Animals

17 pages, 6095 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characteristics and Pathogenicity Analysis of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Strain Isolated from Persistently Infected Cattle

by Jiaxing Zhong, Fen Sun, Ming Zhou, Kaiqiang Fu and Hongjun Yang

Animals 2026, 16(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010153 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 824

Abstract

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) primarily causes bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, an infectious disease having a significant economic impact on the cattle-farming industry globally. Comprehensive monitoring and in-depth studies of the pathological characteristics of viruses are crucial in formulating effective prevention and control [...] Read more.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) primarily causes bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, an infectious disease having a significant economic impact on the cattle-farming industry globally. Comprehensive monitoring and in-depth studies of the pathological characteristics of viruses are crucial in formulating effective prevention and control strategies. The isolation, identification, molecular characterization, and pathogenicity analysis of a BVDV strain isolated from persistently infected cattle ear tissue samples are reported in this study. This newly isolated strain is a noncytopathogenic BVDV, which we named HB2411. Homology between the HB2411 and U63479 strains was determined to be 96.7%, and the phylogenetic tree indicated that HB2411 belongs to the BVDV-1b subtype. Genetic variation analysis of the E2 protein of the HB2411 strain revealed multiple amino-acid mutation sites. Recombination analysis of the newly isolated HB2411 strain suggested a potential cross-geographical transmission event. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with the BVDV strain to evaluate the pathogenicity and virulence of BVDV-1b HB2411. BVDV was detected in multiple organs of BALB/c mice, with the highest viral load in the liver. BVDV infection promoted the expression of inflammatory cytokines in mice livers, necessitating further studies on the virulence and pathogenic mechanisms of this new strain to reduce economic losses caused to the animal husbandry industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Cattle Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2388 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Valorisation of Culled Iberian Sows Through the Montanera System: Immunocastration, Welfare and Sustainable Production

by Javier García-Gudiño, Carmen Barraso, Francisco I. Hernández-García, Montaña López-Parra, Mercedes Izquierdo and Isabel Blanco-Penedo

Animals 2026, 16(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010152 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 698

Abstract

Despite their substantial contributions to herd productivity, culled sows typically receive minimal economic valorisation. This study evaluated the feasibility of finishing culled Iberian sows under free-range conditions (montanera finishing system) and assessed the effects of immunocastration on productivity, welfare, and meat quality. [...] Read more.

Despite their substantial contributions to herd productivity, culled sows typically receive minimal economic valorisation. This study evaluated the feasibility of finishing culled Iberian sows under free-range conditions (montanera finishing system) and assessed the effects of immunocastration on productivity, welfare, and meat quality. Thirty-six culled Iberian sows were assigned to two treatments: entire sows (n = 18) and immunocastrated sows (n = 18). Following a maintenance phase and a pre-finishing transition, animals were finished under montanera conditions with ad libitum access to acorns and pasture. Productive traits, welfare indicators, carcass traits, and meat quality parameters were evaluated. Immunocastration effectively suppressed reproductive function without compromising productive traits or meat quality in culled Iberian sows. Both groups exhibited comparable body weight evolution, carcass characteristics, and meat quality attributes consistent with Iberian standards. The results indicate a clear potential for value generation, transforming animals from minimal-value culling categories to premium montanera products. This integrated approach combining immunocastration with traditional extensive finishing systems provides a viable way to add value to culled sow valorisation within circular economy frameworks, addressing economic, environmental, and welfare challenges of sustainable livestock production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Welfare of Animals in Livestock Production Systems and at Slaughter)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1124 KB

Open AccessArticle

Whole-Genome Sequencing and Antimicrobial Resistance Analysis of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F5 and F5-F41 Strains Isolated from Neonatal Calves in Inner Mongolia, China

by Mengyuan Xie, Hewei Shang, Liangliang Lv, Pingping Liu, Wenhao Li, Dong Wang, Yue Yuan, Tianqu Huang, Xiumin Wang and Xiaojing Xu

Animals 2026, 16(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010151 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 781

Abstract

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) causes significant economic losses to the cattle industry; therefore, understanding its antibiotic resistance is crucial for developing targeted prevention and treatment strategies. However, reports on antibiotic resistance in bovine ETEC are currently limited. This study [...] Read more.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) causes significant economic losses to the cattle industry; therefore, understanding its antibiotic resistance is crucial for developing targeted prevention and treatment strategies. However, reports on antibiotic resistance in bovine ETEC are currently limited. This study conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing on ETEC F5- and F5-F41-positive strains isolated from neonatal calf diarrhea samples in Inner Mongolia, China. The results showed that both ETEC F5- and ETEC F5-F41-positive strains are multidrug-resistant, containing ceftriaxone (CRO), ceftazidime (CAZ)) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), which are listed as the highest priority critically important antimicrobial (HP-CIAs) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Combined analysis using the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) and ResFinder 4.1 predictive analysis revealed that the chromosomes and plasmids of the 2 ETEC-positive strains contained 11 classes of antibiotic resistance genes, with the top 3 categories in terms of the number of resistance genes being aminoglycosides, β-lactamases, and chloramphenicols. In addition, various bacterial efflux pumps, including RND, MFS, SMR, and the ABC efflux pump family, were detected. A total of 74 antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in the 2 strains, belonging to 5 categories of drug resistance mechanisms; the antimicrobial resistance phenotype was consistent with the genotype. This study provides a reference for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea caused by ETEC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diarrhea in Neonatal Ruminant Calves: Diagnosis and Treatment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5377 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative RNA-Seq Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in the Testis and Ovary of Mudskipper, Boleophthalmus pectinirostris

by He Ma, Chao Bian, Changxu Tian, Hongjuan Shi, Tianli Wu, Siping Deng, Guangli Li and Dongneng Jiang

Animals 2026, 16(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010150 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 916

Abstract

Sex determination and differentiation in teleosts are governed by complex genetic regulatory networks that include evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. In this study, we investigated Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, a Gobiidae species lacking heterogametic sex chromosomes, using comparative gonadal transcriptome analysis to identify sex differentially expressed [...] Read more.

