Sustainability

26 pages, 3683 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Romania’s Perspectives on the Transition to the Circular Economy in an EU Context

by Oana Dobre-Baron, Alina Nițescu, Dorina Niță and Cătălin Mitran

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5324; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095324 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3342

The main objective of the paper is to highlight Romania’s perspectives on the transition process towards the circular economy, in respect with the tendencies registered at the level of the European Union. To this end, our methodology involved the selection of four indicators, [...] Read more.

The main objective of the paper is to highlight Romania’s perspectives on the transition process towards the circular economy, in respect with the tendencies registered at the level of the European Union. To this end, our methodology involved the selection of four indicators, each one being viewed as representative for one area of interest specified in the circular economy monitoring framework established by the European Commission, namely: Generation of waste excluding major mineral wastes per domestic material consumption; Recycling rate of municipal waste; Circular material use rate; Gross investment in tangible goods—percentage of gross domestic product. On the basis of data series provided by the Eurostat database, our study employed a quantitative approach, by using the econometric analysis of time series. For each selected indicator, time series-specific approximation and prediction models were constructed; against this background, we were able to reveal accurate forecasts of the analysed variables, with respect to different time horizons. Detailed analysis of the data series resulting from the research proved that on the long run, there are favourable premises for improving Romania’s performance in adopting the circular economic model, on the basis of low values for the indicator “Generation of waste excluding major mineral wastes per domestic material consumption”, of an ascending trend for the indicator ”Circular material use rate” and of maintaining the values of the “Gross investment in tangible goods—percentage of gross domestic product” indicator above the EU-27 average. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy Strategies in the Industrial Activities: Synergies and Trade-Offs between Sustainable Development Goals—SDGs)

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16 pages, 1022 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimization and Machine Learning Applied to Last-Mile Logistics: A Review

by Nadia Giuffrida, Jenny Fajardo-Calderin, Antonio D. Masegosa, Frank Werner, Margarete Steudter and Francesco Pilla

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5329; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095329 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 20864

Abstract

The growth in e-commerce that our society has faced in recent years is changing the view companies have on last-mile logistics, due to its increasing impact on the whole supply chain. New technologies are raising users’ expectations with the need to develop customized [...] Read more.

The growth in e-commerce that our society has faced in recent years is changing the view companies have on last-mile logistics, due to its increasing impact on the whole supply chain. New technologies are raising users’ expectations with the need to develop customized delivery experiences; moreover, increasing pressure on supply chains has also created additional challenges for suppliers. At the same time, this phenomenon generates an increase in the impact on the liveability of our cities, due to traffic congestion, the occupation of public spaces, and the environmental and acoustic pollution linked to urban logistics. In this context, the optimization of last-mile deliveries is an imperative not only for companies with parcels that need to be delivered in the urban areas, but also for public administrations that want to guarantee a good quality of life for citizens. In recent years, many scholars have focused on the study of logistics optimization techniques and, in particular, the last mile. In addition to traditional optimization techniques, linked to the disciplines of operations research, the recent advances in the use of sensors and IoT, and the consequent large amount of data that derives from it, are pushing towards a greater use of big data and analytics techniques—such as machine learning and artificial intelligence—which are also in this sector. Based on this premise, the aim of this work is to provide an overview of the most recent literature advances related to last-mile delivery optimization techniques; this is to be used as a baseline for scholars who intend to explore new approaches and techniques in the study of last-mile logistics optimization. A bibliometric analysis and a critical review were conducted in order to highlight the main studied problems, the algorithms used, and the case studies. The results from the analysis allow the studies to be clustered into traditional optimization models, machine learning approaches, and mixed methods. The main research gaps and limitations of the current literature are assessed in order to identify unaddressed challenges and provide research suggestions for future approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilient, Safe and Sustainable Solutions for Freight Transport and Logistics)

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22 pages, 11014 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Blockchain Technologies and Digitalization in Function of Student Work Evaluation

by Goran Bjelobaba, Marija Paunovic, Ana Savic, Hana Stefanovic, Jelena Doganjic and Zivanka Miladinovic Bogavac

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5333; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095333 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4806

Abstract

Following COVID-19, new accreditation standards include digitization, entrepreneurship, social inclusion and the circular economy. Blockchain can help to simplify difficult accreditation processes that ensure worldwide teaching, learning, practice and business communication excellence. The paper proposes a Collaborative Learning and Student Work Evaluation (CLSWE) [...] Read more.

Following COVID-19, new accreditation standards include digitization, entrepreneurship, social inclusion and the circular economy. Blockchain can help to simplify difficult accreditation processes that ensure worldwide teaching, learning, practice and business communication excellence. The paper proposes a Collaborative Learning and Student Work Evaluation (CLSWE) model based on blockchain technologies (BCTs) encompassing selected concepts from the scientific research peer-review process. BCTs are used to develop a safe platform for storing and exchanging data about students’ projects and evaluations. The CLSWE model offers the possibility of improving cooperation between higher-education institutions and companies that seek the “employable skills” of proactive students. Before implementing the CLSWE model, a questionnaire was conducted to survey lecturers about their attitudes related to the potential application of BCTs. The results of the surveys are encouraging and reveal a desire and willingness to introduce BCTs in education. A project scheme with the main functionalities of the model and a description of the roles of the prominent participants was designed. A platform with a database created in the MySQL language for the testing model was built. This research also contributes to higher education literature in terms of the sustainability of the education process and collaborative learning with BCTs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain and Agile Management - Important Tools for Circular Economy)

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18 pages, 7721 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Based on the Time-Spatial Power-Based Cryptocurrency Miner Driving Force Model, Establish a Global CO₂ Emission Prediction Framework after China Bans Cryptocurrency

by Xuejia Sang, Xiaopeng Leng, Linfu Xue and Xiangjin Ran

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5332; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095332 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4723

Abstract

The energy consumption and carbon footprint of cryptocurrencies have always been a popular topic. However, most of the existing studies only focus on one cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, and there is a lack of long-term monitoring studies that summarize all cryptocurrencies. By constructing a time [...] Read more.

The energy consumption and carbon footprint of cryptocurrencies have always been a popular topic. However, most of the existing studies only focus on one cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, and there is a lack of long-term monitoring studies that summarize all cryptocurrencies. By constructing a time series hash rate/power model, this research obtained the 10-year time series data on energy consumption dataset of global top-25 cryptocurrencies for the first time. Both the temporal coverage and the spatiotemporal resolution of the data exceed previous studies. The results show that Bitcoin’s power consumption only accounts for 58% of the top-25 cryptocurrencies. After China bans cryptocurrencies, the conservative change in global CO₂ emissions from 2020 will be between −0.4% and 4.4%, and Central Asian countries such as Kazakhstan are likely to become areas of rapid growth in carbon emissions from cryptocurrencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Development and Sustainability: Monitoring, Assessment, and Adaptation)

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29 pages, 2102 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Challenges for Sustainability in Packaging of Fresh Vegetables in Organic Farming

by Beata Michaliszyn-Gabryś, Janusz Krupanek, Mariusz Kalisz and Jonathan Smith

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5346; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095346 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7965

Abstract

The policy of circular economy focuses on phasing out fossil-based packaging and replacing it with more sustainable alternatives. Companies face the challenge of choosing packaging for their products that are functional and affordable, and place relatively less pressure on the environment. This is [...] Read more.

The policy of circular economy focuses on phasing out fossil-based packaging and replacing it with more sustainable alternatives. Companies face the challenge of choosing packaging for their products that are functional and affordable, and place relatively less pressure on the environment. This is especially important for organic farms that make voluntary commitments to undertake sustainable decisions regarding practices and methods of farming and types of packaging used. This publication attempts to analyze the determinants of the choices of sustainable packaging solutions made by organic farming companies with the example of Scilly Organic, an organic micro farm from the Isles of Scilly, United Kingdom—a producer of organic vegetables. There are many options for fresh vegetable packaging, which include fossil-based packaging, bio-based packaging, and packaging manufactured from material that is a mixture of synthetic, natural, or modified polymers. Biodegradable packaging, including compostable ones, is currently of particular interest because, when separated and disposed of in the correct manner in the waste management phase, they have sustainability potential. Biodegradable plastics constitute over 55.5% of global bioplastics production. Packaging is the largest market segment for bioplastic, with 48% of the total bioplastics market in 2021. Although the use of biobased packaging brings some advantages, it also comes with certain limitations that are the subject of intensive research. In this publication, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool was used and a critical review of the literature was carried out. Based on the analysis, the key factors and aspects influencing the environmental performance of selected types of packaging were identified. The LCA was carried out for the three selected packaging types, including low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags, polylactic acid (PLA) bags, and polyester starch biopolymer (PCSB) bags. The research showed that the selection of more sustainable packaging is not straightforward. The analysis performed was the basis for providing recommendations for improving the sustainability of organic farms with regard to the selection of packaging for fresh vegetables. The critical processes in the life cycle that have to be considered are, in the first place, the production of polymer-based materials, and to a lesser extent, the production of the packaging bags and post-consumption waste utilization. In the case of PLA bags, 51% of the total impact is attributed to the production of polymer material. For starch polyester bags, this share is 58%, and for LDPE it constitutes 41% of the total score. At the same time, the choice of packaging should be made in the context of the specific properties of the packaging material, the requirements for disposal methods, and local waste management systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Circular Economy Approaches for Lifecycles of Products and Services)

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19 pages, 4002 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Estimating the Lifetime of Solar Photovoltaic Modules in Australia

by Verity Tan, Pablo R. Dias, Nathan Chang and Rong Deng

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5336; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095336 - 28 Apr 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 8359

Abstract

Determining the lifetime of solar photovoltaic modules is integral to planning future installations and ensuring effective end-of-life management. The lifetime of photovoltaic modules is most commonly considered to be 25 years based on performance guarantees of 80% power output after 25 years of [...] Read more.

