Toxics

16 pages, 858 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Association between Air Pollution and Lipid Profiles

by Yi Zhang, Jiaqi Shi, Ying Ma, Nairui Yu, Pai Zheng, Zhangjian Chen, Tiancheng Wang and Guang Jia

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110894 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3431

Abstract

Dyslipidemia is a critical factor in the development of atherosclerosis and consequent cardiovascular disease. Numerous pieces of evidence demonstrate the association between air pollution and abnormal blood lipids. Although the results of epidemiological studies on the link between air pollution and blood lipids [...] Read more.

Dyslipidemia is a critical factor in the development of atherosclerosis and consequent cardiovascular disease. Numerous pieces of evidence demonstrate the association between air pollution and abnormal blood lipids. Although the results of epidemiological studies on the link between air pollution and blood lipids are unsettled due to different research methods and conditions, most of them corroborate the harmful effects of air pollution on blood lipids. Mechanism studies have revealed that air pollution may affect blood lipids via oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hypothalamic hormone and epigenetic changes. Moreover, there is a risk of metabolic diseases associated with air pollution, including fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, which are often accompanied by dyslipidemia. Therefore, it is biologically plausible that air pollution affects blood lipids. The overall evidence supports that air pollution has a deleterious effect on blood lipid health. However, further research into susceptibility, indoor air pollution, and gaseous pollutants is required, and the issue of assessing the effects of mixtures of air pollutants remains an obstacle for the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicity and Mechanisms of Occupational and Environmental Pollutants)

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15 pages, 2235 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pesticide-Induced Inflammation at a Glance

by Monica Lopes-Ferreira, Luiz Rogério Ludwig Farinha, Yasmin Stefanie Oliveira Costa, Felipe Justiniano Pinto, Geonildo Rodrigo Disner, João Gabriel dos Santos da Rosa and Carla Lima

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110896 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2569

Abstract

The increasing number of studies reporting the risks of the exposure to pesticides aligned with the intensified use of such hazardous chemicals has emerged as a pressing contemporary issue, notably due to the potential effects to both the environment and human health. Pesticides, [...] Read more.

The increasing number of studies reporting the risks of the exposure to pesticides aligned with the intensified use of such hazardous chemicals has emerged as a pressing contemporary issue, notably due to the potential effects to both the environment and human health. Pesticides, while broadly applied in modern agriculture for pest control and crop protection, have raised concerns due to their unintended effects on non-target organisms. The immune system exerts a key role in the protection against the exposome, which could result in cellular imbalances and tissue damage through the inflammatory response. Pesticides, which encompass a diverse array of chemicals, have been linked to inflammation in experimental models. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss the increasing concern over the risks of pesticide exposure focusing on the effects of various chemical classes on inflammation by covering, as broadly as possible, different experimental approaches as well as the multiple or co-exposure of pesticides. Overall, pesticides potentially induce inflammation in different experimental models, manifested through skin irritation, respiratory impairment, or systemic effects. The connection between pesticides and inflammation highlights the importance of proper handling and regulation of these substances and underscores the need for research into safer and sustainable practices to reduce our reliance on synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pesticide-Induced Inflammation and Disease)

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15 pages, 2900 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in Surface Seawater off the Yangtze River Estuary Section and Analysis of Ecological Risk Assessment

by Xiao Ji, Shuaishuai Yan, Yanlong He, Haisheng He and Hanqi Liu

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110889 - 30 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2661

Abstract

Microplastics are widespread in the oceans as a new type of pollutant. Due to the special geographical environment characteristics, the Yangtze River estuary region become hotspot for microplastics research. In 2017 and 2019, surface seawater microplastics samples were collected from five stations off [...] Read more.

Microplastics are widespread in the oceans as a new type of pollutant. Due to the special geographical environment characteristics, the Yangtze River estuary region become hotspot for microplastics research. In 2017 and 2019, surface seawater microplastics samples were collected from five stations off the Yangtze River estuary during four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). The abundance and characteristics of microplastics in seawater were researched. The results showed that microplastics widely existed in surface seawater; the average abundance of microplastics in seawater was (0.17 ± 0.14) items/m³ (0.00561 ± 0.00462) mg/m³; and accounting for 80% of the total plastic debris, the abundance of microplastics was at moderately low levels compared to national and international studies. The particle size of most microplastics was between 1 mm to 2 mm, accounting for 36.1% of the total microplastics. The main shapes of microplastics were fiber, flake, and line, accounting for 39.5%, 28.4%, and 20.8%, respectively. Polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene were the main components of microplastics, accounting for 41.0%, 25.1%, and 24.9%, respectively. Yellow, green, black, and transparent were the most common colors, accounting for 21.9%, 19.6%, 16.5%, and 15.7%, respectively. This study shows that the spatial distribution of microplastics in the surface waters off the Yangtze River estuary shows a decreasing trend from nearshore to farshore due to the influence of land-based inputs, hydrodynamics, and human activities; the distribution of microplastics has obvious seasonal changes, and the level of microplastic pollution is higher in summer. The potential ecological risk of microplastics in the surface waters off the Yangtze River estuary is relatively small. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Exposure to Microplastics: Effects on Animals and Human Health)

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12 pages, 2058 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Associations of Long-Term Exposure to PM_2.5 and Its Constituents with Erythrocytosis and Thrombocytosis in Rural Populations

by Yiquan Zheng, Yaling He, Ning Kang, Caiyun Zhang, Wei Liao, Yinghao Yuchi, Xiaotian Liu, Jian Hou, Zhenxing Mao, Wenqian Huo, Kai Zhang, Hezhong Tian, Hualiang Lin and Chongjian Wang

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110885 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1732

Abstract

Evidence on the effect of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis prevalence was limited. We aimed to investigate the association of PM_2.5 and its constituents with the risks of erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis. The present study [...] Read more.

Evidence on the effect of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis prevalence was limited. We aimed to investigate the association of PM_2.5 and its constituents with the risks of erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis. The present study included a total of 33,585 participants from the Henan Rural Cohort at baseline between 2015 and 2017. A hybrid satellite-based model was employed to estimate the concentrations of PM_2.5 mass and its constituents (including black carbon [BC], nitrate [NO₃⁻], ammonium [NH₄⁺], inorganic sulfate [SO₄²⁻], organic matter [OM], and soil particles [SOIL]). The logistic regression model was used to assess the associations of single exposure to PM_2.5 and its constituents with the risks of erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis, and the quantile G-computation method was applied to evaluate their joint exposure risk. For the independent association, the odds ratios for erythrocytosis/thrombocytosis with 1 μg/m³ increase was 1.049/1.043 for PM_2.5 mass, 1.596/1.610 for BC, 1.410/1.231 for NH₄⁺, 1.205/1.139 for NO₃⁻, 1.221/1.359 for OM, 1.300/1.143 for SO₄²⁻, and 1.197/1.313 for SOIL. Joint exposure to PM_2.5 and its components was also positively associated with erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis. The estimated weight of NH₄⁺ was found to be the largest for erythrocytosis, while OM had the largest weight for thrombocytosis. PM_2.5 mass and its constituents were positively linked to prevalent erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis, both in single-exposure and joint-exposure models. Additionally, NH₄⁺/OM was identified as a potentially responsible component for the association between PM_2.5 and erythrocytosis/thrombocytosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution and Health)

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11 pages, 927 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Safety and Toxicology Study of Hu7691, a Novel AKT Inhibitor, following Oral Administration in Rats

by Renhua Gai, Chao Chen, Wei Zhang, Jian Ma, Xiaomeng Wang, Xiaoqing Chi and Guangxing Li

Toxics 2023, 11(11), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110880 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1679

Abstract

Hu7691 represents a novel Pan-Akt kinase inhibitor, demonstrating excellent selectivity towards non-AGC kinase families and pronounced inhibitory effects on the proliferation of multiple tumor cell lines. However, there is currently a notable absence of in vivo toxicological research evidence concerning Hu7691. This study [...] Read more.

Hu7691 represents a novel Pan-Akt kinase inhibitor, demonstrating excellent selectivity towards non-AGC kinase families and pronounced inhibitory effects on the proliferation of multiple tumor cell lines. However, there is currently a notable absence of in vivo toxicological research evidence concerning Hu7691. This study represents the first investigation into the 14-day repeated-dose toxicity of Hu7691 in male and female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Male rats were administered daily doses of 12.5, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/day, while female rats received doses of 12.5, 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg/day for 14 consecutive days. Hematological assessments, organ weights, and histopathological examinations revealed corresponding alterations, suggesting potential target organs for toxicity including the spleen, thymus, and gastrointestinal tract. It is worth noting that the test substance may also impact the liver, kidneys, heart, and ovaries. The No Observed Effect Level (NOAEL) was determined to be no greater than 12.5 mg/kg/day. Based on the observed gender-related toxicity differences in preliminary trials, it is recommended that the high dose reference dose for male animals in formal experiments should not be less than 100 mg/kg/day, while for female animals, it should be less than 50 mg/kg/day. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drugs Toxicity)

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12 pages, 1701 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

New Insights into Nanoplastics Ecotoxicology: Effects of Long-Term Polystyrene Nanoparticles Exposure on Folsomia candida

by Angela Barreto, Joana Santos, Gonçalo Andrade, Matilde Santos and Vera L. Maria

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100876 - 22 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3842

Abstract

Despite the growing concern over nanoplastics’ (NPls) environmental impacts, their long-term effects on terrestrial organisms remain poorly understood. The main aim of this study was to assess how NPls exposure impacts both the parental (F1) and subsequent generations (F2 and F3) of the [...] Read more.

Despite the growing concern over nanoplastics’ (NPls) environmental impacts, their long-term effects on terrestrial organisms remain poorly understood. The main aim of this study was to assess how NPls exposure impacts both the parental (F1) and subsequent generations (F2 and F3) of the soil-dwelling species Folsomia candida. After a standard exposure (28 days), we conducted a multigenerational study along three generations (84 days), applying polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs; diameter of 44 nm) as representatives of NPls. Endpoints from biochemical to individual levels were assessed. The standard test: PS NPs (0.015 to 900 mg/kg) had no effect in F. candida survival or reproduction. The multigenerational test: PS NPs (1.5 and 300 mg/kg) induced no effects on F. candida survival and reproduction along the three generations (F1 to F3). PS NPs induced no effects in catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferases, and acetylcholinesterase activities for the juveniles of the F1 to F3. Oxidative damage through lipid peroxidation was detected in the offspring of F1 but not in the juveniles of F2 and F3. Our findings underscore the importance of evaluating multigenerational effects to gain comprehensive insights into the contaminants long-term impact, particularly when organisms are continuously exposed, as is the case with NPls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sub-Lethal Effects of Emerging Contaminants in Terrestrial and Aquatic Invertebrates)

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15 pages, 1479 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Mechanisms of Organophosphate Toxicity and the Role of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition

by Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska, Taiza H. Figueiredo, Marcio de Araujo Furtado, Volodymyr I. Pidoplichko and Maria F. M. Braga

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100866 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 11486

Abstract

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) have applications in agriculture (e.g., pesticides), industry (e.g., flame retardants), and chemical warfare (nerve agents). In high doses or chronic exposure, they can be toxic or lethal. The primary mechanism, common among all OPs, that initiates their toxic effects is [...] Read more.

