Plants

35 pages, 1836 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chemically Mediated Plant–Plant Interactions: Allelopathy and Allelobiosis

by Chui-Hua Kong, Zheng Li, Feng-Li Li, Xin-Xin Xia and Peng Wang

Plants 2024, 13(5), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050626 - 24 Feb 2024

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 12353

Plant–plant interactions are a central driver for plant coexistence and community assembly. Chemically mediated plant–plant interactions are represented by allelopathy and allelobiosis. Both allelopathy and allelobiosis are achieved through specialized metabolites (allelochemicals or signaling chemicals) produced and released from neighboring plants. Allelopathy exerts [...] Read more.

Plant–plant interactions are a central driver for plant coexistence and community assembly. Chemically mediated plant–plant interactions are represented by allelopathy and allelobiosis. Both allelopathy and allelobiosis are achieved through specialized metabolites (allelochemicals or signaling chemicals) produced and released from neighboring plants. Allelopathy exerts mostly negative effects on the establishment and growth of neighboring plants by allelochemicals, while allelobiosis provides plant neighbor detection and identity recognition mediated by signaling chemicals. Therefore, plants can chemically affect the performance of neighboring plants through the allelopathy and allelobiosis that frequently occur in plant–plant intra-specific and inter-specific interactions. Allelopathy and allelobiosis are two probably inseparable processes that occur together in plant–plant chemical interactions. Here, we comprehensively review allelopathy and allelobiosis in plant–plant interactions, including allelopathy and allelochemicals and their application for sustainable agriculture and forestry, allelobiosis and plant identity recognition, chemically mediated root–soil interactions and plant–soil feedback, and biosynthesis and the molecular mechanisms of allelochemicals and signaling chemicals. Altogether, these efforts provide the recent advancements in the wide field of allelopathy and allelobiosis, and new insights into the chemically mediated plant–plant interactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Chemical Ecology)

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15 pages, 2802 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How Does Bio-Organic Fertilizer Combined with Biochar Affect Chinese Small Cabbage’s Growth and Quality on Newly Reclaimed Land?

by Juan Wang, Biyu Zhai, Danyi Shi, Anquan Chen and Chuncheng Liu

Plants 2024, 13(5), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050598 - 22 Feb 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2125

Abstract

The cultivated land area in China is approaching the red line for farmland protection. Newly reclaimed land possesses a large exploratory potential to become a reserved land resource. Identifying a fertilization strategy is vital for improving the poor properties and weak fertility of [...] Read more.

The cultivated land area in China is approaching the red line for farmland protection. Newly reclaimed land possesses a large exploratory potential to become a reserved land resource. Identifying a fertilization strategy is vital for improving the poor properties and weak fertility of newly reclaimed land. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of traditional compound fertilizer (Fc) or bio-organic fertilizer (Ft), alone or in combination with biochar addition (6.85 t·ha⁻¹ and 13.7 t·ha⁻¹) on the growth, photosynthesis, yield and quality of Chinese small cabbage (CSC) plant. The results showed that compared to single compound fertilizer application, bio-organic fertilizer application promoted the plant’s growth, indicated by the plant height, stem diameter and leaf area index (LAI), and significantly enhanced the yield and dry matter accumulation of CSC. In terms of the combination with biochar, the promoting effects were positively related to the biochar addition rate in the compound fertilizer group, while it was better to apply bio-organic fertilizer alone or in combination with biochar at a low rate of 6.85 t·ha⁻¹. The highest yield was obtained under B2Fc and B1Ft with 29.41 and 37.93 t·ha⁻¹, respectively, and the yield under B1Ft was significantly higher than that under B2Fc. The water productivity (WP) significantly improved in response to both kinds of fertilizer combined with biochar at 6.85 t·ha⁻¹. There was a significant difference between the photosynthetic characteristics of plants treated with single-compound fertilizer and those treated with bio-organic fertilizer. The photosynthetic characteristics increased under compound fertilizer combined with biochar, while they regressed under bio-organic fertilizer combined with biochar. The quality of CSC, especially that of soluble sugars and total phenolics, improved under single bio-organic fertilizer application compared with that under single-compound fertilizer. The nitrite content of the plants increased with increasing biochar addition rate in both fertilizer groups. In conclusion, there is a significant promoting effect of applying bio-organic fertilizer to replace chemical fertilizer alone or combining compound fertilizer with low-rate biochar addition on newly reclaimed land. It is a recommended fertilization strategy to substitute or partially substitute chemical fertilizer with bio-organic fertilizer combined with biochar in newly reclaimed land, and it is of great significance to achieve fertilizer reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management and Efficient Utilization of Water and Fertilizer in Field Crops—2nd Edition)

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38 pages, 410 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plants in Menstrual Diseases: A Systematic Study from Italian Folk Medicine on Current Approaches

by Rosalucia Mazzei, Claudia Genovese, Angela Magariello, Alessandra Patitucci, Giampiero Russo and Giuseppe Tagarelli

Plants 2024, 13(5), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050589 - 22 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 6532

Abstract

Background: Plant-based remedies have been used since antiquity to treat menstrual-related diseases (MD). From the late nineteenth to the early to mid-twentieth century, Italian folk remedies to treat “women’s diseases” were documented in a vast corpus of literature sources. Aim: The purpose of [...] Read more.

Background: Plant-based remedies have been used since antiquity to treat menstrual-related diseases (MD). From the late nineteenth to the early to mid-twentieth century, Italian folk remedies to treat “women’s diseases” were documented in a vast corpus of literature sources. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to bring to light the plant-based treatments utilized by Italian folk medicine to heal clinical manifestations of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea and menstrual disorders in an attempt to discuss these remedies from a modern pharmacological point of view. Moreover, we compare the medical applications described by Hippocrates with those utilized by Italian folk medicine to check if they result from a sort of continuity of use by over two thousand years. Results: Out of the 54 plants employed in Italian folk medicine, 25 (46.3%) were already documented in the pharmacopoeia of the Corpus Hippocraticum for treating MD. Subsequently, a detailed search of scientific data banks such as Medline and Scopus was undertaken to uncover recent results concerning bioactivities of the plant extracts to treat MD. About 26% of the plants used by Italian folk medicine, nowadays, have undergone human trials to assess their actual efficacy. At the same time, about 41% of these herbal remedies come back to in different countries. Conclusions: Active principles extracted from plants used by Italian folk healers could be a promising source of knowledge and represent strength candidates for future drug discovery for the management of MD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Plants Diversity: Chemical Characterization, Biological Activity and Application Fields)

26 pages, 10784 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Global Transcriptome Analysis of the Peach (Prunus persica) in the Interaction System of Fruit–Chitosan–Monilinia fructicola

by Polina C. Tsalgatidou, Anastasia Boutsika, Anastasia G. Papageorgiou, Andreas Dalianis, Maria Michaliou, Michael Chatzidimopoulos, Costas Delis, Dimitrios I. Tsitsigiannis, Epaminondas Paplomatas and Antonios Zambounis

Plants 2024, 13(5), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13050567 - 20 Feb 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3093

Abstract

The peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most important stone-fruit crops worldwide. Nevertheless, successful peach fruit production is seriously reduced by losses due to Monilinia fructicola the causal agent of brown rot. Chitosan has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties [...] Read more.

The peach (Prunus persica L.) is one of the most important stone-fruit crops worldwide. Nevertheless, successful peach fruit production is seriously reduced by losses due to Monilinia fructicola the causal agent of brown rot. Chitosan has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial properties and may also act as an elicitor that activate defense responses in plants. As little is known about the elicitation potential of chitosan in peach fruits and its impact at their transcriptional-level profiles, the aim of this study was to uncover using RNA-seq the induced responses regulated by the action of chitosan in fruit–chitosan–M. fructicola interaction. Samples were obtained from fruits treated with chitosan or inoculated with M. fructicola, as well from fruits pre-treated with chitosan and thereafter inoculated with the fungus. Chitosan was found to delay the postharvest decay of fruits, and expression profiles showed that its defense-priming effects were mainly evident after the pathogen challenge, driven particularly by modulations of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cell-wall modifications, pathogen perception, and signal transduction, preventing the spread of fungus. In contrast, as the compatible interaction of fruits with M. fructicola was challenged, a shift towards defense responses was triggered with a delay, which was insufficient to limit fungal expansion, whereas DEGs involved in particular processes have facilitated early pathogen colonization. Physiological indicators of peach fruits were also measured. Additionally, expression profiles of particular M. fructicola genes highlight the direct antimicrobial activity of chitosan against the fungus. Overall, the results clarify the possible mechanisms of chitosan-mediated tolerance to M. fructicola and set new foundations for the potential employment of chitosan in the control of brown rot in peaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions: Insights on Pathology towards Sustainable Control)

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19 pages, 2676 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Cell-Protective Properties of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia L.) Fruits In Vitro

by Mara Aurori, Mihaela Niculae, Daniela Hanganu, Emoke Pall, Mihai Cenariu, Dan Cristian Vodnar, Nicodim Fiţ and Sanda Andrei

Plants 2024, 13(4), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13040538 - 16 Feb 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2952

Abstract

Considering that Sorbus aucuparia fruits have been underutilized despite their tremendous potential, this study aimed to correlate the in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and cell-protective abilities of fruit extracts derived from Sorbus aucuparia Romanian cultivars with their phytochemical composition. Therefore, following the preparation of [...] Read more.

Considering that Sorbus aucuparia fruits have been underutilized despite their tremendous potential, this study aimed to correlate the in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and cell-protective abilities of fruit extracts derived from Sorbus aucuparia Romanian cultivars with their phytochemical composition. Therefore, following the preparation of ethanolic and carotenoid extracts, phytochemical screening was performed using UV–Vis and HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS methods. The antioxidant activity was analyzed using DPPH and FRAP tests. As the results revealed high contents of bioactive compounds (polyphenols 1.11 mg GAE/g DM, flavonoids 430.06 µg QE/g DM and carotenoids 95.68 µg/g DM) and an important antiradical action (DPPH 24.51 mg/mL and FRAP 0.016 µM TE/mL), we chose to further examine the fruits’ biological properties. The antibacterial capacity was assessed employing agar well diffusion and broth microdilution techniques, with fruits displaying an intense activity against MSSA, MRSA and Enterococcus faecalis, but also E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cell-protective activity was analyzed on gentamicin-stressed renal cells, through MTT and Annexin V-FITC assays. Importantly, a significant increase in viability was registered on stressed cells following extract administration in low doses; nevertheless, viability was noticed to decline when exposed to elevated concentrations, potentially due to the cumulative actions of the extract and gentamicin. These findings offer novel light on the antibacterial activity of Sorbus aucuparia Romanian cultivars, as well as their cell-protective ability in renal cell injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Plant Extracts—Volume II)

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17 pages, 1968 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Antioxidant Activity and Seasonal Variations in the Composition of Insoluble Fiber from the Cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller: Development of New Extraction Procedures to Improve Fiber Yield

by Rosamaria Caminiti, Maria Serra, Saverio Nucera, Stefano Ruga, Francesca Oppedisano, Federica Scarano, Roberta Macrì, Carolina Muscoli, Ernesto Palma, Vincenzo Musolino, Giancarlo Statti, Vincenzo Mollace and Jessica Maiuolo

Plants 2024, 13(4), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13040544 - 16 Feb 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3024

Abstract

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller is a plant belonging to the Cactaceae family adapted to live in environments characterized by long periods of drought and arid or desert climates. This plant is characterized by an aerial part composed of structures transformed by branches, called [...] Read more.

