rapidly and accurately detecting microplastics. In this work, we used fluorescence lifetime imaging technology to detect four kinds of Nile red-stained and unstained microplastics, and the unique phasor fingerprints of different microplastics were obtained by phasor analysis. Tracing the corresponding pixels of the “fingerprint” in the fluorescence lifetime image allowed for the quick and intuitive identification of different microplastics and their location distributions in a mixed sample. In our work, compared with staining the four microplastics with a fluorescent dye, using the phasor “fingerprint library” formed by the autofluorescence lifetimes of the microplastics was more easily distinguished than microplastics in the mixed samples. The feasibility of this method was further tested by adding three single substances—SiO₂, chitin and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), and surface sediments to simulate interferent in the environment, and the results providing potential applications for the identification and analysis of microplastics in complex environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Chemistry)

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13 pages, 7602 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Removal of Hexavalent Chromium(VI) from Wastewater Using Chitosan-Coated Iron Oxide Nanocomposite Membranes

by Jung Eun Park, Jun-Ho Shin, Wonzin Oh, Sang-June Choi, Jeongju Kim, Chorong Kim and Jongho Jeon

Toxics 2022, 10(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020098 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 5149

Abstract

Chromium is a toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal that originates from various human activities. Therefore, the effective removal of chromium from aqueous solutions is an extremely important global challenge. Herein, we report a chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticle immobilized hydrophilic poly(vinylidene) fluoride membrane (Chi@Fe [...] Read more.

Chromium is a toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal that originates from various human activities. Therefore, the effective removal of chromium from aqueous solutions is an extremely important global challenge. Herein, we report a chitosan-coated iron oxide nanoparticle immobilized hydrophilic poly(vinylidene) fluoride membrane (Chi@Fe₂O₃–PVDF) which can potentially be used for efficient removal of hexavalent chromium(VI) by a simple filtration process. Membrane filtration is an easy and efficient method for treating large volumes of water in a short duration. The adsorption experiments were conducted by batch and continuous in-flow systems. The experimental data showed rapid capture of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) which can be explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model. The nanocomposite membrane exhibited high adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) (14.451 mg/g in batch system, 14.104 mg/g in continuous in-flow system). Moreover, its removal efficiency was not changed significantly in the presence of several competing ions, i.e., Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and PO₄³⁻. Consequently, the Chi@Fe₂O₃-PVDF-based filtration process is expected to show a promising direction and be developed as a practical method for wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on the Removal of Pollutants by Nanomaterials)

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14 pages, 2968 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Removal of Polystyrene Microplastics from Aqueous Solution Using the Metal–Organic Framework Material of ZIF-67

by Hongyou Wan, Junkai Wang, Xiaoyu Sheng, Jingwei Yan, Wei Zhang and Ying Xu

Toxics 2022, 10(2), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020070 - 4 Feb 2022

Cited by 118 | Viewed by 8237

Abstract

Due to the continuous and adverse effects of microplastics on the environment, an increasing number of studies have begun to focus on their migration patterns and removal from aquatic environments. Herein, our study innovatively evaluated the ability of the capacity of ZIF-67, a [...] Read more.

Due to the continuous and adverse effects of microplastics on the environment, an increasing number of studies have begun to focus on their migration patterns and removal from aquatic environments. Herein, our study innovatively evaluated the ability of the capacity of ZIF-67, a novel metal–organic framework (MOF) material, to adsorb polystyrene (PS) microplastics (MPs) from aqueous solutions, aiming to explore the potential of MOF materials to remove MPs from wastewater. The adsorption ratio of PSMPs (5 mg/L, 30 mL) by ZIF-67 reached up to 92.1%, and the PSMP adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 20 min at 298 K. The adsorption of PSMPs would be favored at a pH of 8, a PSMPs solution concentration of 5 mg/L, and a temperature of 298 K. Further analyses demonstrated that hydrogen bond interactions, π-π stacking, and electrostatic interactions played a crucial role in the adsorption of PSMPs by ZIF-67 in aqueous solutions. Our findings thus provide insight into novel methods to remove MPs from acidic and weakly alkaline aquatic environments and wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies to Decontaminate Pollutants in Water)

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17 pages, 3381 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vitro Cyto- and Genotoxicity Assessment of Antibacterial Paints with Triclosan and Isoborneol

by Micaela Machado Querido, Fernanda Rosário, Maria João Bessa, Francisca Mendes, José Carlos Teixeira, João Paulo Teixeira and Cristiana Costa Pereira

Toxics 2022, 10(2), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020058 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3654

Abstract

Surfaces with antimicrobial properties are gaining notoriety as an efficient method to avoid surface contamination. Self-disinfecting paints are a promising strategy towards cleaner indoor environments by preventing the colonization of walls with microorganisms. However, its widespread use needs an appropriate toxicological safety evaluation [...] Read more.

