Sustainability

16 pages, 5146 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of PV Self-Consumption in Educational and Office Buildings in Spain

by Ángel José Ordóñez Mendieta and Esteban Sánchez Hernández

Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041662 - 4 Feb 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3637

As grid parity is reached in many countries, photovoltaic self-consumption is raising great interest. Currently, there is a big number of new projects being developed in Spain thanks to the new regulation. From the experience of the monitoring of one full year of [...] Read more.

As grid parity is reached in many countries, photovoltaic self-consumption is raising great interest. Currently, there is a big number of new projects being developed in Spain thanks to the new regulation. From the experience of the monitoring of one full year of operation of a self-consumption PV plant in a university building, a regulatory, energy, and economic analysis is made for this type of building. It has been carried out by simulating the behavior of the building with installations within the range of PV powers allowed in the Spanish regulation. The analysis shows the good fitting between the new Royal Decree of Self-Consumption and the new Building Code. The economic analysis proves that the new simplified compensation method gives the best economic return for this use of the buildings when the PV production is matched with the consumption. The time of return of investment is between 8 and 9 years, and the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is into the range of the pool market price of electricity. These results show the profitability of PV self-consumption for this type of building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Smart Energy for a Sustainable Future. Experiences in Photovoltaic System Monitoring)

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21 pages, 411 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) Priority in Italy: Distribution, Ecology, In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation and Expected Actions

by Enrico Vito Perrino and Robert Philipp Wagensommer

Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041682 - 4 Feb 2021

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 4968

Abstract

The study presents an updated overview of the 14 non-endemic threatened crop wild relatives (CWR) in Italy: Aegilops biuncialis, Ae. uniaristata, Ae. ventricosa, Asparagus pastorianus, Beta macrocarpa, Brassica insularis, B. montana, Crambe hispanica subsp. hispanica, [...] Read more.

The study presents an updated overview of the 14 non-endemic threatened crop wild relatives (CWR) in Italy: Aegilops biuncialis, Ae. uniaristata, Ae. ventricosa, Asparagus pastorianus, Beta macrocarpa, Brassica insularis, B. montana, Crambe hispanica subsp. hispanica, C. tataria subsp. tataria, Ipomoea sagittata, Lathyrus amphicarpos, L. palustris, Vicia cusnae and V. serinica. Geographical distribution, ecology (with plant communities and habitat 92/43/EEC aspects), genetics (focused on gene pools), property, and in situ and ex situ conservation were analyzed. In addition, with the aim of their protection and valorization, specific actions are recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity 2021: Agriculture, Environment and Wellbeing)

22 pages, 9497 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Urban-Scale Building Energy-Use Models and Tools—Application for the City of Fribourg, Switzerland

by Valeria Todeschi, Roberto Boghetti, Jérôme H. Kämpf and Guglielmina Mutani

Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 1595; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041595 - 3 Feb 2021

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6265

Abstract

Building energy-use models and tools can simulate and represent the distribution of energy consumption of buildings located in an urban area. The aim of these models is to simulate the energy performance of buildings at multiple temporal and spatial scales, taking into account [...] Read more.

Building energy-use models and tools can simulate and represent the distribution of energy consumption of buildings located in an urban area. The aim of these models is to simulate the energy performance of buildings at multiple temporal and spatial scales, taking into account both the building shape and the surrounding urban context. This paper investigates existing models by simulating the hourly space heating consumption of residential buildings in an urban environment. Existing bottom-up urban-energy models were applied to the city of Fribourg in order to evaluate the accuracy and flexibility of energy simulations. Two common energy-use models—a machine learning model and a GIS-based engineering model—were compared and evaluated against anonymized monitoring data. The study shows that the simulations were quite precise with an annual mean absolute percentage error of 12.8 and 19.3% for the machine learning and the GIS-based engineering model, respectively, on residential buildings built in different periods of construction. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis using the Morris method was carried out on the GIS-based engineering model in order to assess the impact of input variables on space heating consumption and to identify possible optimization opportunities of the existing model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Models and Tools for Buildings’ Energy-Use Mapping and Planning at Urban Scale)

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13 pages, 3668 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Interaction Boundary Determination of Renewable Energy Sources to Estimate System Strength Using the Power Flow Tracing Strategy

by Namki Choi, Byongjun Lee, Dohyuk Kim and Suchul Nam

Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1569; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031569 - 2 Feb 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2619

Abstract

System strength is an important concept in the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). However, evaluating system strength is becoming more ambiguous due to the interaction of RESs. This paper proposes a novel scheme to define the actual interaction boundaries of RESs using [...] Read more.

System strength is an important concept in the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). However, evaluating system strength is becoming more ambiguous due to the interaction of RESs. This paper proposes a novel scheme to define the actual interaction boundaries of RESs using the power flow tracing strategy. Based on the proposed method, the interaction boundaries of RESs were identified at the southwest side of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) systems. The test results show that the proposed approach always provides the identical interaction boundaries of RESs in KEPCO systems, compared to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) method. The consistent boundaries could be a guideline for power-system planners to assess more accurate system strength, considering the actual interactions of the RESs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration and Control of Renewable Energy and Power Electronics for Future Power Systems)

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25 pages, 3865 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing Wave Overtopping Energy Converters by ANN Modelling: Evaluating the Overtopping Rate Forecasting as the First Step

by José Manuel Oliver, Maria Dolores Esteban, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro and Maria Graça Neves

Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031483 - 1 Feb 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3079

Abstract

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are extremely powerful analytical, parallel processing elements that can successfully approximate any complex non-linear process, and which form a key piece in Artificial Intelligence models. Its field of application, being very wide, is especially suitable for the field of [...] Read more.

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are extremely powerful analytical, parallel processing elements that can successfully approximate any complex non-linear process, and which form a key piece in Artificial Intelligence models. Its field of application, being very wide, is especially suitable for the field of prediction. In this article, its application for the prediction of the overtopping rate is presented, as part of a strategy for the sustainable optimization of coastal or harbor defense structures and their conversion into Waves Energy Converters (WEC). This would allow, among others benefits, reducing their initial high capital expenditure. For the construction of the predictive model, classical multivariate statistical techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), or unsupervised clustering methods like Self Organized Maps (SOM), are used, demonstrating that this close alliance is always methodologically beneficial. The specific application carried out, based on the data provided by the CLASH and EurOtop 2018 databases, involves the creation of a useful application to predict overtopping rates in both sloping breakwaters and seawalls, with good results both in terms of prediction error, such as correlation of the estimated variable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energies for Sustainable Development)

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22 pages, 2125 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Relationship between Renewable Energy and Economic Growth in a Time of Covid-19: A Machine Learning Experiment on the Brazilian Economy

by Cosimo Magazzino, Marco Mele and Giovanna Morelli

Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031285 - 26 Jan 2021

Cited by 86 | Viewed by 8491

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Brazil, in the Covid-19 pandemic. Using an Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) experiment in Machine Learning, we tried to verify if a more intensive use of renewable energy could generate a [...] Read more.

This paper examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Brazil, in the Covid-19 pandemic. Using an Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) experiment in Machine Learning, we tried to verify if a more intensive use of renewable energy could generate a positive GDP acceleration in Brazil. This acceleration could offset the harmful effects of the Covid-19 global pandemic. Empirical findings show that an ever-greater use of renewable energies may sustain the economic growth process. In fact, through a model of ANNs, we highlighted how an increasing consumption of renewable energies triggers an acceleration of the GDP compared to other energy variables considered in the model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Consumption and Financial Development)

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14 pages, 11845 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A New Regulatory Approach for PV-Based Self-Supply, Validated by a Techno-Economic Assessment: A Case Study for Slovenia

by Luka Martin Tomažič, Niko Lukač and Gorazd Štumberger

Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031290 - 26 Jan 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2050

Abstract

When it comes to the proliferation of photovoltaic (PV) systems, technological solutions have to go hand in hand with optimized policy approaches and regulatory frameworks. This paper proposes a new application of state-of-the-art PV potential estimation method based on Light Detection And Ranging [...] Read more.

When it comes to the proliferation of photovoltaic (PV) systems, technological solutions have to go hand in hand with optimized policy approaches and regulatory frameworks. This paper proposes a new application of state-of-the-art PV potential estimation method based on Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data targeted toward individual household self-supply. The performance of the proposed general approach is demonstrated in the case of Slovenian PV based self-supply (yearly net self-sufficient energy supply) scheme and related policy. The results obtained by PV potential assessment method show drawbacks of the current policy solution in Slovenia, which limits the installed peak power of the PV systems to 80% of the rated power supply. The paper proposes to change the policy in a way that increases the yearly energy production of the PV system and assures proper voltage profiles in the electricity network. The paper is novel in terms of considering PV potential over LiDAR data by also considering self-sustainability, in using such techno-economic analysis to validate the merits and demerits of a policy approach and is the first such case study used in the context of Slovenian self-supply policy. The proposed PV potential estimation method is generally applicable for any location and can be easily adjusted to the local regulatory framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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20 pages, 2672 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Expert Views on the Future Development of Biogas Business Branch in Germany, The Netherlands, and Finland until 2030

by Erika Winquist, Michiel Van Galen, Simon Zielonka, Pasi Rikkonen, Diti Oudendag, Lijun Zhou and Auke Greijdanus

Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031148 - 22 Jan 2021

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 10226

Abstract

To be able to meet the European Union’s energy and climate targets for 2030, all member states need to rethink their energy production and use. One potential renewable energy source is biogas. Its role has been relatively small compared to other energy sources, [...] Read more.

