Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Application Scenarios for HSGs
3. Classification of HSGs
3.1. ABHSGs
3.2. NABHSGs
4. Application Challenges of HSGs
4.1. Antimicrobial Functional Ingredients
4.2. Gel Ingredients
5. Novel Antimicrobial Ingredients of HSGs
5.1. Essential Oils
5.2. Phenols
5.3. Organic Acids
5.4. Organic Clay
5.5. Nanoformulations
6. Future Research on HSGs
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
IHSs | Instant hand sanitizers |
HSGs | Hand sanitizer gels |
ABHSGs | Alcohol-based hand sanitizer gels |
NABHSGs | Non-alcohol-based hand sanitizer gels |
QACs | Quaternary ammonium compounds |
BZK | Benzalkonium chloride |
EOs | Essential oils |
EGCG | Epigallocatechin gallate |
EC16 | Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-palmitate |
LUT | Luteolin |
UVA | Ultraviolet A |
UVB | Ultraviolet B |
UV | Ultraviolet |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
OHE | Opuntia humifusa extract |
HAS | Hyaluronic acid synthases |
HA | Hyaluronic acid |
HABP | Hyaluronic acid-binding protein |
OAs | Organic acids |
CA | Citric acid |
MA | Mandelic acid |
ZnAC | Zinc-amino clay |
MDA | Malondialdehyde |
ZnO-NPs | Zinc oxide nanoparticles |
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The Formulations of IHS | Inactive Ingredients | Characteristics | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Liquid formulations | Humectant, fragrance, colorant. | Widely available, but with low viscosity and hard to dispense. | [17] |
Spray formulations | Valve actuation, humectant, fragrance, colorant. | Higher flammability risk at room temperature. | [18] |
Foam formulations | Foaming agent, humectant, fragrance, colorant. | Longer drying time, difficult to eliminate the feeling of dissimilarity and more expensive than gel. | [19,23] |
Gel formulations | Emollients, thickeners, neutralizers, chelators, fragrances, and dyes or colorants. | With better antimicrobial action and fast drying time, formation of a protective layer on the application site. | [20,22] |
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Ma, Y.; Yi, J.; Ma, J.; Yu, H.; Luo, L.; Wu, W.; Jin, L.; Yang, Q.; Lou, T.; Sun, D.; et al. Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products. Toxics 2023, 11, 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080687
Ma Y, Yi J, Ma J, Yu H, Luo L, Wu W, Jin L, Yang Q, Lou T, Sun D, et al. Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products. Toxics. 2023; 11(8):687. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080687
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Yilei, Jia Yi, Jiahui Ma, Haiyang Yu, Li Luo, Wei Wu, Libo Jin, Qinsi Yang, Ting Lou, Da Sun, and et al. 2023. "Hand Sanitizer Gels: Classification, Challenges, and the Future of Multipurpose Hand Hygiene Products" Toxics 11, no. 8: 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11080687