Surfaces with antimicrobial properties are gaining notoriety as an efficient method to avoid surface contamination. Self-disinfecting paints are a promising strategy towards cleaner indoor environments by preventing the colonization of walls with microorganisms. However, its widespread use needs an appropriate toxicological safety evaluation due to the potential for biological disturbance associated to its biocidal activity. In this work, the cyto- and genotoxic assessment of two self-disinfecting paints containing the antimicrobial substances triclosan (TCS) and isoborneol (ISB) is performed. HaCaT and A549 cell lines models were selected for the in vitro assessment. To evaluate the cytotoxicity, tests by direct contact and on extracts obtained from leaching were performed following ISO 10993, whereas the genotoxicity was assessed by comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. The results showed low levels of cyto- and genotoxicity under the models and conditions tested, indicating that these substances have commercial potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicology)

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15 pages, 3806 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Neuronal and Astrocytic Morphological Alterations Driven by Prolonged Exposure with Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol but Not Cannabidiol

by Elisa Landucci, Costanza Mazzantini, Daniele Lana, Maria Grazia Giovannini and Domenico E. Pellegrini-Giampietro

Toxics 2022, 10(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020048 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4586

Abstract

Cannabis derivatives are largely used in the general population for recreational and medical purposes, with the highest prevalence among adolescents, but chronic use and abuse has raised medical concerns. We investigated the prolonged effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in organotypic hippocampal [...] Read more.

Cannabis derivatives are largely used in the general population for recreational and medical purposes, with the highest prevalence among adolescents, but chronic use and abuse has raised medical concerns. We investigated the prolonged effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in organotypic hippocampal slices from P7 rats cultured for 2 weeks. Cell death in the CA1 subregion of slices was quantified by propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence, pre-synaptic and post-synaptic marker proteins were analysed by Western blotting and neurodegeneration and astrocytic alterations by NeuN and GFAP by immunofluorescence and confocal laser microscopy. The statistical significance of differences was analysed using ANOVA with a post hoc Dunnett w-test (PI fluorescence intensities and Western blots) or Newman–Keuls (immunohistochemistry data) for multiple comparisons. A probability value (P) of < 0.05 was considered significant. Prolonged (72 h) THC or CBD incubation did not induce cell death but caused modifications in the expression of synaptic proteins and morphological alterations in neurons and astrocytes. In particular, the expression of PSD95 was reduced following incubation for 72 h with THC and was increased following incubation with CBD. THC for 72 h caused disorganisation of CA1 stratum pyramidalis (SP) and complex morphological modifications in a significant number of pyramidal neurons and in astrocytes. Our results suggest that THC or CBD prolonged exposure induce different effects in the hippocampus. In particular, 72 h of THC exposure induced neuronal and glia alterations that must draw our attention to the effects that relatively prolonged use might cause, especially in adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poisoning Caused by Medicines and Drugs of Abuse)

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16 pages, 3312 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Excess Zinc Supply Reduces Cadmium Uptake and Mitigates Cadmium Toxicity Effects on Chloroplast Structure, Oxidative Stress, and Photosystem II Photochemical Efficiency in Salvia sclarea Plants

by Ilektra Sperdouli, Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis, Anelia Dobrikova, Emilia Apostolova, Anetta Hanć and Michael Moustakas

Toxics 2022, 10(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010036 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 5128

Abstract

Salvia sclarea L. is a Cd²⁺ tolerant medicinal herb with antifungal and antimicrobial properties cultivated for its pharmacological properties. However, accumulation of high Cd²⁺ content in its tissues increases the adverse health effects of Cd²⁺ in humans. Therefore, there is [...] Read more.