Sex determination and differentiation in teleosts are governed by complex genetic regulatory networks that include evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. In this study, we investigated Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, a Gobiidae species lacking heterogametic sex chromosomes, using comparative gonadal transcriptome analysis to identify sex differentially expressed genes (DEGs). RNA sequencing of ovarian and testicular tissues identified 17,214 DEGs, including 14,302 upregulated in males and 2912 upregulated in females. These DEGs were primarily associated with male (e.g., dmrt1, amh, amhr2) or female (e.g., bmp15, gdf9, rspo1) sex determination and differentiation, steroidogenesis (e.g., hsd17b1, hsd3b1, cyp17a1), and meiosis (e.g., cyp26b1, aldh1a2, piwil2). Functional enrichment analysis revealed that male upregulated DEGs were involved in spermatogenesis pathways such as calcium signaling, while female upregulated DEGs were associated with oogenesis pathways including oocyte meiosis and progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation. Conserved regulators, notably dmrt1 and amh, were predicted to act as key hubs in protein–protein interaction networks, being primarily associated with reproductive processes and sex differentiation in B. pectinirostris. The amh gene produces two alternatively spliced isoforms that differ by a partial deletion in the second exon, both expressed in ovaries and testes. Collectively, this study provides the first comprehensive molecular framework of sex determination and differentiation in Gobiidae species, offering critical insights into the regulatory mechanisms of B. pectinirostris reproductive development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4386 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Regulation of Bile Acid-Driven Nitrogen Metabolism by Swollenin in Ruminants: A Microbiota-Targeted Strategy to Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency

by Lizhi Li, Haibo Zhang, Linfei Zhan, Weikun Guan, Junhao Hu, Zi Wei, Wenbo Wu, Yunjing Wu, Qingfeng Xing, Jianzhong Wu, Zhen Li, Qin Liu, Jifa Chen, An Yuan, Dongsheng Guo, Kehui Ouyang, Jiarui Yang, Wei Hu and Xianghui Zhao

Animals 2026, 16(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010149 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 720

Abstract

The annual nitrogen loss from the livestock production sector poses a significant threat to the global natural environment. Therefore, it is urgent to focus on improving the nutrient utilization efficiency of ruminants and promoting the sustainable development of livestock production. Twelve 60-day-old Ganxi [...] Read more.

The annual nitrogen loss from the livestock production sector poses a significant threat to the global natural environment. Therefore, it is urgent to focus on improving the nutrient utilization efficiency of ruminants and promoting the sustainable development of livestock production. Twelve 60-day-old Ganxi goats with similar body weights were selected and randomly assigned to two dietary treatment groups. The control group was fed only a basal diet, while the treatment group was supplemented with 32 mg/d of Swollenin. The experiment lasted for 30 days. At the end of the experimental period, the goats were euthanized, and their intestinal contents were collected, rapidly frozen, and stored at −80 °C for subsequent metagenomic and metabolomic analyses. In the Swollenin group, we observed changes in gut microbiota structure and significantly enhanced feed conversion efficiency compared to the control group. Notably, genera such as Bacteroides, Ruminococcus, and Bifidobacterium exhibited significantly higher abundance. Following Swollenin supplementation, the gene abundance associated with the secondary bile acid biosynthesis pathway in the intestinal tract of young goats was significantly higher. The levels of primary bile acids (BAs), including taurocholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, and glycochenodeoxycholic acid, were significantly lower, while the concentrations of secondary BAs such as ursodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid were significantly higher. The abundance of nitrogen-fixing and nitrogen-assimilating genes in the gut of young goats in the Swollenin group was significantly higher. Furthermore, co-occurrence network analysis revealed a strong correlation between bile acid metabolism and nitrogen metabolism pathways. These results suggest that nutritional regulation may serve as a preventive strategy to optimize the symbiotic development of animals and their gut microbiota, ultimately improving nitrogen utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 975 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Vitamin C Supplementation on Vitamin C Synthesis, Transport, and Egg Deposition in Breeding Geese

by Yanglei Hu, Rong Xu, Yating Zhou, Ning Li, Haiming Yang, Jian Wang, Hongchang Zhao and Jun Yu

Animals 2026, 16(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010148 - 5 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 647

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C supplementation on vitamin C synthesis, transport, and egg deposition in breeding geese. A total of 450 female and 90 male 221-day-old Yangzhou geese were randomly assigned to five treatment groups with six [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C supplementation on vitamin C synthesis, transport, and egg deposition in breeding geese. A total of 450 female and 90 male 221-day-old Yangzhou geese were randomly assigned to five treatment groups with six replicates each (15 females and 3 males per replicate). The control group received a basal diet, while the other four groups were fed diets supplemented with 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg vitamin C over a 16-week feeding trial. The results showed that dietary vitamin C supplementation increased the vitamin C content in both serum and egg yolks and modulated the expression of key vitamin C-related genes. Specifically, the intestinal and ovarian sodium-dependent vitamin C transporters 1 and 2 (SVCT1/SVCT2) were upregulated, whereas hepatic and renal L-Gulonolactone oxidase (GLO) and SVCT1 were suppressed. These findings indicate that exogenous vitamin C enhances intestinal absorption, inhibits hepatic synthesis, and promotes yolk deposition, with 300 mg/kg emerging as an effective and practical supplementation level that provides a physiological basis for its application in poultry nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Precision Feeding and Management of Farm Animals, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2848 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Tomographic Characterization of the European Shorthair Cat Orbital and Infraorbital Regions

by João Filipe Requicha, Ana Rita Sousa, Nuno Proença, Ana Válega and Sofia Alves-Pimenta

Animals 2026, 16(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010147 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 542

Abstract

Accurate knowledge of orbital and infraorbital regions and their relation to pterygopalatine fossa is essential for improving safety and effectiveness of infraorbital and maxillary nerve blocks and for guiding surgical procedures in dentistry. Previous studies relied on multiplanar or three-dimensional reconstructions of computed [...] Read more.

Accurate knowledge of orbital and infraorbital regions and their relation to pterygopalatine fossa is essential for improving safety and effectiveness of infraorbital and maxillary nerve blocks and for guiding surgical procedures in dentistry. Previous studies relied on multiplanar or three-dimensional reconstructions of computed tomographic (CT) images, requiring additional processing and expertise. Scans from 24 European Shorthair cats were analyzed retrospectively, to provide anatomical landmarks and reference values for orbital and infraorbital regions, using a simplified approach based on linear measurements taken directly from sagittal, transverse and dorsal CT planes. Repeatability of measurements was confirmed, with all parameters showing strong agreement across sessions. Significant differences were observed between mean infraorbital canal length in females (5.02 ± 0.42) and males (5.46 ± 0.46), and skull length in females (88.06 ± 3.16) and males (94.54 ± 4.52). Males exhibited 0.42 mm larger infraorbital major axis. After adjustment for skull size, only selected differences persisted, reflecting proportionally longer skulls in males. This study contributes practical reference data to support the limited safe depth for infraorbital/maxillary nerve blocks and the associated risk of globe penetration if instruments are advanced too far into the infraorbital canal. By proposing this simplified and clinic-ready workflow, our results provide foundation for standardization of feline orbital and infraorbital morphometry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stomatology of Companion Animals—Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1090 KB

Open AccessArticle

Conscious Indirect Blood Pressure Measurements in Asiatic Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus)

by Grace M. Scrafford, O. Lynne Nelson, Rachel Sanki, Sarah van Herpt and David Rice

Animals 2026, 16(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010146 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 609

Abstract

At Animals Asia’s Vietnam Bear Rescue Center (VBRC), 40% of the current population has been diagnosed with systemic hypertension. Systemic hypertension lesions have led to fatal consequences in the form of aortic aneurysm and rupture. Historically, veterinarians were only able to diagnose systemic [...] Read more.