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller is a plant belonging to the Cactaceae family adapted to live in environments characterized by long periods of drought and arid or desert climates. This plant is characterized by an aerial part composed of structures transformed by branches, called “cladodes”, which are essential to reduce excessive perspiration of water and appear covered with thorns. The composition of the cladodes includes water, polysaccharides, fiber, proteins, vitamins, fatty acids, sterols, polyphenols, and minerals. The main purposes of this scientific work are (a) to compare the insoluble fiber (IF) extracted from the cladodes of O. ficus-indica belonging to the same plant but collected in different seasonal periods (winter and summer) and develop new extraction protocols that are able to improve the yield obtained and (b) evaluate the antioxidant potential of the fiber and study possible variations as a result of the extraction protocol chosen. The first objective was achieved (1) by measuring the amount of IF extracted from cladodes harvested in winter and summer (CW and CS, respectively) and (2) by modifying three variables involved in the fiber extraction protocol. To achieve the second objective, the following experiments were carried out: (1) measurement of the antioxidant potential of IF in CW and CS; (2) measurement of cellular reactive oxygen species; (3) measurement of the activity of some antioxidant enzymes; and (4) comparison of the polyphenol content in CW and CS. In conclusion, the results obtained showed that the IF extraction process can be improved, achieving a uniform yield regardless of seasonality; the antioxidant effect may vary depending on the extraction protocol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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27 pages, 1676 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Phytochemicals and Their Usefulness in the Maintenance of Health

by Elda Victoria Rodríguez-Negrete, Ángel Morales-González, Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillán, Karina Sánchez-Reyes, Isela Álvarez-González, Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar, Carmen Valadez-Vega, German Chamorro-Cevallos, Luis Fernando Garcia-Melo and José A. Morales-González

Plants 2024, 13(4), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13040523 - 15 Feb 2024

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 13541

Abstract

Inflammation is the immune system’s first biological response to infection, injury, or irritation. Evidence suggests that the anti-inflammatory effect is mediated by the regulation of various inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alpha-α, interferon gamma-γ, as well as the [...] Read more.

Inflammation is the immune system’s first biological response to infection, injury, or irritation. Evidence suggests that the anti-inflammatory effect is mediated by the regulation of various inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alpha-α, interferon gamma-γ, as well as the non-cytokine mediator, prostaglandin E2. Currently, the mechanism of action and clinical usefulness of phytochemicals is known; their action on the activity of cytokines, free radicals, and oxidative stress. The latter are of great relevance in the development of diseases, such that the evidence collected demonstrates the beneficial effects of phytochemicals in maintaining health. Epidemiological evidence indicates that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is related to a low risk of developing cancer and other chronic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals Beneficial to Human Health - Volume II)

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19 pages, 3325 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Emerging Roles of Epigenetics in Grapevine and Winegrowing

by Xenophon Venios, Danai Gkizi, Aspasia Nisiotou, Elias Korkas, Sotirios E. Tjamos, Christos Zamioudis and Georgios Banilas

Plants 2024, 13(4), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13040515 - 13 Feb 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2785

Abstract

Epigenetics refers to dynamic chemical modifications to the genome that can perpetuate gene activity without changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in growth and development. They may also drive plant adaptation to adverse environmental conditions by buffering environmental variation. [...] Read more.

Epigenetics refers to dynamic chemical modifications to the genome that can perpetuate gene activity without changes in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms play important roles in growth and development. They may also drive plant adaptation to adverse environmental conditions by buffering environmental variation. Grapevine is an important perennial fruit crop cultivated worldwide, but mostly in temperate zones with hot and dry summers. The decrease in rainfall and the rise in temperature due to climate change, along with the expansion of pests and diseases, constitute serious threats to the sustainability of winegrowing. Ongoing research shows that epigenetic modifications are key regulators of important grapevine developmental processes, including berry growth and ripening. Variations in epigenetic modifications driven by genotype–environment interplay may also lead to novel phenotypes in response to environmental cues, a phenomenon called phenotypic plasticity. Here, we summarize the recent advances in the emerging field of grapevine epigenetics. We primarily highlight the impact of epigenetics to grapevine stress responses and acquisition of stress tolerance. We further discuss how epigenetics may affect winegrowing and also shape the quality of wine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grape and Wine Biotechnology)

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24 pages, 5209 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Environmental Assessment of Dryland and Irrigated Winter Wheat Cultivation under Compost Fertilization Strategies

by Elnaz Amirahmadi, Mohammad Ghorbani, Jan Moudrý, Jaroslav Bernas, Chisenga Emmanuel Mukosha and Trong Nghia Hoang

Plants 2024, 13(4), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13040509 - 12 Feb 2024

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2527

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a strategic agricultural crop that plays a significant role in maintaining national food security and sustainable economic development. Increasing technical performance considering lowering costs, energy, and environmental consequences are significant aims for wheat cultivation. For drylands, which [...] Read more.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a strategic agricultural crop that plays a significant role in maintaining national food security and sustainable economic development. Increasing technical performance considering lowering costs, energy, and environmental consequences are significant aims for wheat cultivation. For drylands, which cover approximately 41% of the world’s land surface, water stress has a considerable negative impact on crop output. The current study aimed to assess the environmental aspects of chemical fertilizer in combination with compost in dryland and irrigated winter wheat production systems through life cycle assessment (LCA). The cradle-to-farm gate was considered as the system boundary based on one tone of wheat yield and four strategies: D-C (dryland with compost), D (dryland without compost), I-C (irrigated with compost), and I (irrigated without compost). Based on the results, the highest and lowest amounts of wheat yield were related to the I-C and D strategies with 12.2 and 6.7 ton ha⁻¹, respectively. The LCA result showed that the I strategy in comparison with other strategies had the highest negative impact on human health (49%), resources (59%), ecosystem quality (44%), and climate change (43%). However, the D-C strategy resulted in the lowest adverse effect of 6% on human health, 1% on resources, 10% on ecosystem quality, and 11% on climate change. Utilizing a combination of fertilizer and compost in dryland areas could ensure a higher yield of crops in addition to alleviating negative environmental indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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12 pages, 1678 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Correlation between Antimicrobial Activity Values and Total Phenolic Content/Antioxidant Activity in Rubus idaeus L.

by Audrone Ispiryan, Vilma Atkociuniene, Natalija Makstutiene, Antanas Sarkinas, Alvija Salaseviciene, Dalia Urbonaviciene, Jonas Viskelis, Rasa Pakeltiene and Lina Raudone

Plants 2024, 13(4), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13040504 - 11 Feb 2024

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4843

Abstract

Plant by-products, which are discarded into the environment, are rich in valuable compounds. The aim of this research was to determine the antibacterial activity of Rubus idaeus L. morphological parts and its correlation with total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The authors also [...] Read more.

Plant by-products, which are discarded into the environment, are rich in valuable compounds. The aim of this research was to determine the antibacterial activity of Rubus idaeus L. morphological parts and its correlation with total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The authors also aimed to evaluate the plant’s potential as added-value products. New aspects were revealed for further use and for making novel and natural products. The study’s results indicated that raspberry leaves, inflorescences, and fruits could effectively combat three Gram-positive bacteria. According to the findings, among the various plant parts, root and seed extracts had the lowest antibacterial activity. Data revealed moderate, weak, or very weak correlation between the antimicrobial activity and phenolic content parameters. These findings underscore the viability of substituting synthetic antimicrobials with natural alternatives. The present study is significant for preparing novel products as antibacterials by appropriate and optimized processing using all raspberry morphological parts, and the research results show promising prospects for future purposeful utilisation of nature-based products. Raspberry plant parts can find applications in emerging fields that generate economic and environmental value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Resources of Berry and Medicinal Plants Volume II)

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15 pages, 3829 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

OsbZIP18 Is a Positive Regulator of Phenylpropanoid and Flavonoid Biosynthesis under UV-B Radiation in Rice

by Xueqing Liu, Ziyang Xie, Jiajun Xin, Shiqing Yuan, Shuo Liu, Yangyang Sun, Yuanyuan Zhang and Cheng Jin

Plants 2024, 13(4), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13040498 - 10 Feb 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1770

Abstract

In plants exposed to ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B; 280–315 nm), metabolic responses are activated, which reduce the damage caused by UV-B. Although several metabolites responding to UV-B stress have been identified in plants, the accumulation of these metabolites at different time points under [...] Read more.

In plants exposed to ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B; 280–315 nm), metabolic responses are activated, which reduce the damage caused by UV-B. Although several metabolites responding to UV-B stress have been identified in plants, the accumulation of these metabolites at different time points under UV-B stress remains largely unclear, and the transcription factors regulating these metabolites have not been well characterized. Here, we explored the changes in metabolites in rice after UV-B treatment for 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h and identified six patterns of metabolic change. We show that the rice transcription factor OsbZIP18 plays an important role in regulating phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis under UV-B stress in rice. Metabolic profiling revealed that the contents of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid were significantly reduced in osbzip18 mutants compared with the wild-type plants (WT) under UV-B stress. Further analysis showed that the expression of many genes involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways was lower in osbzip18 mutants than in WT plants, including OsPAL5, OsC4H, Os4CL, OsCHS, OsCHIL2, and OsF3H. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) revealed that OsbZIP18 bind to the promoters of these genes, suggesting that OsbZIP18 function is an important positive regulator of phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis under UV-B stress. In conclusion, our findings revealed that OsbZIP18 is an essential regulator for phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis and plays a crucial role in regulating UV-B stress responses in rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice and Rice Breeding)

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17 pages, 4062 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Interactive Effects of Microbial Fertilizer and Soil Salinity on the Hydraulic Properties of Salt-Affected Soil

by Xu Yang, Ke Zhang, Tingting Chang, Hiba Shaghaleh, Zhiming Qi, Jie Zhang, Huan Ye and Yousef Alhaj Hamoud

Plants 2024, 13(4), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13040473 - 7 Feb 2024

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3220

Abstract

Significant research has been conducted on the effects of fertilizers or agents on the sustainable development of agriculture in salinization areas. By contrast, limited consideration has been given to the interactive effects of microbial fertilizer (MF) and salinity on hydraulic properties in secondary [...] Read more.

Significant research has been conducted on the effects of fertilizers or agents on the sustainable development of agriculture in salinization areas. By contrast, limited consideration has been given to the interactive effects of microbial fertilizer (MF) and salinity on hydraulic properties in secondary salinization soil (SS) and coastal saline soil (CS). An incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of saline soil types, salinity levels (non-saline, low-salinity, and high-salinity soils), and MF amounts (32.89 g kg⁻¹ and 0 g kg⁻¹) on soil hydraulic properties. Applied MF improved soil water holding capacity in each saline soil compared with that in CK, and SS was higher than CS. Applied MF increased saturated moisture, field capacity, capillary fracture moisture, the wilting coefficient, and the hygroscopic coefficient by 0.02–18.91% in SS, while it was increased by 11.62–181.88% in CS. It increased soil water supply capacity in SS (except for high-salinity soil) and CS by 0.02–14.53% and 0.04–2.34%, respectively, compared with that in CK. Soil available, readily available, and unavailable water were positively correlated with MF, while soil gravity and readily available and unavailable water were positively correlated with salinity in SS. Therefore, a potential fertilization program with MF should be developed to increase hydraulic properties or mitigate the adverse effects of salinity on plants in similar SS or CS areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biochar Applications for Agricultural and Forest Ecosystems)

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20 pages, 5389 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Foliar Application of Amino Acids and Nutrients as a Tool to Mitigate Water Stress and Stabilize Sugarcane Yield and Bioenergy Generation

by Lucas Moraes Jacomassi, Marcela Pacola, Letusa Momesso, Josiane Viveiros, Osvaldo Araújo Júnior, Gabriela Ferraz de Siqueira, Murilo de Campos and Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol

Plants 2024, 13(3), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030461 - 5 Feb 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3642

Abstract

Extended periods of water stress negatively affect sugarcane crop production. The foliar application of supplements containing specific nutrients and/or organic molecules such as amino acids can improve sugarcane metabolism, stalk and sugar yields, and the quality of the extracted juice. The present study [...] Read more.

Extended periods of water stress negatively affect sugarcane crop production. The foliar application of supplements containing specific nutrients and/or organic molecules such as amino acids can improve sugarcane metabolism, stalk and sugar yields, and the quality of the extracted juice. The present study assessed the effectiveness of the foliar application of an abiotic stress protection complement (ASPC) composed of 18 amino acids and 5 macronutrients. The experiments were carried out in the field with two treatments and twelve replicates. The two treatments were no application of ASPC (control) and foliar application of ASPC. The foliar application of ASPC increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (DPPH) was higher in ASPC-treated plants than in control plants, reflecting higher antioxidant enzyme activity and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The level of H₂O₂ was 11.27 nM g⁻¹ protein in plants treated with ASPC but 23.71 nM g⁻¹ protein in control plants. Moreover, the application of ASPC increased stalk yield and sucrose accumulation, thus increasing the quality of the raw material. By positively stabilizing the cellular redox balance in sugarcane plants, ASPC application also increased energy generation. Therefore, applying ASPC is an effective strategy for relieving water stress while improving crop productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants)

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18 pages, 2219 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ecophysiology of Antarctic Vascular Plants: An Update on the Extreme Environment Resistance Mechanisms and Their Importance in Facing Climate Change

by Constanza F. Ramírez, Lohengrin A. Cavieres, Carolina Sanhueza, Valentina Vallejos, Olman Gómez-Espinoza, León A. Bravo and Patricia L. Sáez

Plants 2024, 13(3), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030449 - 3 Feb 2024

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3888

Abstract

Antarctic flowering plants have become enigmatic because of their unique capability to colonize Antarctica. It has been shown that there is not a single trait that makes Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica so special, but rather a set of morphophysiological traits that coordinately [...] Read more.

