Journal Description
Biologics
Biologics
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on all areas of biologics derived from both novel and established biotechnologies, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, EBSCO, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (Immunology and Microbiology (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 23.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 5.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
Immune Response to Extracellular Matrix Bioscaffolds: A Comprehensive Review
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030028 - 5 Sep 2025
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffolds have demonstrated therapeutic potential across a variety of clinical and preclinical applications for tissue repair and regeneration. In parallel, these scaffolds and their components have shown the capacity to modulate the immune response. Unlike synthetic implants, which are often
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Extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffolds have demonstrated therapeutic potential across a variety of clinical and preclinical applications for tissue repair and regeneration. In parallel, these scaffolds and their components have shown the capacity to modulate the immune response. Unlike synthetic implants, which are often associated with chronic inflammation or fibrotic encapsulation, ECM bioscaffolds interact dynamically with host cells, promoting constructive tissue remodeling. This effect is largely attributed to the preservation of structural and biochemical cues—such as degradation products and matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBV). These cues influence immune cell behavior and support the transition from inflammation to resolution and functional tissue regeneration. However, the immunomodulatory properties of ECM bioscaffolds are dependent on the source tissue and, critically, on the methods used for decellularization. Inadequate removal of cellular components or the presence of residual chemicals can shift the host response towards a pro-inflammatory, non-constructive phenotype, ultimately compromising therapeutic outcomes. This review synthesizes current basic concepts on the innate immune response to ECM bioscaffolds, with particular attention to the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases following implantation. We explore how specific ECM features shape these responses and distinguish between pro-remodeling and pro-inflammatory outcomes. Additionally, we examine the impact of manufacturing practices and quality control on the preservation of ECM bioactivity. These insights challenge the conventional classification of ECM bioscaffolds as medical devices and support their recognition as biologically active materials with distinct immunoregulatory potential. A deeper understanding of these properties is critical for optimizing clinical applications and guiding the development of updated regulatory frameworks in regenerative medicine.
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(This article belongs to the Section Protein Therapeutics)
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Open AccessReview
Advancing Early Detection of Osteoarthritis Through Biomarker Profiling and Predictive Modelling: A Review
by
Laura Jane Coleman, John L. Byrne, Stuart Edwards and Rosemary O’Hara
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030027 - 4 Sep 2025
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterised by cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone remodelling. Conventional diagnostic modalities, including radiographic imaging and symptom-based assessments, primarily detect disease in its later stages, limiting the potential for timely intervention. Inflammatory biomarkers, particularly
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterised by cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone remodelling. Conventional diagnostic modalities, including radiographic imaging and symptom-based assessments, primarily detect disease in its later stages, limiting the potential for timely intervention. Inflammatory biomarkers, particularly Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Myeloperoxidase (MPO), have emerged as biologically relevant indicators of disease activity, with potential applications as companion diagnostics in precision medicine. This review examines the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of IL-6, TNF-α, and MPO in OA, focusing on their mechanistic roles in inflammation and joint degeneration, particularly through the activity of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). The influence of sample type (serum, plasma, synovial fluid) and analytical performance, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is discussed in the context of biomarker detectability. Advanced statistical and computational methodologies, including rank-based analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), discriminant function analysis (DFA), and Cox proportional hazards modelling, are explored for their capacity to validate biomarker associations, adjust for demographic variability, and stratify patient risk. Further, the utility of synthetic data generation, hierarchical clustering, and dimensionality reduction techniques (e.g., t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding) in addressing inter-individual variability and enhancing model generalisability is also examined. Collectively, this synthesis supports the integration of biomarker profiling with advanced analytical modelling to improve early OA detection, enable patient-specific classification, and inform the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Open AccessBrief Report
Cypress Pollen-Peach Cross-Reactivity: The Emerging Role of Pru p 7 as a Marker of Severe Allergic Phenotypes
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Mara De Amici, Claudio Tirelli, Fiorella Barocci, Alessia Marseglia, Giorgia Testa, Gian L. Marseglia and Amelia Licari
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030026 - 3 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: The peach allergen Pru p 7, a member of the Gibberellin-Regulated Protein (GRP) family, has emerged as a key marker of severe fruit-induced allergies. It is hypothesized to mediate cross-reactivity between fruit allergens and cypress pollen. Given the increasing prevalence of food
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Background: The peach allergen Pru p 7, a member of the Gibberellin-Regulated Protein (GRP) family, has emerged as a key marker of severe fruit-induced allergies. It is hypothesized to mediate cross-reactivity between fruit allergens and cypress pollen. Given the increasing prevalence of food allergies and the complex patterns of cross-sensitization, the role of Pru p 7 in clinical allergy diagnostics warrants further investigation. Objective: This study aims to characterize the sensitization profile to Pru p 7 in a cohort of patients with suspected fruit allergy and to assess its relationship with cypress pollen allergy, particularly to Cup s 7, a homologous GRP from Cupressus sempervirens. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 20 patients evaluated at the Allergy Unit of the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo. Specific IgE (sIgE) levels to peach extract, Pru p 7, and Cup a 1 (cypress extract) were assessed using the ImmunoCAP® system (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Statistical associations between sensitizations were evaluated using chi-square tests and Spearman’s correlation. Results: Sensitization to peach extract, Pru p 7, and cypress pollen was detected in 38%, 30%, and 45% of patients, respectively. Significant associations were observed between peach and cypress (χ2 = 8.80, p = 0.003), peach and Pru p 7 (χ2 = 8.23, p = 0.004), and cypress and Pru p 7 (χ2 = 6.55, p = 0.01). Notably, all patients sensitized to Pru p 7 also tested positive for both peach and cypress allergens, supporting the hypothesis of pollen–food cross-reactivity. Conclusions: Pru p 7 is a clinically relevant allergen that may account for severe allergic responses in patients not sensitized to classical peach allergens. Its cross-reactivity with Cupressaceae-derived GRPs, such as Cup s 7, highlights the importance of molecular diagnostics in evaluating food allergies, particularly in regions with significant exposure to cypress pollen.