At Animals Asia’s Vietnam Bear Rescue Center (VBRC), 40% of the current population has been diagnosed with systemic hypertension. Systemic hypertension lesions have led to fatal consequences in the form of aortic aneurysm and rupture. Historically, veterinarians were only able to diagnose systemic hypertension by identifying validated secondary structural heart and retinal lesions during annual health checks of anesthetized bears. In 2021, the VBRC began training bears for cooperative conscious blood pressure measurements to increase monitoring frequency and expedite the diagnosis of systemic hypertension in affected bears. The objective of this study was to evaluate a noninvasive method of blood pressure measurement in trained, cooperative Asiatic black bears. Indirect blood pressure measurements, using the oscillometric technique, were validated with direct arterial measurements in nine bears (6 male, 3 female, ages 13–22 years) undergoing anesthesia for annual health checks. Eleven trained bears at the VBRC without secondary lesions of systemic hypertension (6 male, 5 female, ages 7–23 years) were used to develop normal systolic ranges for Asiatic black bears using the indirect technique. Mean blood pressure measurements for this group of trained bears (n = 11) were 180.65 +/− 37 mmHg (95% CI: 126–255) systolic. These results suggest that indirect blood pressures may be a useful tool to monitor blood pressure in cooperative conscious bears at the VBRC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 8224 KB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Fish Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Diversity and Their Driving Factors in a Reservoir in the Karst Basin of Southwest China

by Jialing Qiao, Yang Liu, Weiwei Yao, Hong Ma, Liang Yu, Qin Zhao and Lijian Ouyang

Animals 2026, 16(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010145 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 713

Abstract

Dam construction can significantly alter local habitat characteristics and the distribution patterns of aquatic organisms. However, the variations in the multidimensional diversity of fish assemblages in reservoirs, as well as the relative significance of potential community assembly rules, remains poorly understood. This study [...] Read more.

Dam construction can significantly alter local habitat characteristics and the distribution patterns of aquatic organisms. However, the variations in the multidimensional diversity of fish assemblages in reservoirs, as well as the relative significance of potential community assembly rules, remains poorly understood. This study elucidated the patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic α- and β-diversity with its decomposition components (i.e., turnover and nestedness) of fish assemblages in the Dongfeng Reservoir, situated in the karst basin of southwest China. Additionally, we evaluated the relative importance of environmental heterogeneity and spatial structure. We found significant nonlinear relationships (p < 0.05) between taxonomic and phylogenetic richness. Both fish taxonomic and phylogenetic β-diversity values were low (<0.33) with high turnover patterns (72.23% and 67.42%), underscoring the necessity for local managers to protect entire water areas to maintain or enhance community diversity. Only taxonomic and phylogenetic richness are significantly positively (e.g., water depth) and negatively (e.g., turbidity) affected by different environmental variables. Environmental heterogeneity was the dominant factor influencing both total β-diversity and turnover processes at the taxonomic and phylogenetic levels, while spatial distance primarily influenced the nestedness process. These findings are critical for elucidating changes in patterns of fish community diversity and their driving factors in the context of dam construction, providing a foundation for the conservation and management of aquatic organisms in other rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1365 KB

Open AccessArticle

Breed-Dependent Divergence in Breast Muscle Fatty Acid Composition Between White King and Tarim Pigeons

by Bo Zhang, Jiajia Liu, Hua Wei, Li Liu, Wanchao Zhang, Asmaa Taha Yaseen Kishawy, Li Shen, Jianyuan Ma, Yipu Li, Shuxian Xie, Haoxuan Li, Jing Li and Zheng Wang

Animals 2026, 16(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010144 - 5 Jan 2026

Viewed by 512

Abstract

Fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle is an important determinant of meat quality in poultry. In this study, we compared the breast muscle fatty acid profiles of White King (BW, n = 25) and Tarim (TM, n = 23) pigeons using targeted fatty [...] Read more.

Fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle is an important determinant of meat quality in poultry. In this study, we compared the breast muscle fatty acid profiles of White King (BW, n = 25) and Tarim (TM, n = 23) pigeons using targeted fatty acid quantification under identical feeding and management conditions. Sixteen differential fatty acids were identified, with TM pigeons exhibiting significantly higher levels of palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1n9c), and linoleic (C18:2n6c) acids (p < 0.001). Principal component analysis revealed clear separation between breeds, reflecting distinct fatty acid composition patterns. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotation indicated that differential fatty acids were associated with pathways related to fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation, and degradation. Together, these results describe breed-specific differences in breast muscle fatty acid composition and provide a descriptive biochemical reference for understanding variation in meat quality-related traits among pigeon breeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Birds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4535 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Histomorphometric Analysis of the Endometrium of Jennies (Equus asinus) and Mares (Equus caballus) in Estrus: Anatomical Differences and Possible Reproductive Implications

by Pilar Vallejo-Soto, Jesús Dorado, Rafaela Herrera-García, Carmen Álvarez-Delgado, Jaime Gómez-Laguna, Álvaro de Santiago, María Manrique, Antonio González Ariza, José Manuel León Jurado, Manuel Hidalgo and Isabel Ortiz

Animals 2026, 16(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010143 - 4 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1208

Abstract

Assisted reproductive techniques are often extrapolated from horses to donkeys, despite poorer fertility outcomes in jennies. This issue has been attributed to unknown uterine species-specific differences. This study compared, through histomorphometry, the endometrium of jennies and mares. Endometrial biopsies (N = 12) were [...] Read more.

Assisted reproductive techniques are often extrapolated from horses to donkeys, despite poorer fertility outcomes in jennies. This issue has been attributed to unknown uterine species-specific differences. This study compared, through histomorphometry, the endometrium of jennies and mares. Endometrial biopsies (N = 12) were taken from reproductively sound jennies (n = 6) and mares (n = 6) in estrus. Histomorphometric analysis evaluated luminal (LE, µm) and glandular epithelium height (GE, µm), glandular lumen diameter (LD, µm), glandular area (GA, µm²), the number of glands (#G), and glandular tissue percentage (GT, %), measured in the stratum compactum (SC) and spongiosum (SS). A total of 30 measurements of glandular size parameters and 10 fields of glandular density parameters per sample were recorded. Results were statistically compared between species (jennies vs. mares), parity status (maiden vs. foaling), and stratum (SC vs. SS). Jennies exhibited higher (p < 0.05) values than mares for LE, LD-SC, GA-SC, and GT-SC. These findings suggest that the histomorphometric features observed in reproductively sound jennies reflect anatomical differences that might partly explain previously observed species differences in post-breeding uterine response. In conclusion, histomorphometry revealed significant endometrial differences between species, with jennies displaying taller luminal epithelium, greater glandular size, and higher glandular tissue percentage in the SC than mares. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 579 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Social Interactions and Foundational Training on Behavior, Temperament, and Hormone Levels in Weanling Horses

by Yeonju Choi, Youngwook Jung, Carissa L. Wickens and Minjung Yoon

Animals 2026, 16(1), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010142 - 4 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1064

Abstract

Horses are social animals, with early life experiences playing a crucial role in their physiological and behavioral development. This study explored the influence of herd dynamics and foundational training on behavioral and hormonal changes in weaned foals. We examined 13 six-month-old Quarter Horse [...] Read more.