Antarctic flowering plants have become enigmatic because of their unique capability to colonize Antarctica. It has been shown that there is not a single trait that makes Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica so special, but rather a set of morphophysiological traits that coordinately confer resistance to one of the harshest environments on the Earth. However, both their capacity to inhabit Antarctica and their uniqueness remain not fully explained from a biological point of view. These aspects have become more relevant due to the climatic changes already impacting Antarctica. This review aims to compile and update the recent advances in the ecophysiology of Antarctic vascular plants, deepen understanding of the mechanisms behind their notable resistance to abiotic stresses, and contribute to understanding their potential responses to environmental changes. The uniqueness of Antarctic plants has prompted research that emphasizes the role of leaf anatomical traits and cell wall properties in controlling water loss and CO₂ exchange, the role of Rubisco kinetics traits in facilitating efficient carbon assimilation, and the relevance of metabolomic pathways in elucidating key processes such as gas exchange, nutrient uptake, and photoprotection. Climate change is anticipated to have significant and contrasting effects on the morphophysiological processes of Antarctic species. However, more studies in different locations outside Antarctica and using the latitudinal gradient as a natural laboratory to predict the effects of climate change are needed. Finally, we raise several questions that should be addressed, both to unravel the uniqueness of Antarctic vascular species and to understand their potential responses to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Extreme Environment Plants to Abiotic Stress)

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24 pages, 4093 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Straw Returning and New Fertilizer Substitution on Rice Growth, Yield, and Soil Properties in the Chaohu Lake Region of China

by Mei Luo, Ying Liu, Jing Li, Tingfeng Gao, Sheng Wu, Lei Wu, Xijun Lai, Hongjun Xu, Hongxiang Hu and Youhua Ma

Plants 2024, 13(3), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030444 - 2 Feb 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2604

Abstract

Recently, replacing chemical fertilizers with straw returning and new fertilizers has received considerable attention in the agricultural sector, as it is believed to increase rice yield and improve soil properties. However, less is known about rice growth and soil properties in paddy fields [...] Read more.

Recently, replacing chemical fertilizers with straw returning and new fertilizers has received considerable attention in the agricultural sector, as it is believed to increase rice yield and improve soil properties. However, less is known about rice growth and soil properties in paddy fields with the addition of different fertilizers. Thus, in this paper, we investigated the effects of different fertilizer treatments, including no fertilization (CK), optimized fertilization based on the medium yield recommended fertilizer amount (OF), 4.50 Mg ha⁻¹ straw returning with chemical fertilizers (SF), 0.59 Mg ha⁻¹ slow-release fertilizer with chemical fertilizers (SRF), and 0.60 Mg ha⁻¹ water-soluble fertilizer with chemical fertilizers (WSF), on rice growth, yield, and soil properties through a field experiment. The results show that compared with the OF treatment, the new SF, SRF, and WSF treatments increased plant height, main root length, tiller number, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, and aboveground dry weight. The SF, SRF, and WSF treatments improved rice grain yield by 30.65–32.51% and 0.24–1.66% compared to the CK and OF treatments, respectively. The SRF treatment increased nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake by 18.78% and 28.68%, the harvest indexes of N and P by 1.75% and 0.59%, and the partial productivity of N and P by 2.64% and 2.63%, respectively, compared with the OF treatment. However, fertilization did not significantly affect the average yield, harvest indexes of N and P, and partial productivity of N and P. The contents of TN, AN, SOM, TP, AP, and AK across all the treatments decreased significantly with increasing soil depth, while soil pH increased with soil depth. The SF treatment could more effectively increase soil pH and NH₄⁺-N content compared to the SRF and WSF treatments, while the SRF treatment could greatly enhance other soil nutrients and enzyme activities compared to the SF and WSF treatments. A correlation analysis showed that rice yield was significantly positively associated with tiller number, leaf area index, chlorophyll, soil NO₃⁻-N, NH₄⁺-N, SOM, TP, AK, and soil enzyme activity. The experimental results indicate that SRF was the best fertilization method to improve rice growth and yield and enhance soil properties, followed by the SF, WSF, and OF treatments. Hence, the results provide useful information for better fertilization management in the Chaohu Lake region of China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Management)

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15 pages, 4762 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Longer Photoperiod Substantially Increases Indoor-Grown Cannabis’ Yield and Quality: A Study of Two High-THC Cultivars Grown under 12 h vs. 13 h Days

by Ashleigh Ahrens, David Llewellyn and Youbin Zheng

Plants 2024, 13(3), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030433 - 1 Feb 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 18836

Abstract

Indoor-grown Cannabis sativa is commonly transitioned to a 12 h daily photoperiod to promote flowering. However, our previous research has shown that some indoor-grown cannabis cultivars can initiate strong flowering responses under daily photoperiods longer than 12 h. Since longer photoperiods inherently provide [...] Read more.

Indoor-grown Cannabis sativa is commonly transitioned to a 12 h daily photoperiod to promote flowering. However, our previous research has shown that some indoor-grown cannabis cultivars can initiate strong flowering responses under daily photoperiods longer than 12 h. Since longer photoperiods inherently provide higher daily light integrals (DLIs), they may also increase growth and yield. To test this hypothesis, two THC-dominant cannabis cultivars, ‘Incredible Milk’ (IM) and ‘Gorilla Glue’ (GG), were grown to commercial maturity at a canopy level PPFD of 540 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹ from white LEDS under 12 h or 13 h daily photoperiods, resulting in DLIs of 23.8 and 25.7 mol·m⁻²·d⁻¹, respectively. Both treatments were harvested when the plants in the 12 h treatment reached maturity according to established commercial protocols. There was no delay in flowering initiation time in GG, but flowering initiation in IM was delayed by about 1.5 d under 13 h. Stigma browning and trichome ambering also occurred earlier and progressed faster in the 12 h treatment in both cultivars. The vegetative growth of IM plants in the 13 h treatment was greater and more robust. The inflorescence yields were strikingly higher in the 13 h vs. 12 h treatment, i.e., 1.35 times and 1.50 times higher in IM and GG, respectively, which is 4 to 6 times higher than the relative increase in DLIs. The inflorescence concentrations of major cannabinoids in the 13 h treatment were either higher or not different from the 12 h treatment in both cultivars. These results suggest that there may be substantial commercial benefits for using photoperiods longer than 12 h for increasing inflorescence yields without decreasing cannabinoid concentrations in some cannabis cultivars grown in indoor environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cannabis sativa: Advances in Biology and Cultivation)

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17 pages, 971 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nutritive Value and Bioactivities of a Halophyte Edible Plant: Crithmum maritimum L. (Sea Fennel)

by Iris Correia, Madalena Antunes, Carla Tecelão, Marta Neves, Cristiana L. Pires, Pedro F. Cruz, Maria Rodrigues, Claúdia C. Peralta, Cidália D. Pereira, Fernando Reboredo, Maria João Moreno, Rui M. M. Brito, Vânia S. Ribeiro, Daniela C. Vaz and Maria Jorge Campos

Plants 2024, 13(3), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030427 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3330

Abstract

Crithmum maritimum L. (sea fennel), an edible xerophyte of coastal habitats, is considered an emerging cash crop for biosaline agriculture due to its salt-tolerance ability and potential applications in the agri-food sector. Here, the nutritional value and bioactive properties of sea fennel are [...] Read more.

Crithmum maritimum L. (sea fennel), an edible xerophyte of coastal habitats, is considered an emerging cash crop for biosaline agriculture due to its salt-tolerance ability and potential applications in the agri-food sector. Here, the nutritional value and bioactive properties of sea fennel are described. Sea fennel leaves, flowers, and schizocarps are composed of carbohydrates (>65%) followed by ash, proteins, and lipids. Sea fennel’s salty, succulent leaves are a source of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid. Extracts obtained from flowers and fruits/schizocarps are rich in antioxidants and polyphenols and show antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Candida albicans, and Candida parapsilosis. Plant material is particularly rich in sodium (Na) but also in other nutritionally relevant minerals, such as calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), beyond presenting a potential prebiotic effect on Lactobacillus bulgaricus and being nontoxic to human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 model cells, up to 1.0% (w/v). Hence, the rational use of sea fennel can bring nutrients, aroma, and flavor to culinary dishes while balancing microbiomes and contributing to expanding the shelf life of food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of Phytochemicals and Nutritional Characterizations of Food Plants)

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15 pages, 2311 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted by Flowers: Ecological Roles, Production by Plants, Extraction, and Identification

by Mame-Marietou Lo, Zohra Benfodda, Roland Molinié and Patrick Meffre

Plants 2024, 13(3), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030417 - 31 Jan 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5732

Abstract

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with a large chemical diversity are emitted by plant flowers. These compounds play an important role in the ecology of plants. This review presents the different ecological roles of VOCs present in the odor plumes of plant flowers, such [...] Read more.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with a large chemical diversity are emitted by plant flowers. These compounds play an important role in the ecology of plants. This review presents the different ecological roles of VOCs present in the odor plumes of plant flowers, such as pollination, defense, adaptation to their environment, and communication with other organisms. The production and accumulation sites of VOCs in plants with their spatial and temporal variations, including environmental issues, are also summarized. To evaluate the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of VOCs, several methods of extraction and analysis were used. Headspace (HS) sampling coupled with solid phase microextraction (SPME) is now well-developed for the extraction process. Parameters are known, and several fibers are now available to optimize this extraction. Most of the time, SPME is coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the structural identification of the VOCs, paying attention to the use of several complementary methods for identification like the use of databases, retention indices, and, when available, comparison with authentic standards analyses. The development of the knowledge on VOCs emitted by flowers is of great importance for plant ecology in the context of environmental and climate changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volatile Compounds Emitted by Flowers: Extraction, Identification, and Application)

26 pages, 2959 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Next Generation Sequencing, and Development of a Pipeline as a Tool for the Detection and Discovery of Citrus Pathogens to Facilitate Safer Germplasm Exchange

by Manjunath Keremane, Khushwant Singh, Chandrika Ramadugu, Robert R. Krueger and Todd H. Skaggs

Plants 2024, 13(3), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030411 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2743

Abstract

Citrus is affected by many diseases, and hence, the movement of citrus propagative materials is highly regulated in the USA. Currently used regulatory pathogen detection methods include biological and laboratory-based technologies, which are time-consuming, expensive, and have many limitations. There is an urgent [...] Read more.

Citrus is affected by many diseases, and hence, the movement of citrus propagative materials is highly regulated in the USA. Currently used regulatory pathogen detection methods include biological and laboratory-based technologies, which are time-consuming, expensive, and have many limitations. There is an urgent need to develop alternate, rapid, economical, and reliable testing methods for safe germplasm exchange. Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) has devastated citrus industries leading to an increased need for germplasm exchanges between citrus growing regions for evaluating many potentially valuable hybrids for both HLB resistance and multilocational performance. In the present study, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) methods were used to sequence the transcriptomes of 21 test samples, including 15 well-characterized pathogen-positive plants. A workflow was designed in the CLC Genomics Workbench software, v 21.0.5 for bioinformatics analysis of the sequence data for the detection of pathogens. NGS was rapid and found to be a valuable technique for the detection of viral and bacterial pathogens, and for the discovery of new citrus viruses, complementary to the existing array of biological and laboratory assays. Using NGS methods, we detected beet western yellows virus, a newly reported citrus virus, and a variant of the citrus yellow vein-associated virus associated with the “fatal yellows” disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disease Control Strategies in Citrus Plants)

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16 pages, 1344 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pseudomonas taetrolens ULE-PH5 and Pseudomonas sp. ULE-PH6 Isolated from the Hop Rhizosphere Increase Phosphate Assimilation by the Plant

by Seyedehtannaz Ghoreshizadeh, Carla Calvo-Peña, Marina Ruiz-Muñoz, Rebeca Otero-Suárez, Juan José R. Coque and Rebeca Cobos

Plants 2024, 13(3), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030402 - 29 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2114

Abstract

Most of the phosphorus incorporated into agricultural soils through the use of fertilizers precipitates in the form of insoluble salts that are incapable of being used by plants. This insoluble phosphorus present in large quantities in soil forms the well-known “phosphorus legacy”. The [...] Read more.