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Open AccessArticle
One-Month Real-World Comparison of Aflibercept 8 mg Versus 2 mg in Treatment-Naïve and Previously Treated Eyes with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
by
Takahiro Mizukami, Satoru Ueno, Soichiro Mishima and Yoshikazu Shimomura
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030025 - 28 Aug 2025
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Background/Objectives: The relative efficacy of 8 mg aflibercept compared to 2 mg in treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) has not been fully established. This study aims to compare the visual and anatomical outcomes of aflibercept 8 mg versus 2 mg in patients
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Background/Objectives: The relative efficacy of 8 mg aflibercept compared to 2 mg in treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) has not been fully established. This study aims to compare the visual and anatomical outcomes of aflibercept 8 mg versus 2 mg in patients with nAMD in both treatment-naïve individuals with no history of anti-VEGF treatment and those previously treated with intravitreal injections. Methods: This retrospective study included 13 eyes treated with aflibercept 8 mg and 14 eyes with aflibercept 2 mg in treatment-naïve patients, along with 15 eyes switched to aflibercept 8 mg previously treated with other intravitreal injections and 15 eyes continued on aflibercept 2 mg in patients. Baseline and one-month post-injection changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were assessed. Results: In treatment-naïve patients, the aflibercept 8 mg group showed a significant improvement in BCVA (logMAR 0.19 ± 0.23 to 0.13 ± 0.20, p = 0.0156), while the 2 mg group did not. Both doses reduced CMT significantly, with a greater reduction in the 8 mg group (dCMT 28.60% vs. 24.08%, p = 0.0220). In previously treated patients, no significant changes in BCVA were noted in either group; however, both groups showed significant reductions in CMT. Conclusions: Real-world data demonstrated that aflibercept 8 mg led to substantial improvements in anatomical outcomes one month after injection, irrespective of previous intravitreal injection history. However, significant improvements in visual outcomes were observed exclusively in treatment-naïve patients. Further large-scale, long-term studies are required to determine the proportion of patients who experience improvement and to assess whether these improvements are maintained over time.
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Open AccessArticle
Ketogenic Substrate Supplementation Attenuates Acute Inflammatory Responses in a Mouse Model of DNFB-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis
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Yukihiro Yoshimura, Aya Fujii and Kayo Nishida
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030024 - 18 Aug 2025
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Background/Objectives: Fasting-induced elevation of blood ketone body levels suppresses allergic reactions; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated whether elevated ketone body levels affect allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and explored nutritional interventions that effectively increase β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels. Additionally, we examined
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Background/Objectives: Fasting-induced elevation of blood ketone body levels suppresses allergic reactions; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated whether elevated ketone body levels affect allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and explored nutritional interventions that effectively increase β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels. Additionally, we examined the role of GPR109A, a receptor for β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), in ketone body-induced allergy suppression through ingestion of a ketogenic substrate. Methods: To evaluate the effects of ketone body precursors, medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil or 1,3-butanediol (BD) was administered as a single oral dose (2 g/kg body weight) under fed conditions. Blood BHB concentrations were measured at the time of euthanasia. ACD was induced using 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), and its severity was assessed by measuring ear swelling and mast cell (MC) degranulation. To determine whether GPR109A mediates ketone body-induced allergy suppression, mepenzolate bromide (MPN), a GPR109A antagonist, was subcutaneously administered before BD treatment. Results: Both MCT oil and BD significantly increased the blood BHB levels. Elevated BHB concentrations were accompanied by reduced ear swelling and MC degranulation in DNFB-treated mice. The anti-allergic effects of BD were abolished by MPN administration, indicating that these effects were mediated by GPR109A activation. Conclusions: Nutritional supplementation with ketogenic substrates, such as MCT oil and BD, may serve as a dietary intervention for ACD by elevating blood BHB levels. GPR109A activation appears to be involved in ketone body-induced allergy suppression, suggesting a mechanistic link between ketone metabolism and immunomodulation.