Determining the lifetime of solar photovoltaic modules is integral to planning future installations and ensuring effective end-of-life management. The lifetime of photovoltaic modules is most commonly considered to be 25 years based on performance guarantees of 80% power output after 25 years of operation; however, influences including climatic conditions, social behaviour, fiscal policy, and technological improvements have the potential to prompt early replacement. Therefore, this work aims to estimate the operating lifetime of photovoltaic panels more accurately in Australia by considering a variety of technical, economic, and social reasons for decommissioning. Based on a range of sources including government organisations, other policymakers, regulators and advisors, energy suppliers, researchers, recyclers, and manufacturers, three lifetime models—power decrease, damage and technical failures, and economic motivation—were developed and then weighted in three scenarios to form overall views of panel lifetime in Australia. In addition, it was concluded that the module lifetime will vary considerably between countries due to differences in market factors. Therefore, these results specifically address Australia as most of the input data were sourced from Australian industry reports and Australian photovoltaic systems and interpreted within the context of the Australian photovoltaic market. However, the methodology of estimating lifetime based on both technical and non-technical factors can be applied to other scenarios by using country-specific data. With the popularity of photovoltaic technology beginning in the early 2010s and given the practical lifetimes of 15–20 years found in this work, Australia will need to act swiftly within the next three years to responsibly manage the looming solar panel waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Energy Transition Scenarios: Economic, Resource Availability, and Environmental Impacts)

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17 pages, 1238 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of Pollen Concentrations from Various Tree Pollen Types and Their Interrelation with Different Airborne Pollutants in the Madrid Region (Spain)

by Javier Chico-Fernández and Esperanza Ayuga-Téllez

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5259; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095259 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3043

Abstract

Several studies show that the interaction between airborne pollutants and pollen grains can lead to greater pollen allergenicity, and thus increase and exacerbate the incidence of pollinosis, all of which represents a major public health problem. This article analyses the possible influence of [...] Read more.

Several studies show that the interaction between airborne pollutants and pollen grains can lead to greater pollen allergenicity, and thus increase and exacerbate the incidence of pollinosis, all of which represents a major public health problem. This article analyses the possible influence of various airborne pollutants (O₃, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, NO₂, CO and SO₂) on the tree-type pollen grains of Cupressaceae, Olea, Platanus, Pinus, Ulmus and Populus. The 11 areas around the stations in the Madrid Region’s pollen monitoring network (Red Palinocam) were taken as a geographic reference for this study. The degree of interaction between airborne pollutants and pollen types was explored using the rank correlation analysis. O₃ and NO₂ are the pollutants with the highest rate of significant correlations with pollen types. Olea, Cupressaceae and Platanus—the most highly allergenic in this study—are among the pollen types with the greatest number of significant correlations with almost all the air pollutants in the different areas. This could point to a potential associative effect between both variables which would exacerbate the negative effects on public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Urban Forests)

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19 pages, 3795 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How COVID-19 Affected GHG Emissions of Ferries in Europe

by Gianandrea Mannarini, Mario Leonardo Salinas, Lorenzo Carelli and Alessandro Fassò

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5287; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095287 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4692

Abstract

Unprecedented socioeconomic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted shipping. We combined ferry CO

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emissions in Europe (from the EU-MRV) with port call data and vessel parameters, and analysed them using mixed-effects linear models with interactions. We found a generalized reduction in unitary [...] Read more.

Unprecedented socioeconomic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted shipping. We combined ferry CO

_{2}

emissions in Europe (from the EU-MRV) with port call data and vessel parameters, and analysed them using mixed-effects linear models with interactions. We found a generalized reduction in unitary emissions in 2020, confirming its causal relation with COVID-19. Furthermore, for larger ferries, additional and COVID-19-related reductions between 14% and 31% occurred, with the larger reductions for those built before 1999. Ferries operating in the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas experienced comparable reductions in their unitary emissions, but in the North Sea per-ship emissions decreased by an additional 18%. Per-ship emissions at berth, while showing increases or decreases depending on ferry type, did not significantly change at the fleet level. We believe that our methodology may help assess the progress of shipping toward decarbonisation in the presence of external shocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistics and Econometrics of Environment and Climate Change)

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29 pages, 5276 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Emerging Trends and Knowledge Structures of Smart Urban Governance

by Zaheer Allam, Ayyoob Sharifi, Simon Elias Bibri and Didier Chabaud

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5275; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095275 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 9052

Abstract

The concept of smart cities peaked in 2015, bringing an increased influx of ‘smart’ devices in the form of the Internet of Things (IoT) and sensors in cities. As a result, interest in smart urban governance has become more prevalent in administrative, organisational, [...] Read more.

The concept of smart cities peaked in 2015, bringing an increased influx of ‘smart’ devices in the form of the Internet of Things (IoT) and sensors in cities. As a result, interest in smart urban governance has become more prevalent in administrative, organisational, and political circles. This is sustained by both local and global demands for an increased contribution to the goals of sustainability through urban governance processes in response to climate change urgencies. Cities generate up to 70% of global emissions, and in light of societal pressures for more inclusivity and democratic processes, the need for sound urban governance is merited. Further knowledge on the theme of smart urban governance is required to better understand the trends and knowledge structures and better assist policy design. Therefore, this study was undertaken to understand and map the evolution of the concept of smart urban governance through a bibliometric analysis and science mapping techniques using VOSviewer. In total, 1897 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science database over 5 decades, from 1968 to 2021, and divided into three subperiods, namely 1978 to 2015, 2016 to 2019, and 2020 to early 2022. Results indicate that the overall emerging themes across the three periods highlight the need for citizen participation in urban policies, especially in relation to smart cities, and for sustained innovation for e-participation, e-governance, and policy frameworks. The results of this study can aid both researchers exploring the concept of urban governance and policy makers rendering more inclusive urban policies, especially those hosting technological and digital domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Sustainable Cities in the Era of Big Data)

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9 pages, 686 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Workplace Mental Well Being for Sustainable SMEs: How?

by Ayse Basak Cinar and Stephane Bilodeau

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5290; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095290 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5994

Abstract

Sustainable mental health and wellbeing (MHW), as addressed under SDG3, is crucial for achieving sustainable development, notably for sustainable SMEs growth. MWH is specifically interlinked with SDGs 8, 9 and 11: Economic growth and prosperity, sustainable communities, innovation, and jobs. Studies show over [...] Read more.

Sustainable mental health and wellbeing (MHW), as addressed under SDG3, is crucial for achieving sustainable development, notably for sustainable SMEs growth. MWH is specifically interlinked with SDGs 8, 9 and 11: Economic growth and prosperity, sustainable communities, innovation, and jobs. Studies show over 200 million workdays are lost due to poor MHW each year, referring to the global cost of $1 trillion/year in lost productivity and it is increasing every year. Poor workplace MWH is almost an epidemic after COVID-19. It will be a significant challenge for a long time, in particular for SMEs which are hit hardest by the pandemic, as MHW problems have been shown to be a COVID side effect among 1:5 people. Despite the multifactorial aetiology of MHW (individual, social, environmental, and organizational), interventions for workplace MHW mostly refer to ‘one size fits all’ and top-down solutions, primarily asking for the commitment and behaviour change of employees; that has shown to be ineffective. The main assumption underlying the present work is the need for a proactive and tailored MHW frameworks that can be blended to organizational policies. The objective which corresponds to the main purpose of the paper is to provide a 5-staged MWH model, stemming from our evidence-based studies, that may speak for the identified need. We also discuss how the Model can provide a route map on how SMEs can implement and measure SDGs relevant to their business in synergistic interaction with SDG3. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Business Models for SME’s Sustainability)

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11 pages, 426 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Barriers and Motives for Physical Activity and Sports Practice among Trans People: A Systematic Review

by Joana Oliveira, Roberta Frontini, Miguel Jacinto and Raúl Antunes

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5295; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095295 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7632

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the research conducted between 2016 and 2021, regarding barriers and motives for the practice of physical activity (PA), physical exercise (PE), and sports among trans individuals. The searches were carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of [...] Read more.

This study aimed to analyze the research conducted between 2016 and 2021, regarding barriers and motives for the practice of physical activity (PA), physical exercise (PE), and sports among trans individuals. The searches were carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases between January 2022 and April 2022, and included papers published between October 2016 and December 2021. After reading the full text of the studies, and according to the eligibility criteria previously defined, only six studies met the inclusion criteria. Internal barriers were related to body dissatisfaction and discomfort, discrimination, and fear of other people’s reactions. Regarding external barriers, sports environment, PE environment, and sports participation policies and regulations are the main factors expressed by trans individuals that hinder the practice of sports and PE. The desire to achieve a specific physical form and the role that PE plays in the preparation and/or replacement of gender-confirming surgery are the most important motives for the practice. This study highlights the importance of continuing to fight the barriers encountered in the practice of PE and sports, suggesting the main motives that could help create better interventions, plans, and inclusive policies that may help promote its practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender Issues in Sport and Leisure Activities)

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16 pages, 905 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dynamics of Environmental Conservation Agriculture (ECA) Utilization among Fujioka Farmers in Japan with High Biodiversity Conservation Awareness but Low ECA Interest

by Keshav Lall Maharjan, Clarisse Gonzalvo and Wilson Aala, Jr.

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5296; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095296 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3839

Abstract

Japan aims to be carbon-neutral by 2050 by targeting various sectors including agriculture. One of the main strategies in this sector to mitigate climate change effects is environmental conservation agriculture (ECA); however, ECA utilization remains low in most of Japan’s prefectures to this [...] Read more.