Most of the phosphorus incorporated into agricultural soils through the use of fertilizers precipitates in the form of insoluble salts that are incapable of being used by plants. This insoluble phosphorus present in large quantities in soil forms the well-known “phosphorus legacy”. The solubilization of this “phosphorus legacy” has become a goal of great agronomic importance, and the use of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria would be a useful tool for this purpose. In this work, we have isolated and characterized phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from the rhizosphere of hop plants. Two particular strains, Pseudomonas taetrolens ULE-PH5 and Pseudomonas sp. ULE-PH6, were selected as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria due to their high phosphate solubilization capability in both plate and liquid culture assays and other interesting traits, including auxin and siderophore production, phytate degradation, and acidic and alkaline phosphatase production. These strains were able to significantly increase phosphate uptake and accumulation of phosphorus in the aerial part (stems, petioles, and leaves) of hop plants, as determined by greenhouse trials. These strains are promising candidates to produce biofertilizers specifically to increase phosphate adsorption by hop plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biofertilizers in Plant Growth and Defence)

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18 pages, 3460 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hydrogen Peroxide Alleviates Salt Stress Effects on Gas Exchange, Growth, and Production of Naturally Colored Cotton

by Jackson Silva Nóbrega, Valéria Ribeiro Gomes, Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares, Geovani Soares de Lima, André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva, Hans Raj Gheyi, Rafaela Aparecida Frazão Torres, Fellype Jonathar Lemos da Silva, Toshik Iarley da Silva, Franciscleudo Bezerra da Costa, Maila Vieira Dantas, Riselane de Lucena Alcântara Bruno, Reginaldo Gomes Nobre and Francisco Vanies da Silva Sá

Plants 2024, 13(3), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030390 - 28 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2070

Abstract

Cotton is one of the most exploited crops in the world, being one of the most important for the Brazilian Northeast. In this region, the use of irrigation is often necessary to meet the water demand of the crop. Water is often used [...] Read more.

Cotton is one of the most exploited crops in the world, being one of the most important for the Brazilian Northeast. In this region, the use of irrigation is often necessary to meet the water demand of the crop. Water is often used from underground wells that have a large amount of salt in their constitution, which can compromise the development of crops, so it is vital to adopt strategies that reduce salt stress effects on plants, such as the foliar application of hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of hydrogen peroxide on the gas exchange, growth, and production of naturally colored cotton under salt stress in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in a 5 × 5 factorial scheme, with five salinity levels of irrigation water—ECw (0.3, 2.0, 3.7, 5.4 and 7.1 dS m⁻¹)—and five concentrations of hydrogen peroxide—H₂O₂ (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM), and with three replicates. The naturally colored cotton ‘BRS Jade’ had its gas exchange, growth, biomass production, and production reduced due to the effects of salt stress, but the plants were able to produce up to the ECw of 3.97 dS m⁻¹. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at the estimated concentrations of 56.25 and 37.5 μM reduced the effects of salt stress on the stomatal conductance and CO₂ assimilation rate of cotton plants under the estimated ECw levels of 0.73 and 1.58 dS m⁻¹, respectively. In turn, the concentration of 12.5 μM increased water-use efficiency in plants subjected to salinity of 2.43 dS m⁻¹. Absolute and relative growth rates in leaf area increased with foliar application of 100 μM of hydrogen peroxide under ECw of 0.73 and 0.3 dS m⁻¹, respectively. Under conditions of low water salinity (0.3 dS m⁻¹), foliar application of hydrogen peroxide stimulated the biomass formation and production components of cotton. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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15 pages, 3561 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Regional Variations in Peucedanum japonicum Antioxidants and Phytochemicals

by Neil Patrick Uy, Hoon Kim, Jajung Ku and Sanghyun Lee

Plants 2024, 13(3), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030377 - 27 Jan 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2031

Abstract

Peucedanum japonicum has long been a staple in East Asian cuisine. In the context of traditional medicine, various members of the Peucedanum genus have been investigated for potential medicinal properties. In laboratory settings, some compounds derived from this plant have shown antioxidant and [...] Read more.

Peucedanum japonicum has long been a staple in East Asian cuisine. In the context of traditional medicine, various members of the Peucedanum genus have been investigated for potential medicinal properties. In laboratory settings, some compounds derived from this plant have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties—characteristics often associated with potential medicinal applications. This study aimed to determine which part of the P. japonicum plants cultivated on two Korean islands contains the most antioxidant compounds. This determination was made through assessments of total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content, coupled with evaluation of antioxidant activity via DPPH and ABTS assays. The results showed that the aerial parts contain a richer array of bioactive compounds and demonstrate superior antioxidant activity compared to their root counterparts in the plants from both islands. To characterize the phytochemicals underpinning this bioactivity, LC-MS/MS and HPLC analyses were carried out. These methods detected varying amounts of chlorogenic acid, peucedanol 7-O-glucoside, rutin, and peucedanol, with good separation and retention times. This study addresses the lack of research on the antioxidant activity of different parts of P. japonicum. The findings hold significance for traditional medicine, dietary supplements, and the development of functional foods. Understanding antioxidant distribution aids in the development of medicinal and nutritional applications, influences agricultural practices, and contributes to regional biodiversity-conservation efforts. The study’s geographical scope provides insights into how location impacts the concentration of bioactive compounds in plants. Overall, the results contribute valuable data for future research in plant biology, biochemistry, and related fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products and Phytotherapy: Advances in Phytochemistry and Pharmacology)

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17 pages, 8093 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Melatonin Modulates Tomato Root Morphology by Regulating Key Genes and Endogenous Hormones

by Qiang Tian, Guangzheng Wang, Jianhua Dou, Yu Niu, Ruirui Li, Wangwang An, Zhongqi Tang and Jihua Yu

Plants 2024, 13(3), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030383 - 27 Jan 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2466

Abstract

Melatonin plays a vital role in plant growth and development. In this study, we treated hydroponically grown tomato roots with various concentrations of exogenous melatonin (0, 10, 30, and 50 μmol·L⁻¹). We utilized root scanning and microscopy to examine alterations in [...] Read more.

Melatonin plays a vital role in plant growth and development. In this study, we treated hydroponically grown tomato roots with various concentrations of exogenous melatonin (0, 10, 30, and 50 μmol·L⁻¹). We utilized root scanning and microscopy to examine alterations in root morphology and cell differentiation and elucidated the mechanism by which melatonin regulates these changes through the interplay with endogenous hormones and relevant genes. The results showed that for melatonin at concentrations ranging between 10 and 30 μmol·L⁻¹, the development of lateral roots were significantly stimulated, the root hair growth was enhanced, and biomass accumulation and root activity were increased. Furthermore, we elucidated that melatonin acts as a mediator for the expression of genes, such as SlCDKA1, SlCYCA3;1, SlARF2, SlF3H, and SlKT1, which are involved in the regulation of root morphology changes. Additionally, we observed that melatonin influences the levels of endogenous hormones, including ZT, GA3, IAA, ABA, and BR, which subsequently impact the root morphology development of tomato roots. In summary, this study shows that tomato root morphology can be promoted by the optimal concentration of exogenous melatonin (10–30 μmol·L⁻¹). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Ecophysiology)

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21 pages, 1203 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Thymol as a Component of Chitosan Systems—Several New Applications in Medicine: A Comprehensive Review

by Adam Kowalczyk, Bartosz Twarowski, Izabela Fecka, Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso and Igor Jerković

Plants 2024, 13(3), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030362 - 25 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3598

Abstract

Thymol, a plant-derived monoterpene phenol known for its broad biological activity, has often been incorporated into chitosan-based biomaterials to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature review from 2018 to [...] Read more.

Thymol, a plant-derived monoterpene phenol known for its broad biological activity, has often been incorporated into chitosan-based biomaterials to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature review from 2018 to 2023, focusing on the biomedical implications of thymol-loaded chitosan systems. A review of databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted using specific keywords and search criteria. Of the 90 articles, 12 were selected for the review. Thymol-loaded chitosan-based nanogels (TLCBS) showed improved antimicrobial properties, especially against multidrug-resistant bacterial antagonists. Innovations such as bipolymer nanocarriers and thymol impregnated with photosensitive chitosan micelles offer advanced bactericidal strategies and show potential for bone tissue regeneration and wound healing. The incorporation of thymol also improved drug delivery efficiency and biomechanical strength, especially when combined with poly(dimethylsiloxane) in chitosan–gelatin films. Thymol–chitosan combinations have also shown promising applications in oral delivery and periodontal treatment. This review highlights the synergy between thymol and chitosan in these products, which greatly enhances their therapeutic efficacy and highlights the novel use of essential oil components. It also highlights the novelty of the studies conducted, as well as their limitations and possible directions for the development of integrated substances of plant and animal origin in modern and advanced medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Review Papers in Phytochemistry)

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21 pages, 939 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Progress in Microbial Fertilizer Regulation of Crop Growth and Soil Remediation Research

by Tingting Wang, Jiaxin Xu, Jian Chen, Peng Liu, Xin Hou, Long Yang and Li Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(3), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030346 - 24 Jan 2024

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9493

Abstract

More food is needed to meet the demand of the global population, which is growing continuously. Chemical fertilizers have been used for a long time to increase crop yields, and may have negative effect on human health and the agricultural environment. In order [...] Read more.

More food is needed to meet the demand of the global population, which is growing continuously. Chemical fertilizers have been used for a long time to increase crop yields, and may have negative effect on human health and the agricultural environment. In order to make ongoing agricultural development more sustainable, the use of chemical fertilizers will likely have to be reduced. Microbial fertilizer is a kind of nutrient-rich and environmentally friendly biological fertilizer made from plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR). Microbial fertilizers can regulate soil nutrient dynamics and promote soil nutrient cycling by improving soil microbial community changes. This process helps restore the soil ecosystem, which in turn promotes nutrient uptake, regulates crop growth, and enhances crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This paper reviews the classification of microbial fertilizers and their function in regulating crop growth, nitrogen fixation, phosphorus, potassium solubilization, and the production of phytohormones. We also summarize the role of PGPR in helping crops against biotic and abiotic stresses. Finally, we discuss the function and the mechanism of applying microbial fertilizers in soil remediation. This review helps us understand the research progress of microbial fertilizer and provides new perspectives regarding the future development of microbial agent in sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Nutrition and Novel Fertilizers)

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24 pages, 1023 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plant Growth Regulation in Cell and Tissue Culture In Vitro

by Taras P. Pasternak and Douglas Steinmacher

Plants 2024, 13(2), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020327 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 25980

Abstract

Precise knowledge of all aspects controlling plant tissue culture and in vitro plant regeneration is crucial for plant biotechnologists and their correlated industry, as there is increasing demand for this scientific knowledge, resulting in more productive and resilient plants in the field. However, [...] Read more.

Precise knowledge of all aspects controlling plant tissue culture and in vitro plant regeneration is crucial for plant biotechnologists and their correlated industry, as there is increasing demand for this scientific knowledge, resulting in more productive and resilient plants in the field. However, the development and application of cell and tissue culture techniques are usually based on empirical studies, although some data-driven models are available. Overall, the success of plant tissue culture is dependent on several factors such as available nutrients, endogenous auxin synthesis, organic compounds, and environment conditions. In this review, the most important aspects are described one by one, with some practical recommendations based on basic research in plant physiology and sharing our practical experience from over 20 years of research in this field. The main aim is to help new plant biotechnologists and increase the impact of the plant tissue culture industry worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tissue Culture and Plant Regeneration)

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18 pages, 4575 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Changes in Biologically Active Compounds in Pinus sylvestris Needles after Lymantria monacha Outbreaks and Treatment with Foray 76B

by Vytautas Čėsna, Ieva Čėsnienė, Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė and Diana Marčiulynienė

Plants 2024, 13(2), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020328 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2035

Abstract

Due to climate warming, the occurrence of Lymantria monacha outbreaks is predicted to become more frequent, causing repeated and severe damage to conifer trees. Currently, the most effective way to control the outbreaks is aerial spraying with the bioinsecticide Foray 76B. The present [...] Read more.