Salvia sclarea L. is a Cd²⁺ tolerant medicinal herb with antifungal and antimicrobial properties cultivated for its pharmacological properties. However, accumulation of high Cd²⁺ content in its tissues increases the adverse health effects of Cd²⁺ in humans. Therefore, there is a serious demand to lower human Cd²⁺ intake. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the mitigative role of excess Zn²⁺ supply to Cd²⁺ uptake/translocation and toxicity in clary sage. Salvia plants were treated with excess Cd²⁺ (100 μM CdSO₄) alone, and in combination with Zn²⁺ (900 μM ZnSO₄), in modified Hoagland nutrient solution. The results demonstrate that S. sclarea plants exposed to Cd²⁺ toxicity accumulated a significant amount of Cd²⁺ in their tissues, with higher concentrations in roots than in leaves. Cadmium exposure enhanced total Zn²⁺ uptake but also decreased its translocation to leaves. The accumulated Cd²⁺ led to a substantial decrease in photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry and disrupted the chloroplast ultrastructure, which coincided with an increased lipid peroxidation. Zinc application decreased Cd²⁺ uptake and translocation to leaves, while it mitigated oxidative stress, restoring chloroplast ultrastructure. Excess Zn²⁺ ameliorated the adverse effects of Cd²⁺ on PSII photochemistry, increasing the fraction of energy used for photochemistry (Φ_PSII) and restoring PSII redox state and maximum PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm), while decreasing excess excitation energy at PSII (EXC). We conclude that excess Zn²⁺ application eliminated the adverse effects of Cd²⁺ toxicity, reducing Cd²⁺ uptake and translocation and restoring chloroplast ultrastructure and PSII photochemical efficiency. Thus, excess Zn²⁺ application can be used as an important method for low Cd²⁺-accumulating crops, limiting Cd²⁺ entry into the food chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Toxicity Effects on Plants)

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12 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Determination of Parabens, Bisphenol A and Its Analogs, Triclosan, and Benzophenone-3 Levels in Human Urine by Isotope-Dilution-UPLC-MS/MS Method Followed by Supported Liquid Extraction

by Hsin-Chang Chen, Jung-Wei Chang, Yi-Chen Sun, Wan-Ting Chang and Po-Chin Huang

Toxics 2022, 10(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010021 - 6 Jan 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3726

Abstract

The development of a rapid analytical approach for determining levels of antibacterial agents, plasticizers, and ultraviolet filters in biosamples is crucial for individual exposure assessment. We developed an analytical method to determine the levels of four parabens—bisphenols A (BPA) and its analogs, triclosan [...] Read more.

The development of a rapid analytical approach for determining levels of antibacterial agents, plasticizers, and ultraviolet filters in biosamples is crucial for individual exposure assessment. We developed an analytical method to determine the levels of four parabens—bisphenols A (BPA) and its analogs, triclosan (TCS), triclocarban, and benzophenone-3 (BP-3)—in human urine. We further measured the levels of these chemicals in children and adolescents. We used a supported liquid extraction (SLE) technique coupled with an isotope-dilution ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-UPLC-MS/MS) method to assess the detection performance for these chemicals. Forty-one urine samples from 13 children and 28 adolescents were assessed to demonstrate the capability and feasibility of our method. An acceptable recovery (75.6–102.4%) and matrix effect (precision < 14.2%) in the three-level spiked artificial urine samples were achieved, and good performance of the validated ID-UPLC-MS/MS method regarding linearity, limits of detection, and quantitation was achieved. The within-run and between-run accuracy and precision also demonstrated the sensitivity and stability of this analytical method, applied after SLE. We concluded that the ID-UPLC-MS/MS method with SLE pretreatment is a valuable analytical method for the investigation of urinary antibacterial agents, plasticizers, and ultraviolet filters in humans, useful for human biomonitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasticizer Exposure: Harmful Impact on Human Health)

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13 pages, 1385 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Critical Assessment of Clean-Up Techniques Employed in Simultaneous Analysis of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fatty Samples

by Lucie Drábová, Darina Dvořáková, Kateřina Urbancová, Tomáš Gramblička, Jana Hajšlová and Jana Pulkrabová

Toxics 2022, 10(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010012 - 1 Jan 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3107

Abstract

Interference of residual lipids is a very common problem in ultratrace analysis of contaminants in fatty matrices. Therefore, quick and effective clean-up techniques applicable to multiple groups of analytes are much needed. Cartridge and dispersive solid-phase extraction (SPE and dSPE) are often used [...] Read more.