Japan aims to be carbon-neutral by 2050 by targeting various sectors including agriculture. One of the main strategies in this sector to mitigate climate change effects is environmental conservation agriculture (ECA); however, ECA utilization remains low in most of Japan’s prefectures to this date. To address this problem and to know what factors influence ECA adoption, we collected data from Fujioka city, Gunma prefecture, which has low ECA utilization but has high biodiversity conservation efforts. Using factor analysis and binary logistic regression, two major themes emerged by which ECA continuation can be increased, namely: farmers’ intent to improve their local/global environment and to enhance their production. The study highlighted the importance of ECA information dissemination as evidenced by the presence of a knowledge gap on how ECA translates into climate change advocacies. The promotion of farmer-consumer market channels and extension of ECA products in local industries by government and non-government institutions are also recommended to strengthen rural-urban linkages in the area. Increasing the ECA uptake of farmers would also have a positive impact on the ongoing preservation of endangered yaritanago fish species in Fujioka. Lastly, the results from this study highlight the heterogeneity of factors that affect any given farming community with respect to the strategies that can effectively drive ECA adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Socio-Economic Functions Across Sustainable Farming Systems)

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17 pages, 1144 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of Apple Fruit (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Quality Attributes Obtained from Organic and Integrated Production Systems

by Milica Fotirić Akšić, Dragana Dabić Zagorac, Uroš Gašić, Tomislav Tosti, Maja Natić and Mekjell Meland

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5300; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095300 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7689

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare total phenolic content (TPC), radical-scavenging activity (RSA), total anthocyanin content (TAC), sugar and polyphenolic profiles of two apple cultivars (‘Discovery’ and ‘Red Aroma Orelind’) from organic and integrated production systems in climatic conditions of Western [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to compare total phenolic content (TPC), radical-scavenging activity (RSA), total anthocyanin content (TAC), sugar and polyphenolic profiles of two apple cultivars (‘Discovery’ and ‘Red Aroma Orelind’) from organic and integrated production systems in climatic conditions of Western Norway. Sixteen sugars and four sugar alcohols and 19 polyphenols were found in the peel, but less polyphenols were detected in the pulp. The peel of both apples and in both production systems had significantly higher TPC and RSA than the pulp. The peel from integrated apples had higher TPC than the peel from organic apples, while organic apples had higher TAC than the integrated. Sucrose and glucose levels were higher in organic apples; fructose was cultivar dependent while minor sugars were higher in integrated fruits. The most abundant polyphenolic compound in the peel of the tested cultivars was quercetin 3-O-galactoside, while chlorogenic acid was most abundant in the pulp. Regarding polyphenols, phloretin, phloridzin, protocatechuic acid, baicalein and naringenin were higher in organic apple, while quercetin 3-O-galactoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, chlorogenic acid and syringic acid was higher in integrated fruits. In conclusion, organic ‘Discovery’ and integrated ‘Red Aroma Orelind’ had higher bioavailability of health related compounds from the peel and the pulp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecology and Sustainable Organic Farming Systems)

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18 pages, 1397 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Food Additives from Fruit and Vegetable By-Products and Bio-Residues: A Comprehensive Review Focused on Sustainability

by Jonata M. Ueda, Mariana C. Pedrosa, Sandrina A. Heleno, Márcio Carocho, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira and Lillian Barros

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5212; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095212 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 13646

Abstract

Food waste is one of the fundamental issues when it comes to environmental impacts, and this type of waste results in the food’s loss itself, but also that of water, energy, fertilizers, and other resources used for its production. Many vegetable parts are [...] Read more.

Food waste is one of the fundamental issues when it comes to environmental impacts, and this type of waste results in the food’s loss itself, but also that of water, energy, fertilizers, and other resources used for its production. Many vegetable parts are removed from the final product before reaching retail (peels, roots, and seeds), and these raw materials are rich sources of highly valuable molecules such as phytochemicals, minerals, vitamins, and other compounds with health benefits (prevention of several diseases, improvement of the immune system, regulating gastrointestinal transit, and others). Therefore, substantial efforts have been made to find technological solutions to avoid food waste, namely through its reuse in the food chain, thus promoting the circular economy and sustainability. This review focuses on the biggest wastes generated by the food industry, the most common destinations, and case studies applying these by-products or biowaste in the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Food Additives and Sustainability)

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14 pages, 912 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development and Validation of a Measurement Instrument for Sustainability in Food Supply Chains

by Theofilos Mastos, Katerina Gotzamani and Dimitrios Kafetzopoulos

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5203; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095203 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3905

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to develop a measurement instrument for sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) critical factors, practices and performance and validate it in the food industry. A literature review was conducted in order to identify pertinent variables and propose relevant [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a measurement instrument for sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) critical factors, practices and performance and validate it in the food industry. A literature review was conducted in order to identify pertinent variables and propose relevant measuring items. An email survey was carried out in 423 Greek companies in the food and beverage sector. The questionnaire was sent by e-mail in the Google Forms format and it was requested to be answered by a representative of the company. The collected data was processed using exploratory factor analysis in order to extract the latent constructs of the SSCM critical factors, practices and performance measures. The validity of the proposed instrument was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. The extracted SSCM critical factors are “firm-level sustainability critical factors” and “supply chain sustainability critical factors”. The extracted SSCM practices are “supply chain collaboration” and “supply chain strategic orientation”. The extracted SSCM performance factors are “economic performance”, “social performance” and “environmental performance”. The three developed constructs constitute a measurement instrument that can be used both by practitioners who desire to implement SSCM and by researchers who can apply the proposed scales in other research projects or use them as assessment tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Agrifood Supply Chain in the Post-COVID 19 Era)

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16 pages, 973 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design Product-Service Systems by Using a Hybrid Approach: The Fashion Renting Business Model

by Virginia Fani, Fabiana Pirola, Bianca Bindi, Romeo Bandinelli and Giuditta Pezzotta

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5207; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095207 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4114

Abstract

As is known, sustainability issues represent one of the main challenges companies have to face. Among all, the fashion industry is considered one of the most impactful, both in terms of resource utilization and pollution. Fashion renting is a recent business model for [...] Read more.

As is known, sustainability issues represent one of the main challenges companies have to face. Among all, the fashion industry is considered one of the most impactful, both in terms of resource utilization and pollution. Fashion renting is a recent business model for companies to reduce their environmental footprint, following a circular economy approach. The study aims to develop and discuss the proposed hybrid approach to effectively support fashion companies in designing new business models, taking into account both the customer and the company perspective. On the one hand, agent-based modeling (ABM) allow us to represent customers’ behaviour and interaction. On the other hand, discrete event simulation (DES) paradigm is used to model fashion renting processes. Because customers’ attitude to that service reflects its successful implementation, motivators and barriers have been investigated to be included in the model. The practical implication is defining a model to support fashion companies in designing rental business models before implementing them. From a theoretical point of view, it overcomes the literature gap about the definition of a unique model for fashion renting, including processes, customers and interactions between agents. Follow-up research will include the presentation of simulation results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodologies, Technologies, Processes and People Able to Foster Sustainable Practices and Operations Along the Product and Service Lifecycle Management)

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11 pages, 1792 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Retreat of Major European Tree Species Distribution under Climate Change—Minor Natives to the Rescue?

by Olef Koch, Angela Luciana de Avila, Henry Heinen and Axel Tim Albrecht

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5213; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095213 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4651

Abstract

Climate change is projected to trigger strong declines in the potential distribution of major tree species in Europe. While minor natives have moved into the spotlight as alternatives, their ecology is often poorly understood. We use an ensemble species distribution modelling approach on [...] Read more.

Climate change is projected to trigger strong declines in the potential distribution of major tree species in Europe. While minor natives have moved into the spotlight as alternatives, their ecology is often poorly understood. We use an ensemble species distribution modelling approach on a set of promising native tree species to gain insights into their distribution potential under different climate change scenarios. Moreover, we identify the urgency and potential of altered species distributions in favor of minor natives by comparing the niche dynamics of five major native tree species with the set of six minor natives in a case study. Our models project stark range contractions and range shifts among major tree species, strongly amplified under high emission scenarios. Abies alba, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica are affected the strongest. While also experiencing range shifts, the minor European natives Castanea sativa, Sorbus torminalis, and Ulmus laevis all considerably expand their range potential across climate change scenarios. Accompanied by Carpinus betulus, with a stable range size, they hold the potential to substantially contribute to sustainably adapting European forest to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selecting Climate Resilient Tree Species for Forest Restoration – What Is Necessary and What Is Possible?)

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15 pages, 20170 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Simplified Method for BIPV Retrofitting of Emirati Public Housing with Preserved Architectural Identity: A Pilot Study

by Khaled Galal Ahmed and Mona Megahed

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5227; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095227 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3903

Abstract

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has tailored its own sustainability initiatives and a local agenda for realizing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This Agenda includes providing clean sustainable energy and achieving sustainable communities. In accordance with these efforts, this ‘pilot’ study aims [...] Read more.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has tailored its own sustainability initiatives and a local agenda for realizing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. This Agenda includes providing clean sustainable energy and achieving sustainable communities. In accordance with these efforts, this ‘pilot’ study aims at, first, exploring an appropriate, simplified method of integrating photovoltaic (PV) panels in existing single-family public housing in the UAE without compromising the architectural style and identity of the original designs. Second, it aims at assessing the sufficiency of the generated electricity through this proposed Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system. Finally, it aims at conducting a pilot survey to explore the Emirati residents’ acceptance of the proposed BIPV system. A frequently developed design model of single-family public housing projects in the UAE was selected to undertake the research investigations where the most suitable architectural elements of its envelope were defined for accommodating the integrated PV panels. Afterwards, a complete set of BIPV panel designs tailored to fit with the defined architectural elements of the selected house was prepared. The dimensions and areas of the BIPV panels were defined and digitally constructed through Building Information Modeling (BIM) software. After considering the efficiency and adequacy of the selected type of BIPV panels and figuring out the expected system losses, the PVWatts Calculator was used for simulating the expected electricity output in kilowatt hours (kWh) for the four façades of the selected model house in their four possible different orientations, as well as the overall average electricity output from the whole BIPV system. The results of the yearly electricity output were very close regardless of the orientation of the four façades of the retrofitted model house, with the total average annual output exceeding the estimated yearly average electricity consumption of this model house. This obviously indicates the potential benefit of the proposed BIPV system, especially with the continuous decrease in the capital cost of the PV panels and their increasing efficiency. With the Emirati residents’ clear acceptance of the proposed BIPV system, it might be also considered as an efficient alternative to the currently limited application of rooftop PV solutions in the UAE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection ZEMCH International Research Series)

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15 pages, 3054 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Estimation of the Anthropogenic Heat Emissions in Darwin City Using Urban Microclimate Simulations

by Shehani Rajapaksha, Raphael Chukwuka Nnachi, Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq, Anne W. M. Ng, Malik Muneeb Abid, Paras Sidiqui, Muhammad Farooq Rais, Erum Aamir, Luis Herrera Diaz, Saeed Kimiaei and Hooman Mehdizadeh-Rad

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5218; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095218 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3090

Abstract

The energy consumption due to urbanization and man-made activities has resulted in production of waste, heat, and pollution in the urban environment. These have further resulted in undesirable environmental issues such as the production of excessive Anthropogenic Heat Emissions (AHE), thus leading to [...] Read more.