Due to climate warming, the occurrence of Lymantria monacha outbreaks is predicted to become more frequent, causing repeated and severe damage to conifer trees. Currently, the most effective way to control the outbreaks is aerial spraying with the bioinsecticide Foray 76B. The present study aimed to determine the impact of both: (i) L. monacha outbreaks and (ii) treatment with Foray 76B on tree resistance through the synthesis of polyphenols (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and soluble sugars (TSS) in Pinus sylvestris needles. Samples were collected from visually healthy (control), damaged/untreated, and damaged/Foray 76B-treated plots in 2020 and 2021 (following year after the outbreaks). The results revealed that L. monacha outbreaks contributed to the increase in TPC by 34.1% in 2020 and 26.7% in 2021. TFC negatively correlated with TPC, resulting in 17.6% and 11.1% lower concentrations in L. monacha-damaged plots in 2020 and 2021, respectively. A decrease in MDA was found in the damaged plots in both 2020 and 2021 (10.2% and 23.3%, respectively), which was associated with the increased synthesis of photosynthetic pigments in 2021. The research results also showed that in the following year after the outbreaks, the increase in the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments was also affected by the treatment with Foray 76B. Moreover, the increase in the synthesis of TPC and photosynthetic pigments in the damaged plots in 2021 illustrates the ability of pines to keep an activated defense system to fight biotic stress. Meanwhile, a higher synthesis of photosynthetic pigments in Foray 76B-treated plots indicates a possible effect of the treatment on faster tree growth and forest recovery after L. monacha outbreaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Plants)

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26 pages, 796 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Advances in the Involvement of Metals and Metalloids in Plant Defense Response to External Stress

by Lingxiao Zhang, Zhengyan Liu, Yun Song, Junkang Sui and Xuewen Hua

Plants 2024, 13(2), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020313 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3690

Abstract

Plants, as sessile organisms, uptake nutrients from the soil. Throughout their whole life cycle, they confront various external biotic and abiotic threats, encompassing harmful element toxicity, pathogen infection, and herbivore attack, posing risks to plant growth and production. Plants have evolved multifaceted mechanisms [...] Read more.

Plants, as sessile organisms, uptake nutrients from the soil. Throughout their whole life cycle, they confront various external biotic and abiotic threats, encompassing harmful element toxicity, pathogen infection, and herbivore attack, posing risks to plant growth and production. Plants have evolved multifaceted mechanisms to cope with exogenous stress. The element defense hypothesis (EDH) theory elucidates that plants employ elements within their tissues to withstand various natural enemies. Notably, essential and non-essential trace metals and metalloids have been identified as active participants in plant defense mechanisms, especially in nanoparticle form. In this review, we compiled and synthetized recent advancements and robust evidence regarding the involvement of trace metals and metalloids in plant element defense against external stresses that include biotic stressors (such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity) and abiotic environmental stressors (such as pathogen invasion and herbivore attack). We discuss the mechanisms underlying the metals and metalloids involved in plant defense enhancement from physiological, biochemical, and molecular perspectives. By consolidating this information, this review enhances our understanding of how metals and metalloids contribute to plant element defense. Drawing on the current advances in plant elemental defense, we propose an application prospect of metals and metalloids in agricultural products to solve current issues, including soil pollution and production, for the sustainable development of agriculture. Although the studies focused on plant elemental defense have advanced, the precise mechanism under the plant defense response still needs further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Plant Nutrition: From Elements Uptake to Signaling and Crop Improvement)

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18 pages, 9550 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transcriptome Expression Profiling Reveals the Molecular Response to Salt Stress in Gossypium anomalum Seedlings

by Huan Yu, Qi Guo, Wei Ji, Heyang Wang, Jingqi Tao, Peng Xu, Xianglong Chen, Wuzhimu Ali, Xuan Wu, Xinlian Shen, Yinfeng Xie and Zhenzhen Xu

Plants 2024, 13(2), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020312 - 20 Jan 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2290

Abstract

Some wild cotton species are remarkably tolerant to salt stress, and hence represent valuable resources for improving salt tolerance of the domesticated allotetraploid species Gossypium hirsutum L. Here, we first detected salt-induced stress changes in physiological and biochemical indexes of G. anomalum, [...] Read more.

Some wild cotton species are remarkably tolerant to salt stress, and hence represent valuable resources for improving salt tolerance of the domesticated allotetraploid species Gossypium hirsutum L. Here, we first detected salt-induced stress changes in physiological and biochemical indexes of G. anomalum, a wild African diploid cotton species. Under 350 mmol/L NaCl treatment, the photosynthetic parameters declined significantly, whereas hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD) activity and proline (PRO) content also significantly increased, reaching peak values at different stages of salt stress. We used RNA-Seq to characterize 15,476 differentially expressed genes in G. anomalum roots after 6, 12, 24, 72, and 144 h of salt stress. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed these genes to be related to sequence-specific DNA and iron ion binding and oxidoreductase, peroxidase, antioxidant, and transferase activity; meanwhile, the top enriched pathways from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database were plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, fatty acid degradation, carotenoid biosynthesis, zeatin biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and MAPK signaling. A total of 1231 transcription factors were found to be expressed in response to salt stress, representing ERF, MYB, WRKY, NAC, C₂H₂, bZIP, and HD-ZIP families. Nine candidate genes were validated by quantitative real-time PCR and their expression patterns were found to be consistent with the RNA-Seq data. These data promise to significantly advance our understanding of the molecular response to salt stress in Gossypium spp., with potential value for breeding applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Adaptation to Environmental Abiotic Stressors)

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20 pages, 3671 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimization of Plant Nutrition in Aquaponics: The Impact of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus mojavensis on Lettuce and Basil Yield and Mineral Status

by Kateřina Patloková and Robert Pokluda

Plants 2024, 13(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020291 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3178

Abstract

The present study aims to test the effect of a nutrient solution, with the addition of microbial inoculum, on the growth and mineral composition of ‘Hilbert’ and ‘Barlach’ lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa var. crispa, L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum, [...] Read more.

The present study aims to test the effect of a nutrient solution, with the addition of microbial inoculum, on the growth and mineral composition of ‘Hilbert’ and ‘Barlach’ lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa var. crispa, L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum, L.) cultivated in a vertical indoor farm. These crops were grown in four different variants of nutrient solution: (1) hydroponic; (2) aquaponic, derived from a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) with rainbow trout; (3) aquaponic, treated with Trichoderma harzianum; (4) aquaponic, treated with Bacillus mojavensis. The benefits of T. harzianum inoculation were most evident in basil, where a significantly higher number of leaves (by 44.9%), a higher nitrate content (by 36.4%), and increased vitamin C (by 126.0%) were found when compared to the aquaponic variant. Inoculation with T. harzianum can be recommended for growing basil in N-limited conditions. B. mojavensis caused a higher degree of removal of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ from the nutrient solution (243.1% and 254.4% higher, in comparison to the aquaponic solution). This is desirable in aquaponics as these ions may accumulate in the system solution. B. mojavensis further increased the number of leaves in all crops (by 44.9–82.9%) and the content of vitamin C in basil and ‘Hilbert’ lettuce (by 168.3 and 45.0%) compared to the aquaponic solution. The inoculums of both microbial species used did not significantly affect the crop yield or the activity of the biofilter. The nutrient levels in RAS-based nutrient solutions are mostly suboptimal or in a form that is unavailable to the plants; thus, their utilization must be maximized. These findings can help to reduce the required level of supplemental mineral fertilizers in aquaponics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Involvement of Microorganisms in Nutrient Cycling in Ecosystems)

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27 pages, 6931 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Multifunctional Pomegranate Peel Microparticles with Health-Promoting Effects for the Sustainable Development of Novel Nutraceuticals and Pharmaceuticals

by Milica Radan, Nada Ćujić Nikolić, Snežana Kuzmanović Nedeljković, Zorana Mutavski, Nemanja Krgović, Tatjana Stević, Smilja Marković, Aleksandra Jovanović, Jelena Živković and Katarina Šavikin

Plants 2024, 13(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020281 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2237

Abstract

Recovering the bioactive components from pomegranate peel (PP) in the fruit-processing industry has attracted great attention in terms of minimizing the waste burden, as well as providing a new source of a multitude of functional compounds. The present study aimed to develop a [...] Read more.

Recovering the bioactive components from pomegranate peel (PP) in the fruit-processing industry has attracted great attention in terms of minimizing the waste burden, as well as providing a new source of a multitude of functional compounds. The present study aimed to develop a feasible microencapsulation process of PP extract by using pectin and a pectin/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) blend as coating materials. Microsized powders obtained by a spray drying technique were examined in terms of technological characteristics, exhibiting high powder yield and desirable moisture content, flowability, and cohesive properties. Assuming that the interactions with the used biopolymers occur on the surface hydrophobic domain, their presence significantly improved the thermal stability of the microencapsulated powders up to 200 °C. The health-promoting effects of PP have been associated with its high content in ellagitannins, particularly punicalagin. The obtained PP powders exhibited strong antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential, while an antimicrobial assay revealed their potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, an in vitro release study suggested that the used biopolymers can modify the release of target bioactive compounds, thus establishing a basis for developing an oral-controlled release system. Altogether, biowaste valorization from PP by the production of effective multifunctional microsized powders represents a sustainable way to obtain novel nutraceuticals and/or pharmaceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products of Medicinal Plants: Isolation, Purification and Bioactivity Evaluation)

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14 pages, 1795 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot as Biostimulant Agent to Alleviate Salt Stress in Durum Wheat: Preliminary Results from Germination Trials

by Angelo Rossini, Roberto Ruggeri, Nada Mzid, Francesco Rossini and Giuseppe Di Miceli

Plants 2024, 13(2), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020283 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2305

Abstract

Soil salinization is a critical environmental problem in arid and semiarid regions of the world. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an algae-based biostimulant on germination and seedling vigour of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. [...] Read more.

Soil salinization is a critical environmental problem in arid and semiarid regions of the world. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an algae-based biostimulant on germination and seedling vigour of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.), under different saline conditions (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl). The experiment was carried out under controlled-environment conditions. Seeds were sprayed with a solution containing a combination of fungicide and different concentrations of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot algae (0%_w_/v, 10%_w_/v, 20%_w_/v, and 30%_w_/v). All experimental units were placed in a germination cabinet. The effect of the seaweed extract (SWE) on seed germination and seedling performance under salinity stress was evaluated over a period of 8 days. Coleoptile length and biomass were found to be significantly and positively affected by the application of different SWE doses as compared to the control treatment (0% algae). As for germination traits, seeds treated with SWE showed a final germination (from 82% to 88%), under severe saline conditions, significantly higher than that observed in the control treatment (61%). Our findings indicate that the appropriate dose of biostimulant can markedly improve the germination and the seedlings vigour of durum wheat seeds under saline conditions. Additional studies will be needed to understand the mechanism of action of this biostimulant and its effectiveness in longer studies under field conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biostimulants in Sustainable Horticulture and Agriculture: Development, Function, and Applications)

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17 pages, 2811 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mixing Compost and Biochar Can Enhance the Chemical and Biological Recovery of Soils Contaminated by Potentially Toxic Elements

by Matteo Garau, Maria Vittoria Pinna, Maria Nieddu, Paola Castaldi and Giovanni Garau

Plants 2024, 13(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020284 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2256

Abstract

Biochar and compost are able to influence the mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil. As such, they can be useful in restoring the functionality of contaminated soils, albeit their effectiveness can vary substantially depending on the chemical and/or the (micro)biological endpoint [...] Read more.