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) have applications in agriculture (e.g., pesticides), industry (e.g., flame retardants), and chemical warfare (nerve agents). In high doses or chronic exposure, they can be toxic or lethal. The primary mechanism, common among all OPs, that initiates their toxic effects is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. In acute OP exposure, the subsequent surge of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses causes a peripheral cholinergic crisis and status epilepticus (SE), either of which can lead to death. If death is averted without effective seizure control, long-term brain damage ensues. This review describes the mechanisms by which elevated acetylcholine can cause respiratory failure and trigger SE; the role of the amygdala in seizure initiation; the role of M1 muscarinic receptors in the early stages of SE; the neurotoxic pathways activated by SE (excitotoxicity/Ca⁺⁺ overload/oxidative stress, neuroinflammation); and neurotoxic mechanisms linked to low-dose, chronic exposure (Ca⁺⁺ dyshomeostasis/oxidative stress, inflammation), which do not depend on SE and do not necessarily involve acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The evidence so far indicates that brain damage from acute OP exposure is a direct result of SE, while the neurotoxic mechanisms activated by low-dose chronic exposure are independent of SE and may not be associated with acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organophosphate-Induced Neurotoxicity: Countermeasures, Mechanisms, and Physiology)

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12 pages, 1931 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Transporter Inhibitors and Chemical Analogs on the Uptake of Antimonite and Antimonate by Boehmeria nivea L.

by Yi Lu, Fangyuan Peng, Yingyang Wang, Haipu Li and Zhaoguang Yang

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100860 - 14 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1702

Abstract

Antimony (Sb) is a non-essential metalloid that can be taken up by plants from contaminated soils and thus enter the food chain and threaten human health. Boehmeria nivea L. (ramie) is a promising phytoremediation plant for Sb-polluted soils. However, the mechanisms of antimonite [...] Read more.

Antimony (Sb) is a non-essential metalloid that can be taken up by plants from contaminated soils and thus enter the food chain and threaten human health. Boehmeria nivea L. (ramie) is a promising phytoremediation plant for Sb-polluted soils. However, the mechanisms of antimonite (SbIII) and antimonate (SbV) uptake by ramie remain unclear. In this study, a hydroponic system was established to investigate how different substances affect the uptake of SbIII or SbV by ramie, including an energy inhibitor (malonic acid), an aquaglyceroporin inhibitor (silver nitrate), an SbV analog (phosphate—PV), and SbIII analogs (arsenite—AsIII, glycerol, silicic acid—Si, and glucose). The results indicated that ramie primarily transported Sb by increasing the Sb concentration in the bleeding sap, rather than increasing the weight of the bleeding sap. After 16 h of Sb exposure, the absolute amount of transported Sb from the roots to the aboveground parts was 1.90 times higher under SbIII than under SbV. The addition of malonic acid significantly inhibited the uptake of SbV but had limited effects on SbIII, indicating that SbV uptake was energy dependent. PV addition significantly reduced SbV uptake, while the addition of AsIII, glycerol, and Si obviously inhibited SbIII uptake. This suggested that the uptake of SbV might be via low-affinity P transporters and SbIII might use aquaglyceroporins. These findings deepen the understanding of Sb uptake pathways in ramie, contribute to a better comprehension of Sb toxicity mechanisms in ramie, and establish a foundation for identifying the most effective Sb uptake pathways, which could further improve the efficiency of phytoremediation of Sb-polluted soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochemical Remediation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil)

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21 pages, 10935 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analyzing the Impact of Diesel Exhaust Particles on Lung Fibrosis Using Dual PCR Array and Proteomics: YWHAZ Signaling

by Byeong-Gon Kim, Pureun-Haneul Lee, Jisu Hong and An-Soo Jang

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 859; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100859 - 13 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2160

Abstract

Air pollutants are associated with exacerbations of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and airway inflammation. Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) can induce and worsen lung diseases. However, there are insufficient data to guide polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array proteomics studies regarding the impacts of DEPs on [...] Read more.

Air pollutants are associated with exacerbations of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and airway inflammation. Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) can induce and worsen lung diseases. However, there are insufficient data to guide polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array proteomics studies regarding the impacts of DEPs on respiratory diseases. This study was performed to identify genes and proteins expressed in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins expressed in NHBE cells exposed to DEPs at 1 μg/cm² for 8 h and 24 h were identified using PCR array analysis and 2D PAGE/LC-MS/MS, respectively. YWHAZ gene expression was estimated using PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analyses. Genes discovered through an overlap analysis were validated in DEP-exposed mice. Proteomics approaches showed that exposing NHBE cells to DEPs led to changes in 32 protein spots. A transcriptomics PCR array analysis showed that 6 of 84 miRNAs were downregulated in the DEP exposure groups compared to controls. The mRNA and protein expression levels of YWHAZ, β-catenin, vimentin, and TGF-β were increased in DEP-treated NHBE cells and DEP-exposed mice. Lung fibrosis was increased in mice exposed to DEPs. Our combined PCR array–omics analysis demonstrated that DEPs can induce airway inflammation and lead to lung fibrosis through changes in the expression levels of YWHAZ, β-catenin, vimentin, and TGF-β. These findings suggest that dual approaches can help to identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets involved in pollutant-related respiratory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Allergic Diseases (Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, Atopic Dermatitis) and Air Pollution)

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31 pages, 2461 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Airborne Pesticides from Agricultural Practices: A Critical Review of Pathways, Influencing Factors, and Human Health Implications

by Thirasant Boonupara, Patchimaporn Udomkun, Eakalak Khan and Puangrat Kajitvichyanukul

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100858 - 13 Oct 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5970

Abstract

This critical review examines the release of pesticides from agricultural practices into the air, with a focus on volatilization, and the factors influencing their dispersion. The review delves into the effects of airborne pesticides on human health and their contribution to anthropogenic air [...] Read more.

This critical review examines the release of pesticides from agricultural practices into the air, with a focus on volatilization, and the factors influencing their dispersion. The review delves into the effects of airborne pesticides on human health and their contribution to anthropogenic air pollution. It highlights the necessity of interdisciplinary research encompassing science, technology, public policy, and agricultural practices to effectively mitigate the risks associated with pesticide volatilization and spray dispersion. The text acknowledges the need for more research to understand the fate and transport of airborne pesticides, develop innovative application technologies, improve predictive modeling and risk assessment, and adopt sustainable pest management strategies. Robust policies and regulations, supported by education, training, research, and development, are crucial to ensuring the safe and sustainable use of pesticides for human health and the environment. By providing valuable insights, this review aids researchers and practitioners in devising effective and sustainable solutions for safeguarding human health and the environment from the hazards of airborne pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Occurrence, Fate, Transport, and Toxicity of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs))

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16 pages, 2388 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of an In Vitro Assessment Method for Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) by Integrating a Microphysiological System (MPS) with Morphological Deep Learning of Soma and Axonal Images

by Kazuki Matsuda, Xiaobo Han, Naoki Matsuda, Makoto Yamanaka and Ikuro Suzuki

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100848 - 10 Oct 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2459

Abstract

Several anticancer drugs used in cancer therapy induce chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), leading to dose reduction or therapy cessation. Consequently, there is a demand for an in vitro assessment method to predict CIPN and mechanisms of action (MoA) in drug candidate compounds. In [...] Read more.

Several anticancer drugs used in cancer therapy induce chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), leading to dose reduction or therapy cessation. Consequently, there is a demand for an in vitro assessment method to predict CIPN and mechanisms of action (MoA) in drug candidate compounds. In this study, a method assessing the toxic effects of anticancer drugs on soma and axons using deep learning image analysis is developed, culturing primary rat dorsal root ganglion neurons with a microphysiological system (MPS) that separates soma from neural processes and training two artificial intelligence (AI) models on soma and axonal area images. Exposing the control compound DMSO, negative compound sucrose, and known CIPN-causing drugs (paclitaxel, vincristine, oxaliplatin, suramin, bortezomib) for 24 h, results show the somatic area-learning AI detected significant cytotoxicity for paclitaxel (* p < 0.05) and oxaliplatin (* p < 0.05). In addition, axonal area-learning AI detected significant axonopathy with paclitaxel (* p < 0.05) and vincristine (* p < 0.05). Combining these models, we detected significant toxicity in all CIPN-causing drugs (** p < 0.01) and could classify anticancer drugs based on their different MoA on neurons, suggesting that the combination of MPS-based culture segregating soma and axonal areas and AI image analysis of each area provides an effective evaluation method to predict CIPN from low concentrations and infer the MoA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurotoxicity)

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19 pages, 2466 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Job Exposure Matrix, a Solution for Retrospective Assessment of Particle Exposure in a Subway Network and Their Long-Term Effects

by Tesnim Ben Rayana, Pascal Wild, Amélie Debatisse, Valérie Jouannique, Kirushanthi Sakthithasan, Guillaume Suarez and Irina Guseva Canu

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100836 - 2 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1986

Abstract

Introduction: Health effects after long-term exposure to subway particulate matter (PM) remain unknown due to the lack of individual PM exposure data. This study aimed to apply the job exposure matrix (JEM) approach to retrospectively assess occupational exposure to PM in the Parisian [...] Read more.

Introduction: Health effects after long-term exposure to subway particulate matter (PM) remain unknown due to the lack of individual PM exposure data. This study aimed to apply the job exposure matrix (JEM) approach to retrospectively assess occupational exposure to PM in the Parisian subway. Methods: Job, the line and sector of the transport network, as well as calendar period were four JEM dimensions. For each combination of these dimensions, we generated statistical models to estimate the annual average PM₁₀ concentration using data from an exhaustive inventory of the PM measurement campaigns conducted between 2004 and 2020 in the Parisian subway and historical data from the Parisian air pollution monitoring network. The resulting JEM and its exposure estimates were critically examined by experts using the uncertainty analysis framework. Results: The resulting JEM allows for the assignment of the estimated annual PM₁₀ concentration to three types of professionals working in the subway: locomotive operators, station agents, and security guards. The estimates’ precision and validity depend on the amount and quality of PM₁₀ measurement data used in the job-, line-, and sector-specific models. Models using large amounts of personal exposure measurement data produced rather robust exposure estimates compared to models with lacunary data (i.e., in security guards). The analysis of uncertainty around the exposure estimates allows for the identification of the sources of uncertainty and parameters to be addressed in the future in order to refine and/or improve the JEM. Conclusions: The JEM approach seems relevant for the retrospective exposure assessment of subway workers. When applied to available data on PM₁₀, it allows for the estimation of this exposure in locomotive operators and station agents with an acceptable validity. Conversely, for security guards, the current estimates have insufficient validity to recommend their use in an epidemiological study. Therefore, the current JEM should be considered as a valid prototype, which shall be further improved using more robust measurements for some jobs. This JEM can also be further refined by considering additional exposure determinants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollutant Exposure and Respiratory Diseases)

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17 pages, 1455 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nonlinear SAR Modelling of Mosquito Repellents for Skin Application

by James Devillers, Adeline Larghi, Valérie Sartor, Marie-Laure Setier-Rio, Christophe Lagneau and Hugo Devillers

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 837; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100837 - 2 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1892

Abstract

Finding new marketable mosquito repellents is a complex and time-consuming process that can be optimized via modelling. In this context, a SAR (Structure–Activity Relationship) model was designed from a set of 2171 molecules whose actual repellent activity against Aedes aegypti was available. Information-rich [...] Read more.