Horses are social animals, with early life experiences playing a crucial role in their physiological and behavioral development. This study explored the influence of herd dynamics and foundational training on behavioral and hormonal changes in weaned foals. We examined 13 six-month-old Quarter Horse foals over a three-month training period, performing behavioral observations, temperament assessments, and hormone analyses at the start, midpoint, and end of the training. The results indicated that affiliative behaviors decreased significantly, while agonistic behaviors first increased and then decreased. Cortisol levels consistently declined throughout this study, whereas oxytocin levels remained stable. Linear regression analysis showed that cortisol was positively associated with affiliative behaviors and influenced by fearfulness and stubbornness. Conversely, oxytocin was positively associated with friendliness. The handlers’ proficiency significantly affected the foals’ outcomes; those managed by more skilled handlers exhibited significant improvements in confidence, friendliness, and reductions in cortisol, fearfulness, and stubbornness. These findings suggest the importance of handler skill in influencing equine behavior and hormonal balance. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the significant impacts of socialization and training on the behavioral, temperamental, and hormonal profiles of weaned foals, confirming the importance of handler expertise in fostering desirable traits in young horses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Factors Affecting the Performance of Sport Horses—Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1554 KB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Intake, Length of Stay and Outcome Data in a Portuguese Animal Shelter Between 2018 and 2024

by Rui Jardim, Bruno Colaço, Maria de Lurdes Pinto and Sofia Alves-Pimenta

Animals 2026, 16(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010141 - 4 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1328

Abstract

Municipal animal shelters play a crucial role in rescuing abandoned animals, managing free-roaming populations, and promoting animal welfare. This seven-year retrospective study analyzed 2291 animals (1132 dogs, 1159 cats) admitted to a Portuguese municipal shelter (CVM Feira) between 2018 and 2024 to identify [...] Read more.

Municipal animal shelters play a crucial role in rescuing abandoned animals, managing free-roaming populations, and promoting animal welfare. This seven-year retrospective study analyzed 2291 animals (1132 dogs, 1159 cats) admitted to a Portuguese municipal shelter (CVM Feira) between 2018 and 2024 to identify predictors of live outcomes. Descriptive and regression analyses were performed on 1325 adoptable animals. Adoption occurred for 58.9% of these animals, while 41.1% remained in long-term housing, reflecting growing shelter capacity pressures. Length of Stay (LOS) was the strongest predictor of adoption, with extended stays markedly reducing adoption odds and contributing to overcrowding. For dogs, female sex and owner or animal protection association (APA) surrender increased adoption likelihood. Microchipped animals were 71 times more likely to be returned to their owners, although only a small proportion entered the shelter with identification. The overall Live Release Rate (LRR) was 79.7% and Save Rate (SR) 84.7%, highlighting effective life-saving efforts, while the Population Balance Calculation (PBC) of 75.6% revealed challenges in population flow-through. These findings provide evidence that data-driven strategies, including reducing LOS, enforcing microchipping, and applying species-specific management, are essential to optimize municipal shelter operations and improve animal welfare, with insights applicable to broader European and international contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing Behavior and Welfare in Sheltered Animals: Research Progress and Challenges)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 911 KB

Open AccessReview

The Use of Simulators in Training for Bovine Reproductive Procedures: A Scoping Review

by Heitor Azuaga Filho, Bruno Colaço and Rita Payan-Carreira

Animals 2026, 16(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010140 - 4 Jan 2026

Viewed by 955

Abstract

Training in bovine reproduction requires not only technical proficiency but also ethical responsibility and adherence to animal-welfare standards. Traditional instruction relies heavily on repeated practice in abattoir-collected specimens and live cattle, raising concerns about stress, variability, logistical constraints, and student anxiety. Simulation-based education [...] Read more.

Training in bovine reproduction requires not only technical proficiency but also ethical responsibility and adherence to animal-welfare standards. Traditional instruction relies heavily on repeated practice in abattoir-collected specimens and live cattle, raising concerns about stress, variability, logistical constraints, and student anxiety. Simulation-based education (SBE) has therefore emerged as a pedagogically robust and ethically sound complement to clinical teaching, enabling learners to acquire psychomotor and cognitive skills in structured, low-risk environments. This scoping review synthesizes current evidence on validated simulators used to train bovine reproductive procedures, with particular emphasis on artificial insemination, transrectal palpation, and pregnancy diagnosis. Following Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, a comprehensive search of three international databases identified 13 eligible studies that described simulator typologies, validation approaches, implementation strategies, and educational outcomes. Simulators ranged from low-cost handmade models to high-fidelity haptic and hybrid systems, each offering distinct advantages across diverse instructional contexts. Evidence consistently showed that simulator-based training improves anatomical orientation, technical performance, procedural efficiency, and learner confidence, while reducing anxiety and the need for novice practice on live cattle. However, validation standards remain inconsistent, long-term transfer to clinical practice is poorly documented, and most commercial models inadequately represent Bos indicus anatomy, limiting global applicability. Simulation can substantially strengthen competency-based animal and veterinary curricula and advance the 3Rs by replacing or refining early live-animal procedures. To fully realize this potential, future efforts should prioritize rigorous validation, greater anatomical representativeness, and improved accessibility through modular, low-cost designs. Simulation-based training thus represents both an educational innovation and an ethical imperative in modern veterinary practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 5992 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of Quadruplex Droplet Digital PCR Method to Multiplex Detection of Different Respiratory Pathogens of Chickens

by Yingli Mu, Xuejing Wang, Tongchao Dong, Xinran Bao, Qianqian Xu, Tianxiang Lan, Juxiang Liu and Ligong Chen

Animals 2026, 16(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010139 - 3 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 932

Abstract

Chicken respiratory diseases represent multifactorial conditions resulting from viral, bacterial, mycoplasmal pathogens, and environmental factors, causing significant economic losses within the poultry industry. A specific respiratory disease characterized by breathing difficulties and bronchial occlusion due to caseous exudates is termed chicken bronchial obstruction. [...] Read more.