Biochar and compost are able to influence the mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil. As such, they can be useful in restoring the functionality of contaminated soils, albeit their effectiveness can vary substantially depending on the chemical and/or the (micro)biological endpoint that is targeted. To better explore the potential of the two amendments in the restoration of PTE-contaminated soils, biochar, compost (separately added at 3% w/w), and their mixtures (1:1, 3:1, and 1:3 biochar-to-compost ratios) were added to contaminated soil (i.e., 2362 mg kg⁻¹ of Sb and 2801 mg kg⁻¹ of Zn). Compost and its mixtures promoted an increase in soil fertility (e.g., total N; extractable P; and exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg), which was not found in the soil treated with biochar alone. All the tested amendments substantially reduced labile Zn in soil, while biochar alone was the most effective in reducing labile Sb in the treated soils (−11% vs. control), followed by compost (−4%) and biochar–compost mixtures (−8%). Compost (especially alone) increased soil biochemical activities (e.g., dehydrogenase, urease, and β-glucosidase), as well as soil respiration and the potential catabolic activity of soil microbial communities, while biochar alone (probably due to its high adsorptive capacity towards nutrients) mostly exhibited an inhibitory effect, which was partially mitigated in soils treated with both amendments. Overall, the biochar–compost combinations had a synergistic effect on both amendments, i.e., reducing PTE mobility and restoring soil biological functionality at the same time. This finding was supported by plant growth trials which showed increased Sb and Zn mineralomass values for rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) grown on biochar–compost mixtures, suggesting a potential use of rigid ryegrass in the compost–biochar-assisted phytoremediation of PTE-contaminated soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytomonitoring and Phytoremediation of Environmental Pollutants)

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13 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Assessment of the Aerial Parts from Three Mediterranean Alkanna Species (A. orientalis, A. tinctoria, A. kotschyana) in the Boraginaceae Family

by Christos Ganos, Gökhan Zengin, Ioanna Chinou, Nektarios Aligiannis and Konstantia Graikou

Plants 2024, 13(2), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020278 - 17 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2178

Abstract

This study focuses on the phytochemical analysis of the aerial parts of three Alkanna species: A. orientalis (L.) Boiss., A. tinctoria Tausch. and A. kotschyana A. DC. (Boraginaceae) growing wild in the Mediterranean basin, as mostly the roots of the genus have been [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the phytochemical analysis of the aerial parts of three Alkanna species: A. orientalis (L.) Boiss., A. tinctoria Tausch. and A. kotschyana A. DC. (Boraginaceae) growing wild in the Mediterranean basin, as mostly the roots of the genus have been widely researched. Their methanol extracts were subjected to qualitative LC-MS analyses, resulting in the annotation of 28 different secondary metabolites, with 27 originating from A. orientalis, 25 from A. tinctoria and 23 from A. kotschyana. The detected metabolites are categorized into three chemical types: organic acids (2), flavonoids and their glycosides (17), and caffeic acid derivatives (9). Furthermore, the chemical profiles of the three species are discussed chemotaxonomically. Caffeic acid and its derivatives, along with glucosides of quercetin and kaempferol, were identified in all three studied species. Additionally, their total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through various chemical assays, as well as their in vitro enzyme inhibitory properties towards cholinesterases (AChE and BChE), α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The results showed that A. tinctoria exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (211 mgTE/g extract in DPPH and 366 mgTE/g extract in ABTS), probably due to its high total phenolic (53.3 mgGAE/g extract) and flavonoid (20.8 mgRE/g extract) content, followed by A. kotschyana. These chemical and biological findings provide valuable insights for potential promising applications of the aerial parts of the species outside of the well-known uses of their roots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

17 pages, 3347 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Poplar Seedlings through Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Symbiosis

by Shuo Han, Yao Cheng, Guanqi Wu, Xiangwei He and Guozhu Zhao

Plants 2024, 13(2), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020233 - 14 Jan 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2514

Abstract

Poplar (Populus spp.) is a valuable tree species with multiple applications in afforestation. However, its growth in saline areas, including coastal regions, is limited. This study aimed to investigate the physiological mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis with 84K (P. [...] Read more.

Poplar (Populus spp.) is a valuable tree species with multiple applications in afforestation. However, its growth in saline areas, including coastal regions, is limited. This study aimed to investigate the physiological mechanisms of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis with 84K (P. alba × P. tremula var. glandulosa) poplar under salt stress. We conducted pot experiments using NaCl solutions of 0 mM (control), 100 mM (moderate stress), and 200 mM (severe stress) and evaluated the colonization of AMF and various physiological parameters of plants, including photosynthesis, biomass, antioxidant enzyme activity, nutrients, and ion concentration. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) was employed to elucidate how AMF can improve salt tolerance in poplar. The results demonstrated that AMF successfully colonized the roots of plants under salt stress, effectively alleviated water loss by increasing the transpiration rate, and significantly enhanced the biomass of poplar seedlings. Mycorrhiza reduced proline and malondialdehyde accumulation while enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, thus improving plasma membrane stability. Additionally, AMF mitigated Na⁺ accumulation in plants, contributing to the maintenance of a favorable ion balance. These findings highlight the effectiveness of using suitable AMF to improve conditions for economically significant tree species in salt-affected areas, thereby promoting their utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resistance to Salt Stress: Advances in Our Molecular Understanding)

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29 pages, 1574 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Comprehensive Study on Lathyrus tuberosus L.: Insights into Phytochemical Composition, Antimicrobial Activity, Antioxidant Capacity, Cytotoxic, and Cell Migration Effects

by Rita Jakabfi-Csepregi, Ágnes Alberti, Csenge Anna Felegyi-Tóth, Tamás Kőszegi, Szilvia Czigle and Nóra Papp

Plants 2024, 13(2), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020232 - 14 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2236

Abstract

In this study, in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and cell migration effects of phenolic compounds of Lathyrus tuberosus leaves, known in the Transylvanian ethnomedicine, were investigated. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed for the analysis of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The [...] Read more.

In this study, in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and cell migration effects of phenolic compounds of Lathyrus tuberosus leaves, known in the Transylvanian ethnomedicine, were investigated. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed for the analysis of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The antimicrobial properties were determined using a conventional microdilution technique. Total antioxidant capacity techniques were used using cell-free methods and cell-based investigations. Cytotoxic effects were conducted on 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and HaCaT human keratinocytes using a multiparametric method, assessing intracellular ATP, total nucleic acid, and protein levels. Cell migration was visualized by phase-contrast microscopy, employing conventional culture inserts to make cell-free areas. Together, 93 polyphenolic and monoterpenoid compounds were characterized, including flavonoid glycosides, lignans, hydroxycinnamic acid, and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, as well as iridoids and secoiridoids. The ethanolic extract showed high antioxidant capacity and strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (MIC₈₀ value: 354.37 ± 4.58 µg/mL) and Streptococcus pyogenes (MIC₈₀ value: 488.89 ± 4.75 µg/mL). The abundance of phenolic compounds and the results of biological tests indicate the potential for L. tuberosus to serve as reservoirs of bioactive compounds and to be used in the development of novel nutraceuticals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Plants: Advances in Phytochemistry and Ethnobotany II)

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21 pages, 4868 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Germination Behavior and Geographical Information System-Based Phenotyping of Root Hairs to Evaluate the Effects of Different Sources of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larval Frass on Herbaceous Crops

by Rosanna Labella, Rocco Bochicchio, Rosangela Addesso, Donato Labella, Antonio Franco, Patrizia Falabella and Mariana Amato

Plants 2024, 13(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020230 - 14 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2372

Abstract

Insect larval frass has been proposed as a fertilizer and amendment, but methods for testing its effects on plants are poorly developed and need standardization. We obtained different types of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) frass via the factorial combination of (a) [...] Read more.

Insect larval frass has been proposed as a fertilizer and amendment, but methods for testing its effects on plants are poorly developed and need standardization. We obtained different types of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) frass via the factorial combination of (a) two insect diets, as follows: G (Gainesville = 50% wheat bran, 30% alfalfa meal, 20% maize meal) and W (43% sheep whey + 57% seeds); (b) two frass thermal treatments: NT = untreated and T = treated at 70 °C for 1 h. We tested the effects on the germination of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) by applying 1:2 w:w water extracts at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% concentration. Standardizing frass water content before extraction affected chemical composition. Frass extracts showed high electrical conductivity (8.88 to 13.78 mS cm⁻¹). The W diet was suppressive towards Escherichia coli and showed a lower content of nitrates (e.g., WNT 40% lower than GNT) and a concentration-dependent phytotoxic effect on germinating plants. At 25% concentration, germination indices of G were 4.5 to 40-fold those at 100%. Root and shoot length and root hair area were affected by diet and concentration of frass extracts (e.g., root and shoot length in cress at 25% were, respectively, 4.53 and 2 times higher than at 100%), whereas the effects of the thermal treatment were few or inconclusive. On barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown in micropots on a silty loam soil, root mass was reduced by 37% at high extract concentration. A quick procedure for root hair surface area was developed based on the geographic information system (GIS) and may provide a fast method for incorporating root hair phenotyping in frass evaluation. The results indicate that below-ground structures need to be addressed in research on frass effects. For this, phyotoxicity tests should encompass different extract dilutions, and frass water content should be standardized before extraction in the direction of canonical procedures to allow comparisons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Soil Interactions)

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20 pages, 5041 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Chemical Compositions, Pharmacological Properties and Medicinal Effects of Genus Passiflora L.: A Review

by Krastena Nikolova, Margarita Velikova, Galia Gentscheva, Anelia Gerasimova, Pavlo Slavov, Nikolay Harbaliev, Lubomir Makedonski, Dragomira Buhalova, Nadezhda Petkova and Anna Gavrilova

Plants 2024, 13(2), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020228 - 13 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8147

Abstract

Practically all aboveground plants parts of Passiflora vines can be included in the compositions of dietary supplements, medicines, and cosmetics. It has a diverse chemical composition and a wide range of biologically active components that determine its diverse pharmacological properties. Studies related to [...] Read more.

Practically all aboveground plants parts of Passiflora vines can be included in the compositions of dietary supplements, medicines, and cosmetics. It has a diverse chemical composition and a wide range of biologically active components that determine its diverse pharmacological properties. Studies related to the chemical composition of the plant are summarized here, and attention has been paid to various medical applications—(1) anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective; (2) anti-depressant; (3) antidiabetic; (4) hepatoprotective; (5) antibacterial and antifungal; and (6) antipyretic and other. This review includes studies on the safety, synergistic effects, and toxicity that may occur with the use of various dietary supplements based on it. Attention has been drawn to its application in cosmetics and to patented products containing passionflower. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Exploitation of Plant-Based Matrices—Biologically Active Compounds and Their Extraction, Applications, and Potential Health Benefits)

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27 pages, 5115 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

NMR Metabolomics and Chemometrics of Commercial Varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Seeds from Italy and In Vitro Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity

by Vadym Samukha, Francesca Fantasma, Gilda D’Urso, Claudio Caprari, Vincenzo De Felice, Gabriella Saviano, Gianluigi Lauro, Agostino Casapullo, Maria Giovanna Chini, Giuseppe Bifulco and Maria Iorizzi

Plants 2024, 13(2), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020227 - 13 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2134

Abstract

The metabolite fingerprinting of four Italian commercial bean seed cultivars, i.e., Phaseolus Cannellino (PCANN), Controne (PCON), Vellutina (PVEL), and Occhio Nero (PON), were investigated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. The hydroalcoholic and organic extract analysis disclosed more than [...] Read more.