To be able to meet the European Union’s energy and climate targets for 2030, all member states need to rethink their energy production and use. One potential renewable energy source is biogas. Its role has been relatively small compared to other energy sources, but it could have a more central role to solve some specific challenges, e.g., to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from traffic, or to act as a buffer to balance electricity production with consumption. This research analyses how the future of the biogas business in three case study countries is developing until 2030. The study is based on experts’ views within the biogas business branch in Germany, The Netherlands, and Finland. Both similarities and differences were found among the experts’ answers, which reflected also the current policies in different countries. The role of biogas was seen much wider than just to provide renewable energy, but also to decrease emissions from agriculture and close loops in a circular economy. However, the future of the biogas branch is much dependent on political decisions. To be able to show the full potential of biogas technology for society, stable and predictable energy policy and cross-sector co-operation are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy and Energy Saving: Worldwide Research Trends)

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22 pages, 6874 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Empirical Design, Construction, and Experimental Test of a Small-Scale Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor

by Carlos Vargas-Salgado, Elías Hurtado-Pérez, David Alfonso-Solar and Anders Malmquist

Sustainability 2021, 13(3), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031061 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6023

Abstract

The methods currently used for designing a fluidized bed reactor in gasification plants do not meet an integrated methodology that optimizes all the different parameters for its sizing and operational regime. In the case of small-scale (several tens of kWs biomass gasifiers), this [...] Read more.

The methods currently used for designing a fluidized bed reactor in gasification plants do not meet an integrated methodology that optimizes all the different parameters for its sizing and operational regime. In the case of small-scale (several tens of kWs biomass gasifiers), this design is especially complex, and, for this reason, they have usually been built in a very heuristic trial and error way. In this paper, an integrated methodology tailoring all the different parameters for the design and sizing of a small-scale fluidized bed gasification plants is presented. Using this methodology, a 40 kWth biomass gasification reactor was designed, including the air distribution system. Based on this design, with several simplified assumptions, a reactor was built and commissioned. Results from the experimental tests using this gasifier are also presented in this paper. As a result, it can be said the prototype works properly, and it produces syngas able to produce thermal energy or even electricity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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17 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Applying a Practice Lens to Local Government Climate Change Governance: Rethinking Community Engagement Practices

by David Meiklejohn, Susie Moloney and Sarah Bekessy

Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020995 - 19 Jan 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3536

Abstract

Governments commit substantial time and resources engaging individuals and households to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. These approaches, based largely upon behaviour change theories, have been criticised for their limited reach and effectiveness by practice theorists who have offered an alternative approach, broadening [...] Read more.

Governments commit substantial time and resources engaging individuals and households to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. These approaches, based largely upon behaviour change theories, have been criticised for their limited reach and effectiveness by practice theorists who have offered an alternative approach, broadening the focus beyond individuals. While practice theory has provided valuable insights into the energy consuming activities of households it has gained limited traction as a way to analyse and inform government practices and policy making. We address this by applying a practice lens to climate change community engagement practices performed by Australian local governments. Drawing on 29 interviews with practitioners and analysis of 37 Australian local government climate strategies, we examine the bundle of practices that constitute climate change community engagement: recruitment, engagement and evaluation. We consider how these practices are situated vis-a-vis other climate governance practices (regulation, service delivery, infrastructure provision and advocacy) as well as internal local government processes. Using a practice lens reveals the weaknesses in current engagement approaches which we contend are limiting efficacy. We draw upon Spurling et al.’s conceptualisation of re-crafting, re-integrating and substituting practices to consider how climate change community engagement practices might be reconfigured to improve their effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

24 pages, 1742 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Historical Ecology of Scandinavian Infield Systems

by Ove Eriksson, Matilda Arnell and Karl-Johan Lindholm

Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020817 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4479

Abstract

Infield systems originated during the early Iron Age and existed until the 19th century, although passing many transitions and changes. The core features of infield systems were enclosed infields with hay-meadows and crop fields, and unenclosed outland mainly used for livestock grazing. We [...] Read more.

Infield systems originated during the early Iron Age and existed until the 19th century, although passing many transitions and changes. The core features of infield systems were enclosed infields with hay-meadows and crop fields, and unenclosed outland mainly used for livestock grazing. We examine the transitions and changes of domesticated landscapes with infield systems using the framework of human niche construction, focusing on reciprocal causation affecting change in both culture and environment. A first major transition occurred during the early Middle Ages, as a combined effect of a growing elite society and an increased availability of iron promoted expansion of villages with partly communal infields. A second major transition occurred during the 18th and 19th centuries, due to a then recognized inefficiency of agricultural production, leading to land reforms. In outlands, there was a continuous expansion of management throughout the whole period. Even though external factors had significant impacts as well, human niche construction affected a range of cultural and environmental features regarding the management and structure of domesticated landscapes with infield systems. Thus, niche construction theory is a useful framework for understanding the historical ecology of infield systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Historical Ecology, Archaeology and Biocultural Landscapes: Cross-Disciplinary Approaches to the Long Anthropocene)

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16 pages, 2484 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multi-Objective Stochastic Optimization for Determining Set-Point of Wind Farm System

by Van-Hai Bui, Akhtar Hussain, Thai-Thanh Nguyen and Hak-Man Kim

Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020624 - 11 Jan 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2649

Abstract

Due to the uncertainty in output power of wind farm (WF) systems, a certain reserve capacity is often required in the power system to ensure service reliability and thereby increasing the operation and investment costs for the entire system. In order to reduce [...] Read more.

Due to the uncertainty in output power of wind farm (WF) systems, a certain reserve capacity is often required in the power system to ensure service reliability and thereby increasing the operation and investment costs for the entire system. In order to reduce this uncertainty and reserve capacity, this study proposes a multi-objective stochastic optimization model to determine the set-points of the WF system. The first objective is to maximize the set-point of the WF system, while the second objective is to maximize the probability of fulfilling that set-point in the real-time operation. An increase in the probability of satisfying the set-point can reduce the uncertainty in the output power of the WF system. However, if the required probability increases, the set-point of the WF system decreases, which reduces the profitability of the WF system. Using the proposed method helps the WF operator in determining the optimal set-point for the WF system by making a trade-off between maximizing the set-point of WF and increasing the probability of fulfilling this set-point in real-time operation. This ensures that the WF system can offer an optimal set-point with a high probability of satisfying this set-point to the power system and thereby avoids a high penalty for mismatch power. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed method, several case studies are carried out, and the effects of various parameters on the optimal set-point for the WF system are also analyzed. According to the parameters from the transmission system operator (TSO) and wind speed profile, the WF operator can easily determine the optimal set-point using the proposed strategy. A comparison of the profits that the WF system achieved with and without the proposed method is analyzed in detail, and the set-point of the WF system in different seasons is also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy and Energy Saving: Worldwide Research Trends)

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14 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Customer Behavioral Reactions to Negative Experiences during the Product Return

by Kateryna Lysenko-Ryba and Dominik Zimon

Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020448 - 6 Jan 2021

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8963

Abstract

This paper takes a closer look at customer experience during product return and the customer’s ability to share information about it. The research process included the development of research tools such as questionnaires. Anonymous surveys were conducted by computer assisted web interview among [...] Read more.

This paper takes a closer look at customer experience during product return and the customer’s ability to share information about it. The research process included the development of research tools such as questionnaires. Anonymous surveys were conducted by computer assisted web interview among individual customers from Poland on a sample 327 respondents. Non-stratified random sampling was used, as we considered it to be the most effective in terms of the effort-benefit ratio of the survey. A contingency table was constructed from the responses, the observed values and expected values were compared, and the Pearson Chi-square and the p-value of Fisher’s exact test were calculated. The research process carried out as well as the analysis of the obtained results allowed us to respond to the research questions. As a result, it can be stated that the clients, both satisfied (80.1%) and dissatisfied (84,4%), tended to share their opinion about return experience with other potential clients. Moreover, 42.2% of the respondents declared that they would not buy again from a seller after an unsuccessful return operation. The presented conclusions enrich the theoretical understanding of customer behavior and their purchase intention. It also offers retailers a quantitative benchmark and new perspective on the design of return policy in order to improve customer satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Development)

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24 pages, 7802 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Correlation Analysis of the Spread of Household-Sized Photovoltaic Power Plants and Various District Indicators: A Case Study

by Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai, Henrik Zsiborács, András Vincze, Nóra Rodek, Martina Makai and Gábor Pintér

Sustainability 2021, 13(2), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020482 - 6 Jan 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2406

Abstract

As efforts are made worldwide to meet the growing energy needs of the population in a more sustainable way, harnessing weather-dependent renewable energy sources is becoming more and more important. One of the available technologies is photovoltaic energy production. In the last decade, [...] Read more.

As efforts are made worldwide to meet the growing energy needs of the population in a more sustainable way, harnessing weather-dependent renewable energy sources is becoming more and more important. One of the available technologies is photovoltaic energy production. In the last decade, there has been a growing need among households, institutions, and businesses to reduce the use of fossil-fuel-based electricity from the public grid. In order to meet their electricity demand in Hungary, investors prefer using household-sized photovoltaic power plant (HMKE) systems. The novelty of this study is that it examines the number and total power of photovoltaic HMKEs at the district level in the service areas of different electricity distributors, taking into account the social, economic, infrastructural, and welfare dimensions of these districts as well. The study seeks to uncover whether there is a correlation between the number and total power of these types of power plants and the indicators of the districts, and if so, how strong these relationships are. The examination of the relationships also involved, in addition to correlations by pairs, the relationships of the ranking of the districts according to the complex indicators created from the district indicators and the ranking of the districts based on the number and power of photovoltaic HMKEs per 1000 members of the population. By exploring correlations, the paper seeks to establish a regression model for the number of photovoltaic HMKEs and the territorial (district) indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic Evaluation of Renewable Energy Sources)

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26 pages, 736 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Green and Blue Hydrogen in the Energy Transition—A Technological and Geopolitical Perspective

by Michel Noussan, Pier Paolo Raimondi, Rossana Scita and Manfred Hafner

Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010298 - 31 Dec 2020

Cited by 507 | Viewed by 42955

Abstract

Hydrogen is currently enjoying a renewed and widespread momentum in many national and international climate strategies. This review paper is focused on analysing the challenges and opportunities that are related to green and blue hydrogen, which are at the basis of different perspectives [...] Read more.