The energy consumption due to urbanization and man-made activities has resulted in production of waste, heat, and pollution in the urban environment. These have further resulted in undesirable environmental issues such as the production of excessive Anthropogenic Heat Emissions (AHE), thus leading to an increased Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. The aim of this study was to estimate the total AHE based on the contribution of three major sources of waste heat generation in an urban environment, i.e., buildings, vehicular traffic, and human metabolism. Furthermore, a comparison of dominating anthropogenic heat factor of Darwin with that of other major international cities was carried out. Field measurements of microclimate (temperatures, humidity, solar radiation, and other factors of climate measures) were conducted along Smith Street, Darwin City. Then, surveys were conducted to collect information regarding the buildings, vehicle traffic and Human population (metabolism) in the study area. Each individual component of AHE was calculated based on a conceptual framework of the anthropogenic heat model developed within this study. The results showed that AHE from buildings is the most dominant factor influencing the total AHE in Darwin, contributing to about 87% to 95% of total AHE. This is followed by vehicular traffic (4–13%) and lastly, human metabolism (0.1–0.8%). The study also shows that Darwin gains an average of 990 Wm⁻² solar power on a peak day. This study proves that building anthropogenic heat is the major dominating factor influencing the UHI in tropical urban climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Approaches to Reduce Building Energy Consumptions)

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21 pages, 3837 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sui Generis Geographical Indications Fostering Localized Sustainable Fashion: A Cross-Industry Assessment

by Sara Cavagnero and Simona Giordano

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5251; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095251 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3910

Abstract

As interest in sustainable fashion and localism mounts, there is a compelling need to foster purchasers’ trust in claims made by fashion businesses. Geographical indications (GIs) have proven successful not only in reducing consumers’ search costs through reliable labels but also in safeguarding [...] Read more.

As interest in sustainable fashion and localism mounts, there is a compelling need to foster purchasers’ trust in claims made by fashion businesses. Geographical indications (GIs) have proven successful not only in reducing consumers’ search costs through reliable labels but also in safeguarding identity and heritage and delivering added value for agricultural products. Building on the EU Commission proposed Regulation to protect craft and industrial products that rely on the originality and authenticity of traditional practices from their regions and drawing on the “fiber follows food” adage, this paper puts forward policy recommendations related to the proposed expansion of GIs to the fashion industry. Through cross-sector and transdisciplinary explorative research, this article provides evidence on how the origin link could be framed to accommodate apparel and footwear items within the scope of protection of the EU sui generis GIs system despite their “non-terroir” character. Key drivers and barriers to harnessing GIs’ potential and enhancing the sustainability of localized fashion production are further explored based on the theoretical insights and comparative practical experience extrapolated from qualitative interviews with GI-protected winemakers in Apulia. Ultimately, the paper increases the understanding of the economic, ecological, social, and governance implications, which need to be addressed to improve the sustainability impact of sui generis GI systems before expanding them to the apparel and footwear domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Territorial Approaches to Sustainability)

13 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Engaging Communities in Adaptation to Climate Change by Understanding the Dimensions of Social Capital in Atlantic Canada

by Liette Vasseur, Mary J. Thornbush and Steve Plante

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5250; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095250 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3539

Abstract

This paper examines the role of social capital and its influence on the capacity of coastal communities in Atlantic Canada to respond and adapt to climate change, especially when dealing with extreme weather events. Three elements of social capital—social trust, institutional trust, and [...] Read more.

This paper examines the role of social capital and its influence on the capacity of coastal communities in Atlantic Canada to respond and adapt to climate change, especially when dealing with extreme weather events. Three elements of social capital—social trust, institutional trust, and social networks—were considered. They were analyzed based on four questions targeting social capital during semi-structured interviews on climate change adaptation in 10 rural coastal communities located in three Canadian provinces (Quebec, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island). Results showed that these communities exhibited strong social capital, mainly because of a high level of social trust. People were ambivalent in the way they connected to institutions, especially with governments. They often felt isolated and left to themselves to deal with climate change adaptation decisions. The research conveys the difficulties and challenges of multilevel governance, where coastal communities generally ensure trust within the community first before trusting higher levels of government. Initiatives to improve public engagement and participation in decision making should be supported for further adaptation, although they would require greater accountability and transparency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

21 pages, 6726 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Crop-Suitability Analysis Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Geospatial Techniques for Cereal Production in North India

by Shaloo, Rishi Pal Singh, Himani Bisht, Rajni Jain, Truptimayee Suna, Ram Swaroop Bana, Samarth Godara, Yashbir Singh Shivay, Nirupma Singh, Jatin Bedi, Shbana Begam, Manisha Tamta and Shweta Gautam

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5246; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095246 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7938

Abstract

Identification of cropland suitability is obligatory to adapting to the increased food needs driven by population expansion, environmental contamination, and climate change. Given this, the present study was conducted to assess cereal crops’ suitability in India’s Haryana state by integrating Analytic Hierarchy Process [...] Read more.

Identification of cropland suitability is obligatory to adapting to the increased food needs driven by population expansion, environmental contamination, and climate change. Given this, the present study was conducted to assess cereal crops’ suitability in India’s Haryana state by integrating Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and geographic information system (GIS) technique. Multiple factors were considered for this study, such as rainfall, temperature, soil texture, drainage density, pH, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and slope. The AHP technique was utilized to decide the weights of each individual parameter using experts’ opinions. The crop-suitability model was developed using the model builder module in ArcGIS 10.8, and each input parameter was reclassified as per the optimum crop-growth requirement and overlaid utilizing the reclassify tool and weighted overlay analysis. The crop suitability classes were estimated as highly suitable, S1 (6%); moderately suitable, S2 (71%); and marginally suitable, S3 (23%) for the calculated arable land for the wheat crop. Similarly, the crop suitability class of rice S2 (28%); S3 (72%), for sorghum S1 (28%); S2 (71%); S3 (1%), for maize S2 (85%); S3 (15%) and for pearl millet S1 (60%); S2 (40%) were also estimated. The study has observed that, as per the soil physico-chemical characteristics and climate, the area is moderately fertile. Therefore, agricultural production can be improved by cultivating the crop in highly and moderately suitable zones. Diversification of marginally suitable regions for crops other than that for which it is not suitable can be taken up, which will also ensure the income security of marginal farmers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Diversification for Soil, Nutritional, Economic and Environmental Security)

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29 pages, 15062 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Resilience of Cultural Heritage in Historical Areas: A Collection of Good Practices

by Angela Santangelo, Eleonora Melandri, Giulia Marzani, Simona Tondelli and Andrea Ugolini

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5171; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095171 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6160

Abstract

Although the need to protect and draw upon the various benefits of heritage as an asset for resilience is nowadays more clearly highlighted than in the past, policies to protect heritage from disaster risk remain fragmented, while the importance of learning from heritage [...] Read more.

Although the need to protect and draw upon the various benefits of heritage as an asset for resilience is nowadays more clearly highlighted than in the past, policies to protect heritage from disaster risk remain fragmented, while the importance of learning from heritage and existing knowledge for building resilience is underestimated. The aim of this study is to provide an insight on good practices dealing with cultural heritage when it comes to disaster risk management and climate change adaptation, aiming at increasing cultural heritage resilience of historical areas. To this aim, the paper applies the best practice research methodology for investigating cultural heritage resilience in historical areas through the codification and analysis of good practices collected from EU-funded projects. The results consist of more than 90 good practices reviewed and analyzed according to a set of criteria. The research findings, organized according to three main categories (i.e., institutional, structural/physical, social), contribute to emphasizing the importance of improving knowledge from already available good practices. Two main approaches have been highlighted in the discussion, according to the key role assigned to stakeholders, education, data, and technology. The results allow to take advantage of existing knowledge to support communities to increase resilience of cultural heritage in historical areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and the Built Environment: Towards Sustainable Development and Resilience)

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30 pages, 3604 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Classifications of Sustainable Factors in Blockchain Adoption: A Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis

by Ammar AL-Ashmori, Shuib Bin Basri, P. D. D. Dominic, Luiz Fernando Capretz, Amgad Muneer, Abdullateef Oluwagbemiga Balogun, Abdul Rehman Gilal and Rao Faizan Ali

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5176; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095176 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6061

Abstract

Blockchain is a cutting-edge technology that is transforming and reshaping many industries. Hence, the adoption of Blockchain is becoming an increasingly significant topic. The number of publications discussing the potential of Blockchain adoption has been expanding significantly. In addition, not enough attention has [...] Read more.

Blockchain is a cutting-edge technology that is transforming and reshaping many industries. Hence, the adoption of Blockchain is becoming an increasingly significant topic. The number of publications discussing the potential of Blockchain adoption has been expanding significantly. In addition, not enough attention has been given to Blockchain adoption in the software development industry. As a result, a systematic overview to investigate the research trends in this area is needed. This study uses a Scientometric analysis and critical review to examine the evolution of Blockchain adoption research on the Web of Science Principal Collection. In addition, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to identify gaps in Blockchain adoption research and the top reasons for adopting Blockchain with the intention of proposing a sustainable adoption framework. This study extends the body of knowledge by discussing the most influential countries, authors, organizations, publication themes, and most cited publications on Blockchain adoption research. Additionally, this study identifies the 30 relevant studies from the Web of Science and Scopus, including their industries, countries, methods, and respondent sample size, and the top 18 adoption factors among them. Consequently, this study proposes a suitable Blockchain adoption framework based on these top 18 factors. Finally, this study’s aim and unique contribution is to serve as an initial launching point for upcoming Blockchain adoption in software development industry research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Blockchain Technology)

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16 pages, 4447 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dynamic Scheduling Method for Job-Shop Manufacturing Systems by Deep Reinforcement Learning with Proximal Policy Optimization

by Ming Zhang, Yang Lu, Youxi Hu, Nasser Amaitik and Yuchun Xu

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5177; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095177 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 7756

Abstract

With the rapid development of Industrial 4.0, the modern manufacturing system has been experiencing profoundly digital transformation. The development of new technologies helps to improve the efficiency of production and the quality of products. However, for the increasingly complex production systems, operational decision [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of Industrial 4.0, the modern manufacturing system has been experiencing profoundly digital transformation. The development of new technologies helps to improve the efficiency of production and the quality of products. However, for the increasingly complex production systems, operational decision making encounters more challenges in terms of having sustainable manufacturing to satisfy customers and markets’ rapidly changing demands. Nowadays, rule-based heuristic approaches are widely used for scheduling management in production systems, which, however, significantly depends on the expert domain knowledge. In this way, the efficiency of decision making could not be guaranteed nor meet the dynamic scheduling requirement in the job-shop manufacturing environment. In this study, we propose using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) methods to tackle the dynamic scheduling problem in the job-shop manufacturing system with unexpected machine failure. The proximal policy optimization (PPO) algorithm was used in the DRL framework to accelerate the learning process and improve performance. The proposed method was testified within a real-world dynamic production environment, and it performs better compared with the state-of-the-art methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industry 4.0 Impacts on Lean Production Systems: Sustainable Practices)

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16 pages, 1594 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bottlenose Dolphin Responses to Boat Traffic Affected by Boat Characteristics and Degree of Compliance to Code of Conduct

by Aleksandra Koroza and Peter G. H. Evans

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5185; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095185 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5649

Abstract

Levels of boat traffic in coastal seas have been steadily increasing in many parts of the world, introducing pressures on marine wildlife through disturbance. The appropriate management of human activities is important not only to preserve wildlife, but also for the local communities [...] Read more.