Finding new marketable mosquito repellents is a complex and time-consuming process that can be optimized via modelling. In this context, a SAR (Structure–Activity Relationship) model was designed from a set of 2171 molecules whose actual repellent activity against Aedes aegypti was available. Information-rich descriptors were used as input neurons of a three-layer perceptron (TLP) to compute the models. The most interesting classification model was a 20/6/2 TLP showing 94% and 89% accuracy on the training set and test set, respectively. A total of 57 other artificial neural network models based on the same architecture were also computed. This allowed us to consider all chemicals both as training and test set members in order to better interpret the results obtained with the selected model. Most of the wrong predictions were explainable. The 20/6/2 TLP model was then used for predicting the potential repellent activity of new molecules. Among them, two were successfully evaluated in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Vector and Pest Control: The Search for Safer and Greener Chemicals)

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16 pages, 4387 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Role of the Nuclear Receptor FXR in Arsenic-Induced Glucose Intolerance in Mice

by Yifei Yang, Yun-Chung Hsiao, Chih-Wei Liu and Kun Lu

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100833 - 1 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1908

Abstract

Inorganic arsenic in drinking water is prioritized as a top environmental contaminant by the World Health Organization, with over 230 million people potentially being exposed. Arsenic toxicity has been well documented and is associated with a plethora of human diseases, including diabetes, as [...] Read more.

Inorganic arsenic in drinking water is prioritized as a top environmental contaminant by the World Health Organization, with over 230 million people potentially being exposed. Arsenic toxicity has been well documented and is associated with a plethora of human diseases, including diabetes, as established in numerous animal and epidemiological studies. Our previous study revealed that arsenic exposure leads to the inhibition of nuclear receptors, including LXR/RXR. To this end, FXR is a nuclear receptor central to glucose and lipid metabolism. However, limited studies are available for understanding arsenic exposure-FXR interactions. Herein, we report that FXR knockout mice developed more profound glucose intolerance than wild-type mice upon arsenic exposure, supporting the regulatory role of FXR in arsenic-induced glucose intolerance. We further exposed mice to arsenic and tested if GW4064, a FXR agonist, could improve glucose intolerance and dysregulation of hepatic proteins and serum metabolites. Our data showed arsenic-induced glucose intolerance was remarkably diminished by GW4064, accompanied by a significant ratio of alleviation of dysregulation in hepatic proteins (83%) and annotated serum metabolites (58%). In particular, hepatic proteins “rescued” from arsenic toxicity by GW4064 featured members of glucose and lipid utilization. For instance, the expression of PCK1, a candidate gene for diabetes and obesity that facilitates gluconeogenesis, was repressed under arsenic exposure in the liver, but revived with the GW4064 supplement. Together, our comprehensive dataset indicates FXR plays a key role and may serve as a potential therapeutic for arsenic-induced metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)

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21 pages, 5114 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nitrites: An Old Poison or a Current Hazard? Epidemiology of Intoxications Covering the Last 100 Years and Evaluation of Analytical Methods

by Kaja Tusiewicz, Patryk Kuropka, Elżbieta Workiewicz, Olga Wachełko, Paweł Szpot and Marcin Zawadzki

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100832 - 1 Oct 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4507

Abstract

In recent times, there has been a concerning and noteworthy rise in the global use of sodium nitrite for suicidal purposes. This is facilitated either through the employment of specialized “suicide kits” or by acquiring sodium nitrite through alternative means. Additionally, another occurrence [...] Read more.

In recent times, there has been a concerning and noteworthy rise in the global use of sodium nitrite for suicidal purposes. This is facilitated either through the employment of specialized “suicide kits” or by acquiring sodium nitrite through alternative means. Additionally, another occurrence contributing to nitrite poisoning is the recreational utilization of nitrites in the form of volatile aliphatic esters of nitrous acid, commonly referred to as “poppers”. Based on current available papers and reports on the subject of nitrates, nitrites, and poppers intoxications, an epidemiological analysis and evaluation of analytical methods were performed. A total of 128 papers, documenting a collective count of 492 intoxication cases, were identified. Additionally, in order to complete the epidemiological profile of nitrite poisoning, the authors briefly examined six cases of nitrite intoxication that were under investigation in our laboratory. Furthermore, a review of nitrite poisoning cases over the past 100 years shows that the old poison is still in use and poses a substantial risk to society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Forensic Toxicology)

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21 pages, 5889 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Perfluorooctanoic Acid Promotes Recruitment and Exocytosis of Rodlet Cells in the Renal Hematopoietic Tissue of Common Carp

by Maurizio Manera, Giuseppe Castaldelli and Luisa Giari

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100831 - 30 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1957

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) being a prominent member. PFOA poses a risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to its presence in water, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation. Since rodlet cells (RCs) have emerged [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) being a prominent member. PFOA poses a risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to its presence in water, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation. Since rodlet cells (RCs) have emerged as potential biomarkers for chemical stressors, this study aimed to investigate the effects of sub-chronic PFOA exposure on RCs in the renal hematopoietic tissue of common carp. Three groups of fish were used: an unexposed control group and two groups exposed to environmentally relevant (200 ng L⁻¹) and elevated (2 mg L⁻¹) PFOA concentrations. Light and transmission electron microscopy were employed to assess RCs’ distribution patterns and exocytosis, while biometry quantified RCs in the hematopoietic tissue. The results showed that, even at environmentally relevant concentrations, PFOA significantly influenced RCs’ distribution patterns, leading to increased occurrence and cluster formation, as well as heightened exocytosis activity. This research highlights PFOA’s immunotoxicity in fish and suggests the potential of RCs as sentinel cells in the immunological response to environmental contaminants. These findings enhance our understanding of PFAS toxicity and emphasise the importance of monitoring their impact on fish as representative vertebrates and reliable animal models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

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21 pages, 3683 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Short-Term Transcriptomic Points of Departure Are Consistent with Chronic Points of Departure for Three Organophosphate Pesticides across Mouse and Fathead Minnow

by Rubia Martin, Monique Hazemi, Kevin Flynn, Daniel Villeneuve and Leah Wehmas

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100820 - 29 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1665

Abstract

New approach methods (NAMs) can reduce the need for chronic animal studies. Here, we apply benchmark dose (concentration) (BMD(C))–response modeling to transcriptomic changes in the liver of mice and in fathead minnow larvae after short-term exposures (7 days and 1 day, respectively) to [...] Read more.

New approach methods (NAMs) can reduce the need for chronic animal studies. Here, we apply benchmark dose (concentration) (BMD(C))–response modeling to transcriptomic changes in the liver of mice and in fathead minnow larvae after short-term exposures (7 days and 1 day, respectively) to several dose/concentrations of three organophosphate pesticides (OPPs): fenthion, methidathion, and parathion. The mouse liver transcriptional points of departure (TPODs) for fenthion, methidathion, and parathion were 0.009, 0.093, and 0.046 mg/Kg-bw/day, while the fathead minnow larva TPODs were 0.007, 0.115, and 0.046 mg/L, respectively. The TPODs were consistent across both species and reflected the relative potencies from traditional chronic toxicity studies with fenthion identified as the most potent. Moreover, the mouse liver TPODs were more sensitive than or within a 10-fold difference from the chronic apical points of departure (APODs) for mammals, while the fathead minnow larva TPODs were within an 18-fold difference from the chronic APODs for fish species. Short-term exposure to OPPs significantly impacted acetylcholinesterase mRNA abundance (FDR p-value <0.05, |fold change| ≥2) and canonical pathways (IPA, p-value <0.05) associated with organism death and neurological/immune dysfunctions, indicating the conservation of key events related to OPP toxicity. Together, these results build confidence in using short-term, molecular-based assays for the characterization of chemical toxicity and risk, thereby reducing reliance on chronic animal studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Novel Methods in Toxicology Research)

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17 pages, 3298 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Radiation Exposure in a Nuclear Medicine Department during ^99mTc-MDP Bone Scintigraphy

by Suphalak Khamruang Marshall, Piyatida Prom-on, Siriluck Sangkue and Wasinee Thiangsook

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100814 - 26 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 49628

Abstract

This study measured ^99mTc-MDP bone scintigraphy radiation risks, as low-dose radiation exposure is a growing concern. Dosimeter measurements were taken at four positions (left lateral, right lateral, anterior, and posterior) around the patients at 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm at 0, [...] Read more.

This study measured ^99mTc-MDP bone scintigraphy radiation risks, as low-dose radiation exposure is a growing concern. Dosimeter measurements were taken at four positions (left lateral, right lateral, anterior, and posterior) around the patients at 30, 60, 100, and 200 cm at 0, 1.5, and 3 h. The highest dose rates were recorded from 51% of the patients, who emitted ≥ 25 µSv/h up to 49.00 µSv/h at the posterior location at a distance of 30 cm. Additionally, at the anterior location at a distance of 30 cm, 42% of patients emitted ≥ 25 µSv/h up to 38.00 µSv/h. Furthermore, at 1.5 h after the tracer injection, 7% of the dose rates exceeded 25 µSv/h. There was a significant reduction in mean dose rates for all positions as distance and time increased (p-value < 0.05). As a result, radiation levels decreased with increased distance and time as a result of radiation decay, biological clearance, and distance from the source. In addition, increasing the distance from the patient for all positions reduced the radiation dose, as was substantiated via exponential regression analysis. Additionally, after completing the bone scintigraphy, the patients’ dose rates on discharge were within the current guidelines, and the mean radiation doses from ^99mTc-MDP were below occupational limits. Thus, medical staff received less radiation than the recommended 25 μSv/h. On discharge and release to public areas, the patients’ mean dose rates were as follows: 1.13 µSv/h for the left lateral position, 1.04 µSv/h for the right lateral, 1.39 µSv/h for the anterior, and 1.46 µSv/h for the posterior. This confirms that if an individual was continuously present in an unrestricted area, the dose from external sources would not exceed 20 µSv/h. Furthermore, the patients’ radiation doses were below the public exposure limit on discharge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation: Occurrence, Transport and Effect)

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14 pages, 2926 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mathematical Estimation of Endogenous Proline as a Bioindicator to Regulate the Stress of Trivalent Chromium on Rice Plants Grown in Different Nitrogenous Conditions

by Chengzhi Li, Yuxi Feng, Peng Tian and Xiaozhang Yu

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100803 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1488

Abstract

The accumulation of proline impacts the defense mechanisms of plants against the harmful effects of adverse environmental conditions; however, its concentration in plants is associated with the metabolism of N. Therefore, the effects of exogenous organic [glutamate (Glu)/arginine (Arg)] and inorganic [nitrate (NO [...] Read more.