Chicken respiratory diseases represent multifactorial conditions resulting from viral, bacterial, mycoplasmal pathogens, and environmental factors, causing significant economic losses within the poultry industry. A specific respiratory disease characterized by breathing difficulties and bronchial occlusion due to caseous exudates is termed chicken bronchial obstruction. However, the absence of rapid, precise, and highly sensitive diagnostic methods for differentiation of primary respiratory disease pathogens or opportunistic pathogens, including avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Escherichia coli (E. coli), constitutes a substantial challenge. This study developed a quadruplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) method that targeted the HA gene of H9 subtype AIV, the M gene of IBV, the Pal gene of P. aeruginosa, and the UidA gene of E. coli. Following the optimization of annealing temperature, sensitivity, and repeatability, the minimum detectable concentrations were determined as 3.02 copies/μL for the HA gene of H9 subtype AIV, 3.08 copies/μL for the M gene of IBV, 3.19 copies/μL for the Pal gene of P. aeruginosa, 3.39 copies/μL for the UidA gene of E. coli. No cross-reactivity was observed with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), H5 subtype AIV, H7 subtype AIV, fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Avibacterium paragallinarum, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Pasteurella multocida, and Staphylococcus aureus. The method demonstrated excellent repeatability, with a coefficient of variation (CV) below 9%. The 185 clinical samples collected in Hebei Province China are tested by both quadruplex ddPCR and quadruplex qPCR method and the results compared. The sensitivity of the quadruplex ddPCR method (57.30%; 106/185) slightly exceeded that of the quadruplex qPCR method (49.73%; 92/185). Pathogens or opportunistic pathogens positive rates obtained via the quadruplex ddPCR were 40.00% for H9 subtype AIV, 33.51% for IBV, 24.32% for P. aeruginosa, and 27.57% for E. coli. In comparison, the positive rates of H9 subtypes AIV, IBV, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli from the quadruplex qPCR were 36.22%, 30.81%, 21.62%, and 24.32%, respectively. The coincidence rates between the two methods were 96.22% for H9 AIV, 97.30% for IBV, 97.30% for P. aeruginosa, and 96.76% for E. coli. These results demonstrated that the quadruplex ddPCR method represented a highly sensitive, specific, and rapid technique for identifying H9 subtype AIV, IBV, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Diagnostics in Veterinary Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

40 pages, 420 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Behavioral Management Practices for Laboratory Nonhuman Primates: An International Survey

by Kate C. Baker, Fiona R. Sewell and Mark J. Prescott

Animals 2026, 16(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010138 - 3 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1184

Abstract

The largest survey to date of behavioral management practices among facilities breeding and housing nonhuman primates (NHPs) for research was conducted from 2019 to 2020. Its primary objective was to analyze and compare practices across the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom (UK), [...] Read more.

The largest survey to date of behavioral management practices among facilities breeding and housing nonhuman primates (NHPs) for research was conducted from 2019 to 2020. Its primary objective was to analyze and compare practices across the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States of America (US), identify regional differences, and highlight opportunities for refinement. Detailed information was captured on the management of NHPs at 49 facilities in these regions. Most respondents reported the number of NHPs at their institutions, which totaled 50,842. The findings suggest large variation in NHP behavioral management practices between world regions. Facilities in the UK and EU are at the forefront of best practice in many components of behavioral management. These involve the proportion of NHP populations housed socially, the age at which infants are removed from dams, the provision of pen enclosures, caging exceeding the regulatory/accreditation minimum floor space, and destructible enrichment (including floor substrates). Comparisons with the results of previous surveys conducted in the US in 2003 and 2014 show positive changes and progress over time, including a greater proportion of facilities providing access to exercise enclosures with more frequent implementation. Some previously reported impediments to social housing involving clinical and staffing constraints as well as scientific instrumentation eased over time. While there were increases in the use of social housing for some species, there was no increase across all species over the six-year interval since 2014. The proportion of US facilities providing destructible enrichment for caged NHPs remained the same. Importantly, overall, the data demonstrate that, with knowledge transfer and sufficient resources, perceived constraints on key elements of behavioral management can be overcome to improve NHP welfare and facilitate good science. The findings have been used to identify and discuss recommendations for best practice to improve animal welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

22 pages, 8062 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Meat Production Features in Hybrid Sheep

by Zhenghan Chen, Shuwei Dong, Liwa Zhang, Xuejiao An, Qiao Li, Zhenfei Xu, Zhiguang Geng, Haina Shi, Chune Niu, Rui Zhang and Yaojing Yue

Animals 2026, 16(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010137 - 3 Jan 2026

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 714

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate potential regulatory mechanisms of hybridization increased the meat production performance in sheep. Thirty-six 3-month-old male lambs of Suffolk sheep (SFK, n = 12), Hu sheep (HH, n = 12), and their F₁ hybrids (SH, n = [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to investigate potential regulatory mechanisms of hybridization increased the meat production performance in sheep. Thirty-six 3-month-old male lambs of Suffolk sheep (SFK, n = 12), Hu sheep (HH, n = 12), and their F₁ hybrids (SH, n = 12) were selected and raised in individual pens under identical nutritional supply and husbandry management regimes over a 95-day (including a 15-day pre-trial period) experimental period. At the end of the feeding trial, six sheep closest to the average body weight were selected from each group for the subsequent trial, involving the collection of Longissimus dorsi samples and the determination of production performance, muscle fiber characteristic and transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that the SH sheep had significantly higher pre-slaughter live weight and carcass weight than the HH sheep, while lower than those of the SFK sheep (p < 0.05). The muscle fiber density of the SH group was significantly higher than that of the parental groups, while the muscle fiber diameter and cross-sectional area were significantly smaller (p < 0.05). The collagen fiber content of the SH group was intermediate between the two parental groups and significantly higher than that of the SFK group (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis identified 2920 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were mainly enriched in the AMPK, PI3K-Akt, and PPAR signaling pathways. Metabolomic analysis detected 1617 differential metabolites (DMs), which were enriched in the fatty acid degradation and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways. Integrated analysis revealed that core genes SESN3 and metabolites (malate, testosterone) enhance energy supply capacity through AMPK pathway, thereby promoting muscle fiber proliferation and increasing meat yield in the hybrid sheep. In conclusion, the heterosis of the SH group originates from the remodeling of muscle fiber structure and the synergistic regulation of related pathways, which provides a theoretical basis for sheep crossbreeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Products)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1334 KB

Open AccessArticle

Weighted Single-Step Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes for Carcass Traits and Primal Cut Yields in Hanwoo Cattle

by Jun Park, Ji Suk Yu, Sun Kyu Byun, Ho Sung Choe and Do Hyun Kim

Animals 2026, 16(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010136 - 3 Jan 2026

Viewed by 731

Abstract

This study identified genomic regions associated with carcass traits and primal cut yields in Hanwoo cattle using weighted single-step genome-wide association study (WssGWAS). A total of 50,227 carcass records and genomic data from 23,573 animals with 45,057 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed. Heritability estimates [...] Read more.