Interference of residual lipids is a very common problem in ultratrace analysis of contaminants in fatty matrices. Therefore, quick and effective clean-up techniques applicable to multiple groups of analytes are much needed. Cartridge and dispersive solid-phase extraction (SPE and dSPE) are often used for this purpose. In this context, we evaluated the lipid clean-up efficiency and performance of four commonly used sorbents—silica, C18, Z-Sep, and EMR-lipid—for the determination of organic pollutants in fatty fish samples (10%) extracted using ethyl acetate or the QuEChERS method. Namely, 17 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 13 brominated flame retardants (BFRs), 19 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in this study. The clean-up efficiency was evaluated by direct analysis in real time coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART-HRMS). The triacylglycerols (TAGs) content in the purified extracts were significantly reduced. The EMR-lipid sorbent was the most efficient of the dSPE sorbents used for the determination of POPs and PAHs in this study. The recoveries of the POPs and PAHs obtained by the validated QuEChERS method followed by the dSPE EMR-lipid sorbent ranged between 59 and 120%, with repeatabilities ranging between 2 and 23% and LOQs ranging between 0.02 and 1.50 µg·kg⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Instrumental and Bioanalytical Methods for Food Contaminant Detection)

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Editorial

3 pages, 165 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceEditorial

Understanding PFAS: Occurrence, Fate, Removal, and Effects

by Chang-Gui Pan and Run-Xia Sun

Toxics 2024, 12(8), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12080605 - 19 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2720

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have emerged as one of the most pressing environmental and public health concerns of the 21st century [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence, Fate, Removal, and Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs))

3 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceEditorial

Cadmium Sources and Toxicity

by Soisungwan Satarug

Toxics 2019, 7(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7020025 - 6 May 2019

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 7899

Abstract

This special issue of Toxics, Cadmium (Cd) sources and toxicity, consists of one comprehensive review [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cadmium Sources and Toxicity)

Review

34 pages, 4477 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Mechanisms of Cadmium Toxicity in Living Organisms

by Slavena Davidova, Viktor Milushev and Galina Satchanska

Toxics 2024, 12(12), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12120875 - 30 Nov 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4914

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal primarily found as a by-product of zinc production. Cd was a proven carcinogen, and exposure to this metal has been linked to various adverse health effects, which were first reported in the mid-19th century and thoroughly investigated [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal primarily found as a by-product of zinc production. Cd was a proven carcinogen, and exposure to this metal has been linked to various adverse health effects, which were first reported in the mid-19th century and thoroughly investigated by the 20th century. The toxicokinetics and dynamics of Cd reveal its propensity for long biological retention and predominant storage in soft tissues. Until the 1950s, Cd pollution was caused by industrial activities, whereas nowadays, the main source is phosphate fertilizers, which strongly contaminate soil and water and affect human health and ecosystems. Cd enters the human body mainly through ingestion and inhalation, with food and tobacco smoke being the primary sources. It accumulates in various organs, particularly the kidney and liver, and is known to cause severe health problems, including renal dysfunction, bone diseases, cardiovascular problems, and many others. On a cellular level, Cd disrupts numerous biological processes, inducing oxidative stress generation and DNA damage. This comprehensive review explores Cd pollution, accumulation, distribution, and biological impacts on bacteria, fungi, edible mushrooms, plants, animals, and humans on a molecular level. Molecular aspects of carcinogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, specific gene expression, stress protein synthesis, and ROS formation caused by Cd were discussed as well. This paper also summarizes how Cd is removed from contaminated environments and the human body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cadmium and Trace Elements Toxicity)

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22 pages, 1648 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Presence of Potentially Toxic Elements in Historical Mining Areas in the North-Center of Mexico and Possible Bioremediation Strategies

by Victor Manuel Escot-Espinoza, Susana Rodríguez-Márquez, Jorge Briseño-Bugarín, Maria Argelia López-Luna and Juan Armando Flores de la Torre

Toxics 2024, 12(11), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110813 - 13 Nov 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2400

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of the impacts of mining-related environmental liabilities on humans, soils, sediments, surface water and groundwater across various mining districts in Zacatecas, Mexico. An analysis has been carried out on the areas of the state most affected by the [...] Read more.