The accumulation of proline impacts the defense mechanisms of plants against the harmful effects of adverse environmental conditions; however, its concentration in plants is associated with the metabolism of N. Therefore, the effects of exogenous organic [glutamate (Glu)/arginine (Arg)] and inorganic [nitrate (NO₃⁻)/ammonium (NH₄⁺)] N on the accumulation of proline (Pro) in rice plants under trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] stress were studied through using the mass balance matrix model (MBMM). Application of ‘NH₄⁺’ showed the largest contribution to the Pro content in rice shoots under different concentrations of Cr(III), followed by ‘NO₃⁻’, ‘Arg’, and ‘Glu’ applications. On the other hand, ‘Arg’ application displayed the largest contribution to the Pro content in roots under Cr(III) stress, followed by ‘NH₄⁺’, ‘Glu’, and ‘NO₃⁻’ applications. The combined application of ‘NH₄⁺+Arg’ showed the greatest contribution to the Pro content in both roots and shoots of Cr(III)-treated rice seedlings, while the application of ‘NO₃⁻+Glu’ showed the least contribution to the Pro content in rice seedlings. The current study indicated that the endogenous level of Pro in rice seedlings is quite sensitive to Cr(III) stress under different N sources, and the mathematical modeling showed a reliable result while estimating the relationship between Pro content and N source application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Remediation Processes toward Heavy Metal-Contaminated Environment)

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12 pages, 4449 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Therapeutic Effect of Catechin on Nephrolithiasis Induced by Co-Exposure to Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Sprague–Dawley Rats

by Hangwei Wang, Zhanren Liu, Shaojie Liu, Ruoru Yang, Yifei Wang, Yiying Gu, Min Wu, Ruihua Dong and Bo Chen

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090799 - 21 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1644

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of catechin against experimentally induced kidney stones resulting from co-exposure to melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) in male Sprague–Dawley rats. To induce nephrolithiasis, a combination of MEL and CYA (1:1 ratio, each at a [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of catechin against experimentally induced kidney stones resulting from co-exposure to melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA) in male Sprague–Dawley rats. To induce nephrolithiasis, a combination of MEL and CYA (1:1 ratio, each at a dose of 31.5 mg/kg bw/day) was administered to the rats for 28 consecutive days. After nephrolithiasis was successfully induced, the rats were randomly divided into two groups: a treatment group and a sham group. The treatment group was given a daily oral dose of 50 mg/kg of catechin for 28 days, while the sham group received no intervention. Urine and blood samples were collected throughout the treatment period, and kidney samples were taken on day 28. Our findings demonstrated that treatment with catechin significantly reduced crystal deposition and pathological damage in the rats from nephrolithiasis. Additionally, renal injury markers were significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to the sham group. These findings suggest that catechin has potential therapeutic benefits in treating nephrolithiasis induced by co-exposure to MEL and CYA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

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19 pages, 1401 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Risk Assessment of Mercury-Contaminated Fish Consumption in the Brazilian Amazon: An Ecological Study

by Paulo Cesar Basta, Ana Claudia Santiago de Vasconcellos, Gustavo Hallwass, Decio Yokota, Daniel de Oliveira d’El Rei Pinto, Danicley Saraiva de Aguiar, Ciro Campos de Souza and Marcelo Oliveira-da-Costa

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090800 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4988

Abstract

Mercury is one of the most dangerous contaminants on the planet. In recent years, evidence of mercury contamination in the Amazon has significantly increased, notably due to gold-mining activities. Although mercury contamination in fish has consistently been documented, little is known about the [...] Read more.

Mercury is one of the most dangerous contaminants on the planet. In recent years, evidence of mercury contamination in the Amazon has significantly increased, notably due to gold-mining activities. Although mercury contamination in fish has consistently been documented, little is known about the risk associated with fish consumption by populations in urban areas of the Amazon. We sampled 1010 fish sold in public markets in six state capitals and 11 additional cities. Mercury levels were determined for each specimen, and the evaluation of the health risks associated with consuming mercury-contaminated fish was conducted according to the methodology proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Our study reveals that more than one-fifth (21.3%) of the fish sold in urban centers had mercury levels above the safe limits (≥0.5 µg/g) established by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). The prevalence of Hg contamination ≥0.5 µg/g was approximately 14 times higher in carnivorous than in noncarnivorous fish. The analysis of the risk attributable to fish consumption reveals that daily mercury intake exceeded the reference dose recommended by the U.S. EPA in all population groups analyzed, reaching up to 7 and 31 times in women of childbearing age and children from 2 to 4 years old, respectively. However, these risks are diverse depending on the type of fish consumed and must be considered to formulate appropriate nutritional guidelines for safe fish consumption by the local community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurotoxicity)

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19 pages, 3022 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Ethanol in a Human Study: New Modification of Mathematic Model

by Paulo Zekan, Neven Ljubičić, Vladimir Blagaić, Ivan Dolanc, Antonija Jonjić, Miran Čoklo and Alenka Boban Blagaić

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090793 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3105

Abstract

In the pharmacokinetic analysis of ethanol after oral administration, only single- or two-compartment models are used, but their precision in estimating pharmacokinetic parameters might be insufficient. In a recent study, pharmacokinetic analysis using a modified Norberg three-compartment model was performed after oral administration [...] Read more.

In the pharmacokinetic analysis of ethanol after oral administration, only single- or two-compartment models are used, but their precision in estimating pharmacokinetic parameters might be insufficient. In a recent study, pharmacokinetic analysis using a modified Norberg three-compartment model was performed after oral administration of differently sweetened alcoholic solutions and compared to pharmacokinetic analysis using the classic Widmark model. On three occasions, eight male volunteers consumed differently sweetened alcoholic solutions: non-sweetened, sweetened with sucrose, and sweetened with steviol glycoside. Blood ethanol concentration was determined from samples obtained at t = 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 min after consumption. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed model independently, using the classic Widmarks model and using the modified Norberg model. Results showed that estimated pharmacokinetic parameters depend on the type of model used. The classic Widmark model in particular overestimated the fraction of absorbed ethanol from the gastrointestinal system to systemic circulation. Furthermore, the type of sweetener also affected pharmacokinetic parameters, although the difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the novel pharmacokinetic model, while being more physiological, fits experimental data better and hence is more suitable for modelling real-life alcohol consumption. In addition, the effect of natural non-caloric sweetener steviol glycoside on ethanol pharmacokinetics, analysed for the first time in the current research, might be different when compared to the common-used sweetener sucrose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Forensic Toxicology)

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17 pages, 3100 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Toxicity Based on the Sex and Sexual Maturity of Single Low-Dose DEHP Exposure

by Hyeon-Jeong Lee, Jonghwa Jin, Yoondam Seo, Inseon Kang, Junghyun Son, Eugene C. Yi and Hophil Min

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090794 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2084

Abstract

Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a prevalent environmental endocrine disruptor that affects homeostasis, reproduction, and developmental processes. The effects of DEHP have been shown to differ based on sex and sexual maturity. This study examines the metabolic profiles of mature adult rats from both [...] Read more.

Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a prevalent environmental endocrine disruptor that affects homeostasis, reproduction, and developmental processes. The effects of DEHP have been shown to differ based on sex and sexual maturity. This study examines the metabolic profiles of mature adult rats from both sexes, aged 10 weeks, and adolescent female rats, aged 6 weeks, following a single 5 mg/kg of body weight DEHP oral administration. An untargeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on urine samples collected at multiple times to discern potential sex- and maturity-specific DEHP toxicities. Various multivariate statistical analyses were employed to identify the relevant metabolites. The findings revealed disruptions to the steroid hormone and primary bile acid biosynthesis. Notably, DEHP exposure increased hyocholic, muricholic, and ketodeoxycholic acids in male rats. Moreover, DEHP exposure was linked to heart, liver, and kidney damage, as indicated by increased plasma GOT1 levels when compared to the levels before DEHP exposure. This study provides detailed insights into the unique mechanisms triggered by DEHP exposure concerning sex and sexual maturity, emphasizing significant distinctions in lipid metabolic profiles across the different groups. This study results deepens our understanding of the health risks linked to DEHP, informing future risk assessments and policy decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrine Disruptors Exposure, Health Risk Assessment and Human Biomonitoring)

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11 pages, 9592 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Triplex DNA Helix Sensor Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Electrodeposited Gold Nanoparticles for Sensitive Lead(II) Detection

by Jing Gao, Piao Xu, Lu Qiao, Yani Tao, Yao Xiao, Hong Qin, Yuan Zhu and Yi Zhang

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090795 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1612

Abstract

A triplex DNA electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and electrodeposited gold nanoparticles (EAu) was simply fabricated for Pb²⁺ detection. The glass carbon electrode (GCE) sequentially electrodeposited with rGO and EAu was further modified with a triplex DNA helix that [...] Read more.

A triplex DNA electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and electrodeposited gold nanoparticles (EAu) was simply fabricated for Pb²⁺ detection. The glass carbon electrode (GCE) sequentially electrodeposited with rGO and EAu was further modified with a triplex DNA helix that consisted of a guanine (G)-rich circle and a stem of triplex helix based on T-A•T base triplets. With the existence of Pb²⁺, the DNA configuration which was formed via the Watson–Crick and Hoogsteen base pairings was split and transformed into a G-quadruplex. An adequate electrochemical response signal was provided by the signal indicator methylene blue (MB). The proposed sensor demonstrated a linear relationship between the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) peak currents and the logarithm of Pb²⁺ concentrations from 0.01 to 100.00 μM with a detection limit of 0.36 nM. The proposed sensor was also tested with tap water, river and medical wastewater samples with qualified recovery and accuracy and represented a promising method for Pb²⁺ detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Science for Environmental Chemical Monitoring)

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19 pages, 10080 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Perinatal Coexposure to Chlorpyrifos and a High-Fat Diet on Kisspeptin and GnRHR Presence and Reproductive Organs

by Marwa Lahimer, Narimane Djekkoun, Sophian Tricotteaux-Zarqaoui, Aurélie Corona, Isabelle Lafosse, Habib Ben Ali, Mounir Ajina, Véronique Bach, Moncef Benkhalifa and Hafida Khorsi-Cauet

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090789 - 19 Sep 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2043

Abstract

Emerging evidence has indicated the involvement of extrahypothalamic Kisspeptin and GnRHR in reproductive function. In this study, we evaluate if maternal exposure to the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and/or a high-fat diet (HFD) has an impact on the expression of Kisspeptin and GnRHR in [...] Read more.

Emerging evidence has indicated the involvement of extrahypothalamic Kisspeptin and GnRHR in reproductive function. In this study, we evaluate if maternal exposure to the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) and/or a high-fat diet (HFD) has an impact on the expression of Kisspeptin and GnRHR in the reproductive organs of rats’ offspring. A total of 16 pregnant rats are divided into four groups: a control group (n = 4), CPF group (4 rats exposed daily to 1/mg/kg/day), HFD group (4 rats randomly fed a 5.25 kcal/g HFD), and coexposed group (4 rats exposed to CPF and HDF). At postnatal development postnatal day (PND) 60, male and female offspring were sacrificed. The reproductive organs (ovary and testis) were removed, and histological and immunohistological analysis and in silico quantification (TissueGnostics software 6.0.1.102, TissueFAXS, HistoQuest) were applied to investigate the impact of different treatments on Kisspeptin and GnRHR expression in reproductive organs. The main outcomes of the study showed a significant decrease in rat offspring’s body weight in the CPF group from PND30 and PND60 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Histological analysis showed a significant increase in the atretic follicle and abnormal testis structure with germ cell desquamation in the CPF-exposed group. The immunodetection quantification of protein shows a significant decrease in GnRHR and Kisspeptin in the HFD and CPF exposed groups, respectively, in testis rat offspring. Perinatal exposure to CPF and HFD exposure affect the reproduction function of rat offspring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Exposure and Reproductive Health)

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10 pages, 1200 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Community Water Systems (CWS) and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer: An Ecological Study

by Mathilda Alsen, Angela M. Leung and Maaike van Gerwen

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090786 - 16 Sep 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2980

Abstract

Thyroid cancer incidence has been steadily increasing over the past decade in the United States (US). A discussion exists regarding the potential contribution of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, encompassing certain per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This ecological study evaluated the potential correlation between [...] Read more.