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Open AccessCase Report
Fibrotic Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia Treated with an Anti-IL-5 Monoclonal Antibody: A Case Report
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Umberto Semenzato, Daniele Previtero, Gioele Castelli, Eleonora Ruzzini, Elisabetta Cocconcelli, Mariaenrica Tinè, Roberto Padoan, Elisabetta Balestro, Simonetta Baraldo and Paolo Spagnolo
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030023 - 14 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP) is a rare inflammatory lung disease typically responsive to glucocorticoids, but is prone to relapse and, in some cases, progressive deterioration. A subset of patients develops fibrosing CEP, a distinct phenotype characterized by irreversible parenchymal remodeling and declining
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Background: Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP) is a rare inflammatory lung disease typically responsive to glucocorticoids, but is prone to relapse and, in some cases, progressive deterioration. A subset of patients develops fibrosing CEP, a distinct phenotype characterized by irreversible parenchymal remodeling and declining lung function, for which no standard treatment exists. Although biologic therapies targeting interleukin-5 (IL-5) are effective in relapsing CEP, their role in fibrosing forms remains unclear. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 43-year-old man with idiopathic CEP initially treated with systemic glucocorticoids, which were discontinued due to severe adverse effects. Despite subsequent therapy with inhaled steroids and azathioprine, the disease relapsed and progressed to a fibrosing phenotype, as confirmed by radiologic and functional assessments. An off-label treatment with subcutaneous mepolizumab, 100 mg, every 4 weeks was started. After eight months of therapy, the patient achieved clinical stability, improved lung function, and the radiologic stabilization of fibrotic changes, without the need for any further treatment with a corticosteroid. Conclusions: This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first documented case of fibrosing CEP treated with an anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody, highlighting its potential role as a steroid-sparing agent and immunomodulator even in the fibrotic phase of disease. Further research is warranted to define the place of biologics in the management of CEP with a fibrosing evolution and possible combinations with antifibrotic drugs.
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(This article belongs to the Section Monoclonal Antibodies)
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Open AccessArticle
Correlation of SERPINA-1 Gene Over-Expression with Inhibition of Cell Proliferation and Modulation of the Expression of IL-6, Furin, and NSD2 Genes
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Nassim Tassou, Hajar Anibat, Ahmed Tissent and Norddine Habti
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030022 - 6 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The cytokine IL-6, methyltransferase NSD2, pro-protein convertase Furin, and growth factor receptor IGF-1R are essential factors in the proliferation of cancer cells. These proteins are involved in the tumor process by generating several cell-signaling pathways. However, the interactions of these
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Background and Objectives: The cytokine IL-6, methyltransferase NSD2, pro-protein convertase Furin, and growth factor receptor IGF-1R are essential factors in the proliferation of cancer cells. These proteins are involved in the tumor process by generating several cell-signaling pathways. However, the interactions of these oncogenic biomarkers, Furin, IL-6, and NSD2, and their links with the inhibitor SERPINA-1 remain largely unknown. Materials and Methods: Cell proliferation is measured by colorimetric and enzymatic methods. The genetic expressions of SERPINA-1, Furin, IL-6, and NSD2 are measured by qRT-PCR, while the expression of IGF-1R on the cell surface is measured by flow cytometry. Results: The proliferation of cells overexpressing SERPINA-1 (JP7pSer+) is decreased by more than 90% compared to control cells (JP7pSer-). The kinetics of the gene expression ratios of Furin, IL-6, and NSD2 show an increase for 48 h, followed by a decrease after 72 h for the three biomarkers in JP7pSer+ cells compared to JP7pSer- cells. The expression of IGF-1R on the cell surface in both cell lines is low, with JP7pSer- cells expressing 1.33 times more IGF-1R than JP7pSer+ cells. Conclusions: These results suggest gene correlations of SERPINA-1 overexpression with decreased cell proliferation and modulation of gene expression of Furin, IL-6, and NSD2. This study should be complemented by molecular transcriptomic and proteomic experiments to better understand the interaction of SERPINA-1 with IL-6, Furin, and NSD2, and their effect on tumor progression.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Anti-Cancer Drugs: 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessReview
Immunological Strategies for Enhancing Viral Neutralization and Protection in Antibody-Guided Vaccine Design
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Dimitrina Miteva, Maria Kokudeva, Latchesar Tomov, Hristiana Batselova and Tsvetelina Velikova
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030021 - 23 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: Immunological strategies for antibody-guided vaccine design intend to enhance viral neutralization and protection and increase efficacy. Here, we discuss advances in antibody-guided vaccine design and current antibody-guided strategies, including epitope-based, nanoparticle-based, and scaffold-based vaccine approaches. We review the challenges and limitations of
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Background: Immunological strategies for antibody-guided vaccine design intend to enhance viral neutralization and protection and increase efficacy. Here, we discuss advances in antibody-guided vaccine design and current antibody-guided strategies, including epitope-based, nanoparticle-based, and scaffold-based vaccine approaches. We review the challenges and limitations of vaccines against different pathogens, such as influenza A virus, HIV-1 virus, single-celled malaria parasite, respiratory syncytial virus, and SARS-CoV-2. We summarize the available literature guidance, including emerging techniques in immunological vaccine design, to help understand and improve antibody-based immunity. The search strategy we applied is a comprehensive literature review of major databases, with specific search terms related to antibody-mediated vaccine design, viral neutralization, and immune protection. We discuss the how future directions for next-generation vaccine platforms and personalized vaccines based on immunogenetics will help improve vaccine design for increased specificity and potency of antibodies that neutralize pathogens, offering more precise and effective immune responses and, therefore, protection.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Antibody-Guided Vaccine Design for Viruses)
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Open AccessArticle
Impact of Antidiabetic Medication on Therapy Outcomes in Metastatic Urothelial Cancer Patients Receiving Enfortumab Vedotin Monotherapy
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Laila Schneidewind, Bernhard Kiss, Friedemann Zengerling, Annemarie Uhlig, Niklas Klümper, Thomas Büttner, Julia Heinzelbecker, Thomas Elegeert, Cem Aksoy, Cindy Rönnau, Thilo Schiller, Oliver Hahn, Oliver Hakenberg, Georgios Gakis, Marco Hoffmann, Matthias Saar and Jennifer Kranz
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030020 - 17 Jul 2025
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the association of diabetes mellitus and its medications with overall response (ORR) and mortality or cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer receiving enfortumab vedotin monotherapy. Methods: This multicentre retrospective
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the association of diabetes mellitus and its medications with overall response (ORR) and mortality or cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer receiving enfortumab vedotin monotherapy. Methods: This multicentre retrospective cohort study was designed according to the guidelines for the synthesis of qualitative research (ENTREQ). Eligible patients were adults (≥18) years treated with enfortumab vedotin monotherapy for metastatic urothelial cancer between June 2024 and January 2025. A total of 125 patients were reported across 11 centres. Results: The cohort included 93 males (74.4%) and 32 females (25.6%), with a mean age of 68.3 years (SD 9.3). The primary tumour site was the bladder in 109 (87.2%) cases and the upper tract (UTUC) in 16 (12.8%) cases. Interestingly, medication with metformin was significantly associated with cancer-specific mortality (37.9% versus 77.8%; p = 0.019), while patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had a significantly better CSS (Log Rank = 0.004). Upon comparing only patients who already had diabetes mellitus and then received anti-diabetic medication, there was a significant association between patients with diabetes mellitus receiving metformin and a worse 3-month ORR (80.0% versus 55.6%; p = 0.039). Regarding the subpopulation of UTUC, cancer-specific mortality was significantly associated with metformin medication (p = 0.033). Conclusions: Despite recent reports that metformin has protective effects in urothelial cancer, our findings suggest that metformin use may be linked to worse responses and survival outcomes in patients treated with enfortumab vedotin monotherapy. Further research, particularly translational research into the underlying diabetic and pharmacologic pathways, is warranted.