Levels of boat traffic in coastal seas have been steadily increasing in many parts of the world, introducing pressures on marine wildlife through disturbance. The appropriate management of human activities is important not only to preserve wildlife, but also for the local communities that depend on ecotourism for employment and their economy. This study presents further insight into bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) responses to boats in New Quay Bay (West Wales) within the Cardigan Bay Special Area of Conservation. This region is heavily dependent on wildlife tourism, and marine traffic is regulated through a long-standing Code of Conduct. Based on a long-term dataset spanning the months of April to October and the years 2010–2018, the study found that compliance to a code of human behaviour increased dolphin positive responses towards boats. Dolphin responses to individual named boats and to different boat types were examined in greater detail. Speed boats, small motorboats, and kayaks were found to break the code most often, resulting in higher rates of negative response by dolphins. Visitor passenger boats formed the majority of boat traffic in the area, and showed greater compliance than other general recreational crafts. Suggestions are made for the better protection of the coastal dolphin population, as well as the role that citizen science can play to help achieve this goal through working directly with wildlife trip boats and the recruitment of local observers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Environment through Sustainability Science — Environmental Studies in the Era of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030))

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20 pages, 2188 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Brief Review on the Development of Alginate Extraction Process and Its Sustainability

by Sijin Saji, Andrew Hebden, Parikshit Goswami and Chenyu Du

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5181; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095181 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 118 | Viewed by 20816

Abstract

Alginate is an attractive marine resource-based biopolymer, which has been widely used in pharmaceutical, food and textile industries. This paper reviewed the latest development of the conventional and alternative processes for alginate extraction from brown seaweed. To improve extraction yield and product quality, [...] Read more.

Alginate is an attractive marine resource-based biopolymer, which has been widely used in pharmaceutical, food and textile industries. This paper reviewed the latest development of the conventional and alternative processes for alginate extraction from brown seaweed. To improve extraction yield and product quality, various studies have been carried out to optimize the operation condition. Based on literature survey, the most commonly used protocol is soaking milled seaweed in 2% (w/v) formaldehyde, overnight, solid loading ratio of 1:10–20 (dry weight biomass to solution), then collecting the solid for acid pre-treatment with HCl 0.2–2% (w/v), 40–60 °C, 1:10–30 ratio for 2–4 h. Next, the solid residue from the acid pre-treatment is extracted using Na₂CO₃ at 2–4% (w/v), 40–60 °C, 2–3 h, 1:10–30 ratio. Then the liquid portion is precipitated by ethanol (95%+) with a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). Finally, the solid output is dried in oven at 50–60 °C. Novel extraction methods using ultrasound, microwave, enzymes and extrusion improved the extraction yield and alginate properties, but the financial benefits have not been fully justified yet. To improve the sustainable production of alginate, it is required to promote seaweed cultivation, reduce water footprint, decrease organic solvent usage and co-produce alginate with other value-added products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Industrial Systems—from Theory to Practice)

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19 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Social Impact Assessment Comparison of Composite and Concrete Bridge Alternatives

by David Martínez-Muñoz, Jose V. Martí and Víctor Yepes

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5186; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095186 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4142

Abstract

The definition of sustainability includes three fundamental pillars: economic, environmental, and social. Studies of the economic impact on civil engineering infrastructures have been focused on cost reduction. It is not necessarily in line with economic sustainability due to the lack of other economic [...] Read more.

The definition of sustainability includes three fundamental pillars: economic, environmental, and social. Studies of the economic impact on civil engineering infrastructures have been focused on cost reduction. It is not necessarily in line with economic sustainability due to the lack of other economic factors. Moreover, the social pillar assessment has been weakly developed compared to the economic and the environmental ones. It is essential to focus on the social pillar and evaluate clear indicators that allow researchers to compare alternatives. Furthermore, bridge life cycle assessment studies have been focused on concrete options. This has resulted in a lack of analysis of the impact of composite bridge alternatives. This study is conducted in two stages. The first part of the study makes a cradle-to-grave social and environmental sustainability evaluation with the SOCA v2 and ecoinvent v3.7.1 databases. This assessment is carried out on four concrete and composite bridge alternatives with span lengths between 15 and 40 m. The social impact weighting method and recipe have been used to obtain the social and environmental indicators. The second part of the study compares the results obtained from the social and environmental assessment of the concrete and the composite alternatives varying the steel recycling rate. The bridge alternatives are prestressed concrete solid slab, prestressed concrete lightened slab, prestressed concrete box-girder, and steel–concrete composite box-girder. The results show that composite options are the best for environmental impact, but the concrete box girder solutions are better for social impact. Furthermore, an increase in the steel recycling rate increases the social impact and decreases the environmental one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementing Innovative and Modern Methods of Construction for Achieving Triple-Bottom-Line of Sustainability)

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19 pages, 4556 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Economic and Environmental Potential of Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing

by Manuel Dias, João P. M. Pragana, Bruna Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro and Carlos M. A. Silva

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5197; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095197 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5144

Abstract

Since its creation, Additive Manufacturing (AM) has experienced a tremendous growth particularly over the last decade due to the industrial paradigm shift intended for improving conventional manufacturing procedures. This work is focused on an emerging AM process known as Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing ( [...] Read more.

Since its creation, Additive Manufacturing (AM) has experienced a tremendous growth particularly over the last decade due to the industrial paradigm shift intended for improving conventional manufacturing procedures. This work is focused on an emerging AM process known as Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) to assess its potential for further applications involving metallic costumer-oriented parts. Contrary to most AM processes, WAAM allows deposition of material layer-by-layer to be accomplished under high deposition rates, low production times and near 100% material efficiency using accessible equipment. The work stems from evaluating the economic viability in the production of parts by WAAM as an alternative for conventional processes such as those used in traditional subtractive approaches. For that purpose, a process-based cost model (PBCM) was developed for estimating production costs using a strong technological approach. The PBCM was tested with the production of a case study part by WAAM and its environmental impact was further assessed through life cycle assessment (LCA). Results show that WAAM can be economically and environmentally viable within specific industrial contexts. Moreover, further developments and optimizations of process variables and equipment will allow this technology to mature into tackling novel production challenges in a time and cost-effective manner. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Resources and Sustainable Utilization)

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13 pages, 1416 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Adapting Open Innovation Practices for the Creation of a Traceability System in a Meat-Producing Industry in Northwest Greece

by Agapi Dima, Eleni Arvaniti, Chrysostomos Stylios, Dimitrios Kafetzopoulos and Dimitris Skalkos

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5111; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095111 - 24 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2957

Abstract

Traceability is becoming an essential tool for both the industry and consumers to confirm the characteristics of food products, leading industries to implement traceability to their merchandise. In order for the Computer Technology Institute and Press “Diophantus” (CTI) to help small and medium-sized [...] Read more.

Traceability is becoming an essential tool for both the industry and consumers to confirm the characteristics of food products, leading industries to implement traceability to their merchandise. In order for the Computer Technology Institute and Press “Diophantus” (CTI) to help small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) implement traceability systems based on open innovation, principles were introduced. This paper presents market research that was carried out in order to determine the significant concerns of the Greek consumers about pork meat and pork products, their opinion on traceability information, and their preferences regarding how they would like to receive this information. The survey was conducted online and took place from mid-February to mid-March 2021 on a sample of 224 participants. The market research showed a very high interest concerning traceability, especially on the expiry date of the meat (87.9%), while the way and conditions of transport of the meat products follow (79%). Furthermore, consumers showed that they believe that the quality and safety of pork products would be improved with traceability (70.1%) and (79%) would prefer to buy traceable compared with untraceable pork, signifying the importance of traceability for consumers. Additionally, it was found that consumers and SMEs have common concerns regarding traceability. The information gathered from this market research will be used to adapt the traceability system to consumers’ needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Agrifood Supply Chain in the Post-COVID 19 Era)

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27 pages, 6876 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Green Innovation in China

by Weisong Mi, Kaixu Zhao and Pei Zhang

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5121; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095121 - 24 Apr 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3063

Abstract

Sustainable development has become a global consensus, and green innovation is the key to promoting transition to sustainable development. The study on green innovation contributes to develop and implement green innovation policies. This paper investigates the spatio-temporal characteristics and driving mechanism of green [...] Read more.

Sustainable development has become a global consensus, and green innovation is the key to promoting transition to sustainable development. The study on green innovation contributes to develop and implement green innovation policies. This paper investigates the spatio-temporal characteristics and driving mechanism of green innovation 2009–2019 in China from the perspective of economic geography based on a variety of methods such as GIS tools and Geodetector, in two dimensions of green innovation power (GIP) and green innovation growth ability (GIGA). The findings show that (1) The GIP and GIGA in China continue to increase, with obvious decreasing gradient characteristics from eastern to central and western China, extreme polarization, and obvious spatial aggregation, and the high-value regions show a change from coastal and riverine distribution to coastal distribution, with Shandong and Yangtze River Delta as the centers of high-value regions. (2) The power of the 18 driving factors on green innovation varies widely across time, and the 7 factors such as green area in urban completed area and investment in urban environmental infrastructure facilities are super interaction factors. Besides, the 5 variables of innovation input, foreign connection, economic environment, market environment and environmental regulation have different driving forces on green innovation, suggesting that the driving mechanism has changed in different periods. (3) Core factors of GIP were identified as R&D intramural expenditure and R&D personnel equivalent; important factors were identified as 5 factors such as R&D intramural expenditure in high-tech industry and FDI. Core factors of GIGA were identified as R&D intramural expenditure and added value of financial industry; important factors were identified as 4 factors such as R&D intramural expenditure in high-tech industry and GDP. (4) The 31 provinces in China were classified into 4 types of policy areas by BCG model, and proper policy suggestions were put forward. The research methods and conclusions of this paper can provide reference for green innovation policy optimization in China and other countries under similar conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Technologies towards Cleaner Production and Sustainable Development)

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13 pages, 2758 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Successive Cyclones Attacked the World’s Largest Mangrove Forest Located in the Bay of Bengal under Pandemic

by Sahadev Sharma, Rempei Suwa, Raghab Ray and Mohammad Shamim Hasan Mandal

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5130; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095130 - 24 Apr 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5731

Abstract

Despite the global focus on the COVID-19 pandemic, the promise of impact to tropical coastlines and stochasticity of destruction caused by tropical cyclones remains unaltered, forcing human societies to adapt to new unadaptable scenarios. Super Cyclone Amphan’s landfall—the third cyclone of the season [...] Read more.