Thyroid cancer incidence has been steadily increasing over the past decade in the United States (US). A discussion exists regarding the potential contribution of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, encompassing certain per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This ecological study evaluated the potential correlation between PFAS levels in drinking water and thyroid cancer incidence in the US. Data on age-adjusted thyroid cancer incidence rate (per 100,000 persons) by county were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for US counties with available data in 2015–2019. Data on PFAS concentrations in the drinking water of selected community water systems (CWSs) were obtained from the CDC National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network in 2013–2015. The correlation between PFASs in CWSs and thyroid cancer incidence was calculated using Spearman correlation. A statistically significant correlation was found between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (r = 0.031; p = 0.043), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (r = 0.058; p ≤ 0.001), and thyroid cancer incidence. The results suggest a potential link between certain PFAS exposures and thyroid cancer risk. However, due to the nature of an ecological study, no conclusions can be drawn at the individual level or causality. More research is needed, particularly on an individual level to allow for more detailed exposure assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 10th Anniversary of Toxics)

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11 pages, 984 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biochar Decreases Cr Toxicity and Accumulation in Sunflower Grown in Cr(VI)-Polluted Soil

by Shuai Li, Yiming Xie, Shuguang Jiang, Mingda Yang, Hongxia Lei, Wenzhi Cui and Fayuan Wang

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090787 - 16 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

Biochar is preferentially recommended for the remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils. Sunflower is an important high-biomass oil crop with a promising potential for phytoremediation of Cr(VI)-polluted soil. However, how biochar affects sunflower growth and Cr accumulation in Cr(VI)-polluted soil needs to be elucidated. [...] Read more.

Biochar is preferentially recommended for the remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils. Sunflower is an important high-biomass oil crop with a promising potential for phytoremediation of Cr(VI)-polluted soil. However, how biochar affects sunflower growth and Cr accumulation in Cr(VI)-polluted soil needs to be elucidated. Here, a pot culture experiment was conducted to study whether soil amendment with biochar (0, 0.1%, 1%, and 5%, w/w) can mitigate Cr toxicity and accumulation in sunflower seedlings grown in soils artificially polluted with different levels of Cr(VI) (0, 50, and 250 mg Cr(VI)/kg soil). The addition of Cr(VI) exhibited significant phytotoxicity, as evidenced by inhibited plant growth and even the death of seedlings at 250 mg/kg Cr(VI). Overall, biochar amendment showed positive effects on plant growth and Cr immobilization, dependent on both the biochar dose and Cr addition level. When 50 mg/kg Cr(VI) was added, 1% biochar showed positive effects similar to 5% biochar on improving plant growth and mineral nutrition (particularly K), reducing Cr content in shoots and roots, and decreasing Cr availability and Cr(VI) content in the soil. In comparison with non-amendment, 1% and 5% biochar caused 85% and 100% increase in shoot dry weights, and 75% and 86% reduction in shoot Cr concentrations, respectively. When 250 mg/kg Cr(VI) was added, a 5% dose produced much better benefits than 1%, while a 0.1% dose did not help plants to survive. Overall, an appropriate dose of biochar enhanced Cr(VI) immobilization and subsequently decreased its toxicity and accumulation in sunflower seedlings. Our findings confirm that biochar can be used as an efficient amendment for the remediation of Cr(VI)-polluted soils and cleaner production of sunflower oil and biomass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Phytoremediation of Soil Polluted with Heavy Metals and Metalloids)

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18 pages, 4588 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Application of Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision Tools to Improve the Morphological Analysis of Microplastic Items in Biological Samples

by Aleksander Maria Astel and Paulina Piskuła

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090779 - 13 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1821

Abstract

Since, in many routine analytical laboratories, a stereomicroscope coupled with a digital camera is not equipped with advanced software enabling automatic detection of features of observed objects, in the present study, a procedure of feature detection using open-source software was proposed and validated. [...] Read more.

Since, in many routine analytical laboratories, a stereomicroscope coupled with a digital camera is not equipped with advanced software enabling automatic detection of features of observed objects, in the present study, a procedure of feature detection using open-source software was proposed and validated. Within the framework of applying microscopic expertise coupled with image analysis, a set of digital images of microplastic (MP) items identified in organs of fish was used to determine shape descriptors (such as length, width, item area, etc.). The edge points required to compute shape characteristics were set manually in digital images acquired by the camera coupled with a binocular, and respective values were computed via the use of built-in MotiConnect software. As an alternative, a new approach consisting of digital image thresholding, binarization, the use of connected-component labeling, and the computation of shape descriptors on a pixel level via using the functions available in an OpenCV library or self-written in C++ was proposed. Overall, 74.4% of the images were suitable for thresholding without any additional pretreatment. A significant correlation was obtained between the shape descriptors computed by the software and computed using the proposed approach. The range of correlation coefficients at a very high level of significance, according to the pair of correlated measures, was higher than 0.69. The length of fibers can be satisfactorily approximated using a value of half the length of the outer perimeter (r higher than 0.75). Compactness and circularity significantly differ for particles and fibers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantification and Identification of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Environmental Matrices)

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11 pages, 1157 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Metal Ions Modify In Vitro DNA Damage Yields with High-LET Radiation

by Dylan J. Buglewicz, Cathy Su, Austin B. Banks, Jazmine Stenger-Smith, Suad Elmegerhi, Hirokazu Hirakawa, Akira Fujimori and Takamitsu A. Kato

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090773 - 12 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1687

Abstract

Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺ are metals known to increase DNA damage in the presence of hydrogen peroxide through a Fenton-type reaction. We hypothesized that these metals could increase DNA damage following irradiations of increasing LET values as hydrogen peroxide is a product [...] Read more.

Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺ are metals known to increase DNA damage in the presence of hydrogen peroxide through a Fenton-type reaction. We hypothesized that these metals could increase DNA damage following irradiations of increasing LET values as hydrogen peroxide is a product of the radiolysis of water. The reaction mixtures contain either double- or single-stranded DNA in solution with Cu²⁺ or Co²⁺ and were irradiated either with X-ray, carbon-ion or iron-ion beams, or they were treated with hydrogen peroxide or bleomycin at increasing radiation dosages or chemical concentrations. DNA damage was then assessed via gel electrophoresis followed with a band intensity analysis. DNA damage was the greatest when DNA in the solution with either metal was treated with only hydrogen peroxide followed by the DNA damage of DNA in the solution with either metal post irradiation of low-LET (X-Ray) or high-LET (carbon-ion and iron-ion), respectively, and demonstrated the least damage after treatment with bleomycin. Cu²⁺ portrayed greater DNA damage than Co²⁺ following all experimental conditions. The metals’ effect caused more DNA damage and was observed to be LET-dependent for single-strand break formation but inversely dependent for double-strand break formation. These results suggest that Cu²⁺ is more efficient than Co²⁺ at inducing both DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks following all irradiations and chemical treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation: Occurrence, Transport and Effect)

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31 pages, 7587 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Measurement and Modeling of Ship-Related Ultrafine Particles and Secondary Organic Aerosols in a Mediterranean Port City

by Matthias Karl, Martin Otto Paul Ramacher, Sonia Oppo, Ludovic Lanzi, Elisa Majamäki, Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen, Grazia Maria Lanzafame, Brice Temime-Roussel, Lise Le Berre and Barbara D’Anna

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090771 - 11 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1961

Abstract

Maritime transport emerges as a major source of ultrafine particle (UFP) pollution in coastal regions with consequences for the health of people living in port cities. Inhalation of UFPs can cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which are starting points for further diseases. In [...] Read more.

Maritime transport emerges as a major source of ultrafine particle (UFP) pollution in coastal regions with consequences for the health of people living in port cities. Inhalation of UFPs can cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which are starting points for further diseases. In addition to primary particles, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) may form through the photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds emitted in ship exhaust. The characterization of size-segregated and chemical properties of particles is essential for assessing the health implications related to shipping. We applied a coupled regional–local chemistry transport modeling system to study the effects of ship emissions on atmospheric concentrations of UFP and SOA in the Mediterranean port city Marseille (France), which is characterized by the combination of high port activity, industrialized emissions, and active photochemistry in summer. Our results show that the average potential impact from local shipping in the port area was 6–9% for SOA and 27–51% for total particle number concentration in July 2020. The estimated oxidative potential of daily mean particulate organic matter related to shipping was lower than the oxidative potential reported for heavy fuel oil (HFO). The lower oxidative potential in this study is very likely due to the low share of ships using HFO during stopover. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Aerosol Particles)

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16 pages, 1625 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impacts of Agricultural Pesticide Contamination: An Integrated Risk Assessment of Rural Communities of Eswatini

by Sithembiso Sifiso Msibi, Lihchyun Joseph Su, Chung-Yu Chen, Cheng-Ping Chang, Chiou-Jong Chen, Kuen-Yuh Wu and Su-Yin Chiang

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090770 - 10 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2614

Abstract

Marked reductions in mean annual rainfall associated with climate change in Eswatini in Southern Africa have encouraged the recycling of irrigation water and the increased use of pesticides in agricultural production, raising concerns about potential ecological and health risks due to long-term exposure [...] Read more.

Marked reductions in mean annual rainfall associated with climate change in Eswatini in Southern Africa have encouraged the recycling of irrigation water and the increased use of pesticides in agricultural production, raising concerns about potential ecological and health risks due to long-term exposure to pesticide residues in soil and irrigation water. This probabilistic integrated risk assessment used liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to analyze the concentrations of four commonly used agricultural pesticides (ametryn, atrazine, pendimethalin, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)) in irrigation water and topsoil samples from farmlands in Eswatini to assess potential ecological and health risks due to exposure. The concentrations of these pesticides ranged from undetectable to 0.104 µg/L in irrigation water and from undetectable to 2.70 µg/g in soil. The probabilistic multi-pathway and multi-route risk assessments conducted revealed hazard indices exceeding 1.0 for all age groups for ametryn and atrazine, suggesting that the daily consumption of recycled irrigation water and produce from the fields in this area may pose considerable health risks. The indices pertaining to ecological risks had values less than 0.1. Adaptation measures are recommended to efficiently manage pesticide use in agriculture, and further research will ensure that agriculture can adapt to climate change and that the general public and ecosystem are protected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Food Contaminants and Health Risk Assessment)

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37 pages, 9600 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sources, Degradation, Ingestion and Effects of Microplastics on Humans: A Review

by Yan-Duan Lin, Ping-Hsiu Huang, Yu-Wei Chen, Chang-Wei Hsieh, You-Lin Tain, Bao-Hong Lee, Chih-Yao Hou and Ming-Kuei Shih

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090747 - 1 Sep 2023

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9935

Abstract

Celluloid, the predecessor to plastic, was synthesized in 1869, and due to technological advancements, plastic products appear to be ubiquitous in daily life. The massive production, rampant usage, and inadequate disposal of plastic products have led to severe environmental pollution. Consequently, reducing the [...] Read more.