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Open AccessArticle
Antiproliferative Potential of Eugenia uniflora L. Leaf Essential Oil in Normal and Tumoral Human Colon Cells
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Ana G. Sánchez, Macarena Menoni, Pamela Lombardo, Eduardo Dellacassa, María Angélica Severi, Gabriela Ferragut, Beatriz Vignale, Juan Cedano, María José Zuluaga and Deborah J. Keszenman
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030019 - 3 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Natural products are important in healthcare due to their accessibility and linkage to a healthy lifestyle. However, their effectiveness is uncertain due to insufficient scientific data. Cancer patients are frequent users of natural products to relieve symptoms or for chemoprevention. Eugenia
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Background/Objectives: Natural products are important in healthcare due to their accessibility and linkage to a healthy lifestyle. However, their effectiveness is uncertain due to insufficient scientific data. Cancer patients are frequent users of natural products to relieve symptoms or for chemoprevention. Eugenia uniflora leaf essential oil (EO), traditionally used for digestive disorders, emerges as a potential antineoplastic agent. We investigated the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of E. uniflora EO in human normal CCD 841 CoN and tumoral Caco-2 colonic cell lines. Methods: CCD 841 CoN and Caco-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of E. uniflora EO, and the cytotoxicity was determined by MTT and Trypan Blue assays. Cell proliferation kinetics were analyzed at a low EO concentration, and the induction of DNA damage and oxidative stress was assessed by Comet and Cellular ROS assays. Results: Both cell lines exhibited cytotoxicity produced by the EO and decreased cell viability of the exposed cells and their progeny. CCD 841 CoN proliferation was impaired by low EO concentration, while the proliferation kinetics of the Caco-2 cells was modified. EO treatment induced variable DNA damage and oxidative stress depending on the cell line. Conclusions: Our results suggest that E. uniflora EO may prevent the proliferation of normal cells, inducing loss of viability. The EO produced cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects in tumoral cells by inducing DNA damage and increased oxidative stress. These effects support the consideration of E. uniflora EO (or its bioactive compounds) as a potential agent for the chemoprevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.
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(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
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Open AccessArticle
Unraveling Potential Compounds of Uncaria gambir (W.Hunter) Roxb. as Antikeloid Agent: In Silico, In Vitro and Ex Vivo Experimental Validation
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Sri Suciati Ningsih, Sri Widia A. Jusman, Rahimi Syaidah, Muhamad Arif Budiman, Alfi Khatib and Fadilah Fadilah
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030018 - 27 Jun 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Keloid treatment remains challenging due to limited effectiveness and patient dissatisfaction. Herbal-based therapy offers promising alternatives that require further investigation. Uncaria gambir (W.Hunter) Roxb., an original plant from Indonesia, possesses an antifibrotic effect. However, its potential as an antifibrotic agent in keloid
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Background/Objectives: Keloid treatment remains challenging due to limited effectiveness and patient dissatisfaction. Herbal-based therapy offers promising alternatives that require further investigation. Uncaria gambir (W.Hunter) Roxb., an original plant from Indonesia, possesses an antifibrotic effect. However, its potential as an antifibrotic agent in keloid management remains unclear. This study aims to bridge this gap by evaluating the bioactive compound from gambir and its effects on keloid fibroblast primary culture. Methods: The bioactive compounds of gambir extract and fractions (ethanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions) were identified by using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) analysis. The mechanism of gambir bioactive compounds for keloid was predicted using the compound–protein interaction network and enrichment analysis, and validated using molecular docking and dynamic simulation. The experimental study results, including cytotoxic and bioactivity effects, were represented as IC50 and selectivity index (SI) values, and the ex vivo analysis of keloid tissue explants. Results: Uncariagambiriine was identified as the most potent compound with the lowest binding energy and high stability to the core protein targets: AKT1 and TGFB1. The ethanol fraction was determined to have the highest abundance of gambir’s typical bioactive compounds, with the lowest IC50 (128.76 ± 0.24 µg/mL) and the highest SI (6.32) value. Furthermore, the results of the ex vivo analysis indicated the significant inhibition of keloid fibroblast proliferation and migration by the gambir ethanolic fraction. Conclusions: This study underlines the potential of the gambir ethanolic fraction as an antifibrotic agent in keloid, warranting further investigation and development for clinical applications.
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(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
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Open AccessArticle
Immunotherapy Potential of Animal-Sourced Probiotic Bacteria
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Isaac Oluseun Adejumo
Biologics 2025, 5(3), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5030017 - 27 Jun 2025
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Background/Objectives: Research efforts and substantial funding have been dedicated to finding cost-effective and sustainable alternatives to antibiotics. Probiotics have been proposed as promising substitutes for antibiotics in human nutrition and livestock production; however, their functional mechanisms remain incompletely understood, limiting their sustainable applications
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Background/Objectives: Research efforts and substantial funding have been dedicated to finding cost-effective and sustainable alternatives to antibiotics. Probiotics have been proposed as promising substitutes for antibiotics in human nutrition and livestock production; however, their functional mechanisms remain incompletely understood, limiting their sustainable applications as food supplements, feed additives and for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. Methods: In this study, the probiotic potential of two bacterial genomes, Ligilactobacillus saerimneri and Ligilactobacillus salivarius, were explored. Their protein-coding hypothetical proteins were analyzed for their potential to induce interleukin-5 (IL-5) and interleukin-13 (IL-13). Results: The IL-5- and IL-13-inducing peptides were identified as immunogens against bacterial and tumor peptides. Conclusions: These findings provide insights into the probiotic bacteria’s immune functionality pathways, sustainability and potential as therapeutic feed additives, food supplements and candidates for vaccine development.