Despite the global focus on the COVID-19 pandemic, the promise of impact to tropical coastlines and stochasticity of destruction caused by tropical cyclones remains unaltered, forcing human societies to adapt to new unadaptable scenarios. Super Cyclone Amphan’s landfall—the third cyclone of the season within the world’s largest mangrove forest—brought a new uncertainty to this undeveloped region of South Asia. How do vulnerable people deal with multiple disasters that limit necessary humanitarian response while still maintaining the natural environmental integrity of a system harboring critical wildlife populations and protecting people from further disaster? We explored this reality for the Sundarbans region using a remote sensing technique and found that the western part of Sundarbans mangroves was severely damaged by Amphan, suggesting that rapid remote sensing techniques can help direct resources, and recognize the eventuality that response will be a best effort for now. If 2020 is a window, multiple disaster management scenarios may become more common in the future. Yet, society’s obligation for maintaining environmental integrity remains unchanged. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mangrove Ecosystem Ecology, Conservation and Sustainability)

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13 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Ethics of AI-Powered Climate Nudging—How Much AI Should We Use to Save the Planet?

by Marius Bartmann

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5153; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095153 - 24 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7228

Abstract

The number of areas in which artificial intelligence (AI) technology is being employed increases continually, and climate change is no exception. There are already growing efforts to encourage people to engage more actively in sustainable environmental behavior, so-called “green nudging”. Nudging in general [...] Read more.

The number of areas in which artificial intelligence (AI) technology is being employed increases continually, and climate change is no exception. There are already growing efforts to encourage people to engage more actively in sustainable environmental behavior, so-called “green nudging”. Nudging in general is a widespread policymaking tool designed to influence people’s behavior while preserving their freedom of choice. Given the enormous challenges humanity is facing in fighting climate change, the question naturally arises: Why not combine the power of AI and the effectiveness of nudging to get people to behave in more climate-friendly ways? However, nudging has been highly controversial from the very beginning because critics fear it undermines autonomy and democracy. In this article I investigate the ethics of AI-powered climate nudging and address the question whether implementing corresponding policies may represent hidden and unacceptable costs of AI in the form of a substantive damage to autonomy and democracy. I will argue that, although there are perfectly legitimate concerns and objections against certain forms of nudging, AI-powered climate nudging can be ethically permissible under certain conditions, namely if the nudging practice takes the form of what I will call “self-governance”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards the Sustainability of AI; Multi-Disciplinary Approaches to Investigate the Hidden Costs of AI)

14 pages, 1189 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characteristics of Some Wild Olive Phenotypes (Oleaster) Selected from the Western Mountains of Syria

by Reem Abdul Hamid, Hussam Hag Husein and Rupert Bäumler

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5151; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095151 - 24 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4546

Abstract

This study presents the evaluation of some technological and production specifications of 20 selected wild olive (oleaster) phenotypes from Hama Province, western–central Syria. The analyses of oil quantity showed that the olive oil (OO) extracted ranged from 10.43 to 29.3%. The fatty acid [...] Read more.

This study presents the evaluation of some technological and production specifications of 20 selected wild olive (oleaster) phenotypes from Hama Province, western–central Syria. The analyses of oil quantity showed that the olive oil (OO) extracted ranged from 10.43 to 29.3%. The fatty acid composition determined by gas chromatography (m/m%, methyl esters), conforming to commercial standards, showed the percentages of palmitic (ranged 13.2–15.06%), stearic (2.27–4.2%), arachidic (0.42–0.7%), palmitoleic (0.73–1.25%), oleic (64.29–73.17%), linoleic (8.96–16.45%), and linolenic (0.23–1.6%). Our results suggest that, despite being in a harsh environment and lacking agricultural service, two wild olive phenotypes (WA4, WA6) are interesting since their fruits showed high-quality properties (fruit weight 2.16, 3.24 g; flesh 75.83, 86.2, respectively), high content of OO% (29.27, 29.01, respectively), and better fatty acid composition (oleic % 68.45, 66.74, respectively). This enables them to be a very promising introductory feature in olive genetic improvement processes. Thus, both phenotypes were adopted tentatively as inputs, the first for oil purposes and the second for dual purposes (oil and table olives). It will be important to further evaluate these promising phenotypes in terms of their OO minor compounds, as well as their ability to resist biotic and abiotic stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agrobiodiversity and Sustainable Food Systems)

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25 pages, 4391 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Local Perceptions and Scientific Knowledge of Climate Change: Perspectives of Informal Dwellers and Institutions in Accra, Ghana

by Ishmael Adams, Sumita Ghosh, Goran Runeson and Mahsood Shah

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5080; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095080 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6308

Abstract

The extant literature in urban climate studies suggests that the urban poor are the most vulnerable to climate change. Local perceptions and knowledge of climate change are also generally viewed as crucial for sustainable adaptation planning in developing countries. Yet the extent to [...] Read more.

The extant literature in urban climate studies suggests that the urban poor are the most vulnerable to climate change. Local perceptions and knowledge of climate change are also generally viewed as crucial for sustainable adaptation planning in developing countries. Yet the extent to which perceptions of climate change are influenced by the context of informal urbanisation in the Global South remains unexamined. This paper aimed to examine the extent to which the context of residents of informal settlements influences their perceptions and the congruence of these perceptions with scientific knowledge of climate change in an African city. Using Accra, Ghana as a case, 582 household surveys, 25 institutional key informant interviews and 14 focus group discussions were conducted and analysed. Results show two main findings: (1) respondents mainly perceived changes in climate change related-phenomena which were in synergy with scientific sources but their claims of increases in flooding were not supported by scientific data; and (2) while the literacy levels of the respondents were unrelated to their perception about climate change, heir perceptions were also discordant with city authorities’ perceptions on the causes of flooding as a hazard. The study suggests the integration of local perceptions and knowledge of climate change in adaptation planning in Accra and similar contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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23 pages, 9173 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Agricultural Land: Crop Production or Photovoltaic Power Plants

by Valerii Havrysh, Antonina Kalinichenko, Edyta Szafranek and Vasyl Hruban

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5099; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095099 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4795

Abstract

Mitigation of climate change requires a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. It motivates an increase in renewable electricity generation. Farmers can develop renewable energy and increase their profitability by allocating agricultural land to PV power plants. This transition from crop production to electricity [...] Read more.

Mitigation of climate change requires a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. It motivates an increase in renewable electricity generation. Farmers can develop renewable energy and increase their profitability by allocating agricultural land to PV power plants. This transition from crop production to electricity generation needs ecological and economic assessment from alternative land utilization. The novelty of this study is an integrated assessment that links economic and environmental (carbon dioxide emissions) indicators. They were calculated for crop production and solar power generation in a semi-arid zone. The results showed that gross income (crop production) ranges from USD 508/ha to USD 1389/ha. PV plants can generate up to 794 MWh/ha. Their market cost is EUR 82,000, and their production costs are less than wholesale prices in Ukrainian. The profitability index of a PV project ranges from 1.26 (a discount range is 10%) to 3.24 (a discount rate is 0). The sensitivity analysis was carried out for six variables. For each chosen variable, we found its switching value. It was revealed that the most sensitive variable is a feed-in tariff. Operational expenses and investment costs are the most sensitive variables. Carbon dioxide footprints range from 500 to 3200 kgCO₂/ha (depending on the crop). A 618 kW PV plant causes a release of carbon dioxide in the range of 5.2–11.4 gCO₂/kWh. The calculated carbon dioxide payback period varies from 5 to 10 months. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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16 pages, 1547 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Branding Built Heritage through Cultural Urban Festivals: An Instagram Analysis Related to Sustainable Co-Creation, in Budapest

by Bálint Kádár and János Klaniczay

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5020; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095020 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6784

Abstract

Global tourism is posing challenges on the environmental and social sustainability of host communities, while the industry itself has proven to be vulnerable to threats such as a global pandemic. Proximity tourism was demonstrated to be a more sustainable form in every aspect, [...] Read more.

Global tourism is posing challenges on the environmental and social sustainability of host communities, while the industry itself has proven to be vulnerable to threats such as a global pandemic. Proximity tourism was demonstrated to be a more sustainable form in every aspect, especially when locals can co-create the experience and develop place attachment in urban environments through placemaking practices valuing previously underused urban heritage. An alternative urban festival in Budapest focusing on the built environment attracts locals annually to visit open houses providing visitors with genuine experiences. Residents are actively involved in the cultural placemaking practices of the event. As visitors documented the festival and the architectural heritage and uploaded hundreds of photos of their experience to social media platforms such as Instagram, they contributed to the branding process of the event and to the placemaking process involving less known heritage values. In this study, a dataset of more than ten thousand posts was retrieved by scraping Instagram posts based on hashtags related to the Budapest100 festival and analyzed from a temporal and spatial aspect. Returning visitors were identified, who contribute substantially to the sustainability of the event and to the branding of the built environment. Results suggest that community-based local urban festivals are a sustainable form of proximity tourism, resilient even to the COVID-19 pandemic. Place branding through urban festivals focusing on the local built heritage can also decrease the growing pressure on city centers in tourist-historic cities dealing with overtourism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)

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17 pages, 6537 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Benchmarking City Layouts—A Methodological Approach and an Accessibility Comparison between a Real City and the Garden City

by João Monteiro, Nuno Sousa, Eduardo Natividade-Jesus and João Coutinho-Rodrigues

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5029; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095029 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5119

Abstract

This article presents a comparative accessibility study between a real city and its redraft as a Garden City. The benchmarking methodology involves defining and evaluating a location-based accessibility indicator in a GIS environment for the city of Coimbra, Portugal, and for the same [...] Read more.