The metabolite fingerprinting of four Italian commercial bean seed cultivars, i.e., Phaseolus Cannellino (PCANN), Controne (PCON), Vellutina (PVEL), and Occhio Nero (PON), were investigated by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. The hydroalcoholic and organic extract analysis disclosed more than 32 metabolites from various classes, i.e., carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, nucleosides, alkaloids, and fatty acids. PVEL, PCON, and PCANN varieties displayed similar chemical profiles, albeit with somewhat different quantitative results. The PON metabolite composition was slightly different from the others; it lacked GABA and pipecolic acid, featured a higher percentage of malic acid than the other samples, and showed quantitative variations of several metabolites. The lipophilic extracts from all four cultivars demonstrated the presence of omega-3 and omega-6 unsaturated fatty acids. After the determination of the total phenolic, flavonoids, and condensed tannins content, in vitro antioxidant activity was then assessed using the DPPH scavenging activity, the ABTS scavenging assay, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Compared to non-dark seeds (PCON, PCANN), brown seeds (PVEL, PON) featured a higher antioxidant capacity. Lastly, only PON extract showed in vitro antifungal activity against the sclerotia growth of S. rolfsii, by inhibiting halo growth by 75%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectra Analysis and Plants Research 2.0)

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16 pages, 9211 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid on the Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Camellia oleifera Seedlings under Drought Stress

by Dayu Yang, Yongzhong Chen, Rui Wang, Yimin He, Xiaofan Ma, Jiancai Shen, Zhilong He and Hanggui Lai

Plants 2024, 13(2), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020225 - 13 Jan 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2345

Abstract

This study comprehensively investigates the physiological and molecular regulatory mechanisms of Camellia oleifera seedlings under drought stress with a soil moisture content of about 30%, where exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) was applied via foliar spraying at concentrations of 50 µg/L, 100 µg/L, and [...] Read more.

This study comprehensively investigates the physiological and molecular regulatory mechanisms of Camellia oleifera seedlings under drought stress with a soil moisture content of about 30%, where exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) was applied via foliar spraying at concentrations of 50 µg/L, 100 µg/L, and 200 µg/L. The results demonstrated that appropriate concentrations of ABA treatment can regulate the physiological state of the seedlings through multiple pathways, including photosynthesis, oxidative stress response, and osmotic balance, thereby aiding in the restructuring of their drought response strategy. ABA treatment effectively activated the antioxidant system by reducing stomatal conductance and moderately inhibiting the photosynthetic rate, thus alleviating oxidative damage caused by drought stress. Additionally, ABA treatment promoted the synthesis of osmotic regulators such as proline, maintaining cellular turgor stability and enhancing the plant’s drought adaptability. The real-time quantitative PCR results of related genes indicated that ABA treatment enhanced the plant’s response to the ABA signaling pathway and improved disease resistance by regulating the expression of related genes, while also enhancing membrane lipid stability. A comprehensive evaluation using a membership function approach suggested that 50 µg/L ABA treatment may be the most-effective in mitigating drought effects in practical applications, followed by 100 µg/L ABA. The application of 50 µg/L ABA for 7 h induced significant changes in various biochemical parameters, compared to a foliar water spray. Notably, superoxide dismutase activity increased by 17.94%, peroxidase activity by 30.27%, glutathione content by 12.41%, and proline levels by 25.76%. The content of soluble sugars and soluble proteins rose by 14.79% and 87.95%, respectively. Additionally, there was a significant decrease of 31.15% in the malondialdehyde levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Abscisic Acid (ABA) Machinery in Stress Response)

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17 pages, 7745 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Transcriptome Profiles Reveals ScDREB10 from Syntrichia caninervis Regulated Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis and Starch/Sucrose Metabolism to Enhance Plant Stress Tolerance

by Yuqing Liang, Xiaoshuang Li, Feiya Lei, Ruirui Yang, Wenwan Bai, Qilin Yang and Daoyuan Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020205 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2117

Abstract

Desiccation is a kind of extreme form of drought stress and desiccation tolerance (DT) is an ancient trait of plants that allows them to survive tissue water potentials reaching −100 MPa or lower. ScDREB10 is a DREB A-5 transcription factor gene from a [...] Read more.

Desiccation is a kind of extreme form of drought stress and desiccation tolerance (DT) is an ancient trait of plants that allows them to survive tissue water potentials reaching −100 MPa or lower. ScDREB10 is a DREB A-5 transcription factor gene from a DT moss named Syntrichia caninervis, which has strong comprehensive tolerance to osmotic and salt stresses. This study delves further into the molecular mechanism of ScDREB10 stress tolerance based on the transcriptome data of the overexpression of ScDREB10 in Arabidopsis under control, osmotic and salt treatments. The transcriptional analysis of weight gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” and “starch and sucrose metabolism” were key pathways in the network of cyan and yellow modules. Meanwhile, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) also showed that “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” and “starch and sucrose metabolism” pathways demonstrate the highest enrichment in response to osmotic and salt stress, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results confirmed that most genes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” and “starch and sucrose metabolism” pathways in overexpressing ScDREB10 Arabidopsis were up-regulated in response to osmotic and salt stresses, respectively. In line with the results, the corresponding lignin, sucrose, and trehalose contents and sucrose phosphate synthase activities were also increased in overexpressing ScDREB10 Arabidopsis under osmotic and salt stress treatments. Additionally, cis-acting promoter element analyses and yeast one-hybrid experiments showed that ScDREB10 was not only able to bind with classical cis-elements, such as DRE and TATCCC (MYBST1), but also bind with unknown element CGTCCA. All of these findings suggest that ScDREB10 may regulate plant stress tolerance by effecting phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways. This research provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning ScDREB10-mediated stress tolerance and contributes to deeply understanding the A-5 DREB regulatory mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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22 pages, 6080 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Tea Growth and Quality and Soil Properties of Tea Orchards’ Top Rhizosphere Soil

by Manzoor, Lifeng Ma, Kang Ni and Jianyun Ruan

Plants 2024, 13(2), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020207 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4714

Abstract

Organic-based fertilizers have been ratified to be effective in ameliorating tea growth and the fertility of soil. However, the effect of integrated fertilization on tea growth and quality and the chemical properties of the soil in tea gardens are unclear. To address this, [...] Read more.

Organic-based fertilizers have been ratified to be effective in ameliorating tea growth and the fertility of soil. However, the effect of integrated fertilization on tea growth and quality and the chemical properties of the soil in tea gardens are unclear. To address this, from 2020 to 2021, five different treatments were carried out in the greenhouse of the Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, CAAS, including CK (control), NPK (chemical fertilizers), RC (rapeseed cake), NPK+B (chemical fertilizer + biochar), and NPK+RC, to investigate the effects of different fertilizations on soil chemistry and tea growth and quality. The results indicated that NPK+B and NPK+RC significantly improved the different amino acid and catechin concentrations in the young shoots, stems, and roots of the tea compared to the CK. The plant growth parameters, e.g., the plant height, no. of leaves, mid-stem girth, and fresh weights of stems and leaves, were significantly increased with integrated fertilization (NPK+B and NPK+RC) compared to the CK and solo organic and inorganic fertilizers. The chlorophyll contents (Chl a, Chl b, and Chl a+b) were generally higher with NPK+RC than with the CK (37%, 35%, and 36%), RC (14%, 26%, and 18%), and NPK (9%, 13%, and 11%) treatments. Integrated fertilization buffered the acidic soil of the tea garden and decreased the soil C:N ratio. NPK+RC also significantly increased the soil’s total C (31% and 16%), N (43% and 31%), P (65% and 40%), available P (31% and 58%), K (70% and 25%), nitrate (504% and 188%), and ammonium (267% and 146%) concentrations compared to the CK and RC. The soil macro- (Mg and Ca) and micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu) were significantly improved by the RC (100% and 72%) (49%, 161%, 112%, and 40%) and NPK+RC (88% and 48%) (47%, 75%, 45%, and 14%) compared to the CK. The chlorophyll contents and soil macro- and micronutrients were all significantly positively correlated with tea quality (amino acids and catechin contents) and growth. These results indicated that integrated fertilization improved the soil nutrient status, which is associated with the improvement of tea growth and quality. Thus, integrated nutrient management is a feasible tool for improving tea growth, quality, and low nutrient levels in the soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Nutrient Use Efficiency Improvement in Plants)

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16 pages, 701 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effectiveness and Selectivity of Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicides for Weed Control in Grain Legumes

by Angeliki Kousta, Christos Katsis, Anastasia Tsekoura and Dimosthenis Chachalis

Plants 2024, 13(2), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020211 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3691

Abstract

Grain legumes represent important crops for livestock feed and contribute to novel uses in the food industry; therefore, the best cultivation practices need to be assessed. This study aimed to identify herbicides to meet the current need for controlling broadleaf weeds without phytotoxicity [...] Read more.

Grain legumes represent important crops for livestock feed and contribute to novel uses in the food industry; therefore, the best cultivation practices need to be assessed. This study aimed to identify herbicides to meet the current need for controlling broadleaf weeds without phytotoxicity in the grain legume crop per se. Field experiments were undertaken during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons and laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates as follows: four grain legume crops (vetch, pea, faba bean, and white lupine) and nine pre-emergence (PRE) or post-emergence selective (POST) herbicide treatments (PRE: aclonifen, pendimethalin plus clomazone, metribuzin plus clomazone, benfluralin, terbuthylazine plus pendimethalin, S-metolachlor plus pendimethalin, flumioxazin; POST: pyridate, imazamox) alongside weedy check plots. Plant phytotoxicity, crop dry matter, yield features, weed presence, and weed dry matter were assessed during the experiments. There was differential efficacy among the nine herbicide treatments; the weed control was more effective in the case of Veronica arvensis L. and Sonchus spp. L. compared with Chenopodium album L., Sinapis arvensis L., and Silibum marianum L. regardless of the herbicide treatment. The most effective PRE herbicide was flumioxazin, which had the greatest control over the majority of weeds (>70%) resulting in the lowest total weed biomass. The second-best treatment was benfluralin and the mixture of terbuthylazine plus pendimethalin (both had only limited control in S. arvensis). The best POST herbicide was imazamox, with only limited control in S. arvensis. The tested herbicides caused low to medium and transient levels of phytotoxicity mainly in vetch and secondly in peas but not in faba beans and lupines. Concerning all weed management treatments, benfluralin resulted in the highest grain yields for all four grain legume crops during both growing seasons. Among grain legumes, vetch had the highest competitive ability against weeds, whereas peas were the least tolerant against weed competition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding and Cultivation Management of Legumes, Volume II)

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21 pages, 824 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Juvenile Plant–Microbe Interactions Modulate the Adaptation and Response of Forest Seedlings to Rapid Climate Change

by Tedy Sanhueza, Ionel Hernández, Cristiane Sagredo-Sáez, Angela Villanueva-Guerrero, Roxana Alvarado, Maria Isabel Mujica, Alejandra Fuentes-Quiroz, Esther Menendez, Emilio Jorquera-Fontena, Rafael Borges da Silva Valadares and Héctor Herrera

Plants 2024, 13(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020175 - 9 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3496

Abstract

The negative impacts of climate change on native forest ecosystems have created challenging conditions for the sustainability of natural forest regeneration. These challenges arise primarily from abiotic stresses that affect the early stages of forest tree development. While there is extensive evidence on [...] Read more.

The negative impacts of climate change on native forest ecosystems have created challenging conditions for the sustainability of natural forest regeneration. These challenges arise primarily from abiotic stresses that affect the early stages of forest tree development. While there is extensive evidence on the diversity of juvenile microbial symbioses in agricultural and fruit crops, there is a notable lack of reports on native forest plants. This review aims to summarize the critical studies conducted on the diversity of juvenile plant–microbe interactions in forest plants and to highlight the main benefits of beneficial microorganisms in overcoming environmental stresses such as drought, high and low temperatures, metal(loid) toxicity, nutrient deficiency, and salinity. The reviewed studies have consistently demonstrated the positive effects of juvenile plant–microbiota interactions and have highlighted the potential beneficial attributes to improve plantlet development. In addition, this review discusses the beneficial attributes of managing juvenile plant–microbiota symbiosis in the context of native forest restoration, including its impact on plant responses to phytopathogens, promotion of nutrient uptake, facilitation of seedling adaptation, resource exchange through shared hyphal networks, stimulation of native soil microbial communities, and modulation of gene and protein expression to enhance adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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17 pages, 7499 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis of Dieback in a Coastal Pinewood in Campania, Southern Italy, through High-Resolution Remote Sensing

by Rosario Nicoletti, Luigi De Masi, Antonello Migliozzi and Marina Maura Calandrelli

Plants 2024, 13(2), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020182 - 9 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2009

Abstract

For some years, the stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) forests of the Domitian coast in Campania, Southern Italy, have been at risk of conservation due to biological adversities. Among these, the pine tortoise scale Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell) has assumed a primary role [...] Read more.