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Open AccessArticle
Enhancing the Total Terminal Galactosylation of CHO Cell-Derived TNF-α Blocker-IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody Using Time-Dependent Galactose Supplementation
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Mallikarjuna Pulipeta, Pradeep Kumar Iyer, Rajendra Kumar Palakurthy, Narasimha Pullaguri, Rajasekhar Pinnamaneni and Srinivas Reddy Chilukuri
Biologics 2025, 5(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5020016 - 11 Jun 2025
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Background: Recombinant monoclonal antibodies represent a vital category of biologics, constituting the largest class of molecules used to treat autoimmune disorders, cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and other chronic conditions. The IgG1 subclass is the most potent among all the immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) antibodies, inducing
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Background: Recombinant monoclonal antibodies represent a vital category of biologics, constituting the largest class of molecules used to treat autoimmune disorders, cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and other chronic conditions. The IgG1 subclass is the most potent among all the immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) antibodies, inducing Fc-related effector functions. N-linked glycan distribution of therapeutic IgG1s affects Fc-related effector functions such as CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity) and ADCC (antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) biological activities and efficacy in vivo. Hence, as a critical quality attribute (CQA), the glycosylation profile of therapeutic IgG1s must be consistently preserved, which is primarily influenced by manufacturing process factors. In the era of biosimilars, it is challenging for biopharmaceutical manufacturers to not only obtain the desired glycan distribution consistently but also to meet the innovator molecule specifications as per the regulatory agencies. Methods: This study investigates the CHO fed-batch process parameters that affect the titer and terminal galactosylation of the TNF-α blocker-IgG1. It was hypothesized that galactose supplementation would enhance the galactosylation of TNF-α blocker-IgG1. Results: It was observed that such in-cultivation process shift does not affect cell culture parameters yet significantly enhances the galactosylation of TNF-α blocker-IgG1. Interestingly, the results indicate that supplementing D-galactose from the exponential phase of the CHO fed-batch process had the greatest effect on Fc galactosylation, increasing the amount of total galactosylated TNF-α blocker-IgG1 from 7.7% to 15.8%. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a relatively easy and viable technique for cell culture engineering that is more appropriate for industrial production than costly in vitro glycoengineering.
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Open AccessArticle
Efficacy of Dissolvable Microneedle Patches with Skincare Actives in Acne Management: A Monocentric Clinical Trial
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Muhammet Avcil, Jens Klokkers, Dohyeon Jeong and Ayhan Celik
Biologics 2025, 5(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5020015 - 27 May 2025
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Background: Dissolvable Microneedle Patches (DMP) have emerged as a promising approach for improved topical delivery of skincare agents with dermatological values (dermo-cosmetics), effectively addressing the various skin concerns. These patches enable minimally invasive penetration of the skin’s outer layer, facilitating efficient transdermal delivery
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Background: Dissolvable Microneedle Patches (DMP) have emerged as a promising approach for improved topical delivery of skincare agents with dermatological values (dermo-cosmetics), effectively addressing the various skin concerns. These patches enable minimally invasive penetration of the skin’s outer layer, facilitating efficient transdermal delivery of actives by overcoming skin barrier for successful outcomes. Objectives: The aim of this work was to assess the efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid-based microneedle patches (HA-MNP) with agents for the managements of an inflammatory disorder of acne. A particular focus was on helping individuals with moderate inflammatory acne. Methods: A single-center clinical trial was conducted over a period of four weeks on acne patients. Measurable skin properties, including sebum content, redness, and severity of inflammation, were evaluated to gauge the overall usefulness of the MN patches. Results: The application of the patches resulted in a significant decrease in sebum content, with reductions of −4.9% and −36.8% observed after two and four weeks of use, respectively. The redness of localized acne lesions also showed a marked decline, with reductions of −47.2% and −65.5% observed after two and four weeks of use, respectively. Additionally, the severity of inflammatory signs in acne lesions showed significant improvements, with reductions of −68.8% and −83.3% observed for the application periods. The patches utilized in this investigation exhibited highly encouraging results, displaying a notable synergistic effect in the context of combating acne without adverse effects. Conclusions: The patches have the potential to be broadly applied as a modular and adaptable approach for therapeutic delivery of actives for various skin diseases and concerns.
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Open AccessReview
Using the Allen Brain Cell Atlas of the Human Brain to Gain Insights into C-Terminal-Binding Protein 1 (CtBP1)’s Potential Function
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Suhjin Lee and Uthayashanker R. Ezekiel
Biologics 2025, 5(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5020014 - 5 May 2025
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C-terminal-binding proteins (CtBPs) dimerize and function predominantly as transcriptional corepressors by recruiting various chromatin-modifying factors to promoter-bound repressors. Hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, and tooth enamel defects syndrome (HADDTS) is a recently discovered neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from a heterozygous missense mutation in CTBP1.