Celluloid, the predecessor to plastic, was synthesized in 1869, and due to technological advancements, plastic products appear to be ubiquitous in daily life. The massive production, rampant usage, and inadequate disposal of plastic products have led to severe environmental pollution. Consequently, reducing the employment of plastic has emerged as a pressing concern for governments globally. This review explores microplastics, including their origins, absorption, and harmful effects on the environment and humans. Several methods exist for breaking down plastics, including thermal, mechanical, light, catalytic, and biological processes. Despite these methods, microplastics (MPs, between 1 and 5 mm in size) continue to be produced during degradation. Acknowledging the significant threat that MPs pose to the environment and human health is imperative. This form of pollution is pervasive in the air and food and infiltrates our bodies through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. It is essential to assess the potential hazards that MPs can introduce. There is evidence suggesting that MPs may have negative impacts on different areas of human health. These include the respiratory, gastrointestinal, immune, nervous, and reproductive systems, the liver and organs, the skin, and even the placenta and placental barrier. It is encouraging to see that most of the countries have taken steps to regulate plastic particles. These measures aim to reduce plastic usage, which is essential today. At the same time, this review summarizes the degradation mechanism of plastics, their impact on human health, and plastic reduction policies worldwide. It provides valuable information for future research on MPs and regulatory development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)

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13 pages, 2205 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mefenamic Acid-Upregulated Nrf2/SQSTM1 Protects Hepatocytes against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Damage

by Wonseok Lee, Yewon Mun, Kang-Yo Lee, Jung-Min Park, Tong-Shin Chang, You-Jin Choi and Byung-Hoon Lee

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090735 - 25 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2872

Abstract

Mefenamic acid (MFA) is a commonly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. MFA is known to have potent antioxidant properties and a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress. However, its impact on the liver is unclear. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Mefenamic acid (MFA) is a commonly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. MFA is known to have potent antioxidant properties and a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress. However, its impact on the liver is unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the antioxidative effects of MFA and their underlying mechanisms. We observed that MFA treatment upregulated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Treatment with various anthranilic acid derivative-class NSAIDs, including MFA, increased the expression of sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) in HepG2 cells. MFA disrupted the interaction between Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and Nrf2, activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. SQTM1 knockdown experiments revealed that the effect of MFA on the Nrf2 pathway was masked in the absence of SQSTM1. To assess the cytoprotective effect of MFA, we employed tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) as a ROS inducer. Notably, MFA exhibited a protective effect against tBHP-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. This cytoprotective effect was abolished when SQSTM1 was knocked down, suggesting the involvement of SQSTM1 in mediating the protective effect of MFA against tBHP-induced toxicity. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that MFA exhibits cytoprotective effects by upregulating SQSTM1 and activating the Nrf2 pathway. These findings improve our understanding of the pharmacological actions of MFA and highlight its potential as a therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)

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33 pages, 4676 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Antidotes in Clinical Toxicology—Critical Review

by Damian Kobylarz, Maciej Noga, Adrian Frydrych, Justyna Milan, Adrian Morawiec, Agata Glaca, Emilia Kucab, Julia Jastrzębska, Karolina Jabłońska, Klaudia Łuc, Gabriela Zdeb, Jakub Pasierb, Joanna Toporowska-Kaźmierak, Szczepan Półchłopek, Paweł Słoma, Magdalena Adamik, Mateusz Banasik, Mateusz Bartoszek, Aleksandra Adamczyk, Patrycja Rędziniak, Paulina Frączkiewicz, Michał Orczyk, Martyna Orzechowska, Paulina Tajchman, Klaudia Dziuba, Rafał Pelczar, Sabina Zima, Yana Nyankovska, Marta Sowińska, Wiktoria Pempuś, Maria Kubacka, Julia Popielska, Patryk Brzezicki and Kamil Jurowski Show full author list Hide full author list

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090723 - 23 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 17794

Abstract

Poisoning and overdose are very important aspects in medicine and toxicology. Chemical weapons pose a threat to civilians, and emergency medicine principles must be followed when dealing with patients who have been poisoned or overdosed. Antidotes have been used for centuries and modern [...] Read more.

Poisoning and overdose are very important aspects in medicine and toxicology. Chemical weapons pose a threat to civilians, and emergency medicine principles must be followed when dealing with patients who have been poisoned or overdosed. Antidotes have been used for centuries and modern research has led to the development of new antidotes that can accelerate the elimination of toxins from the body. Although some antidotes have become less relevant due to modern intensive care techniques, they can still save lives or reduce the severity of toxicity. The availability of antidotes is crucial, especially in developing countries where intensive care facilities may be limited. This article aims to provide information on specific antidotes, their recommended uses, and potential risks and new uses. In the case of poisoning, supportive therapies are most often used; however, in many cases, the administration of an appropriate antidote saves the patient’s life. In this review, we reviewed the literature on selected antidotes used in the treatment of poisonings. We also characterised the antidotes (bio)chemically. We described the cases in which they are used together with the dosage recommendations. We also analysed the mechanisms of action. In addition, we described alternative methods of using a given substance as a drug, an example of which is N-acetylcysteine, which can be used in the treatment of COVID-19. This article was written as part of the implementation of the project of the Polish Ministry of Education and Science, “Toxicovigilance, poisoning prevention, and first aid in poisoning with xenobiotics of current clinical importance in Poland”, grant number SKN/SP/570184/2023. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Risk Assessment, Environment Pollutants and Safety of Plant Materials, Herbal Medicinal Products and Diet Supplements)

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10 pages, 2995 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments

by Runcheng Fang, Afzaal Nadeem Mohammed, Jagjit Singh Yadav and Jun Wang

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090720 - 22 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1934

Abstract

Previous research has indicated that ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles less than 100 nm) emitted from desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers exhibit cytotoxicity. However, only a limited number of particles from different filaments and their combinations have been tested for cytotoxicity. This study quantified the [...] Read more.

Previous research has indicated that ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles less than 100 nm) emitted from desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers exhibit cytotoxicity. However, only a limited number of particles from different filaments and their combinations have been tested for cytotoxicity. This study quantified the emissions of UFPs from a commercially available filament extrusion desktop 3D printer using three different filaments, including acrylonitrile butadiene Styrene (ABS), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). In this study, controlled experiments were conducted where the particles emitted were used to expose cells grown in an air-liquid interface (ALI) system. The ALI exposures were utilized for in vitro characterization of particle mixtures, including UFPs from a 3D printer. Additionally, a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of these UFPs. A549 cells were exposed at the ALI to UFPs generated by an operational 3D printer for an average of 45 and 90 min. Twenty-four hours post-exposure, the cells were analyzed for percent cytotoxicity in a 24-well ALI insert (LDH assay). UFP exposure resulted in diminished cell viability, as evidenced by significantly increased LDH levels. The findings demonstrate that ABS has the most significant particle emission. ABS was the only filament that showed a significant difference compared to the high efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) following 90 min of exposure (p-value < 0.05). Both ABS and PETG exhibited a significant difference compared to the HEPA control after 45 min of exposure. A preliminary analysis of potential exposure to these products in a typical environment advises caution when operating multiple printer and filament combinations in poorly ventilated spaces or without combined gas and particle filtration systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aerosol Exposure and Inhalation Toxicity from Emerging Sources)

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13 pages, 814 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The EU’s Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Ban: A Case of Policy over Science

by Francesca Spyrakis and Tommaso A. Dragani

Toxics 2023, 11(9), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090721 - 22 Aug 2023

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 7230

Abstract

The proposal by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to ban over 12,000 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has sparked a debate about potential consequences for the economy, industry, and the environment. Although some PFAS are known to be harmful, a blanket ban may [...] Read more.

The proposal by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to ban over 12,000 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has sparked a debate about potential consequences for the economy, industry, and the environment. Although some PFAS are known to be harmful, a blanket ban may lead to significant problems in attempting to replace PFAS-based materials for environmental transition, as well as in medical devices and everyday products. Alternative materials may potentially be less safe, as a rush to replace PFAS would reduce the time needed for toxicological analyses. Studies have shown that PFAS exhibit a diverse range of mechanisms of action, biopersistence, and bioaccumulation potential, and should thus not be treated as a single group. This is particularly true for the class of fluoropolymers. A targeted approach that considers the specific risks and benefits of each chemical may be more effective. Moreover, the proposed ban may also have unintended consequences for the environment as PFAS use is also associated with benefits such as reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and improving energy efficiency. Policymakers must carefully weigh up the potential consequences before making a final decision on the ban. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)

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16 pages, 3366 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

TiO₂-Photocatalyst-Induced Degradation of Dog and Cat Allergens under Wet and Dry Conditions Causes a Loss in Their Allergenicity

by Ryosuke Matsuura, Arisa Kawamura, Rizo Ota, Takashi Fukushima, Kazuhiro Fujimoto, Masato Kozaki, Misaki Yamashiro, Junichi Somei, Yasunobu Matsumoto and Yoko Aida

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080718 - 21 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3331

Abstract

Allergies to dogs and cats can cause enormous damage to human health and the economy. Dog and cat allergens are mainly found in dog and cat dander and are present in small particles in the air and in carpets in homes with dogs [...] Read more.

Allergies to dogs and cats can cause enormous damage to human health and the economy. Dog and cat allergens are mainly found in dog and cat dander and are present in small particles in the air and in carpets in homes with dogs and cats. Cleaning houses and washing pets are the main methods for reducing allergens in homes; however, it is difficult to eliminate them completely. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether a TiO₂ photocatalyst could degrade dog and cat allergens. Under wet conditions, exposure to the TiO₂ photocatalyst for 24 h degraded Can f1, which is a major dog allergen extracted from dog dander, by 98.3%, and Fel d1, which is a major cat allergen extracted from cat dander, by 93.6–94.4%. Furthermore, under dry conditions, the TiO₂ photocatalyst degraded Can f1 and Fel d1 by 92.8% and 59.2–68.4%, respectively. The TiO₂ photocatalyst abolished the binding of dog and cat allergens to human IgE by 104.6% and 108.6%, respectively. The results indicated that the TiO₂ photocatalyst degraded dog and cat allergens, causing a loss in their allergenicity. Our results suggest that TiO₂ photocatalysis can be useful for removing indoor pet allergens and improving the partnership between humans and pets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Allergic Diseases (Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, Atopic Dermatitis) and Air Pollution)

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17 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

PFAS and Phthalate/DINCH Exposure in Association with Age at Menarche in Teenagers of the HBM4EU Aligned Studies

by Bianca Cox, Natasha Wauters, Andrea Rodríguez-Carrillo, Lützen Portengen, Antje Gerofke, Marike Kolossa-Gehring, Sanna Lignell, Anna Karin Lindroos, Lucia Fabelova, Lubica Palkovicova Murinova, Anteneh Desalegn, Nina Iszatt, Tessa Schillemans, Agneta Åkesson, Ann Colles, Elly Den Hond, Gudrun Koppen, Nicolas Van Larebeke, Greet Schoeters, Eva Govarts and Sylvie Remy Show full author list Hide full author list

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080711 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3398

Abstract

Early puberty has been found to be associated with adverse health outcomes such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and hormone-dependent cancers. The decrease in age at menarche observed during the past decades has been linked to an increased exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). [...] Read more.