This article presents a comparative accessibility study between a real city and its redraft as a Garden City. The benchmarking methodology involves defining and evaluating a location-based accessibility indicator in a GIS environment for the city of Coimbra, Portugal, and for the same city laid out as a Garden City, with the same number of inhabitants, jobs, and similar number of urban facilities. The results are derived as maps and weighted average distances per inhabitant to the facilities and jobs, and show that, for the Garden City, average distances drop to around 500 m for urban facilities and 1500 m for the combination of facilities and jobs, making much of the city accessible by walking and practically the whole of it accessible by cycling, with positive impact on transport sustainability and accessibility equity. The methodology can be extended to other benchmarking indicators and city layouts, and the quantitative results it yields make a valuable contribution to the debate on the ideal layout of cities. Moreover, it gives directions on how to improve real cities to address current and future sustainability concerns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Planning and Analysis in Urban Sustainability)

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20 pages, 1432 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Livelihood Capitals, Income Inequality, and the Perception of Climate Change: A Case Study of Small-Scale Cattle Farmers in the Ecuadorian Andes

by Bolier Torres, Jhenny Cayambe, Susana Paz, Kelly Ayerve, Marco Heredia-R, Emma Torres, Marcelo Luna, Theofilos Toulkeridis and Antón García

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5028; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095028 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4553

Abstract

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of 2015 identify poverty, growth, and inequality as three key areas of intervention towards the UN 2030 Agenda for human well-being and sustainability. Herein, the predominant objectives are: (a) To determine the poverty groups by quintiles through the [...] Read more.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of 2015 identify poverty, growth, and inequality as three key areas of intervention towards the UN 2030 Agenda for human well-being and sustainability. Herein, the predominant objectives are: (a) To determine the poverty groups by quintiles through the cattle income in households of small milk producers; (b) To characterize rural livelihoods by using capital theory; and (c) To assess the perception of climate change (CC) and the willingness to accept adaptation as well as mitigation measures. The current study was performed in communities that are located in the Ecuadorian Andes, where some 178 surveys were conducted with indigenous Kichwa and mestizo heads of households. From the total net income determined, five groups were organized. The Lorenz curve was applied as a general indicator of the relative inequality, as well as the Gini coefficient (G). On the basis of the theory of capital, the human, social, natural, physical, and financial characteristics were determined, and seven variables were considered to evaluate the perception and willingness to accept mitigation and adaptation actions of the given quintiles. The result of the Gini coefficient was 0.52, which indicates that the poorest 20% of the population only receives 3.40% of the income, while the richest 20% of the quintile obtain about 54% of the total income. It is evident that most producers know little about CC, but that they are willing to receive strengthening programs. Therefore, it is essential to establish strategic guidelines from public policy in order to reduce inequality and to improve the social welfare of producers, with a transversal axis in the strengthening of the capacities on the impact, mitigation, and adaptation to CC, as well as the provision of several tools, such as access to climate information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Farmers’ Socioeconomic Factors in Sustainable Production and Livelihoods under Climate Change)

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31 pages, 2479 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Steel Slag and Recycled Concrete Aggregates: Replacing Quarries to Supply Sustainable Materials for the Asphalt Paving Industry

by Carlos D. A. Loureiro, Caroline F. N. Moura, Mafalda Rodrigues, Fernando C. G. Martinho, Hugo M. R. D. Silva and Joel R. M. Oliveira

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5022; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095022 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 10299

Abstract

Various researchers are developing efforts to integrate waste and by-products as alternative materials in road construction and maintenance, reducing environmental impacts and promoting a circular economy. Among the alternative materials that several authors have studied regarding their use as partial or total substitutes [...] Read more.

Various researchers are developing efforts to integrate waste and by-products as alternative materials in road construction and maintenance, reducing environmental impacts and promoting a circular economy. Among the alternative materials that several authors have studied regarding their use as partial or total substitutes for natural aggregates in the asphalt paving industry, the steel slag aggregate (SSA) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) from construction demolition waste (CDW) stand out. This paper reviews and discusses the characteristics and performance of these materials when used as aggregates in asphalt mixtures. Based on the various studies analyzed, it was possible to conclude that incorporating SSA or RCA in asphalt mixtures for road pavements has functional, mechanical, and environmental advantages. However, it is essential to consider some possible drawbacks of these aggregates that are discussed in this paper, to define the acceptable uses of SSA and RCA as sustainable feedstocks for road paving works. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Transport Infrastructures)

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31 pages, 7598 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Analysis Framework to Evaluate Urban Physical Resilience against Earthquakes

by Sedigheh Meimandi Parizi, Mohammad Taleai and Ayyoob Sharifi

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5034; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095034 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5547

Abstract

As complex man-made systems that are home to the majority of the world population, cities have always faced a wide range of risks such as earthquakes. As the backbone of urban systems, physical components, including buildings, transportation networks, communication networks, and open and [...] Read more.

As complex man-made systems that are home to the majority of the world population, cities have always faced a wide range of risks such as earthquakes. As the backbone of urban systems, physical components, including buildings, transportation networks, communication networks, and open and green spaces, are also vulnerable to disasters. To enhance the capacity to deal with disaster risks, enhancing urban resilience has recently become an essential priority for cities. This study aims to develop and pilot test a framework to evaluate urban physical resilience based on resilience characteristics and associated physical indicators. Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) was used to determine the relationships between physical indicators, and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methods were applied to determine the relative importance of the characteristics. The results showed that the ‘Robustness of Building’, ‘Building Density’, ‘Aspect Ratio’, and ‘Street Width’ are the most important among the twenty physical indicators considered in the proposed framework. Subsequently, the proposed framework was applied to one of the districts of Kerman, a major city located in the southwest, earthquake-prone part of Iran. Overall results indicate low levels of physical resilience. The findings of this study can provide urban planners and decision-makers with more transparent and practical insights into the physical resilience of cities. Results can also be used to design and implement policies and programs to improve the current conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Indicators, Assessment Tools, and Rating Systems for Mainstreaming Sustainability in Urban Planning and Development)

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33 pages, 6943 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Application of GIS and Machine Learning to Predict Flood Areas in Nigeria

by Eseosa Halima Ighile, Hiroaki Shirakawa and Hiroki Tanikawa

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5039; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095039 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 13749

Abstract

Floods are one of the most devastating forces in nature. Several approaches for identifying flood-prone locations have been developed to reduce the overall harmful impacts on humans and the environment. However, due to the increased frequency of flooding and related disasters, coupled with [...] Read more.

Floods are one of the most devastating forces in nature. Several approaches for identifying flood-prone locations have been developed to reduce the overall harmful impacts on humans and the environment. However, due to the increased frequency of flooding and related disasters, coupled with the continuous changes in natural and social-economic conditions, it has become vital to predict areas with the highest probability of flooding to ensure effective measures to mitigate impending disasters. This study predicted the flood susceptible areas in Nigeria based on historical flood records from 1985~2020 and various conditioning factors. To evaluate the link between flood incidence and the fifteen (15) explanatory variables, which include climatic, topographic, land use and proximity information, the artificial neural network (ANN) and logistic regression (LR) models were trained and tested to develop a flood susceptibility map. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) were used to evaluate both model accuracies. The results show that both techniques can model and predict flood-prone areas. However, the ANN model produced a higher performance and prediction rate than the LR model, 76.4% and 62.5%, respectively. In addition, both models highlighted that those areas with the highest susceptibility to flood are the low-lying regions in the southern extremities and around water areas. From the study, we can establish that machine learning techniques can effectively map and predict flood-prone areas and serve as a tool for developing flood mitigation policies and plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flood Risk Assessment Using Deep Learning and State-of-the-Art Machine Learning)

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28 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in Technological Research for Online and In Situ Water Quality Monitoring—A Review

by Gabriel Marinho e Silva, Daiane Ferreira Campos, José Artur Teixeira Brasil, Marcel Tremblay, Eduardo Mario Mendiondo and Filippo Ghiglieno

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5059; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095059 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 11254

Abstract

Monitoring water quality is an essential tool for the control of pollutants and pathogens that can cause damage to the environment and human health. However, water quality analysis is usually performed in laboratory environments, often with the use of high-cost equipment and qualified [...] Read more.

Monitoring water quality is an essential tool for the control of pollutants and pathogens that can cause damage to the environment and human health. However, water quality analysis is usually performed in laboratory environments, often with the use of high-cost equipment and qualified professionals. With the progress of nanotechnology and the advance in engineering materials, several studies have shown, in recent years, the development of technologies aimed at monitoring water quality, with the ability to reduce the costs of analysis and accelerate the achievement of results for management and decision-making. In this work, a review was carried out on several low-cost developed technologies and applied in situ for water quality monitoring. Thus, new alternative technologies for the main physical (color, temperature, and turbidity), chemical (chlorine, fluorine, phosphorus, metals, nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH, and oxidation–reduction potential), and biological (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, algae, and cyanobacteria) water quality parameters were described. It was observed that there has been an increase in the number of publications related to the topic in recent years, mainly since 2012, with 641 studies being published in 2021. The main new technologies developed are based on optical or electrochemical sensors, however, due to the recent development of these technologies, more robust analyses and evaluations in real conditions are essential to guarantee the precision and repeatability of the methods, especially when it is desirable to compare the values with government regulatory standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Technologies for Urban Water Management)

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9 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pre- and Post-Activity Anxiety for Sustainable Rafting

by João Faria, Luis Quaresma, Stefania Cataldi, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Valerio Bonavolontà, Georgian Badicu, Gianpiero Greco, António Brandão, Michele De Candia, Roberta Frontini, Francesca Latino and Francesco Fischetti

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5075; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095075 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2152

Abstract

This study aimed to (i) analyze the levels of state-anxiety of rafting customers, before and after the activity; and (ii) characterize the levels of trait-anxiety and the amount of physical activity performed weekly by clients of a rafting activity. The sample had 100 [...] Read more.

This study aimed to (i) analyze the levels of state-anxiety of rafting customers, before and after the activity; and (ii) characterize the levels of trait-anxiety and the amount of physical activity performed weekly by clients of a rafting activity. The sample had 100 subjects of a nature sports company, in the rafting activity, with a mean age of 33.27 ± 10.10 years, with 44% female and 56% male participants. They were evaluated in two moments M1 (pre-activity) and M2 (post-activity). In M1, the STAI—State-Anxiety questionnaire and the IPAQ—International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short version) were applied. In M2, the STAI Form 1 State-Anxiety questionnaire was applied again, followed by the STAI trait-anxiety. The results showed no correlation between the amount of weekly physical activity and levels of trait-anxiety (rho(100) = −0.144; p-value = 0.152), thus not corroborating with the existing literature. Regarding state-anxiety, we found that in 55% of cases, it decreased with the practice of rafting, which suggests that the practice may have an anxiolytic effect and promote the well-being and relaxation of participants promoting, in this way, the sustainability of the rafting activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity in Outdoor Context: from education to psycho-physical well-being)

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20 pages, 4601 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Predicting the Effects of Land Use Land Cover and Climate Change on Munneru River Basin Using CA-Markov and Soil and Water Assessment Tool

by Kotapati Narayana Loukika, Venkata Reddy Keesara, Eswar Sai Buri and Venkataramana Sridhar

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5000; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095000 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3305

Abstract

It is important to understand how changing climate and Land Use Land Cover (LULC) will impact future spatio-temporal water availability across the Munneru river basin as it aids in effective water management and adaptation strategies. The Munneru river basin is one of the [...] Read more.