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C-terminal-binding proteins (CtBPs) dimerize and function predominantly as transcriptional corepressors by recruiting various chromatin-modifying factors to promoter-bound repressors. Hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, and tooth enamel defects syndrome (HADDTS) is a recently discovered neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from a heterozygous missense mutation in CTBP1. It is often associated with the early onset of profound cerebellar atrophy in patients. Allen Institute’s Allen Brain Cell (ABC) atlas of human brain data was used to localize CTBP1 expression in the brain to elucidate the etiology of HADDTS. Based on the ABC atlas, CTBP1 is highly expressed in the upper rhombic lip supercluster, which gives rise to cerebellar cells and provides insights into the cerebellar pathophysiology observed in HADDTS patients.
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Open AccessFeature PaperReview
Sherpabodies—A Highly Versatile and Modular Scaffold for Biomedical Targeting
by
Anna R. Mäkelä and Kalle Saksela
Biologics 2025, 5(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5020013 - 23 Apr 2025
Abstract
Sherpabodies are a novel class of antibody-mimetic proteins and represent the third generation of SH3 domain-based targeting scaffolds. Sherpabodies have several advantageous biophysical properties, and molecular libraries based on this scaffold provide a rich and facile source of high-quality binders against diverse target
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Sherpabodies are a novel class of antibody-mimetic proteins and represent the third generation of SH3 domain-based targeting scaffolds. Sherpabodies have several advantageous biophysical properties, and molecular libraries based on this scaffold provide a rich and facile source of high-quality binders against diverse target proteins of interest. Recent studies have successfully exploited sherpabodies for developing potent antivirals to block SARS-CoV-2 infection and for the advanced guiding of cancer cell killing by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells, but many other applications for sherpabody-mediated targeting in biomedicine and biotechnology can be anticipated.
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(This article belongs to the Section Protein Therapeutics)
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Open AccessArticle
Is Canakinumab Safe During Pregnancy? New Insights from Three Cases in Slovakia
by
Branislav Slenker, Katarina Hrubiskova, Lenka Kapustova, Anna Bobcakova, Juraj Ondris and Milos Jesenak
Biologics 2025, 5(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5020012 - 22 Apr 2025
Cited by 1
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Canakinumab, a human recombinant monoclonal antibody against interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), is indicated for the treatment of selected autoinflammatory periodic fever syndromes and rheumatic diseases. Data on its use during pregnancy remain limited and all are primarily derived from case reports.
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Background and Objectives: Canakinumab, a human recombinant monoclonal antibody against interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), is indicated for the treatment of selected autoinflammatory periodic fever syndromes and rheumatic diseases. Data on its use during pregnancy remain limited and all are primarily derived from case reports. Although animal studies indicate no evidence of reproductive toxicity, the risk to the fetus or mother remains unknown. This study aims to provide more findings about this important topic. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on three patients followed and treated in the National Center for Periodic Fever Syndromes. Although due to the small sample size, no general conclusions regarding the safety of canakinumab during pregnancy can be drawn. Results: Three maternal-exposed pregnancies were assessed, with no paternal exposure. Diagnoses included mevalonate kinase deficiency, familiar Mediterranean fever and TNF-receptor-associated periodic syndrome. All mothers were treated with canakinumab, and two of those continued the canakinumab treatment during the whole course of pregnancy. The diseases remained under full control during pregnancy, enabling conception in two cases where attempts prior to treatment were unsuccessful. The therapy led to disease control, a reduction in inflammation and subsequently successful conception. One patient underwent IVF repeatedly. All pregnancies resulted in three healthy infants, with no reported miscarriages during the canakinumab-exposed pregnancies, no complications during pregnancies and no serious infections in the newborns. The children had normal development, without any developmental delays or chronic illnesses. Conclusions: The current data, including our findings, indicate no harmful effects of canakinumab during pregnancy. However, because of the scarcity of data, the use of canakinumab during pregnancy should be carefully managed, and women who want to become pregnant should continue treatment only after a thorough benefit–risk evaluation.