Early puberty has been found to be associated with adverse health outcomes such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and hormone-dependent cancers. The decrease in age at menarche observed during the past decades has been linked to an increased exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs). Evidence for the association between PFAS and phthalate exposure and menarche onset, however, is inconsistent. We studied the association between PFAS and phthalate/DINCH exposure and age at menarche using data of 514 teenagers (12 to 18 years) from four aligned studies of the Human Biomonitoring for Europe initiative (HBM4EU): Riksmaten Adolescents 2016–2017 (Sweden), PCB cohort (follow-up; Slovakia), GerES V-sub (Germany), and FLEHS IV (Belgium). PFAS concentrations were measured in blood, and phthalate/DINCH concentrations in urine. We assessed the role of each individual pollutant within the context of the others, by using different multi-pollutant approaches, adjusting for age, age- and sex-standardized body mass index z-score and household educational level. Exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), especially mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (5OH-MEHP), was associated with an earlier age at menarche, with estimates per interquartile fold change in 5OH-MEHP ranging from −0.34 to −0.12 years in the different models. Findings from this study indicated associations between age at menarche and some specific EDCs at concentrations detected in the general European population, but due to the study design (menarche onset preceded the chemical measurements), caution is needed in the interpretation of causality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity)

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15 pages, 1269 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gourmet Table Salts: The Mineral Composition Showdown

by Eleonora Di Salvo, Roberta Tardugno, Vincenzo Nava, Clara Naccari, Antonio Virga, Andrea Salvo, Filomena Corbo, Maria Lisa Clodoveo and Nicola Cicero

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080705 - 15 Aug 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4240

Abstract

Table salts with their specialty flake size, textures, flavors, and colors can be considered a gastronomy niche food already increasing in demand worldwide. Being unrefined, they can contain trace elements potentially both healthy and toxic. In this study, 12 mineral elements (Al, Ca, [...] Read more.

Table salts with their specialty flake size, textures, flavors, and colors can be considered a gastronomy niche food already increasing in demand worldwide. Being unrefined, they can contain trace elements potentially both healthy and toxic. In this study, 12 mineral elements (Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) in 10 different salts commercially available in southern Italy namely, Atlantic grey, Baule volante, Guerande, Hawaiian pink, Hawaiian black, Himalayan pink, Maldon, Mozia, Persian blue, and smoked salts were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and thermal decomposition amalgamation-atomic absorption spectrophotometry (TDA-AAS). The concentration of mineral elements was variable according to the type of salt and its geographical origin. Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Se levels were tolerable and Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn ranged significantly among the samples. Persian Blue and Atlantic Grey salts showed elevated levels of Fe and Zn; their intake can be helpful in some specific conditions. Nevertheless, Ni levels were high in Persian Blue and Smoked salts. Pb exceeded the maximum level in all samples. Additional monitoring analyses of mineral contents in table salts are recommended for human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

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13 pages, 2055 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using a Battery of Bioassays to Assess the Toxicity of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents in Industrial Parks

by Bin Yang, Haiyan Cui, Jie Gao, Jing Cao, Göran Klobučar and Mei Li

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080702 - 14 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2363

Abstract

Bioassays, as an addition to physico-chemical water quality evaluation, can provide information on the toxic effects of pollutants present in the water. In this study, a broad evaluation of environmental health risks from industrial wastewater along the Yangtze River, China, was conducted using [...] Read more.

Bioassays, as an addition to physico-chemical water quality evaluation, can provide information on the toxic effects of pollutants present in the water. In this study, a broad evaluation of environmental health risks from industrial wastewater along the Yangtze River, China, was conducted using a battery of bioassays. Toxicity tests showed that the wastewater treatment processes were effective at lowering acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, HepG2 cells’ cytotoxicity, the estrogenic effect in T47D-Kbluc cells, DNA damage of Euglena gracilis and the mutagenicity of Salmonella typhimurium in the analyzed wastewater samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified as potential major toxic chemicals of concern in the wastewater samples of W, J and T wastewater treatment plants; thus, the potential harm of PAHs to aquatic organisms has been investigated. Based on the health risk assessment model, the risk index of wastewater from the industrial parks along the Yangtze River was below one, indicating that the PAHs were less harmful to human health through skin contact or respiratory exposure. Overall, the biological toxicity tests used in this study provide a good basis for the health risk assessment of industrial wastewater and a scientific reference for the optimization and operation of the treatment process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Environmental Organic Pollutants on Environment and Human Health: The Latest Updates)

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15 pages, 1964 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Uptake of Breathable Nano- and Micro-Sized Polystyrene Particles: Comparison of Virgin and Oxidised nPS/mPS in Human Alveolar Cells

by Antonio Laganà, Giuseppa Visalli, Alessio Facciolà, Consuelo Celesti, Daniela Iannazzo and Angela Di Pietro

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080686 - 10 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2452

Abstract

Airborne micro- and nanoplastics are widely spread and pose a risk to human health. The third polymer plastic most commonly produced and present in atmospheric fallout is polystyrene (PS). For these reasons and for a more realistic assessment of biological effects, we examined [...] Read more.

Airborne micro- and nanoplastics are widely spread and pose a risk to human health. The third polymer plastic most commonly produced and present in atmospheric fallout is polystyrene (PS). For these reasons and for a more realistic assessment of biological effects, we examined in-home oxidised (ox-, simulating photoaging) nPS/mPS (0.1 and 1 μm), comparing the effects with virgin ones (v-). On human alveolar cells (A549), we quantified the cellular uptake, using FITC-functionalised nPS/mPS, while cytotoxicity, changes in the acidic compartment, ROS production, mitochondrial function, and DNA damage were assessed to study the effects of internalised v- and ox-nPS/mPS. The results showed that the uptake was dose-dependent and very fast (1 h), since, at the lowest dose (1.25 µg/well), it was 20.8% and 21.8% of nPS and mPS, respectively. Compared to v-, significant ROS increases, DNA damage, and mitochondrial impairment were observed after exposure to ox-nPS/mPS. The enhancement of effects due to environmental aging processes highlighted the true potential impact on human health of these airborne pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Environmental Toxicology and Human Health)

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17 pages, 3411 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products

by Yilei Ma, Jia Yi, Jiahui Ma, Haiyang Yu, Li Luo, Wei Wu, Libo Jin, Qinsi Yang, Ting Lou, Da Sun and Min Cao

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080687 - 10 Aug 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6341

Abstract

Hand hygiene is a crucial measure in the prevention and control of infections, and there is a growing awareness among individuals who are making a conscious effort to maintain hand cleanliness. With the advent of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the demand for hand hygiene [...] Read more.

Hand hygiene is a crucial measure in the prevention and control of infections, and there is a growing awareness among individuals who are making a conscious effort to maintain hand cleanliness. With the advent of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the demand for hand hygiene products has also gradually shifted towards those with antimicrobial properties. Among these products, hand sanitizer gels (HSGs) have gained considerable popularity as an efficient method of hand cleaning, due to their rapid drying and sustained antimicrobial efficacy. Concurrently, there has been a growing interest in novel HSGs that offer additional functions such as skin whitening, moisturizing, and anti-inflammatory effects. These novel HSGs effectively address concerns associated with the ingestion of antimicrobial ingredients and demonstrate reduced skin irritation, thereby alleviating hand dermatological issues. This review provides an extensive overview of the application scenarios, classification, and challenges associated with HSGs while emphasizing the emergence of novel components with biological functions, aiming to contribute to the advancement of hand hygiene practices and offer novel insights for the development of novel HSGs with outstanding antimicrobial properties with other multiple biological functions and desirable biosafety profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemical Agents and Health Challenges)

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19 pages, 5602 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Potential Application Performance of Hydrochar from Kitchen Waste: Effects of Salt, Oil, Moisture, and pH

by Xuesong Su, Jizu He, Muhammad Amjad Khan, Kenlin Chang, Yin Liu, Genmao Guo, Xiaohui Li, Fangming Jin, Meijuan Kuang, Shaban Gouda and Qing Huang

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080679 - 8 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2055

Abstract

The surge in kitchen waste production is causing food-borne disease epidemics and is a public health threat worldwide. Additionally, the effectiveness of conventional treatment approaches may be hampered by KW’s high moisture, salt, and oil content. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising new [...] Read more.

The surge in kitchen waste production is causing food-borne disease epidemics and is a public health threat worldwide. Additionally, the effectiveness of conventional treatment approaches may be hampered by KW’s high moisture, salt, and oil content. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising new technology to convert waste biomass into environmentally beneficial derivatives. This study used simulated KW to determine the efficacy of hydrothermal derivatives (hydrochar) with different salt and oil content, pH value, and solid-liquid ratio for the removal of cadmium (Cd) from water and identify their high heating value (HHV). The findings revealed that the kitchen waste hydrochar (KWHC) yield decreased with increasing oil content. When the water content in the hydrothermal system increased by 90%, the yield of KWHC decreased by 65.85%. The adsorption capacity of KWHC remained stable at different salinities. The KWHC produced in the acidic environment increases the removal efficiency of KWHC for Cd. The raw material was effectively transformed into a maximum HHV (30.01 MJ/kg). HTC is an effective and secure method for the resource utilization of KW based on the adsorption capacity and combustion characteristic indices of KWHC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Reconstruction and Safety Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites)

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17 pages, 5054 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Deep Learning-Based Automatic Duckweed Counting Using StarDist and Its Application on Measuring Growth Inhibition Potential of Rare Earth Elements as Contaminants of Emerging Concerns

by Kevin Adi Kurnia, Ying-Ting Lin, Ali Farhan, Nemi Malhotra, Cao Thang Luong, Chih-Hsin Hung, Marri Jmelou M. Roldan, Che-Chia Tsao, Tai-Sheng Cheng and Chung-Der Hsiao

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080680 - 8 Aug 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3376

Abstract

In recent years, there have been efforts to utilize surface water as a power source, material, and food. However, these efforts are impeded due to the vast amounts of contaminants and emerging contaminants introduced by anthropogenic activities. Herbicides such as Glyphosate and Glufosinate [...] Read more.

