Pharmacy

Community pharmacists may contribute to wound care, but their involvement in Greece remains insufficiently explored. This nationwide cross-sectional survey assessed self-reported wound-related involvement, professional perceptions, and associated factors among 201 community pharmacists. Involvement was examined across 11 wound types and six activities, with separate indices for wound types, procedural activities, and non-procedural activities. Respondents most frequently reported involvement with superficial wounds (98.5%), first-degree burns (95.0%), and partial-thickness wounds (85.4%). Consultation (99.0%) and referral (98.5%) were common, as was involvement in activities concerning wound cleaning (93.0%) and dressing changes (91.0%). Most respondents expressed a need for further education (89.3%) and certification (86.3%), while 77.3% considered the pharmacist’s role in wound management important. In adjusted regression models, stronger agreement that wound management was primarily the responsibility of physicians and nurses was associated with lower overall involvement (B = −0.583, p < 0.001) and frequency (B = −1.112, p = 0.013). Stronger recognition of the pharmacist’s role was associated with greater frequency (B = 1.291, p = 0.022). These findings highlight substantial reported wound-related involvement and perceived professional development needs.

Background/Objectives: Although warfarin remains an important oral anticoagulant for selected indications, careful monitoring is required due to its narrow therapeutic index and numerous interactions. As an integral part of anticoagulant monitoring systems globally, pharmacists play an important role in preventing warfarin-associated complications. The current study assessed the warfarin-related knowledge and awareness of community pharmacists in Jeddah and Taif, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional survey used convenience sampling to recruit 380 community pharmacists in Jeddah and Taif between October of 2024 and March of 2025. The questionnaire included 19 knowledge items covering warfarin’s safety (eight items), drug interactions (six items), and knowledge related to patient counseling (five items). Percentage awareness scores (PASs) were calculated for each domain, as well as the overall PAS. A predefined PAS threshold of ≥60% was used for descriptive categorization only. Unadjusted comparisons used independent-samples t-tests, with Mann–Whitney U tests performed as sensitivity analyses. Multivariable linear regression analysis with robust standard errors was conducted to examine adjusted associations with the overall PAS. Results: Mean PAS values were 65.39% for safety, 61.18% for drug interactions, 74.26% for patient counseling knowledge, and 66.40% overall. A total of 258 participants (67.9%) exceeded the predefined PAS threshold of ≥60%. Gender, age, experience, board certification, and anticoagulation training were not significantly associated with PAS values. In the multivariable analysis, the combined non-BPharm group had higher overall PAS than BPharm holders (adjusted difference: 5.99 percentage points; 95% CI: 2.54–9.44; p < 0.001). Non-Saudi nationality was also associated with higher overall PAS (adjusted difference: 4.27 percentage points; 95% CI: 0.05–8.48; p = 0.047). Conclusions: Most participants met the predefined descriptive PAS threshold, although it should be noted that this does not establish clinically adequate knowledge. Nevertheless, gaps were identified in safety, interactions, and counseling. Targeted continuing professional education is warranted, and future studies should examine counseling practices and patient outcomes.

Affordable access to cancer medicines depends not only on clinical value but also on the pricing and reimbursement arrangements adopted as products expand across markets. We conducted an exploratory multiple-case study of four Chinese-origin oncology medicines—zanubrutinib, fruquintinib, tislelizumab, and efbemalenograstim alfa—to examine whether a low, publicly visible origin-market price could create international price-reference exposure. We compared reported public unit prices across approved markets, summarised monthly medicine acquisition costs from labelled dosing schedules, and triangulated approval timing with entry into the China National Reimbursement Drug List. China had the lowest observed public price for every medicine at market exchange rates; the observed country sets differed by medicine. Three medicines were first approved in China and expanded later to the United States and/or Europe, and all four entered the NRDL. The Chinese-origin product had a lower reported median monthly acquisition cost in three of four comparator pairs. These findings document a visible origin-market price anchor rather than a demonstrated causal effect on foreign prices, launch timing, or clinical value. For oncology pharmacy and health-system decision makers, price transparency and reimbursement design should support patient access while preserving the conditions for sustainable international availability of innovative cancer medicines.