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(This article belongs to the Section Monoclonal Antibodies)
Open AccessReview
Cytokine-Targeting Biologic Therapies for Alopecia Areata: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanism of Action, Clinical Efficacy, and Adverse Events
by
Simonetta I. Gaumond, Isabella Kamholtz and Joaquin J. Jimenez
Biologics 2025, 5(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5020011 - 9 Apr 2025
Abstract
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Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease affecting 2% of the global population, often causing localized scalp hair loss that can progress to alopecia totalis or universalis. While corticosteroids and JAK inhibitors are effective, their significant side effects highlight the need for
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Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease affecting 2% of the global population, often causing localized scalp hair loss that can progress to alopecia totalis or universalis. While corticosteroids and JAK inhibitors are effective, their significant side effects highlight the need for safer, more targeted treatments. Recently, biologics have gained attention as potential treatments for AA. Methods: A review of clinical trials, case series, and case reports published on PubMed was conducted to assess the efficacy of cytokine-targeting biologics for the treatment of AA. Data on the mechanism of action, treatment outcomes, and safety were extracted and analyzed. Results: Cytokine-targeting biologics identified included Dupilumab, Secukinumab, Tralokinumab, Etanercept, Ustekinumab, Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Tildrakizumab. Dupilumab and ustekinumab demonstrated strong efficacy, with dupilumab showing significant regrowth in 89% of cases and ustekinumab in all patients. Tralokinumab demonstrated a 33.75% improvement, with no patients achieving SALT50. Limited efficacy was observed with secukinumab, tildrakizumab, and adalimumab, with 71.4%, 77.8%, and 50% of patients, respectively, showing no response. Disease worsening was observed in patients who received etanercept (29%) and infliximab (50%). Conclusions: Further research is necessary to optimize treatment protocols, identify predictive biomarkers, and, crucially, discover novel and more effective cytokine targets to advance biologics as a cornerstone therapy for AA.
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Open AccessReview
Sialic Acids in Health and Disease
by
Gerardo N. Guerrero-Flores, Fayth M. Butler, Veronica L. Martinez Marignac, Guangyu Zhang, Fabio J. Pacheco and Danilo S. Boskovic
Biologics 2025, 5(2), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5020010 - 26 Mar 2025
Abstract
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Vertebrate cell surfaces exhibit intricate arrangements of glycosaminoglycan polymers, which are primarily linked to lipids and proteins. Numerous soluble secreted proteins are also decorated with either individual sugar molecules or their polymers. The carbohydrate polymers commonly possess terminal nine-carbon sugars, known as sialic
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Vertebrate cell surfaces exhibit intricate arrangements of glycosaminoglycan polymers, which are primarily linked to lipids and proteins. Numerous soluble secreted proteins are also decorated with either individual sugar molecules or their polymers. The carbohydrate polymers commonly possess terminal nine-carbon sugars, known as sialic acids. Due to their widespread distribution and strategic positioning, sialic acids play a crucial role in mediating and regulating a wide range of physiologic processes and pathologic conditions. Human- or animal-based investigations predominantly concentrate on the effects of sialic acids during infections, inflammations, vascular disorders, or cancers. Further investigations encompass a variety of applications, including cell–cell interactions, signaling, host–pathogen interactions, and other biological functions associated with nutrition, metabolism, or genetic disorders. Nevertheless, future mechanistic investigations are needed to clarify the specific roles of sialic acids in these varied contexts, so that more effective interventions may be developed.
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Open AccessArticle
Unleashing the Power of Biologics: Exploring the Governance and Regulation of Membrane-Based Virus Purification (MVP) Technologies
by
Ben Galloway, Patrick A. Stewart, Camille Gilmore, Victor Akakpo, Nataliia Borozdina, Geoboo Song, Sumith Ranil Wickramasinghe, Xianghong Qian, Asingsa Lakmini Weerasinghe Wickramasinghe Arachchige and Sarah W. Harcum
Biologics 2025, 5(2), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5020009 - 26 Mar 2025
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Background: Biologics is an exciting and growing area of medicine. Within the larger field of biologics, the use of viral vectors and virus-like particles (VLPs) is increasingly common, making it crucial to develop innovative and practical unit operations for the related purification process.
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Background: Biologics is an exciting and growing area of medicine. Within the larger field of biologics, the use of viral vectors and virus-like particles (VLPs) is increasingly common, making it crucial to develop innovative and practical unit operations for the related purification process. Objective: Some scientists and engineers propose that membrane-based downstream virus purification (MVP) platforms would allow for more scalable and cost-effective production of these critical particles. However, the so-cial, political, and ethical implications of these advancements remain largely unex-plored. This paper aims to explore various pivotal facets of MVP technology govern-ance and regulations within the U.S. context, including (1) government policy ar-rangements related to the implementation of the technologies, (2) stakeholder atti-tudes, policy preferences, and behaviors, and (3) the fundamental factors that shape these attitudes, policy preferences, and behaviors. Methods: In doing so, we analyze publicly available federal and state government documents pertaining to biomanu-facturing, healthcare, and legislative attempts. Additionally, we will perform a stake-holder analysis on relevant industries, healthcare service providers, and recipients. Conclusions: Our goal is to outline the socio-political, ethical, and regulatory factors pertaining to the regulation and governance of these technologies.
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