This paper provides an overview of the impacts of mining-related environmental liabilities on humans, soils, sediments, surface water and groundwater across various mining districts in Zacatecas, Mexico. An analysis has been carried out on the areas of the state most affected by the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, chromium and zinc, identifying priority areas for environmental assessment and remediation. Likewise, a review of the concentrations of PTEs reported in different environmental matrices of the state’s mining areas with the presence of environmental liabilities was carried out, most of which exceed the maximum permissible limits established by Mexican and international regulations, generating an environmental risk for the populations near these districts due to their potential incorporation into the food chain. Additionally, this study explores research focused on the biostabilization of PTEs using microorganisms with specific metabolic activities. Phytoremediation is presented as a viable tool for the stabilization and elimination of PTEs, in which endemic plants from arid–semi-arid climates have shown favorable results in terms of the phytostabilization and phytoextraction processes of the PTEs present in mining waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)

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17 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Research Progress on Membrane Separation Technology for Oily Wastewater Treatment

by Yichang Wang, Yu Zhang, Liang Liang, Feng Tu, Zhongjian Li, Xianjin Tang, Li Dai and Lingli Li

Toxics 2024, 12(11), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110794 - 31 Oct 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3047

Abstract

This paper presents the research progress and future prospects of membrane separation technology for treating oily wastewater. It discusses various treatment methods tailored to different sources and characteristics of oily wastewater, summarizing the features of different membrane separation technologies and the latest advancements [...] Read more.

This paper presents the research progress and future prospects of membrane separation technology for treating oily wastewater. It discusses various treatment methods tailored to different sources and characteristics of oily wastewater, summarizing the features of different membrane separation technologies and the latest advancements in their application. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for future research to focus on developing environmentally friendly and efficient coupled membrane treatment technologies, optimizing membrane material design and enhancing the environmental benefits of oily wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)

23 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Micro(nano)plastic and Related Chemicals: Emerging Contaminants in Environment, Food and Health Impacts

by Juliana G. R. de Carvalho, Helga Coelho Augusto, Ricardo Ferraz, Cristina Delerue-Matos and Virgínia Cruz Fernandes

Toxics 2024, 12(10), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100762 - 20 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4043

Abstract

Microplastic pollution is a problem of increasing concern in food, and while food safety issues around the world are serious, an increasing number of food safety issues related to microplastics have become the focus of people’s attention. The presence of microplastics in food [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution is a problem of increasing concern in food, and while food safety issues around the world are serious, an increasing number of food safety issues related to microplastics have become the focus of people’s attention. The presence of microplastics in food is a worldwide problem, and they are present in all kinds of foods, foods of both animal and plant origin, food additives, drinks, plastic food packaging, and agricultural practices. This can cause problems for both humans and the environment. Microplastics have already been detected in human blood, heart, placenta, and breastmilk, but their effects in humans are not well understood. Studies with mammals and human cells or organoids have given perspective about the potential impact of micro(nano)plastics on human health, which affect the lungs, kidneys, heart, neurological system, and DNA. Additionally, as plastics often contain additives or other substances, the potentially harmful effects of exposure to these substances must also be carefully studied before any conclusions can be drawn. The study of microplastics is very complex as there are many factors to account for, such as differences in particle sizes, constituents, shapes, additives, contaminants, concentrations, etc. This review summarizes the more recent research on the presence of microplastic and other plastic-related chemical pollutants in food and their potential impacts on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Exposure to Toxic Chemicals and Human Health II)

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11 pages, 657 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Copper in Alzheimer’s Disease Etiopathogenesis: An Updated Systematic Review

by Angela Sabalic, Veronica Mei, Giuliana Solinas and Roberto Madeddu

Toxics 2024, 12(10), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100755 - 17 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2503

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly. Although the etiology of AD is unknow, an increase in amyloid precursor protein (APP) leads to the toxic aggregation of Aβ plaques. Several factors, such as [...] Read more.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly. Although the etiology of AD is unknow, an increase in amyloid precursor protein (APP) leads to the toxic aggregation of Aβ plaques. Several factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, hormonal changes, and metal exposure, could increase the risk of developing AD. In this review, we will examine the role of copper (Cu) in the pathophysiology of AD, as well as the mechanisms involved in neurotoxicity and cognitive decline. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. We performed a comprehensive literature analysis over the last ten years on AD and Cu. Only late-onset Alzheimer’s disease was considered; only studies on elderly people of both sexes were included. Results: A total of seven articles were picked for this review, three studies focused on non-ceruloplasmin-bound Copper (non-Cp-Cu) and four on ceruloplasmin-bound Copper (Cp-Cu). The results showed higher Cu concentrations in patients compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: Elevated concentrations of Cu may contribute to the progression of AD, potentially interacting with ATP7B mutations, oxidative stress (OS), and amyloid-β plaques. Future research is needed to provide more robust evidence and better characterize the relationship between AD and Cu. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Induced Neurotoxicity)

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