This study identified genomic regions associated with carcass traits and primal cut yields in Hanwoo cattle using weighted single-step genome-wide association study (WssGWAS). A total of 50,227 carcass records and genomic data from 23,573 animals with 45,057 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed. Heritability estimates were 0.24 for carcass weight, 0.22 for eye muscle area, 0.31 for backfat thickness, and 0.36 for marbling score, while those for primal cut yields ranged from 0.02 to 0.26. For carcass traits, candidate genes were identified for carcass weight (XKR4 2.35%, COBL 1.26%), eye muscle area (LCORL 1.56%, TGFBR2 1.49%), backfat thickness (ATG7 1.27%, MYPN 1.33%), and marbling score (TWIST2 1.16%, BMP4 1.14%). For primal cut yields, the chromosome 6 region containing WDR1 was commonly identified across six traits and the chromosome 4 region containing CACNA2D1 across five traits; the chromosome 28 region containing SIRT1 explained the highest genetic variance (6.46%) for striploin. These pleiotropic regions are potential targets for genomic selection to improve production efficiency and carcass value in Hanwoo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cattle Genetics and Breeding)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 5552 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Skull Type, Diet, and Chronic Gingivostomatitis with Tooth Resorption in Cats Receiving Dental Treatment

by Pitak Anusorn, Chakkarin Satthathum, Pollawat Jariyarangsrirattana, Emmita Mongkholdej, Doungnapa Onnom and Naris Thengchaisri

Animals 2026, 16(1), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010135 - 3 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1419

Abstract

Tooth resorption (TR) is a common and painful dental disease in cats. The contributions of skull type, diet, and chronic gingivostomatitis (CGS) to its development remain unclear. We retrospectively reviewed 166 cats with TR confirmed radiographically to evaluate these associations. Brachycephalic cats ( [...] Read more.

Tooth resorption (TR) is a common and painful dental disease in cats. The contributions of skull type, diet, and chronic gingivostomatitis (CGS) to its development remain unclear. We retrospectively reviewed 166 cats with TR confirmed radiographically to evaluate these associations. Brachycephalic cats (N = 33) were significantly younger than non-brachycephalic cats (7.1 ± 2.6 vs. 8.7 ± 3.8 years, p = 0.026) and had a higher prevalence of advanced Stage 4 TR lesions (p = 0.018). There was no significant difference between two groups of cats in sex distribution, diet type or wet food consumption. CGS occurred more often in non-brachycephalic cats (57.9% vs. 21.2%, p < 0.001) but was not associated with TR severity. In both skull groups, mandibular premolars and molars were most commonly affected (p < 0.01). Cats with owner-reported premium diets had more Stage 4 lesions (p = 0.013), particularly in non-brachycephalic cats but not in brachycephalic cats. These findings suggest that TR severity is associated with younger age and advanced lesions in brachycephalic breeds, as well as diet-related differences in non-brachycephalic cats. Further studies are warranted to evaluate early dental screening and targeted nutritional strategies to mitigate the progression of tooth resorption in cats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Animal Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1914 KB

Open AccessArticle

Simvastatin Improves the High-Fat-Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorder in Juvenile Chinese Giant Salamander (Andrias davidianus) Through Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Enhancing Mitochondrial Function

by Yuheng Wang, Jun Chen, Yanzou Dong, Jie Du, Sisi Ma, Huicong Wang, Yaoyue Wang and Xiangfei Li

Animals 2026, 16(1), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010134 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 762

Abstract

In order to deeply understand the potential mechanisms underlying the metabolic disorders of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), a total of two feeding trials were conducted in the present study. For experiment I, the diets containing five graded levels of lipids [...] Read more.

In order to deeply understand the potential mechanisms underlying the metabolic disorders of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), a total of two feeding trials were conducted in the present study. For experiment I, the diets containing five graded levels of lipids at 32.8, 58.7, 87.9, 122.4, and 149.2 g/kg were formulated, respectively, and fed to juvenile A. davidianus for 90 days. The quadratic regression analysis based on growth performance results indicated that the optimal dietary lipid level is 95.16–101.02 g/kg. Meanwhile, a dietary lipid level of 149.2 g/kg was found to reduce the growth performance of A. davidianus. Based on this, in experiment II, a normal-fat diet (86.8 g/kg crude lipid), a high-fat diet (HFD, 148.4 g/kg crude lipid), and an HFD supplemented with 0.1 g/kg simvastatin were prepared, respectively, and fed to the juveniles for 90 days. The results indicated that HFD feeding resulted in hyperlipidemia, hepatic damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while simvastatin administration alleviated these symptoms. In conclusion, simvastatin could alleviate the HFD-induced metabolic disorders in A. davidianus, as may be achieved by inhibiting ER stress and enhancing mitochondrial function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Lipid Metabolism in Aquatic Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3688 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Distribution and Biofilm-Forming Capacity in the Reproductive Tract of Farm Ruminants

by Charinya So-In, Natchaporn Piamalung, Aomsab Kongkaew, Phiyakorn Sriarun, Benyapa Kammungkun, Sawarod Phongchaiwasin, Bongkodkanok Somwaeng, Wichayada Haputon, Thanchanok Wadmuang, Surasak Khankhum and Nuchsupha Sunthamala

Animals 2026, 16(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010133 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1141

Abstract

Reproductive problems in farm ruminants are often linked to imbalances in the microorganisms living in the reproductive tract and their ability to form biofilms. This study examined the presence of bacteria and their biofilm-forming capacity in cows (n = 35), water buffaloes [...] Read more.

Reproductive problems in farm ruminants are often linked to imbalances in the microorganisms living in the reproductive tract and their ability to form biofilms. This study examined the presence of bacteria and their biofilm-forming capacity in cows (n = 35), water buffaloes (n = 25), and goats (n = 33) in Northeastern Thailand. Samples collected from the vulva, urethral opening, and vagina were analyzed using bacterial culture, PCR, and a microtiter biofilm assay. Ten bacterial species were identified. H. trogontum and B. ovis were most common in water buffaloes and goats, while cows showed higher levels of beneficial bacteria such as B. longum and L. acidophilus. Biofilm testing showed mostly weak or non-adherent biofilms, with mean absorbance values remaining low across species. Weak biofilms were especially common in goats, whereas cows showed predominantly non-adherent patterns. Biofilm-associated genes (icaA, icaD, opp3AB) were more frequently detected in cows and buffaloes and were moderately correlated with weak biofilm formation. Overall, the results show that each ruminant species has a distinct microbial profile and biofilm behavior within its reproductive tract. These differences may influence susceptibility to reproductive infections and can guide future strategies for improving reproductive health and disease prevention in farm animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Diseases in Ruminants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 480 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Understanding the Preferences of Genetic Tools and Extension Services for the Northern Australia Beef Industry

by Patricia Menchon, Amy Cosby, Dave L. Swain and Jaime K. Manning

Animals 2026, 16(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010132 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 731

Abstract

This study aims to understand the motivations, barriers, and preferences of northern Australian beef producers to adopt genetic tools through the views of different stakeholders. Using qualitative research with a single-case study approach, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data which were [...] Read more.