Hydrogen is currently enjoying a renewed and widespread momentum in many national and international climate strategies. This review paper is focused on analysing the challenges and opportunities that are related to green and blue hydrogen, which are at the basis of different perspectives of a potential hydrogen society. While many governments and private companies are putting significant resources on the development of hydrogen technologies, there still remains a high number of unsolved issues, including technical challenges, economic and geopolitical implications. The hydrogen supply chain includes a large number of steps, resulting in additional energy losses, and while much focus is put on hydrogen generation costs, its transport and storage should not be neglected. A low-carbon hydrogen economy offers promising opportunities not only to fight climate change, but also to enhance energy security and develop local industries in many countries. However, to face the huge challenges of a transition towards a zero-carbon energy system, all available technologies should be allowed to contribute based on measurable indicators, which require a strong international consensus based on transparent standards and targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen Economy: Challenges and Opportunities)

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19 pages, 836 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Critical Success Factors of the Project Management in Relation to Industry 4.0 for Sustainability of Projects

by Jaroslav Vrchota, Petr Řehoř, Monika Maříková and Martin Pech

Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010281 - 30 Dec 2020

Cited by 97 | Viewed by 30820

Abstract

Sustainability has recently become a phenomenon; small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly emphasizing the principles of sustainability in their corporate governance. They implement these changes through project management. The purpose of the paper is to determine the critical success factors in project [...] Read more.

Sustainability has recently become a phenomenon; small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly emphasizing the principles of sustainability in their corporate governance. They implement these changes through project management. The purpose of the paper is to determine the critical success factors in project management, as seen by the managers of Czech manufacturing enterprises, related to the most to the successful completion of the projects. We aim to analyze the relation of these success factors to Industry 4.0, Human Resources, and sustainability. We determined the possible interconnectedness of the critical success factors using correlation coefficients. Then, we compared them using the Mann-Whitney test with new corporate management trends. The results show that companies consider Leadership and Experiences, and Employees and Flexibility to be key factors in project management’s success. The most important critical factor for the sustainability of projects focused on Industry 4.0 is the finances that decide the implementation of projects. The benefits of Industry 4.0 concerning sustainability have been identified in projects aimed at implementing new energy sources. In addition to the results obtained, the development of a methodology for evaluating Industry 4.0 projects’ success concerning sustainability may be based on critical success factors in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Project Management)

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19 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How Does Consumers’ Care for Origin Shape Their Behavioural Gap for Environmentally Friendly Products?

by Maria Teresa Trentinaglia De Daverio, Teresina Mancuso, Massimo Peri and Lucia Baldi

Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010190 - 28 Dec 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3429

Abstract

Climate change is threatening worldwide crop yields and varieties, and the desertification of Southern Europe and Mediterranean areas is endangering the cultivation of tomato, not only one of the most important cultivated crops, but also one of the main pillars of the global [...] Read more.

Climate change is threatening worldwide crop yields and varieties, and the desertification of Southern Europe and Mediterranean areas is endangering the cultivation of tomato, not only one of the most important cultivated crops, but also one of the main pillars of the global food industry. To minimize its environmental impact, current research efforts in Europe are selecting resilient tomato genotypes with reduced use of water and fertilizers. Still, its commercial acceptance depends on consumers’ reaction in terms of interests, attitudes, and willingness to buy and pay for this hypothetical resilient tomato. In our setting, a behavioural gap exists whenever despite an interest for the product, and regardless of a positive attitude towards it, consumers are not willing to pay a premium price for this tomato. This paper focuses on Italians, among the largest tomato consumers across the world, and for whom origin emerges as a relevant consumption driver. We carried out a web-survey, totalling 932 responses. We ran three different ordinal regressions, one for each level of involvement in the purchasing process, identifying the factors affecting consumers’ interest, attitude, and behaviour towards this hypothetical tomato. We prove the existence of a behavioural gap for Italian tomato consumers and observe that this gap widens as consumers’ preferences for origin increase. Hence, policies developing environmentally sustainable products should not forget how consumer preferences for non-strictly environmental attributes might ultimately affect their propensity to buy and pay. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agribusiness and Food Marketing)

16 pages, 2811 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of Hydrogen on Vaporization, Mixture Formation and Combustion of Diesel Fuel at an Automotive Diesel Engine

by Alexandru Cernat, Constantin Pana, Niculae Negurescu, Gheorghe Lazaroiu and Cristian Nutu

Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010202 - 28 Dec 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3565

Abstract

Hydrogen can be a viable alternative fuel for modern diesel engines, offering benefits on efficiency and performance improvement. The paper analyses the results of a thermodynamic model developed by authors in order to study the influence of Hydrogen addition on a process like [...] Read more.

Hydrogen can be a viable alternative fuel for modern diesel engines, offering benefits on efficiency and performance improvement. The paper analyses the results of a thermodynamic model developed by authors in order to study the influence of Hydrogen addition on a process like vaporization, mixture forming, and combustion at the level of diesel fuel droplets. The bi-zonal model is applied for a dual-fueled diesel engine K9K type designed by Renault for automotives. For the engine operating regime of 2000 rpm speed and 55% engine load, the diesel fuel is partially substituted by Hydrogen in energetic percents of 6.76%, 13.39%, and 20.97%, the engine power being maintained at the same level comparative to classic fueling. At Hydrogen addition, the diesel fuel jets atomization and diesel fuel droplets vaporization are accelerated, the speed of formation of the mixture being increased. Comparative to classic fueling, the use of Hydrogen leads to diesel droplets combustion intensification, with a shortened autoignition delay, reduction of combustion duration, and increase of flame radius. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of Modern Society through Design and Integration of Efficient Energy Technologies)

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11 pages, 1119 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Food Security during the Pandemic and the Importance of the Bioeconomy in the New Era

by Anca C. Farcas, Charis M. Galanakis, Carmen Socaciu, Oana L. Pop, Dorin Tibulca, Adriana Paucean, Mirela A. Jimborean, Melinda Fogarasi, Liana C. Salanta, Maria Tofana and Sonia A. Socaci

Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010150 - 25 Dec 2020

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8446

Abstract

One of the biggest challenges in managing the food sector during a pandemic crisis is sustaining a robust food security system and adopting the right strategies in correlating the consumers’ needs and requirements with those of food safety, the producers, the distribution chain, [...] Read more.

One of the biggest challenges in managing the food sector during a pandemic crisis is sustaining a robust food security system and adopting the right strategies in correlating the consumers’ needs and requirements with those of food safety, the producers, the distribution chain, the economic environment, and waste management. The restrictions on people’s global movement, commodities, and services and the measures taken to reduce the spread of COVID-19 have disrupted food environments around the world and forced us to collectively redesign and optimize our systems using existing resources from a more sustainable perspective. This paper offers an overview of the implications of COVID-19 for the food supply chain and discusses several potential strategies for tackling short- and long-term adverse effects resulting from the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Added-Value Molecules Recovered from Agri-Food Waste and by-Products)

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14 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Healthy Diet Assistance for the Most Deprived in Post-Crisis Greece: An Evaluation of the State Food Provision Program

by Antonis Vlassopoulos, Konstantina Filippou, Aleks Pepa, Olga Malisova, Dimitra Xenaki and Maria Kapsokefalou

Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010099 - 24 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3357

Abstract

In 2016, the European Union set up the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) as its first structured food provision program to combat food insecurity. Computational analysis and a cross-sectional survey took place from January 2016 to June 2018 to [...] Read more.

In 2016, the European Union set up the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) as its first structured food provision program to combat food insecurity. Computational analysis and a cross-sectional survey took place from January 2016 to June 2018 to calculate FEAD’s contribution to its beneficiaries’ diets and to collect beneficiary satisfaction data. Dairy, fresh meat, legumes, sugar, olive oil, and tomato concentrate were the most commonly procured items. The program’s contribution to vegetable, dairy, and grains intake was 3.4%, 6.1%, and 6.0%, respectively, as opposed to discretionary calories (12.2%) and fats/oils (24.5%). The program’s algorithm greatly favors (almost 3-fold) single-person applications, compared with applications with four or more people. Beneficiaries valued each food provision at 21.23 ± 23.4 euros, which, for 64.4% of them, translated to a high positive impact on the household budget. FEAD had a highly positive impact on feelings of anxiety and security, for 50.7% and 41.6% of its beneficiaries. Satisfaction with the foods provided was also high for ~70% of the beneficiaries. The program is met with high beneficiary satisfaction and is perceived as a substantial assistance. Increases in the amounts and variety of foods delivered, with a focus on fruit, vegetables, and fish, should be considered to further improve the program’s dietary impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gaps and Opportunities in Addressing Food Insecurity under the Sustainable Development Framework)

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17 pages, 501 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modelling Attitude towards Consumption of Vegan Products

by Isabel Miguel, Arnaldo Coelho and Cristela Maia Bairrada

Sustainability 2021, 13(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010009 - 22 Dec 2020

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 16996

Abstract

This study proposes to understand the impact of personal (health awareness and social influence) and moral (environmental concerns and animal welfare) antecedents on attitudes towards veganism and their effects on engagement with vegan products, along with their impact on purchase intention and word [...] Read more.

