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To meet the demand for increasing global food production while using limited water resources, crop water stress must be improved in agriculture. Remote-sensing-based plant stress indicators have the benefits of high spatial resolutions, a cheap cost,...

Pakistan is primarily an agricultural nation. Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan economy and accounts for around 19.3% of its total gross domestic product. Pakistan ranks among the world’s top 10 producers of wheat, maize, rice, cotton, an...

A weather forecast is a result of applying science and technology to predict the conditions of the atmosphere in a selected location and time in the future. The main input is a collection of data (atmospheric, land, and ocean), and the resulting outp...

Air pollution is a major environmental risk to human health and wellbeing, and a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Particularly affected are the vulnerable populations of women, pregnant women, children, people with disabilities, and...

Pakistan depends heavily on the Indus River Basin System (IRBS) which is essential for meeting the great majority of Pakistan’s agricultural and home consumption requirements. The Indus River is responsible for over 90% of Pakistan’s agri...

Horticultural crops have a special impact on a nation’s economy due to their significance in raising the living standards of farmers. The traditional method for crop protection is becoming ineffective with an increase in climate change effects....

Return periods (Ts) are used to estimate the interval of time between natural hazard occurrences of a certain size and assess the risks associated with hydrological occurrences, climate extremes, structural failures and seismicity. Despite Ts being w...

Floods hit Jakarta and several areas in the Ciliwung–Cisadane Watershed. The rain that occurred on 31 December 2019 stopped briefly and continued until 1 January 2020. As a result, several areas were flooded for several days. It is said that th...

In this study, a simple, environment-friendly, and cost-effective method is developed to synthesize metallic nanoparticles (NPs) from natural waste residues, such as onion, potato, tea, and moringa, and the effect of extract residues on efficiency, y...

Crop growth and yield are influenced by the genetic potential of the cultivar, soil, weather, and cultivation practices, i.e., sowing date, irrigation and fertilizer amount, and biotic stresses. Temporal variation in yield and growth has been largely...