This study aims to understand the motivations, barriers, and preferences of northern Australian beef producers to adopt genetic tools through the views of different stakeholders. Using qualitative research with a single-case study approach, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data which were then thematically analysed. Motivating factors to adopt genetic tools were the usefulness of genetic information, the productivity gains, and the profit of the beef enterprise. Barriers to adopting genetic tools included individual factors such as the lack of understanding, limited education, and the attitude of producers or contextual factors such as geographical location and size of production systems. This knowledge will support the development of future extension interventions to promote the use of genetic tools. To effectively promote the use of genetic tools in northern Australian beef production, extension programs should consider both the environmental and geographical context as well as the attitudes and beliefs of local beef producers. This study could present limitations related to sample bias. Future research should include more representative samples and mixed-methods approaches, supplemented by analyses of case studies to validate the reported perceptions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Genetics and Breeding in Livestock Management: Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 416 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reproductive Success and Diet of the Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) in the Grasslands of Janos, Chihuahua, Mexico

by Nereyda N. Cruz Maldonado, Cayetano J. Villareal Lozoya, Javier Cruz Nieto, Alina Olalla Kerstupp, Gabriel Ruiz Aymá, Antonio Guzmán Velasco and José I. González Rojas

Animals 2026, 16(1), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010131 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 686

Abstract

Understanding the breeding ecology and trophic dynamics of the Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) is essential for conserving grassland raptor populations in northern Mexico. We evaluated reproductive success, nest-site characteristics, and diet of the species in the grasslands of Janos, Chihuahua, during [...] Read more.

Understanding the breeding ecology and trophic dynamics of the Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni) is essential for conserving grassland raptor populations in northern Mexico. We evaluated reproductive success, nest-site characteristics, and diet of the species in the grasslands of Janos, Chihuahua, during the 2006 breeding season. Eighteen nests were monitored to estimate daily survival rates (DSRs) using the Mayfield method. Overall nest success was 44.4%. DSR declined significantly from incubation (0.99 ± 0.00079) to the nestling stage (0.98 ± 0.00087; z = 8.5, p < 0.001), resulting in cumulative survival of 79.9% and 56.2%, respectively. Successful nests tended to occur farther from towns, although this trend was not statistically significant. Most nests were built in mesquite trees at intermediate elevations and in areas with low human disturbance. Diet analyses of 56 pellets and 91 prey remains revealed a predominance of vertebrates (63.17%), mainly mammals and reptiles, with vertebrate frequency significantly exceeding that of invertebrates (χ² = 23.19, p < 0.001). These results highlight the species’ reliance on vertebrate prey and the vulnerability of the nestling stage, underscoring the importance of long-term monitoring in semi-arid grasslands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Birds)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1691 KB

Open AccessReview

Phosphorus Metabolism and Function in Ruminants: Current Knowledge

by Beata Abramowicz, Ewa Tomaszewska, Oliwia Brzezińska, Karolina Kłos, Miroslav Urosevic and Łukasz Kurek

Animals 2026, 16(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010130 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1474

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is a key macromineral essential for numerous physiological processes, including energy metabolism, skeletal mineralization, and cellular signaling. In dairy cattle, its homeostasis is tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Phosphorus deficiency is common during the [...] Read more.

Phosphorus (P) is a key macromineral essential for numerous physiological processes, including energy metabolism, skeletal mineralization, and cellular signaling. In dairy cattle, its homeostasis is tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Phosphorus deficiency is common during the transition period and is associated with reduced milk yield, anemia, muscle weakness, and immunosuppression in severe or prolonged cases. This review summarizes the current understanding of phosphorus metabolism in ruminants, emphasizing differences from monogastric species, hormonal regulation, and the clinical manifestations of deficiency. Particular attention is given to postpartum hypophosphatemia, its relationship with acute-phase proteins, and the pathogenesis of postpartum hemoglobinuria and recumbency. The review also discusses diagnostic methods for assessing phosphorus status, recent findings on FGF23 physiology in cattle, and including demonstrated effects of phosphorus imbalance on periparturient immune suppression and increased environmental phosphorus losses through manure. Maintaining optimal phosphorus nutrition is crucial for bovine health, productivity, and reduction in environmental phosphorus losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2221 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Simulating Dairy Herd Structure and Cash Flow: Design and Application of a Web-Based Decision-Support Tool

by Victor E. Cabrera

Animals 2026, 16(1), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010129 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 812

Abstract

Dairy herd decisions about replacement, herd size, reproduction, and capital investments have long-lasting consequences for herd structure and farm cash flow. Yet most planning tools emphasize static budgets rather than the dynamic evolution of animal numbers and cash availability. The Dairy Herd Structure [...] Read more.

Dairy herd decisions about replacement, herd size, reproduction, and capital investments have long-lasting consequences for herd structure and farm cash flow. Yet most planning tools emphasize static budgets rather than the dynamic evolution of animal numbers and cash availability. The Dairy Herd Structure Simulation and Cash Flow tool is a web-based decision-support system, available through the Dairy Management Decision Support Tools website, designed to simulate these dynamics under alternative management strategies. The model operates in monthly time steps using a Markov–chain framework in which transition probabilities among animal states are driven by user-specified parameters such as culling, reproduction, and heifer management. Calves, heifers, and cows are tracked by age and lactation group, and starting conditions can be entered as herd-level summaries or via individual-animal spreadsheets. Economic components include milk income, variable costs, cull-cow income, heifer purchases or sales, miscellaneous costs, and loan amortization. For each scenario, the tool projects monthly cash flow and income over variable cost per cow, together with graphical summaries of herd structure. An example application compares a baseline steady-state herd with a heifer-driven herd growth scenario, illustrating how replacement strategies influence herd composition and net cash flow, supporting more informed dairy herd planning and risk management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 418 KB

Open AccessReview

Feline Infectious Peritonitis: A Challenging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Labyrinth

by Violetta Iris Vasinioti, Maria Stella Lucente, Cristiana Catella, Canio Buonavoglia, Nicola Decaro, Annamaria Pratelli and Paolo Capozza

Animals 2026, 16(1), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010128 - 2 Jan 2026

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2408

Abstract

Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) are ubiquitous pathogens, exhibiting high prevalence across feline populations worldwide. Although the virulent mutated biotype feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is observed in only a small percentage of cats, it causes a systemic and often fatal disease. Diagnosis of feline [...] Read more.

Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) are ubiquitous pathogens, exhibiting high prevalence across feline populations worldwide. Although the virulent mutated biotype feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is observed in only a small percentage of cats, it causes a systemic and often fatal disease. Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is challenging due to its non-specific clinical signs and the difficulty in differentiating between the two biotypes, feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and FPIV. Currently, veterinarians rely on a combination of diagnostic methods, integrating laboratory tests, anamnesis and clinical signs to improve the diagnostic accuracy of FIP. Once considered untreatable, FIP now benefits from recent pharmacological advances that suggest promising therapeutic options, including antiviral drugs and immunomodulatory therapies. Despite these developments, the lack of an effective vaccine and definitive curative treatment highlights the need for continued research. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current literature on diagnostic and treatment approaches for FIP. The aim is to improve understanding of the available options and strategies for FIP to mitigate its severe consequences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Control for Animal Transmissible Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2151 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Infrared Thermal Imaging as a Predictor of Lumbar Paravertebral Block Effectiveness in Cattle

by Jaime Viscasillas, Elsa Rave, Ariel Cañón-Pérez, María De Los Reyes Marti-Scharfhausen, Eva Zoe Hernández-Magaña, Agustín Martínez, José Ignacio Redondo and Angel García-Muñoz

Animals 2026, 16(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010127 - 2 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1058

Abstract

In the daily clinical practice of cattle, the use of locoregional anaesthesia is needed to provide analgesia during standing surgical procedures. It is important to ensure the success of the blockade before starting the surgery. One of the most used techniques is the [...] Read more.