This study proposes to understand the impact of personal (health awareness and social influence) and moral (environmental concerns and animal welfare) antecedents on attitudes towards veganism and their effects on engagement with vegan products, along with their impact on purchase intention and word of mouth. Idealism is presented as a moderator of these proposed relationships. The study uses a structured questionnaire to gather data from two cross-sectional samples of 224 Portuguese and 356 Brazilian vegans collected from Facebook groups of vegans. Structural equation modelling is used to test the seven proposed hypotheses and the moderation effects. This research compares the influence of personal and moral determinants on veganism using idealism as a specific context to investigate their relationships, comparing Brazilian and Portuguese respondents and the effects of national cultures. Results show that attitudes towards veganism do not depend on personal causes, but rather on moral concerns. Motivations to reduce animal consumption, protect nature, and respect animal life seem to be guided by ethical principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Agricultural Economics and Sustainable Food Consumption)

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16 pages, 2746 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Climate Change and Ski Tourism Sustainability: An Integrated Model of the Adaptive Dynamics between Ski Area Operations and Skier Demand

by Daniel Scott, Robert Steiger, Michelle Rutty, Marc Pons and Peter Johnson

Sustainability 2020, 12(24), 10617; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410617 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 8943

Abstract

Climate change is an evolving business reality influencing the sustainability of ski tourism worldwide. A new integrated model of the co-evolution of supply (27 ski areas) and demand-side (skier behaviour) climate change adaptation in the ski tourism market of Ontario, Canada is presented. [...] Read more.

Climate change is an evolving business reality influencing the sustainability of ski tourism worldwide. A new integrated model of the co-evolution of supply (27 ski areas) and demand-side (skier behaviour) climate change adaptation in the ski tourism market of Ontario, Canada is presented. Ski area operations are modeled under a high-emission 2050s scenario, with skier responses to altered operations informed by a survey of 2429 skiers. These market adaptive dynamics reveal new insights into differential climate risk, capturing patterns not apparent when considering only operational conditions of ski resorts. A decoupling of ski season length and skier visitation was found at four ski areas, where, despite average season length losses, visitation increased as a result of reduced competition. Simulated skier visit losses were smaller than reductions in season length, contributing to an increase in crowding. Growing the market of skiers was also identified as a critical adaptation strategy that could offset skier visit losses from shortened seasons. Climate change challenges the future sustainability of ski areas in this market in several ways: profitability of ski areas with substantially shorter seasons, increased snowmaking costs, crowding impacts on visitor experience, and potential overtourism at the few most climate resilient destinations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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16 pages, 4329 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Emergy and Sustainability Ternary Diagrams of Energy Systems: Application to Solar Updraft Tower

by Islam Elsayed and Yoshiki Nishi

Sustainability 2020, 12(24), 10546; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410546 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4347

Abstract

To facilitate sustainable energy development, one has to understand the limited availability of nonrenewable energy resources, and the ability of the earth to renew or recover. Emergy is an instrument that measures environmental loading, ecological economics, and regional sustainable development. In this study, [...] Read more.

To facilitate sustainable energy development, one has to understand the limited availability of nonrenewable energy resources, and the ability of the earth to renew or recover. Emergy is an instrument that measures environmental loading, ecological economics, and regional sustainable development. In this study, emergy indicators are calculated to investigate the sustainability of solar updraft tower (SUT). SUT produces energy from the hot air, utilizing a combination of a solar collector, central tower, and air turbines. The results demonstrate that the sustainability of SUT grew as the size of the plant increased. Further, emergetic ternary diagrams are drawn to facilitate the comparison between SUT and various technologies. The resources-use efficiency of wind energy and SUT, 200 MW is found to be the lowest among all energy technologies presented in this research. Scenario analysis is performed to explore the future optimization directions. The results demonstrate that the development direction of SUT systems should mainly focus on reducing the materials demanded by the manufacturing and construction of its solar collectors. This study aims to demonstrate the value of emergy as a powerful instrument for drawing long-term sustainable strategies in energy markets for a greener tomorrow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energies for Sustainable Development)

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12 pages, 7513 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design and Implementation of a Co-Simulation Framework for Testing of Automated Driving Systems

by Demin Nalic, Aleksa Pandurevic, Arno Eichberger and Branko Rogic

Sustainability 2020, 12(24), 10476; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410476 - 15 Dec 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4173

Abstract

The increasingly used approach of combining different simulation softwares in testing of automated driving systems (ADSs) increases the need for potential and convenient software designs. Recently developed co-simulation platforms (CSPs) provide the possibility to cover the high demand for testing kilometers for ADSs [...] Read more.

The increasingly used approach of combining different simulation softwares in testing of automated driving systems (ADSs) increases the need for potential and convenient software designs. Recently developed co-simulation platforms (CSPs) provide the possibility to cover the high demand for testing kilometers for ADSs by combining vehicle simulation software (VSS) with traffic flow simulation software (TFSS) environments. The emphasis on the demand for testing kilometers is not enough to choose a suitable CSP. The complexity levels of the vehicle, object, sensors, and environment models used are essential for valid and representative simulation results. Choosing a suitable CSP raises the question of how the test procedures should be defined and constructed and what the relevant test scenarios are. Parameters of the ADS, environments, objects, and sensors in the VSS, as well as traffic parameters in the TFSS, can be used to define and generate test scenarios. In order to generate a large number of scenarios in a systematic and automated way, suitable and appropriate software designs are required. In this paper, we present a software design for a CSP based on the Model–View–Controller (MVC) design pattern as well as an implementation of a complex CSP for virtual testing of ADSs. Based on this design, an implementation of a CSP is presented using the VSS from IPG Automotive (CarMaker) and the TFSS from the PTV Group (Vissim). The results showed that the presented CSP design and the implementation of the co-simulation can be used to generate relevant scenarios for testing of ADSs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Development of Electric Vehicle)

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20 pages, 1674 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Investigation of the Use of Low Temperature Geothermal Organic Rankine Cycle Engine in an Autonomous Polygeneration Microgrid

by George Kyriakarakos, Erika Ntavou and Dimitris Manolakos

Sustainability 2020, 12(24), 10475; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410475 - 15 Dec 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2704

Abstract

Low-enthalpy geothermal resources (<150 °C) can be used for electricity generation and are widespread around the world, occurring at shallow depths. At the same time, in many parts of the world, there are existing low-enthalpy geothermal wells that are used for a multitude [...] Read more.

Low-enthalpy geothermal resources (<150 °C) can be used for electricity generation and are widespread around the world, occurring at shallow depths. At the same time, in many parts of the world, there are existing low-enthalpy geothermal wells that are used for a multitude of applications such as for buildings’ heating and agriculture-related applications. The dominant technology to convert low-grade heat (<150 °C) to electricity is the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The autonomous polygeneration microgrid (APM) concept aims to holistically meet in a sustainable way the needs of an off-grid community in terms of electrical loads, space heating and cooling, potable water production through desalination, and the use of hydrogen as fuel for transportation, in the most cost-effective manner possible. Photovoltaics (PVs) and wind turbines have been investigated extensively, since PVs can be installed practically anywhere in the world and wind turbines in areas with sufficient wind potential. The aim of this paper is to investigate techno-economically the potential of utilizing low-enthalpy geothermal resources in small-scale APMs through an ORC engine to fully satisfy the needs of small settlements. In order to accomplish this task with confidence, a case study for the Greek island of Milos has been developed and a typical settlement has been considered. It is worth mentioning that experimental results from a realized low-power (<10 kW_e) ORC engine manufactured to operate at temperatures up to 140 °C are used to add reliability in the calculations. In order to meet the needs of the people, four different APMs based on PVs, wind turbines, and geothermal ORC of different but appropriate configurations were designed and sized through optimization. The optimization process was based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). The comparative examination of the results shows that the use of a low-power, low-temperature ORC engine in an APM is technically feasible; more cost effective than the configurations based on PVs, wind turbines, or combination of both; and has increased environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Microgrid Systems)

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11 pages, 1935 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Study on State of Charge and State of Health Estimation in Consideration of Lithium-Ion Battery Aging

by Woongchul Choi

Sustainability 2020, 12(24), 10451; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410451 - 14 Dec 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4310

Abstract

Due to rapid development of industries around the world, more and more consumption of fossil fuels was unavoidable, resulting in serious environmental problems. The many pollutant emissions—a major contributor to global warming and weather pattern change—have been at the center of concern. In [...] Read more.

Due to rapid development of industries around the world, more and more consumption of fossil fuels was unavoidable, resulting in serious environmental problems. The many pollutant emissions—a major contributor to global warming and weather pattern change—have been at the center of concern. In order to solve this issue, research and development of electric vehicles and energy storage systems made great progress and successfully introduced products in the market. Nevertheless, accurate measurement of the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the Li-ion battery, the most popular electric energy storage device, has not yet been fully understood due to the nature of battery aging. In this study, ideas to estimate the capacity and ultimately SOC and SOH of Li-ion batteries are discussed. With these ideas, we expect not only to accommodate the issues with battery aging but also to implement an algorithm for an on-board battery management system. The key idea is to chase and monitor internal resistance continuously in a fast and reliable manner in real time. With further investigation of the key idea, we also fully expect to come up with a reliable SOC and SOH measurement scheme in the near future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Development of Electric Vehicle)

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15 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Land Fragmentation, Technical Efficiency, and Adaptation to Climate Change by Farmers in the Gamo Highlands of Ethiopia

by Tesfaye C. Cholo, Jack Peerlings and Luuk Fleskens

Sustainability 2020, 12(24), 10304; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410304 - 10 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3296

Abstract

Although barley production is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, households in the Gamo Highlands of Ethiopia rely on barley for their diet and allocate most of their highly-fragmented land to barley production. Moreover, farmers alter land management practices as a strategy [...] Read more.

Although barley production is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, households in the Gamo Highlands of Ethiopia rely on barley for their diet and allocate most of their highly-fragmented land to barley production. Moreover, farmers alter land management practices as a strategy to adjust to climate change and variability. However, to what extent land fragmentation and land management jointly influence the technical efficiency of barley production is unknown. In addition, it is unidentified whether technical efficiency is uniform across multiple separated plots. In this study, we adapted two stochastic frontier panel models on plot-level cross-sectional data to investigate this. The model results indicate that fragmentation influences the effect of land management practices on efficiency. The study found that efficiency was not uniform across different plots and for different farmers and showed the existence of large yield gaps. To close these gaps, policies designed to address the specific components of inefficiency need to be implemented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implications of Climate Change for Ecosystems and Society)

10 pages, 3106 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Comparative Study of Initial Cost Recuperation Period of Plug-In Series Hybrid Electric Two-Wheel Vehicles in Southeast Asian Countries

by Woongchul Choi and Seokho Yun

Sustainability 2020, 12(24), 10340; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410340 - 10 Dec 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2957

Abstract

While pollutant emissions from vehicles are under heavy scrutiny all around the world, small two-wheelers have not been under strict regulations until recently. Especially in the region of Southeast Asia, a tremendous number of old, in-house rebuilt and outdated two-wheelers are in operation [...] Read more.

While pollutant emissions from vehicles are under heavy scrutiny all around the world, small two-wheelers have not been under strict regulations until recently. Especially in the region of Southeast Asia, a tremendous number of old, in-house rebuilt and outdated two-wheelers are in operation and, as a result, pollutant emission problems are one of the most serious concerns of the communities. Since electric grid systems for consistent and stable supply of electricity are not there yet, thus plug-in series hybrid two-wheel vehicles have attracted much attention and are thought to be a meaningful solution for many people in the region. In the current study, an energy simulation tool has been developed to compare the ownership cost of an internal combustion engine (ICE)-based two-wheeler and that of a plug-in series hybrid electric scooter. To estimate annual energy cost (sum of gasoline and electricity cost), gasoline prices and household electricity rates in major Southeast Asian countries were collected. In addition, the nominal initial vehicle prices of ICE-based scooters and those of plug-in series hybrid electric two-wheel vehicles were gathered to estimate the time for the recovery of the initial investment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Development of Electric Vehicle)

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28 pages, 675 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Strategic Cooperation under Competition on Green Product Manufacturing

by Izabela Nielsen, Sani Majumder, Eryk Szwarc and Subrata Saha

Sustainability 2020, 12(24), 10248; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410248 - 8 Dec 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3493

Abstract

This study explores the optimal pricing and investment decision for two competing green supply chains, both consisting of a manufacturer and an exclusive retailer. Our focus is to explore, does the strategic integration decision with rivals at the horizontal level or with partners [...] Read more.

This study explores the optimal pricing and investment decision for two competing green supply chains, both consisting of a manufacturer and an exclusive retailer. Our focus is to explore, does the strategic integration decision with rivals at the horizontal level or with partners at the vertical level have any effect on green product types? The results reveal the following insights: retailer-retailer strategic integration at downstream level leads to a sub-optimal total supply chain profit and green quality level for a development-intensive green product. Two competing manufacturers can produce products at a higher level if they are vertically integrated with respective retailers. Manufacturer-manufacturer integration at upstream level sometimes leads to higher profits and product quality level if cross price-elasticity of consumers is high. However, an opposite phenomenon is observed while they are selling for a marginal-intensive green product, horizontal integration can improve green quality levels, but supply chain members will receive a lower profit. Therefore, selection of green product types and strategic integration decision are interrelated to achieve the profit maximization goal along with the aim to offer products at a higher green quality level. Vertical integration strategy can outperform horizontal integration strategy, especially if cross-price elastic for green products remain high. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Sustainability on Production and Industrial Management)

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16 pages, 2968 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Decreasing Water Footprint of Electricity and Heat by Extensive Green Roofs: Case of Southern Italy

by Behrouz Pirouz, Stefania Anna Palermo, Mario Maiolo, Natale Arcuri and Patrizia Piro

Sustainability 2020, 12(23), 10178; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310178 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3805

Abstract

Electrical and energy production have a noticeable water footprint, and buildings′ share of global energy consumption is about 40%. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of different thermal impacts and water consumption of green roofs in a Mediterranean climate. The study aims [...] Read more.

Electrical and energy production have a noticeable water footprint, and buildings′ share of global energy consumption is about 40%. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of different thermal impacts and water consumption of green roofs in a Mediterranean climate. The study aims to investigate the use of water directly for green roofs and reduce the water footprint of energy in summer and winter due to its thermal impacts. The measurements were carried out for an extensive green roof with an area of 55 m² and a thickness of 22 cm, and direct water consumption by a green roof and direct and indirect water consumption by cooling and heating systems were analyzed. According to the analysis, in summer, the maximum roof temperature on a conventional roof was 72 °C, while under the green roof it was 30.3 °C. In winter, the minimum roof temperature on a conventional roof was −8.6 °C, while under the green roof it was 7.4 °C. These results show that green roofs affect energy consumption in summer and winter, and the corresponding thermal requirements for the building have a water footprint regarding energy production. In summer, the thermal reduction in the water footprint by a green roof was 48 m³ if an evaporative air conditioner is used and 8.9 m³ for a compression air conditioner, whereas the water consumed in the green roof was 8.2 m³. Therefore, using water directly in the green roof would reduce the energy consumption in buildings, and thus less water has to be used in power plants to provide the same thermal impact. In winter, green roofs′ water consumption was higher than the thermal water footprint; however, there is no need to irrigate the green roof as the water consumed comes from precipitation. This experimental analysis determines that in the Mediterranean climate, green roofs allow the achievement of the same thermal conditions for buildings in both summer and winter, with a reduction in water consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Evidences of Indoor Thermal Comfort in Residential and Tertiary Buildings: Design and Evaluation Methods)

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21 pages, 2927 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Towards Sustainable Human Resources: How Generational Differences Impact Subjective Wellbeing in the Military?

by Rasa Smaliukiene and Svajone Bekesiene

Sustainability 2020, 12(23), 10016; https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310016 - 30 Nov 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6204

Abstract

The article analyzes the generational (age cohorts) effect on subjective wellbeing at work. The main aim is to reveal generational differences that lead to subjective wellbeing at work and possible discrepancies between the generations. The article contributes to the literature by creating and [...] Read more.

The article analyzes the generational (age cohorts) effect on subjective wellbeing at work. The main aim is to reveal generational differences that lead to subjective wellbeing at work and possible discrepancies between the generations. The article contributes to the literature by creating and testing a theoretical model of subjective wellbeing at work as a composition of several dimensions that vary among generations, including physical experience, cognitive job performance, and appraisal, as well as social relationships and socio-emotional enablement at work. Using the military as an organization where daily routine creates similar conditions for different generations, we surveyed 890 army professionals representing three different generations: Gen Y, Gen X, and Gen Z. A structural equation modelling (SEM) technique is used to test the research model. The results support the hypothesis that generation has a strong moderating impact on the components of subjective wellbeing at work. Social relationship, as a socio-emotional experience, is the most important component of wellbeing at work for Gen Z, while socio-emotional enablement plays a central role in subjective wellbeing at work for Gen X and Gen Y. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellbeing in Education, Career, and Work: Current Contributions from Emotional Intelligence and other Non-Cognitive Constructs to the Psychology of Sustainability)

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23 pages, 7081 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Data Centers Optimized Integration with Multi-Energy Grids: Test Cases and Results in Operational Environment

by Tudor Cioara, Marcel Antal, Claudia Daniela Antal (Pop), Ionut Anghel, Massimo Bertoncini, Diego Arnone, Marilena Lazzaro, Marzia Mammina, Terpsichori-Helen Velivassaki, Artemis Voulkidis, Yoann Ricordel, Nicolas Sainthérant, Ariel Oleksiak and Wojciech Piatek

Sustainability 2020, 12(23), 9893; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239893 - 26 Nov 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3253

Abstract

In this paper, we address the management of Data Centers (DCs) by considering their optimal integration with the electrical, thermal, and IT (Information Technology) networks helping them to meet sustainability objectives and gain primary energy savings. Innovative scenarios are defined for exploiting the [...] Read more.

In this paper, we address the management of Data Centers (DCs) by considering their optimal integration with the electrical, thermal, and IT (Information Technology) networks helping them to meet sustainability objectives and gain primary energy savings. Innovative scenarios are defined for exploiting the DCs electrical, thermal, and workload flexibility as a commodity and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are proposed and used as enablers for the scenarios’ implementation. The technology and scenarios were evaluated in the context of two operational DCs: a micro DC in Poznan which has on-site renewable sources and a DC in Point Saint Martin. The test cases’ results validate the possibility of using renewable energy sources (RES) for exploiting DCs’ energy flexibility and the potential of combining IT load migration with the availability of RES to increase the amount of energy flexibility by finding a trade-off between the flexibility level, IT load Quality of Service (QoS), and the RES production level. Moreover, the experiments conducted show that the DCs can successfully adapt their thermal energy profile for heat re-use as well as the combined electrical and thermal energy profiles to match specific flexibility requests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decentralized Management of Flexible Energy Resources in Smart Grid)

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39 pages, 3915 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pandapipes: An Open-Source Piping Grid Calculation Package for Multi-Energy Grid Simulations

by Daniel Lohmeier, Dennis Cronbach, Simon Ruben Drauz, Martin Braun and Tanja Manuela Kneiske

Sustainability 2020, 12(23), 9899; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239899 - 26 Nov 2020

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 9224

Abstract

The increasing complexity of the design and operation evaluation process of multi-energy grids (MEGs) requires tools for the coupled simulation of power, gas and district heating grids. In this work, we analyze a number of applicable tools and find that most of them [...] Read more.

The increasing complexity of the design and operation evaluation process of multi-energy grids (MEGs) requires tools for the coupled simulation of power, gas and district heating grids. In this work, we analyze a number of applicable tools and find that most of them do not allow coupling of infrastructures, oversimplify the grid model or are based on inaccessible source code. We introduce the open source piping grid simulation tool pandapipes that—in interaction with pandapower—addresses three crucial criteria: clear data structure, adaptable MEG model setup and performance. In an introduction to pandapipes, we illustrate how it fulfills these criteria through its internal structure and demonstrate how it performs in comparison to STANET^®. Then, we show two case studies that have been performed with pandapipes already. The first case study demonstrates a peak shaving strategy as an interaction of a local electricity and district heating grid in a small neighborhood. The second case study analyzes the potential of a power-to-gas device to provide flexibility in a power grid while considering gas grid constraints. These cases show the importance of performing coupled simulations for the design and analysis of future energy infrastructures, as well as why the software should fulfill the three criteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developing Multi-Energy Systems: Technologies, Methods and Models)

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19 pages, 631 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysing Consumer Preferences, Characteristics, and Behaviour to Identify Energy-Efficient Consumers

by Janez Dolšak, Nevenka Hrovatin and Jelena Zorić

Sustainability 2020, 12(23), 9870; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239870 - 25 Nov 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4688

Abstract

This paper investigates preference heterogeneity among Slovenian energy consumers and attempts to ascertain how different consumer groups value various attributes of energy products and services. More specifically, it aims to establish whether a consumer segment can be identified that shows a preference for [...] Read more.

This paper investigates preference heterogeneity among Slovenian energy consumers and attempts to ascertain how different consumer groups value various attributes of energy products and services. More specifically, it aims to establish whether a consumer segment can be identified that shows a preference for additional energy services—in particular services, associated with energy-efficient and green behaviour. A latent class analysis is employed to classify consumers on the basis of their preferences for energy services. Additionally, information about their attitudes and behaviour toward green energy and energy efficiency, energy consumption, and usage of energy services together with socio-economic characteristics is used in the latent class regression to explain differences between latent consumer classes. Three classes are identified: the largest class of regular consumers, energy-efficient consumers, and dissatisfied consumers. In contrast to regular and dissatisfied consumers, energy-efficient consumers show a significantly higher interest in additional services, energy efficiency, and green energy. In line with the found heterogeneity of consumer preferences, suppliers should customise marketing strategies to meet the needs of specific segments. Energy policymakers also need to pay more attention to consumer heterogeneity and behavioural changes to increase the effectiveness of energy efficiency policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Efficiency and Use)

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14 pages, 635 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Academic Achievement and Failure in University Studies: Motivational and Emotional Factors

by Raquel Gilar-Corbi, Teresa Pozo-Rico, Juan-Luis Castejón, Tarquino Sánchez, Ivan Sandoval-Palis and Jack Vidal

Sustainability 2020, 12(23), 9798; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239798 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 12971

Abstract

Universities are committed to offering quality education; however, a high rate of academic failure is often observed in the first year of studies. Considering the impact that motivation and emotional aspects can have on students’ commitment to study and therefore on their academic [...] Read more.

Universities are committed to offering quality education; however, a high rate of academic failure is often observed in the first year of studies. Considering the impact that motivation and emotional aspects can have on students’ commitment to study and therefore on their academic performance, achievement, and well-being, this study aims to identify the factors associated with academic success or failure in 1071 students entering the National Polytechnic School (Quito, Ecuador). The data were compiled from the existing computer records of the university with the permission of the responsible administrative staff. A predictive model has been used and a binary logistic regression analysis was carried out through the step-forward regression procedure based on the Wald statistic to analyze the predictive capacity of the variables related to emotional intelligence, motivational and self- regulated socio-cognitive skills, goal orientation, and prior academic achievement (measured by university entrance marks and through a knowledge test carried out at the beginning of the university academic year). To determine the cut-off point for the best discriminatory power of each of the variables, a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis has been used. The results indicate that the variables that are significant in the prediction of academic success or failure are the two academic performance measures: the emotional attention variable, and the performance-approach goals and the motivational self-efficacy variable. Additionally, the highest predictive power is displayed by the prior academic performance measure obtained through the knowledge test conducted at the beginning of the university course. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Academic Motivation, Performance and Student Well-Being)

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14 pages, 707 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Social Isolation and Stress as Predictors of Productivity Perception and Remote Work Satisfaction during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Concern about the Virus in a Moderated Double Mediation

by Ferdinando Toscano and Salvatore Zappalà

Sustainability 2020, 12(23), 9804; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239804 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 239 | Viewed by 44778

Abstract

From mid-March to the end of May 2020, millions of Italians were forced to work from home because of the lockdown provisions imposed by the Italian government to contain the COVID-19 epidemic. As a result, many employees had to suddenly switch to remote [...] Read more.

From mid-March to the end of May 2020, millions of Italians were forced to work from home because of the lockdown provisions imposed by the Italian government to contain the COVID-19 epidemic. As a result, many employees had to suddenly switch to remote work, experiencing both troubles and opportunities. Social isolation from colleagues and the workplace represents a typical aspect of remote work which increased significantly during the social confinement imposed by the government. This study investigates the correlates of social isolation in terms of stress, perceived remote work productivity and remote work satisfaction, proposing the sequential mediation of stress and perceived remote work productivity, and the moderating role of concern about the new coronavirus. An online survey was conducted, and the responses of 265 employees showed the deleterious role of social isolation in stress, which leads to decreased perceived remote work productivity that, in turn, is related to remote work satisfaction. Furthermore, the results suggest that concern about the virus moderates the relationships between social isolation and remote work satisfaction, from one side, and remote work perceived productivity and remote work satisfaction from the other. This latter result suggests that the indirect sequential effect of social isolation on remote work satisfaction is conditional on concern about the virus. Some conclusions are drawn to support managers and HR officers in the choices to better manage employees’ work during the health emergency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Working during the COVID-19 Global Pandemic)

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30 pages, 3625 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Current (2020) and Long-Term (2035 and 2050) Sustainable Potentials of Wood Fuel in Switzerland

by Matthias Erni, Vanessa Burg, Leo Bont, Oliver Thees, Marco Ferretti, Golo Stadelmann and Janine Schweier

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9749; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229749 - 23 Nov 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4117

Abstract

Wood fuel has become central in environmental policy and decision-making processes in cross-sectoral areas. Proper consideration of different types of woody biomass is fundamental in forming energy transition and decarbonization strategies. We quantified the development of theoretical (TPs) and sustainable (SPs) potentials of [...] Read more.

Wood fuel has become central in environmental policy and decision-making processes in cross-sectoral areas. Proper consideration of different types of woody biomass is fundamental in forming energy transition and decarbonization strategies. We quantified the development of theoretical (TPs) and sustainable (SPs) potentials of wood fuel from forests, trees outside forests, wood residues and waste wood in Switzerland for 2020, 2035 and 2050. Ecological and economic restrictions, timber market situations and drivers of future developments (area size, tree growth, wood characteristics, population growth, exporting/importing (waste wood)) were considered. We estimated a SP of wood fuel between 26.5 and 77.8 PJ/a during the three time points. Results demonstrate that the SP of wood fuel could be significantly increased already in the short term. This, as a moderate stock reduction (MSR) strategy in forests, can lead to large surpluses in SPs compared to the wood fuel already used today (~36 PJ/a), with values higher by 51% (+18.2 PJ) in 2020 and by 59% (+21.3 PJ) in 2035. To implement these surpluses (e.g., with a cascade approach), a more circular economy with sufficient processing capacities of the subsequent timber industries and the energy plants to convert the resources is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioenergy and Biofuels)

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16 pages, 2081 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Measurement and Verification of Zero Energy Settlements: Lessons Learned from Four Pilot Cases in Europe

by Angeliki Mavrigiannaki, Kostas Gobakis, Dionysia Kolokotsa, Kostas Kalaitzakis, Anna Laura Pisello, Cristina Piselli, Rajat Gupta, Matt Gregg, Marina Laskari, Maria Saliari, Margarita-Niki Assimakopoulos and Afroditi Synnefa

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9783; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229783 - 23 Nov 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4286

Abstract

Measurement and verification (M&V) has become necessary for ensuring intended design performance. Currently, M&V procedures and calculation methods exist for the assessment of Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) for existing buildings, with a focus on reliable baseline model creation and savings estimation, as well [...] Read more.

Measurement and verification (M&V) has become necessary for ensuring intended design performance. Currently, M&V procedures and calculation methods exist for the assessment of Energy Conservation Measures (ECM) for existing buildings, with a focus on reliable baseline model creation and savings estimation, as well as for reducing the computation time, uncertainties, and M&V costs. There is limited application of rigorous M&V procedures in the design, delivery and operation of low/zero energy dwellings and settlements. In the present paper, M&V for four pilot net-zero energy settlements has been designed and implemented. The M&V has been planned, incorporating guidance from existing protocols, linked to the project development phases, and populated with lessons learned through implementation. The resulting framework demonstrates that M&V is not strictly linked to the operational phase of a project but is rather an integral part of the project management and development. Under this scope, M&V is an integrated, iterative process that is accompanied by quality control in every step. Quality control is a significant component of the M&V, and the proposed quality control procedures can support the preparation and implementation of automated M&V. The proposed framework can be useful to project managers for integrating M&V into the project management and development process and explicitly aligning it with the rest of the design and construction procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toward Smart Cities: Zero Energy Buildings)

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22 pages, 843 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Corporate Social Responsibility at LUX* Resorts and Hotels: Satisfaction and Loyalty Implications for Employee and Customer Social Responsibility

by Haywantee Ramkissoon, Felix Mavondo and Vishnee Sowamber

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9745; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229745 - 22 Nov 2020

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 11245

Abstract

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) remains a hot topic in management. Yet, little is known about how well managers, employees and consumers are responding to CSR initiatives to align with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Underpinned by well-established theories, this study develops a [...] Read more.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) remains a hot topic in management. Yet, little is known about how well managers, employees and consumers are responding to CSR initiatives to align with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Underpinned by well-established theories, this study develops a single integrative model of managers’, employees’ and consumers’ CSR. Data were collected from the LUX* group of resorts and hotels located on three Indian Ocean islands: Mauritius, Reunion and the Maldives. Structural equation modelling was employed. Findings reveal: (1) organizational CSR is positively related to employee social responsibility; (2) organizational CSR is negatively associated with customer social responsibility; (3) employee social responsibility is negatively related to customer social responsibility; (4) employee social responsibility is negatively related to customer delight; (5) customer social responsibility is positively related to customer satisfaction; and (6); customer social responsibility is positively related to customer delight. Strategic CSR initiatives with a multi-stakeholder engagement approach are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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12 pages, 410 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Academic Community in the Face of Emergency Situations: Sense of Responsible Togetherness and Sense of Belonging as Protective Factors against Academic Stress during COVID-19 Outbreak

by Fortuna Procentese, Vincenza Capone, Daniela Caso, Anna Rosa Donizzetti and Flora Gatti

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9718; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229718 - 21 Nov 2020

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 9108

Abstract

In the face of emergency situations, such as a global pandemic, individuals rely on their personal resources, but also on community dimensions, to deal with the unprecedented changes and risks and to safeguard their well-being. The present study specifically addresses the role of [...] Read more.

In the face of emergency situations, such as a global pandemic, individuals rely on their personal resources, but also on community dimensions, to deal with the unprecedented changes and risks and to safeguard their well-being. The present study specifically addresses the role of individual resources and community dimensions with reference to academic communities facing COVID-19-related lockdowns and the changes that these have implied. An online questionnaire was administered to 1124 Italian University students. It detected their sense of belonging and of responsible togetherness with reference to their academic community through community dimensions, their student self-efficacy as an individual resource, and their academic stress—potentially stemming from studying in the middle of a pandemic. A multiple mediation model was been run with structural equation modeling. The results show that both the community dimensions associate with higher student self-efficacy and the sense of responsible togetherness, while also associating with lower academic stress. Moreover, student self-efficacy, in turn, associates with lower academic stress and mediates the relationships between both community dimensions and students’ academic stress levels. From these findings, the protective role that community dimensions can exert on an individual’s life becomes apparent. Building on this, further strategies should be implemented to reinforce personal and community resources in order to strengthen individuals against potentially stressful circumstances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Academic Motivation, Performance and Student Well-Being)

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19 pages, 2059 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Managerial Strategies for Long-Term Care Organization Professionals: COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts

by Ana Dias, Annibal Scavarda, Augusto Reis, Haydee Silveira and Nelson Francisco Favilla Ebecken

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9682; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229682 - 20 Nov 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4016

Abstract

This paper aims to analyze the strategies that healthcare professionals have adopted during the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in long-term care organizations in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, by investigating their competencies—mainly managerial ones. To reach its goals, this paper performs empirical research and [...] Read more.

This paper aims to analyze the strategies that healthcare professionals have adopted during the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in long-term care organizations in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, by investigating their competencies—mainly managerial ones. To reach its goals, this paper performs empirical research and theoretical research. For the empirical research, the plans of professionals during COVID-19 pandemic in long-term care organizations are observed, and a questionnaire is applied to analyze observed data integrity. The data are analyzed through the Python and IBM SPSS Statistic programming languages, and descriptive analyses use descriptive statistic proportions, rates, minimum, maximum, mean, median, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (CV). A non-parametric approach performs repeated measure comparisons using Wilcoxon’s test, while the McNemmar test is used to repeat the categorical variables. Statistical significance is assumed at the 5% level. For the theoretical research, a literature review is developed using scientific databases. The results show that for the searched period, the number of deaths and the number of people infected by COVID-19 in these organizations are low when compared to general statistics of Rio de Janeiro city. This paper concludes that these strategical adoptions have brought significant benefits to long-term care organizations, and it might motivate researchers to develop future studies related to long-term care organizations, helping to fill the literature gap on the subject. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Working during the COVID-19 Global Pandemic)

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18 pages, 376 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How the Covid-19 Pandemic Is Changing Online Food Shopping Human Behaviour in Italy

by Leonardo Salvatore Alaimo, Mariantonietta Fiore and Antonino Galati

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9594; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229594 - 18 Nov 2020

Cited by 177 | Viewed by 23017

Abstract

The advent of the Internet has significantly changed consumption patterns and habits. Online grocery shopping is a way of purchasing food products using a web-based shopping service. The current COVID-19 pandemic is determining a rethinking of purchase choice elements and of consumers’ behavior. [...] Read more.

The advent of the Internet has significantly changed consumption patterns and habits. Online grocery shopping is a way of purchasing food products using a web-based shopping service. The current COVID-19 pandemic is determining a rethinking of purchase choice elements and of consumers’ behavior. This work aims to investigate which characteristics can affect the decision of online food shopping during the pandemic emergency in Italy. In particular, the work aims to analyze the effects of a set of explanatory variables on the level of satisfaction for the food online shopping experience. For achieving this aim, the proportional odds version of the cumulative logit model is carried out. Data derive from an anonymous on-line questionnaire administrated during the first months of the pandemic and filled by 248 respondents. The results of this work highlight that people having familiarity with buying food online, that have a higher educational level and consider food online channels easy to use, appear more satisfied for the food online shopping experience. These findings can be crucial for the future green global challenges as online shopping may help to reach competitive advantages for company sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human, Cultural, Social, Political and Environmental Dimensions for a New Vision of the Sustainable Agro-Food System Post COVID-19)

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12 pages, 1171 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Validating the Pro-Environmental Behavior Task in a Japanese Sample

by Florian Lange and Shimpei Iwasaki

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9534; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229534 - 16 Nov 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3253

Abstract

Controlled experimentation is critical for understanding the causal determinants of pro-environmental behavior. However, the potential of experimental pro-environmental behavior research is limited by the difficulty to observe pro-environmental behavior under controlled conditions. The Pro-Environmental Behavior Task (PEBT) was developed to address this limitation [...] Read more.

Controlled experimentation is critical for understanding the causal determinants of pro-environmental behavior. However, the potential of experimental pro-environmental behavior research is limited by the difficulty to observe pro-environmental behavior under controlled conditions. The Pro-Environmental Behavior Task (PEBT) was developed to address this limitation by facilitating the experimental analysis of pro-environmental behavior in the laboratory. Previous studies in Belgian samples have already supported the validity of the PEBT as a procedure for the study of actual pro-environmental behavior. Here, we aimed for a cross-cultural replication of this finding in a sample of N = 103 Japanese college students. Along the lines of previous studies, we found PEBT choice behavior to be sensitive to within-subject manipulations of its behavioral costs and environmental benefits. This implies that participants take these consequences into account when choosing between PEBT options. In addition, we showed, for the first time, that such consequence effects can also be detected in a less powerful between-subjects design. These results support the generality of consequence effects on PEBT choice behavior as well as the validity and utility of the PEBT for use in samples from different cultural backgrounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Global Environmentalism: Environmental Identity, Belief, and Pro-environmental Behaviors)

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17 pages, 6601 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Energy Saving of a University Building Using a Motion Detection Sensor and Room Management System

by Jong-Won Lee and Young Il Kim

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9471; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229471 - 14 Nov 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9905

Abstract

To save electricity consumption in university buildings, we measured and compared the amount of electricity use with and without motion detection sensors and room management systems in underground parking lots, lecture rooms, and dormitories of a university building. The underground parking lots and [...] Read more.