For some years, the stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) forests of the Domitian coast in Campania, Southern Italy, have been at risk of conservation due to biological adversities. Among these, the pine tortoise scale Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell) has assumed a primary role since its spread in Campania began. Observation of pine forests using remote sensing techniques was useful for acquiring information on the health state of the vegetation. In this way, it was possible to monitor the functioning of the forest ecosystem and identify the existence of critical states. To study the variation in spectral behavior and identify conditions of plant stress due to the action of pests, the analysis of the multispectral data of the Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite, acquired over seven years between 2016 and 2022, was conducted on the Domitian pine forest. This method was used to plot the values of individual pixels over time by processing spectral indices using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. The use of vegetation indices has made it possible to highlight the degradation suffered by the vegetation due to infestation by T. parvicornis. The results showed the utility of monitoring the state of the vegetation through high-resolution remote sensing to protect and preserve the pine forest ecosystem peculiar to the Domitian coast. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Taxonomy, Biodiversity and Ecology of Mediterranean Plants)

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25 pages, 5482 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Water Status and Nutrient Uptake in Drought-Stressed Lettuce Plants (Lactuca sativa L.) via Inoculation with Different Bacillus spp. Isolated from the Atacama Desert

by Christian Santander, Felipe González, Urley Pérez, Antonieta Ruiz, Ricardo Aroca, Cledir Santos, Pablo Cornejo and Gladys Vidal

Plants 2024, 13(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020158 - 6 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3600

Abstract

Drought is a major challenge for agriculture worldwide, being one of the main causes of losses in plant production. Various studies reported that some soil’s bacteria can improve plant tolerance to environmental stresses by the enhancement of water and nutrient uptake by plants. [...] Read more.

Drought is a major challenge for agriculture worldwide, being one of the main causes of losses in plant production. Various studies reported that some soil’s bacteria can improve plant tolerance to environmental stresses by the enhancement of water and nutrient uptake by plants. The Atacama Desert in Chile, the driest place on earth, harbors a largely unexplored microbial richness. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of various Bacillus sp. from the hyper arid Atacama Desert in the improvement in tolerance to drought stress in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata, cv. “Super Milanesa”) plants. Seven strains of Bacillus spp. were isolated from the rhizosphere of the Chilean endemic plants Metharme lanata and Nolana jaffuelii, and then identified using the 16s rRNA gene. Indole acetic acid (IAA) production, phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity were assessed. Lettuce plants were inoculated with Bacillus spp. strains and subjected to two different irrigation conditions (95% and 45% of field capacity) and their biomass, net photosynthesis, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, oxidative damage, proline production, and phenolic compounds were evaluated. The results indicated that plants inoculated with B. atrophaeus, B. ginsengihumi, and B. tequilensis demonstrated the highest growth under drought conditions compared to non-inoculated plants. Treatments increased biomass production and were strongly associated with enhanced N-uptake, water status, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic activity. Our results show that specific Bacillus species from the Atacama Desert enhance drought stress tolerance in lettuce plants by promoting several beneficial plant traits that facilitate water absorption and nutrient uptake, which support the use of this unexplored and unexploited natural resource as potent bioinoculants to improve plant production under increasing drought conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Crop Growth and Development under Adverse Conditions)

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17 pages, 1833 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Wood Vinegar-Induced Stress Response against Tomato Fusarium Wilt Disease

by Hongyin Zhou, Kejian Fu, Yan Shen, Runhe Li, Youbo Su, Yishu Deng, Yunsheng Xia and Naiming Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(2), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020157 - 6 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3168

Abstract

Wood vinegar, a by-product of charcoal biomass pyrolysis, has been used as a biofungicide in plant disease management because of its antimicrobial properties. However, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms through which wood vinegar alleviates biotic stress are poorly understood. In this study, pot [...] Read more.

Wood vinegar, a by-product of charcoal biomass pyrolysis, has been used as a biofungicide in plant disease management because of its antimicrobial properties. However, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms through which wood vinegar alleviates biotic stress are poorly understood. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the resistance and regulation mechanism of wood vinegar prepared from different raw materials (ZM) and from a single raw material (SM) in controlling tomato (Solanum lycopersicum “Bonny Best”) Fusarium wilt at different concentrations (0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2%, and 1.5%). The results showed that ZM and SM had significant control effects on tomato fusarium wilt under different concentrations in the same growth cycle. Under biotic stress, the two kinds of wood vinegar significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and yield of tomato under the concentration of 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9% and 1.2%, and significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in tomato leaves. The effect of 0.9% treatment was the most significant, ZM and SM significantly increased tomato yield by 122% and 74%, respectively, compared with CK under 0.9% treatment. However, the plant height, stem diameter and leaf area of tomato were significantly reduced under 1.5% treatment, but the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein and vitamin C in tomato fruit was the best. Compared with CK, ZM significantly increased by 14%, 193% and 67%, respectively, and SM significantly increased by 28%, 300% and 159%, respectively. Except for 0.3% treatment, both significantly increased the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in tomato leaves. The response intensity of two kinds of wood vinegar—physiological and biochemical—to tomato disease resistance, growth and development, showed ZM > SM. The disease index of tomato showed highly significant negative correlation with plant height, stem thickness, leaf area and antioxidant physiology CAT, and highly significant positive correlation with MDA and H₂O₂ content. In conclusion, ZM was more effective than SM in enhancing tomato disease resistance by promoting tomato growth and development, decreasing leaf MDA and H₂O₂ content, and inducing antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves at moderate concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Crop Growth and Development under Adverse Conditions)

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20 pages, 15307 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

An Integrative Approach to Selected Species of Tanacetum L. (Asteraceae): Insights into Morphology and Phytochemistry

by Claudia Giuliani, Martina Bottoni, Fabrizia Milani, Alberto Spada, Sara Falsini, Alessio Papini, Laura Santagostini and Gelsomina Fico

Plants 2024, 13(2), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020155 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2397

Abstract

In this work, we studied Tanacetum vulgare, Tanacetum parthenium, and Tanacetum corymbosum (Asteraceae) cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Toscolano Maderno, Brescia, Northern Italy) of the University of Milan. An integrative research approach was adopted: microscopic and histochemical, with special focus [...] Read more.

In this work, we studied Tanacetum vulgare, Tanacetum parthenium, and Tanacetum corymbosum (Asteraceae) cultivated at the Ghirardi Botanic Garden (Toscolano Maderno, Brescia, Northern Italy) of the University of Milan. An integrative research approach was adopted: microscopic and histochemical, with special focus on the secretory structures responsible for the productivity of secondary metabolites; phytochemical, with the analysis of the essential oil (EO) profiles from the air-dried, flowered aerial parts collected in June 2021; bio-ecological, with emphasis, based on literature data, on the ecology and biological activity of the main EO components. In all three species, two basic trichome morphotypes (flagellar non-glandular and biseriate glandular) occurred with different distribution patterns. The glandular ones produced terpenes, along with flavonoids. A high level of chemical variability in the EO compositions emerged, specifically for qualitative data. T. vulgare profile was more complex and heterogeneous than those obtained from T. parthenium and T. corymbosum, with camphor as the predominant compound, followed by farnesol and α-santalone, respectively. Finally, the obtained scientific findings were made available to the visitors of the botanic garden through new dissemination labeling that highlights the “invisible”, microscopic features of the plants, from an Open Science perspective (“Botanic Garden, factories of molecules…work in progress”—Lombardy Region Project Lr. 25/2016, year 2021). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morphological Features and Phytochemical Properties of Herbs II)

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15 pages, 7409 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into the Effect of Epicuticular Wax Accumulation on Salt Stress in Coconuts

by Xiwei Sun, Ghulam Abid Kaleri, Zhihua Mu, Yalan Feng, Zhuang Yang, Yazhu Zhong, Yajing Dou, Hang Xu, Junjie Zhou, Jie Luo and Yong Xiao

Plants 2024, 13(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010141 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2725

Abstract

The coconut is an important tropical economical crop and exhibits high tolerance to various types of salinity stress. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying its salt tolerance. In this study, RNA-Seq was applied to examine the different genes expressed in [...] Read more.

The coconut is an important tropical economical crop and exhibits high tolerance to various types of salinity stress. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying its salt tolerance. In this study, RNA-Seq was applied to examine the different genes expressed in four coconut varieties when exposed to a salt environment, resulting in the generation of data for 48 transcriptomes. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that some genes involved in cutin and wax biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in salt treatment compared to the control, including CYP86A4, HTH, CER1, CER2, CER3, DCR, GPAT4, LTP3, LTP4, and LTP5. In particular, the expression of CER2 was induced more than sixfold, with an RPKM value of up to 205 ten days after salt treatment in Hainan Tall coconut, demonstrating superior capacity in salt tolerance compared to dwarf coconut varieties. However, for yellow dwarf and red dwarf coconut varieties, the expression level of the CER2 gene was low at four different time points after exposure to salt treatment, suggesting that this gene may contribute to the divergence in salt tolerance between tall and dwarf coconut varieties. Cytological evidence showed a higher abundance of cuticle accumulation in tall coconut and severe damage to cuticular wax in dwarf coconut. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Improvement in Coconut)

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16 pages, 3123 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring of Nitrogen Concentration in Soybean Leaves at Multiple Spatial Vertical Scales Based on Spectral Parameters

by Tao Sun, Zhijun Li, Zhangkai Wang, Yuchen Liu, Zhiheng Zhu, Yizheng Zhao, Weihao Xie, Shihao Cui, Guofu Chen, Wanli Yang, Zhitao Zhang and Fucang Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13010140 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2424

Abstract

Nitrogen is a fundamental component for building amino acids and proteins, playing a crucial role in the growth and development of plants. Leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) serves as a key indicator for assessing plant growth and development. Monitoring LNC provides insights into the [...] Read more.

Nitrogen is a fundamental component for building amino acids and proteins, playing a crucial role in the growth and development of plants. Leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) serves as a key indicator for assessing plant growth and development. Monitoring LNC provides insights into the absorption and utilization of nitrogen from the soil, offering valuable information for rational nutrient management. This, in turn, contributes to optimizing nutrient supply, enhancing crop yields, and minimizing adverse environmental impacts. Efficient and non-destructive estimation of crop LNC is of paramount importance for on-field crop management. Spectral technology, with its advantages of repeatability and high-throughput observations, provides a feasible method for obtaining LNC data. This study explores the responsiveness of spectral parameters to soybean LNC at different vertical scales, aiming to refine nitrogen management in soybeans. This research collected hyperspectral reflectance data and LNC data from different leaf layers of soybeans. Three types of spectral parameters, nitrogen-sensitive empirical spectral indices, randomly combined dual-band spectral indices, and “three-edge” parameters, were calculated. Four optimal spectral index selection strategies were constructed based on the correlation coefficients between the spectral parameters and LNC for each leaf layer. These strategies included empirical spectral index combinations (Combination 1), randomly combined dual-band spectral index combinations (Combination 2), “three-edge” parameter combinations (Combination 3), and a mixed combination (Combination 4). Subsequently, these four combinations were used as input variables to build LNC estimation models for soybeans at different vertical scales using partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF), and a backpropagation neural network (BPNN). The results demonstrated that the correlation coefficients between the LNC and spectral parameters reached the highest values in the upper soybean leaves, with most parameters showing significant correlations with the LNC (p < 0.05). Notably, the reciprocal difference index (VI6) exhibited the highest correlation with the upper-layer LNC at 0.732, with a wavelength combination of 841 nm and 842 nm. In constructing the LNC estimation models for soybeans at different leaf layers, the accuracy of the models gradually improved with the increasing height of the soybean plants. The upper layer exhibited the best estimation performance, with a validation set coefficient of determination (R²) that was higher by 9.9% to 16.0% compared to other layers. RF demonstrated the highest accuracy in estimating the upper-layer LNC, with a validation set R2 higher by 6.2% to 8.8% compared to other models. The RMSE was lower by 2.1% to 7.0%, and the MRE was lower by 4.7% to 5.6% compared to other models. Among different input combinations, Combination 4 achieved the highest accuracy, with a validation set R² higher by 2.3% to 13.7%. In conclusion, by employing Combination 4 as the input, the RF model achieved the optimal estimation results for the upper-layer LNC, with a validation set R² of 0.856, RMSE of 0.551, and MRE of 10.405%. The findings of this study provide technical support for remote sensing monitoring of soybean LNCs at different spatial scales. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Spectral Techniques in Agriculture and Forestry)

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