In recent years, there have been efforts to utilize surface water as a power source, material, and food. However, these efforts are impeded due to the vast amounts of contaminants and emerging contaminants introduced by anthropogenic activities. Herbicides such as Glyphosate and Glufosinate are commonly known to contaminate surface water through agricultural industries. In contrast, some emerging contaminants, such as rare earth elements, have started to enter the surface water from the production and waste of electronic products. Duckweeds are angiosperms from the Lemnaceae family and have been used for toxicity tests in aquatic environments, mainly those from the genus Lemna, and have been approved by OECD. In this study, we used duckweed from the genus Wolffia, which is smaller and considered a good indicator of metal pollutants in the aquatic environment. The growth rate of duckweed is the most common endpoint in observing pollutant toxicity. In order to observe and mark the fronds automatically, we used StarDist, a machine learning-based tool. StarDist is available as a plugin in ImageJ, simplifying and assisting the counting process. Python also helps arrange, manage, and calculate the inhibition percentage after duckweeds are exposed to contaminants. The toxicity test results showed Dysprosium to be the most toxic, with an IC₅₀ value of 14.6 ppm, and Samarium as the least toxic, with an IC₅₀ value of 279.4 ppm. In summary, we can provide a workflow for automatic frond counting using StarDist integrated with ImageJ and Python to simplify the detection, counting, data management, and calculation process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data, Machine and Deep Learning Methods for Transformative Approaches in Toxicology)

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15 pages, 1046 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Simultaneous Quantification of 16 Bisphenol Analogues in Food Matrices

by Fiorella Lucarini, Rocco Gasco and Davide Staedler

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080665 - 2 Aug 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2963

Abstract

Exposure to bisphenol analogues can occur in several ways throughout the food production chain, with their presence at higher concentrations representing a risk to human health. This study aimed to develop effective analytical methods to simultaneously quantify BPA and fifteen bisphenol analogues (i.e., [...] Read more.

Exposure to bisphenol analogues can occur in several ways throughout the food production chain, with their presence at higher concentrations representing a risk to human health. This study aimed to develop effective analytical methods to simultaneously quantify BPA and fifteen bisphenol analogues (i.e., bisphenol AF, bisphenol AP, bisphenol B, bisphenol BP, bisphenol C, bisphenol E, bisphenol F, bisphenol G, bisphenol M, bisphenol P, bisphenol PH, bisphenol S, bisphenol Z, bisphenol TMC, and tetramethyl bisphenol F) present in canned foods and beverages. Samples of foods and beverages available in the Swiss and EU markets (n = 22), including canned pineapples, ravioli, and beer, were prepared and analyzed using QuEChERS GC-MS. The quantification method was compared to a QuEChERS LC-MS/MS analysis. This allowed for the selective and efficient simultaneous quantitative analysis of bisphenol analogues. Quantities of these analogues were present in 20 of the 22 samples tested, with the most frequent analytes at higher concentrations: BPA and BPS were discovered in 78% and 48% of cases, respectively. The study demonstrates the robustness of QuEChERS GC-MS for determining low quantities of bisphenol analogues in canned foods. However, further studies are necessary to achieve full knowledge of the extent of bisphenol contamination in the food production chain and its associated toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Analytical Method of Emerging Contaminants and Risk Assessment)

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13 pages, 2679 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biochar Derived from Post-Adsorbent for Immobilizing Cu and Cd in Sediment: The Effect on Heavy Metal Species and the Microbial Community Composition

by Qinju Sun, Shaohua Lin, Guohua Liu and Pingping Li

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080666 - 2 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1348

Abstract

Many biomass wastes or their modified forms have been investigated as heavy metal adsorbents. However, less emphasis has been placed on post-adsorbent management or possible further utilization. In this study, biochar (BC) derived from modified bamboo adsorbent after the adsorption of Cu from [...] Read more.

Many biomass wastes or their modified forms have been investigated as heavy metal adsorbents. However, less emphasis has been placed on post-adsorbent management or possible further utilization. In this study, biochar (BC) derived from modified bamboo adsorbent after the adsorption of Cu from an aqueous solution was used for the in situ remediation of lake sediment contaminated with Cd and Cu. The results indicated that the Cu concentration was extremely low (≤0.015 mg/L), while Cd was not detected in the overlying water or the interstitial water after the 90-day BC treatment. The pH value (7.5–8.1) slightly increased, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) leachability of the Cu and Cd in the sediment decreased overall. Cu and Cd were preferentially transformed into more stable species. The findings highlighted the potential possibility of BC derived from post-adsorbent being used for sediment remediation. However, the BC addition produced significant effects on the sediment microbial activity and community structure. In general, with an increase in BC, the urease activity increased, while the alkaline phosphatase and invertase activity decreased, which could be attributed to the BC itself. In addition, significant changes in both bacterial and fungal genera were observed. Hence, a cautious approach should be taken in the practical application of BC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)

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34 pages, 4397 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review on the Use of Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites for the Remediation of Organics-Contaminated Water via Photocatalysis: Fundamentals, Bibliometric Study and Recent Advances

by Evando S. Araújo, Michel F. G. Pereira, Georgenes M. G. da Silva, Ginetton F. Tavares, Carlos Y. B. Oliveira and Pedro M. Faia

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080658 - 1 Aug 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4416

Abstract

The improper disposal of toxic and carcinogenic organic substances resulting from the manufacture of dyes, drugs and pesticides can contaminate aquatic environments and potable water resources and cause serious damage to animal and human health and to the ecosystem. In this sense, heterogeneous [...] Read more.

The improper disposal of toxic and carcinogenic organic substances resulting from the manufacture of dyes, drugs and pesticides can contaminate aquatic environments and potable water resources and cause serious damage to animal and human health and to the ecosystem. In this sense, heterogeneous photocatalysis stand out as one effective and cost-effective water depollution technique. The use of metal oxide nanocomposites (MON), from the mixture of two or more oxides or between these oxides and other functional semiconductor materials, have gained increasing attention from researchers and industrial developers as a potential alternative to produce efficient and environmentally friendly photocatalysts for the remediation of water contamination by organic compounds. Thus, this work presents an updated review of the main advances in the use of metal oxide nanocomposites-based photocatalysts for decontamination of water polluted by these substances. A bibliometric analysis allowed to show the evolution of the importance of this research topic in the literature over the last decade. The results of the study also showed that hierarchical and heterogeneous nanostructures of metal oxides, as well as conducting polymers and carbon materials, currently stand out as the main materials for the synthesis of MON, with better photocatalysis performance in the degradation of dyes, pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Oxidation Processes and Biodegradability)

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14 pages, 2331 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Applying Artificial Neural Networks to Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Forager Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) for Ecological Assessment

by Gianandrea La Porta, Gabriele Magara, Enzo Goretti, Barbara Caldaroni, Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr, Roberta Selvaggi, Matteo Pallottini, Tiziano Gardi, Beniamino T. Cenci-Goga, David Cappelletti and Antonia Concetta Elia

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080661 - 1 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2533

Abstract

Insect pollinators provide an important ecosystem service that supports global biodiversity and environmental health. The study investigates the effects of the environmental matrix on six oxidative stress biomarkers in the honey bee Apis mellifera. Thirty-five apiaries located in urban, forested, and agricultural [...] Read more.

Insect pollinators provide an important ecosystem service that supports global biodiversity and environmental health. The study investigates the effects of the environmental matrix on six oxidative stress biomarkers in the honey bee Apis mellifera. Thirty-five apiaries located in urban, forested, and agricultural areas in Central Italy were sampled during the summer season. Enzyme activities in forager bees were analyzed using an artificial neural network, allowing the identification and representation of the apiary patterns in a Self-Organizing Map. The SOM nodes were correlated with the environmental parameters and tissue levels of eight heavy metals. The results indicated that the apiaries were not clustered according to their spatial distribution. Superoxide dismutase expressed a positive correlation with Cr and Mn concentrations; catalase with Zn, Mn, Fe, and daily maximum air temperature; glutathione S-transferase with Cr, Fe, and daily maximal air temperature; and glutathione reductase showed a negative correlation to Ni and Fe exposure. This study highlights the importance of exploring how environmental stressors affect these insects and the role of oxidative stress biomarkers. Artificial neural networks proved to be a powerful approach to untangle the complex relationships between the environment and oxidative stress biomarkers in honey bees. The application of SOM modeling offers a valuable means of assessing the potential effects of environmental pressures on honey bee populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)

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13 pages, 1795 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Current Status and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Tea across China

by Chenglin Hu, Xiuying Zhang, Nan Zhan and Youcun Liu

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080662 - 1 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5354

Abstract

Tea is a non-alcoholic beverage popular among Chinese people. However, due to the application of chemical and organic fertilizers in the tea planting process, the environment pollutionaround the tea plantation, and the instruments used in the processing, heavy metal elements will accumulate in [...] Read more.

Tea is a non-alcoholic beverage popular among Chinese people. However, due to the application of chemical and organic fertilizers in the tea planting process, the environment pollutionaround the tea plantation, and the instruments used in the processing, heavy metal elements will accumulate in the tea, which brings health risks for tea consumers. This study summarized heavy metal concentrations from 227 published papers and investigated the current contamination status of tea and tea plantation soils, and, finally, the risk of heavy metal exposure to tea consumers in China is assessed, in terms of both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. The average contamination of six heavy metals in tea—arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)—were 0.21, 0.14, 1.17, 14.6, 0.04, and 1.09 mg/kg, respectively. The areas with high concentrations of heavy metals in tea were concentrated primarily in southwest China, some areas in eastern China, and Shaanxi Province in northwest China. The non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals in tea are all within safe limits. The national average HI value was 0.04, with the highest HI value of 0.18 in Tibet, which has the largest tea consumption in China. However, the carcinogenic risks of Cd in Shaanxi Province, Anhui Province, and southwest China exceed the acceptable range, and due attention should be given to these areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)

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19 pages, 6428 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Using Hepatic Gene Expression Assays in English Sole (Parophrys vetulus) to Investigate the Effects of Metro Vancouver Wastewater Effluents

by Karan Parekh and Vicki L. Marlatt

Toxics 2023, 11(8), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080657 - 29 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1550

Abstract

The present study has investigated the effects of Metro Vancouver’s wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents on English sole (Parophrys vetulus) hepatic gene expression using novel targeted gene expression assays to complement the 2017 Burrard Inlet Ambient Monitoring Program conducted by Metro [...] Read more.

The present study has investigated the effects of Metro Vancouver’s wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents on English sole (Parophrys vetulus) hepatic gene expression using novel targeted gene expression assays to complement the 2017 Burrard Inlet Ambient Monitoring Program conducted by Metro Vancouver. Seven locations of varying distance to the WWTPs were included. Twelve genes involved in xenobiotic defense (CYP1A, HSP70), thyroid function (DIO1), lipid and glucose metabolism (FABP1, FASN, GLUT2, PPAR

δ

, PPAR

γ

), protein synthesis (18S rRNA, RPS4X), and reproduction (ER

α

, VTG) revealed several differences between these impacted sites. A key finding of the present study was that males exhibited VTG transcript levels either equivalent or exceeding female levels of this gene at all sites investigated, indicating widespread exposure of estrogenic contaminants throughout Burrard Inlet. Furthermore, the induction of hepatic CYP1A was observed due to possible downstream sites being subjected to a larger influx of certain planar halogenated and non-halogenated hydrocarbons from multiple industrial contributors. This study also revealed significant differences between the sites examined and in genes involved in transcriptional regulation and synthesis of proteins, lipids and glucose metabolism, and thyroid hormone metabolism. Collectively, this study demonstrates the potential of molecular biomarkers of urban contaminant exposure in wild caught English sole for use in diagnosing a broader range of adverse health effects when combined with conventional whole organism health indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxics Young Investigators Contributions Collection in 2023)

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