To save electricity consumption in university buildings, we measured and compared the amount of electricity use with and without motion detection sensors and room management systems in underground parking lots, lecture rooms, and dormitories of a university building. The underground parking lots and lecture rooms were measured as sensors were applied and then removed during the semester. University classes are held weekly, so it can be assumed that the number of cars and people’s entering and using conditions are the same. In the university’s underground parking lots, a daily electricity savings of 39.5 Wh/(m² day) of lights was achieved, with a savings rate of 77.6%. In the lecture rooms, these values were 25.0 Wh/(m² day) and 32.4%, respectively. Savings in the use of air conditioning were 55.0 Wh/(m² day), with a savings rate of 27.9%. Dormitories use electrical energy for lighting, heating, and socket outlets. As a reference group, 120 rooms were selected and the room management system was applied to 10 samples. For dormitories, daily electricity savings of 142.4 Wh/(m² day) were achieved, with a savings rate of 28.2%. Thus, this study demonstrated that applying motion detection sensors and room management systems saved significant electrical energy in university underground parking lots, lecture rooms, and dormitories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Information Technologies and Building Energy Optimization)

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21 pages, 3201 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Urban Regeneration through Densification Strategies: The Kallithea District in Athens as a Pilot Case Study

by Annarita Ferrante, Anastasia Fotopoulou and Cecilia Mazzoli

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9462; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229462 - 13 Nov 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5678

Abstract

The current main issue in the construction sector in Europe concerns the energy refurbishment and the reactivation of investments in existing buildings. Guidance for enhancing energy efficiency and encouraging member states to create a market for deep renovation is provided by a number [...] Read more.

The current main issue in the construction sector in Europe concerns the energy refurbishment and the reactivation of investments in existing buildings. Guidance for enhancing energy efficiency and encouraging member states to create a market for deep renovation is provided by a number of European policies. Innovative methods and strategies are required to attract and involve citizens and main stakeholders to undertake buildings’ renovation processes, which actually account for just 1% of the total building stock. This contribution proposes technical and financial solutions for the promotion of energy efficient, safe, and attractive retrofit interventions based on the creation of volumetric additions combined with renewable energy sources. This paper focuses on the urban reality of Athens as being an important example of a degraded urban center with a heavy heat island, a quite important heating demand, and a strong seismic vulnerability. The design solutions presented here demonstrate that the strategy of additions, because of the consequent increased value of the buildings, could represent an effective densification policy for the renovation of existing urban settings. Hence, the aim is to trigger regulatory and market reforms with the aim to boost the revolution towards nearly zero energy buildings for the existing building stocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toward Smart Cities: Zero Energy Buildings)

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19 pages, 7471 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing Private Investment in African Renewable Energy Infrastructure: A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach

by Kenny Baumli and Tooraj Jamasb

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9425; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229425 - 12 Nov 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5379

Abstract

Energy poverty remains prevalent in many African countries, hindering economic development and exacerbating social inequalities. Simultaneously, population growth throughout the continent is expected to perpetuate the already high demand for basic energy services into the coming decades. Private sector finance is increasingly regarded [...] Read more.

Energy poverty remains prevalent in many African countries, hindering economic development and exacerbating social inequalities. Simultaneously, population growth throughout the continent is expected to perpetuate the already high demand for basic energy services into the coming decades. Private sector finance is increasingly regarded as a necessary ingredient to remedy Africa’s energy challenges and to stimulate the adoption of renewable energy. However, investments remain insufficient for the burgeoning infrastructure requirements of the African economies. This paper seeks to delineate the financial and non-financial drivers of investment decisions to understand better the barriers to private participation in African renewable energy projects. Using a fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach, we evaluate country-level characteristics and their influence on investor decisions. Investor confidence in regulatory effectiveness is identified as the primary concern for investors. Local capacity building and policy instruments, designed to overcome institutional rigidities, are among the preferred solutions. The findings indicate that non-financial drivers contribute to understanding Africa’s private energy investment challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy and Environmental Policies)

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13 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Emotion Regulation and Employability: The Mediational Role of Ambition and a Protean Career among Unemployed People

by Chiara Panari, Michela Tonelli and Greta Mazzetti

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9347; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229347 - 11 Nov 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4774

Abstract

Literature on job searching suggests that emotion regulation has an impact on employability, but this relationship is far from being explained; furthermore, most of the studies have been conducted among students or workers. The aim of the current study was to investigate the [...] Read more.

Literature on job searching suggests that emotion regulation has an impact on employability, but this relationship is far from being explained; furthermore, most of the studies have been conducted among students or workers. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship between emotion regulation and employability among unemployed people, analyzing the role of ambition and protean career orientation as possible factors in such a relationship. Participants were 228 unemployed subjects who had requested individual counselling for job searching; data were collected by means of a self-report questionnaire. Results confirmed that emotion regulation is related to employability, both through a direct relationship and through an indirect effect of ambition and protean career orientation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wellbeing in Education, Career, and Work: Current Contributions from Emotional Intelligence and other Non-Cognitive Constructs to the Psychology of Sustainability)

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18 pages, 9281 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Power Hardware in-the-Loop Testing to Analyze Fault Behavior of Smart Inverters in Distribution Networks

by Taha Selim Ustun, Shuichi Sugahara, Masaichi Suzuki, Jun Hashimoto and Kenji Otani

Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9365; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229365 - 11 Nov 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2301

Abstract

Deep penetration of distributed generators have created several stability and operation issues for power systems. In order to address these, inverters with advanced capabilities such as frequency and reactive power support the grid. Known also as Smart Inverters (SIs), these devices are highly [...] Read more.

Deep penetration of distributed generators have created several stability and operation issues for power systems. In order to address these, inverters with advanced capabilities such as frequency and reactive power support the grid. Known also as Smart Inverters (SIs), these devices are highly dynamic and contribute to the power flow in the system. Notwithstanding their benefits, such dynamic devices are new to distribution networks. Power system operators are very reluctant toward such changes as they may cause unknown issues. In order to alleviate these concerns and facilitate SIs integration to the grid, behavior studies are required. To that end, this paper presents a power hardware-in-the-loop test set up and tests that are performed to study fault behavior of SIs connected to distribution networks. The details of the software model, SI integration with the real-time simulator, test results, and their analyses are presented. This experience shows that it is not trivial to connect such novel devices with simulation environments. Adjustments are required on both software and hardware fronts on a case-by-case basis. The encountered integration issues and their solutions are presented herein. The fault behavior of the SI with respect to the fault location is documented. It is observed that for faults that are close to SIs, momentary cessation of generation is observed. This needs to be tackled by device manufacturers as this phenomenon is very detrimental to health of a power system under fault conditions. Extensive PHIL test results show that several factors affect the fault behavior of an SI: fault location and its duration, SI mode of operation as well as extra devices housed in the casing. These results and their in-depth analyses are presented for a thorough understanding of SI behavior under fault conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Protection of Power Systems with a High Penetration of Renewables)

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41 pages, 14239 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Complexity of Space Utilization and Environmental Pollution Control in the Main Corridor of Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

by Batara Surya, Hamsina Hamsina, Ridwan Ridwan, Baharuddin Baharuddin, Firman Menne, Andi Tenri Fitriyah and Emil Salim Rasyidi

Sustainability 2020, 12(21), 9244; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219244 - 6 Nov 2020

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5398

Abstract

Population mobility, increasing demand for transportation, and the complexity of land use have an impact on environmental quality degradation and air quality pollution. This study aims to analyze (1) the effect of population mobility, increased traffic volume, and land use change on air [...] Read more.

Population mobility, increasing demand for transportation, and the complexity of land use have an impact on environmental quality degradation and air quality pollution. This study aims to analyze (1) the effect of population mobility, increased traffic volume, and land use change on air quality pollution, (2) direct and indirect effects of urban activities, transportation systems, and movement patterns on environmental quality degradation and air pollution index, and (3) air pollution strategy and sustainable urban environmental management. The research method used is a sequential explanation design. Data were obtained through observation, surveys, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results of the study illustrate that the business center and Daya terminal with a value of 0.18 µgram/m³ is polluted, the power plant and Sermani industrial area with a value of 0.16 µgram/m³ is polluted, the Makassar industrial area with a value of 0.23 is heavily polluted, and the Hasanuddin International Airport area with a value of 0.04 µgram/m³ is not polluted. Population mobility, traffic volume, and land use changes have a significant effect on environmental quality degradation, with a determination coefficient of 94.1%. The direct effect of decreasing environmental quality on the air pollution index is 66.09%. This study recommends transportation management on the main road corridor of Makassar City, which is environmentally friendly with regard to sustainable environmental management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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17 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Differential Efficacy of an Intelligent Tutoring System for University Students: A Case Study with Learning Disabilities

by Rebeca Cerezo, Maria Esteban, Guillermo Vallejo, Miguel Sanchez-Santillan and Jose Carlos Nuñez

Sustainability 2020, 12(21), 9184; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219184 - 4 Nov 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3980

Abstract

Computer-Based Learning Environments (CBLEs) have emerged as an almost limitless source of education, challenging not only students but also education providers; teaching and learning in these virtual environments requires greater self-regulation of learning. More research is needed in order to assess how self-regulation [...] Read more.

Computer-Based Learning Environments (CBLEs) have emerged as an almost limitless source of education, challenging not only students but also education providers; teaching and learning in these virtual environments requires greater self-regulation of learning. More research is needed in order to assess how self-regulation of learning strategies can contribute to better performance. This study aims to report how an Intelligent Tutoring System can help students both with and without learning difficulties to self-regulate their learning processes. A total of 119 university students with and without learning difficulties took part in an educational experiment; they spent 90 min learning in a CBLE specifically designed to assess and promote self-regulated learning strategies. Results show that as a consequence of the training, the experimental group applied more self-regulation strategies than the control group, not only as a response to a system prompt but also self-initiated. In addition, there were some differences in improvement of learning processes in students with and without learning difficulties. Our results show that when students with learning difficulties have tools that facilitate applying self-regulated learning strategies, they do so even more than students without learning difficulties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Academic Motivation, Performance and Student Well-Being)

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