It is important to understand how changing climate and Land Use Land Cover (LULC) will impact future spatio-temporal water availability across the Munneru river basin as it aids in effective water management and adaptation strategies. The Munneru river basin is one of the important sub-basins of the Krishna River in India. In this paper, the combined impact of LULC and Climate Change (CC) on Munneru water resources using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is presented. The SWAT model is calibrated and validated for the period 1983–2017 in SWAT-CUP using the SUFI2 algorithm. The correlation coefficient between observed and simulated streamflow is calculated to be 0.92. The top five ranked Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are ensembled at each grid using the Reliable Ensemble Averaging (REA) approach. Predicted LULC maps for the years 2030, 2050 and 2080 using the CA-Markov model revealed increases in built-up and kharif crop areas and decreases in barren lands. The average monthly streamflows are simulated for the baseline period (1983–2005) and for three future periods, namely the near future (2021–2039), mid future (2040–2069) and far future (2070–2099) under Representation Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 climate change scenarios. Streamflows increase in three future periods when only CC and the combined effect of CC and LULC are considered under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. When compared to the CC impact in the RCP 4.5 scenario, the percentage increase in average monthly mean streamflow (July–November) with the combined impact of CC and LULC is 33.9% (near future), 35.8% (mid future), and 45.3% (far future). Similarly, RCP 8.5 increases streamflow by 33.8% (near future), 36.5% (mid future), and 38.8% (far future) when compared to the combined impact of CC and LULC with only CC. When the combined impact of CC and LULC is considered, water balance components such as surface runoff and evapotranspiration increase while aquifer recharge decreases in both scenarios over the three future periods. The findings of this study can be used to plan and develop integrated water management strategies for the basin with projected LULC under climate change scenarios. This methodology can be applied to other basins in similar physiographic regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

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15 pages, 6489 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Permeable Pavements for Flood Control in Australia: Spatial Analysis of Pavement Design Considering Rainfall and Soil Data

by Asif Iqbal, Md Mizanur Rahman and Simon Beecham

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 4970; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094970 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 10361

Abstract

Permeable pavements allow rainfall and surface runoff to infiltrate through their surface, and this reduces urban flooding by increasing water management efficiency. The design of permeable pavements depends heavily on rainfall and soil conditions for a particular area. This study investigates the required [...] Read more.

Permeable pavements allow rainfall and surface runoff to infiltrate through their surface, and this reduces urban flooding by increasing water management efficiency. The design of permeable pavements depends heavily on rainfall and soil conditions for a particular area. This study investigates the required base course thickness in different areas across Australia that can effectively reduce flood intensities. A detailed hydraulic analysis was conducted, considering the pavement materials, soil characteristics and rainfall intensities across Australia. The research also developed a relationship between base course thickness, rainfall intensity and soil classification, which can facilitate reasonable predictions of required design thickness for any location. The results showed a strong relationship between soil characteristics and pavement thickness, with clay soils requiring increased pavement thickness correlated with rainfall intensity. A spatial analysis was conducted, producing a tool for initial screening on the design requirements, before proceeding with a detailed design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling Materials for the Circular Economy)

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10 pages, 595 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Environmental Life Cycle Assessments of Chicken Manure Compost Using Tobacco Residue, Mushroom Bran, and Biochar as Additives

by Bangxi Zhang, Tianhong Fu, Chung-Yu Guan, Shihao Cui, Beibei Fan, Yi Tan, Wenhai Luo, Quanquan Wei, Guoxue Li and Yutao Peng

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 4976; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094976 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4527

Abstract

As an environmental management method, the (life cycle assessment) LCA method can be used to compare the differences between various waste treatment processes in order to provide an environmentally friendly and economically feasible method for waste management. This study focused on the reutilization [...] Read more.

As an environmental management method, the (life cycle assessment) LCA method can be used to compare the differences between various waste treatment processes in order to provide an environmentally friendly and economically feasible method for waste management. This study focused on the reutilization of typical organic waste to produce organic fertilizer in southwest China and used the life cycle assessment method to evaluate three aerobic chicken manure composting scenarios modified with three additives (biochar, mushroom bran, and tobacco residue) from an environmental and economic perspective. The results show that the total environmental loads of the optimized treatments using mushroom bran and biochar mixed with mushroom bran as additives were reduced by 30.0% and 35.1%, respectively, compared to the control treatment (viz. chicken manure composted with tobacco residue). Compared to the control treatment, the optimized composting treatment modified by mushroom bran with and without biochar improved the profit by 23.9% and 35.4%, respectively. This work reflected that the combined composting mode of chicken manure, tobacco residue, mushroom bran, and biochar is an environmentally friendly and economically feasible composting process, which is more suitable for the resource utilization of the typical organic waste in southwest China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Pollutants in the Environment: Analysis and Treatment)

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24 pages, 694 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Life Cycle Analysis Challenges through Building Rating Schemes within the European Framework

by Borja Izaola, Ortzi Akizu-Gardoki and Xabat Oregi

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 5009; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095009 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4064

Abstract

The decarbonisation of buildings is a crucial milestone if European cities mean to reach their mitigation targets. The construction sector was responsible for 38% of the GHG emissions in 2020. From these emissions, 11% is calculated to be currently embodied in building materials. [...] Read more.

The decarbonisation of buildings is a crucial milestone if European cities mean to reach their mitigation targets. The construction sector was responsible for 38% of the GHG emissions in 2020. From these emissions, 11% is calculated to be currently embodied in building materials. In this context, an evaluation from a life cycle perspective is becoming increasingly necessary to achieve the objectives set. Currently, there are different building rating systems (BRS) at European level that allow the evaluation of the degree of sustainability of buildings. During this study, the authors have evaluated to what extent and how the most extended five BRS (NF Habitat HQE, VERDE, DGNB, BREEAM, and HPI systems) in the European framework have integrated the life cycle methodology during their evaluation process. Four methodologies have been used in the research in order to analyse these five systems: quantitative assessment, multi-level perspective, mapping–gap analysis, and expert interviews. Although each methodology has produced different results, the need to harmonise the evaluation criteria at the European level, the insufficient consistency of data software, and the availability of skilled LCA professionals for wider LCA market penetration, among others, should be highlighted. The quality and harmonised data of construction products is required for LCA to give aggregated and transformative results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Green Building Technologies)

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22 pages, 3189 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Systematic Literature Review of Sustainable Packaging in Supply Chain Management

by Jonathan Asher Morashti, Youra An and Hyunmi Jang

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 4921; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094921 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 26566

Abstract

This exploratory study utilises quantitative analysis to deliver a systematic literature review of published journal papers from 1993 to 2020 with the aim to identify research trends and present a comprehensive overview of research focus conducted in the sustainable packaging domain within the [...] Read more.

This exploratory study utilises quantitative analysis to deliver a systematic literature review of published journal papers from 1993 to 2020 with the aim to identify research trends and present a comprehensive overview of research focus conducted in the sustainable packaging domain within the scope of supply chain management. This research is conducted with the data mining software, NetMiner 4, utilising the three analytical tools of statistical analysis, keyword network analysis, and topic analysis. The research also utilises the qualitative method of in-depth interviews in order to investigate current trends and perspectives on the future of sustainable packaging and to validate the analysis results. The research findings reveal that research in the field of ‘sustainable packaging in supply chain management’ field has been extremely limited, and this study acts to address this research gap. The results confirm that the vast majority of research focus has been in the fields of engineering and science. Research on the topic has gained momentum and has significantly increased since 2013 with research trends becoming increasingly diversified and gradually aligned with the concept of circular economy, while the topic of operational management has been highlighted as an area requiring additional attention. The keyword frequency analysis reveals the following highest occurring keywords in TF: life cycle; environmental impact; consumer; transportation; and production. The highest occurring keywords in TF-IDF: production; transportation; consumer; food; and environmental impact. Topic modelling revealed the following six topics: consumer behaviour; environmental pollution; circular economy; waste management; resource conservation; and operational management. This study contributes to understanding past, present, and future research agendas, and can be utilised as foundation for research development, as it provides insight to current research status and trends provided by the keyword network analysis highlighting research focus and trends in ‘sustainable packaging in supply chain management’. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability, Innovation and Competition: Emerging Actors and Challenges in Supply Chain Management)

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20 pages, 796 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Towards the Smart Circular Economy Paradigm: A Definition, Conceptualization, and Research Agenda

by Gianmarco Bressanelli, Federico Adrodegari, Daniela C. A. Pigosso and Vinit Parida

Sustainability 2022, 14(9), 4960; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094960 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 74 | Viewed by 10242

Abstract

The digital age we live in offers companies many opportunities to jointly advance sustainability and competitiveness. New digital technologies can, in fact, support the incorporation of circular economy principles into businesses, enabling new business models and facilitating the redesign of products and value [...] Read more.

The digital age we live in offers companies many opportunities to jointly advance sustainability and competitiveness. New digital technologies can, in fact, support the incorporation of circular economy principles into businesses, enabling new business models and facilitating the redesign of products and value chains. Despite this considerable potential, the convergence between the circular economy and these technologies is still underinvestigated. By reviewing the literature, this paper aims to provide a definition and a conceptual framework, which systematize the smart circular economy paradigm as an industrial system that uses digital technologies during the product life-cycle phases to implement circular strategies and practices aimed at value creation. Following this conceptualization, the classical, underlying circular economy principle, ‘waste equals food’, is reshaped into an equation more fitting for the digital age—that is to say, ‘waste + data = resource’. Lastly, this paper provides promising research directions to further develop this field. To advance knowledge on the smart circular economy paradigm, researchers and practitioners are advised to: (i) develop research from exploratory and descriptive to confirmatory and prescriptive purposes, relying on a wide spectrum of research methodologies; (ii) move the focus from single organizations to the entire ecosystem and value chain of stakeholders; (iii) combine different enabling digital technologies to leverage their synergistic potential; and (iv) assess the environmental impact of digital technologies to prevent potential rebound effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Economy in the Digital Age)

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