In the daily clinical practice of cattle, the use of locoregional anaesthesia is needed to provide analgesia during standing surgical procedures. It is important to ensure the success of the blockade before starting the surgery. One of the most used techniques is the paravertebral lumbar block. In this pilot study we evaluated the efficacy of thermography in assessing this block. For this matter, 12 cows from our university research and teaching farm, with similar characteristics, were included and in which an ultrasound-guided technique of lumbar paravertebral block (T₁₃/L₁) or (L₁/L₂) with lidocaine was performed. Thermal photographs were taken with a FLIR^® One camera at 0, 15, 30 and 45 min and at the same time a test to evaluate the response to a painful stimulus was performed in each dermatome (T₁₃, L₁, L₂ and L₃). The data was collected in predesigned cards and placed in the Excel programme for further statistical analysis with the R programme. The analysis determined a correlation between the increase in skin temperature of the dermatomes that had been blocked and the increase in skin temperature and the negative response to the painful stimulus test. Although the pilot study has some limitations, this allows us to assess the use of thermography as an efficient method for assessing the success of lumbar paravertebral blockade in cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anaesthesia and Pain Management in Large Animals—Second Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5901 KB

Open AccessArticle

Early-Life Galacto-Oligosaccharide Supplementation Induces Persistent Immunoglobulin and Metabolic Alterations in Holstein Dairy Calves by Shaping Gut Microbiota

by Qi Huang, Meinan Chang and Peng Sun

Animals 2026, 16(1), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010126 - 1 Jan 2026

Viewed by 632

Abstract

Early-life development of immune functions is crucial for calf health, growth, and future productivity. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) have been reported to facilitate ruminal microbial establishment and improve growth in Holstein dairy calves, but their prolonged influence on immunoglobulin levels, hindgut microbiota, and metabolic regulation [...] Read more.

Early-life development of immune functions is crucial for calf health, growth, and future productivity. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) have been reported to facilitate ruminal microbial establishment and improve growth in Holstein dairy calves, but their prolonged influence on immunoglobulin levels, hindgut microbiota, and metabolic regulation remains insufficiently understood. This study evaluated the effects of early-life GOS supplementation on immune-related indicators, intestinal microbial ecology, and metabolic profiles in Holstein calves. Twenty-four newborn Holstein female dairy calves were randomly assigned to a control group (CON, n = 12) or a GOS group (GOS, n = 12; 10 g/day from birth to day 28). After supplementation ceased on day 28, calves previously receiving GOS were referred to as the GOSS group (n = 6). Immunoglobulin levels, gut microbiota, and fecal and serum metabolomes were evaluated during supplementation and six weeks after withdrawal. GOS supplementation significantly increased serum IgA and IgG levels during the treatment, with IgG levels remaining elevated for six weeks after discontinued supplementation. Although overall microbial diversity was not markedly altered, GOS selectively enriched bacterial taxa and function pathways linked to amino acid synthesis, unsaturated fatty acid production, and coenzyme-related metabolism. On day 70, GOSS group displayed distinct fecal and serum metabolomic profiles, with altered metabolites primarily associated with vitamin B6, folate, cobalamin metabolism, branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, and purine and arginine pathways. These results demonstrate that early-life GOS supplementation promotes sustained immune and metabolic alterations following supplementation cessation, potentially mediated by modulation of gut microbial functions. These findings suggest that early dietary GOS supplementation may support physiological maturation in calves and could be useful as a nutritional strategy in calf-rearing systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1203 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of the Embryo Transfer Technique in the Korean Native Cattle: Effects of Key Influencing Factors

by Seungki Jung, Heejae Yang, Yeonsub Jung, Minki Lee, Hyeonseok Sul, Yeon-Gil Jung, Joohyeong Lee and Sang-Hwan Hyun

Animals 2026, 16(1), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010125 - 1 Jan 2026

Viewed by 818

Abstract

The success rate of embryo transfer (ET) is influenced by various factors, including embryo quality, environmental conditions, and recipient cows. This study examines the impact of ET on embryo success rates using embryos produced using the ovum pickup method, with fresh and frozen [...] Read more.

The success rate of embryo transfer (ET) is influenced by various factors, including embryo quality, environmental conditions, and recipient cows. This study examines the impact of ET on embryo success rates using embryos produced using the ovum pickup method, with fresh and frozen embryos generated on day 7 after in vitro fertilization and subsequently implanted into recipient cows. The factors that contributed to the success rate of ET were investigated, with a focus on embryo type, parity, and farm management. Furthermore, metabolic profile tests were conducted to determine the factors underlying the observed differences in pregnancy rates across the farms. The analysis revealed that pregnancy rates did not significantly differ according to embryo type or parity. However, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the glucose, cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acid, total protein, globulin, albumin/globulin, and aspartate aminotransferase levels of the recipients. Furthermore, a comparison of farms with high and low pregnancy rates revealed significant differences in the glucose, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, and albumin/globulin levels (p < 0.05). Differences between farms were associated with the feed management strategy, which highlights the significance of optimal recipient cow management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1235 KB

Open AccessReview

Theoretical Discussion of Applicability and a Practical Example of Using Statistical Second-Generation Techniques to Analyze Causal Relationships in Animal Experiments

by Becker Katrin

Animals 2026, 16(1), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16010124 - 1 Jan 2026

Viewed by 482

Abstract

In animal experiments, causal relationships in physiological or disease processes are investigated by using interventions. Applying second-generation statistical methods could be used to identify important links in life processes. This article as a first step describes how second-generation statistical methods that are often [...] Read more.

In animal experiments, causal relationships in physiological or disease processes are investigated by using interventions. Applying second-generation statistical methods could be used to identify important links in life processes. This article as a first step describes how second-generation statistical methods that are often used in social sciences are currently applied in veterinary medicine, including a single-animal experimental study, or an ecotoxicity study in fish. It explains how second-generation statistical methods allow flexible modeling to simultaneously calculate causal relationships between constructs in several layers. It continues with a discussion on how theoretical concepts from this statistical approach could be transferred to experimental or medical data. As an applied example, an investigation on a data set analyzed with a second-generation method is presented, showing how this allows us to calculate relationships between variables within a complex theoretical model. Limitations of the use of second-generation statistical methods as strict requirements on the data sets are overcome by technical developments; however, causality cannot be established by statistically testing hypothesized causal structures. Using second-generation statistical methods in the future might promote obtaining more data from one animal and thereby potentially even reducing animals in line with the 3R principle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Animal Welfare: Current Practices and Future Directions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Animals, Volume 16, Issue 1 (January-1 2026) – 153 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI