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Applications of Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Illegal Drugs Used in Drink Spiking
Gate Engineering in Two-Dimensional (2D) Channel FET Chemical Sensors: A Comprehensive Review of Architectures, Mechanisms, and Materials
Electrodeposition of Au Nanoparticles on 2D Layered Materials and Their Applications in Electrocatalysis of Nitrite
Eliminating Assay Background of a Low-Cost, Colorimetric Glutamine Biosensor by Engineering an Alternative Formulation of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis
Colorimetric Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors for Rapid Detection of Organic Compounds: A Review

Journal Description

Chemosensors

Chemosensors is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of chemical sensors and related analytical methods and systems, published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Engineering Village and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Instruments and Instrumentation) / CiteScore - Q1 (Physical and Theoretical Chemistry)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 20.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 3.7 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.8 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2227-9040

Latest Articles

20 pages, 3412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Detection of Bisphenol S Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Grafted on Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: A Facile Sensor Fabrication Approach

by Christopher Mwanza, Lin Zhao, Qing Zhang and Shou-Nian Ding

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070236 - 30 Jun 2025

Bisphenol S (BPS), a key ingredient in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, is a known endocrine-disrupting compound that poses significant risks to human health and the environment. As such, the development of rapid and reliable analytical techniques for its detection is essential. In [...] Read more.

Bisphenol S (BPS), a key ingredient in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, is a known endocrine-disrupting compound that poses significant risks to human health and the environment. As such, the development of rapid and reliable analytical techniques for its detection is essential. In this work, we present a newly engineered electrochemical sensor designed for the sensitive and selective detection of BPS using a straightforward and effective fabrication approach. The sensor was constructed by grafting molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) onto vinyl-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs). Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and acrylamide were used as the cross-linker and functional monomer, respectively, in the synthesis of the MIP layer. The resulting MIP@f-MWCNT nanocomposite was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MIP@f-MWCNT material was then combined with chitosan, a biocompatible binder, to fabricate the final MIP@f-MWCNT/chitosan-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electrochemical evaluation showed a broad linear detection range from 1 to 60 µM (R² = 0.992), with a sensitivity of 0.108 µA/µM and a detection limit of 2.00 µM. The sensor retained 96.0% of its response after four weeks and exhibited high selectivity against structural analogues. In spiked plastic extract samples, recoveries ranged from 95.6% to 105.0%. This robust, cost-effective, and scalable sensing platform holds strong potential for environmental monitoring, food safety applications, and real-time electrochemical detection of endocrine-disrupting compounds like BPS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)

14 pages, 1587 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Disposable Printed Aptasensor for Sensitive Ciprofloxacin Monitoring in Milk Samples

by Daniela Nunes da Silva, Thaís Cristina de Oliveira Cândido and Arnaldo César Pereira

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070235 - 28 Jun 2025

An electrochemical aptasensor was developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of ciprofloxacin (CPX) in milk samples. The device was fabricated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate using a screen-printing technique with carbon-based conductive ink. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were incorporated to enhance aptamer [...] Read more.

An electrochemical aptasensor was developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of ciprofloxacin (CPX) in milk samples. The device was fabricated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate using a screen-printing technique with carbon-based conductive ink. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were incorporated to enhance aptamer immobilization and facilitate electron transfer at the electrode surface. The sensor’s analytical performance was optimized by adjusting key parameters, including AuNP volume, DNA aptamer concentration, and incubation times for both the aptamer and the blocking agent (6-mercapto-1-hexanol, MCH). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements demonstrated a linear response ranging from 10 to 50 nmol L⁻¹ and a low detection limit of 3.0 nmol L⁻¹. When applied to real milk samples, the method achieved high recovery rates (101.4–106.7%) with a relative standard deviation below 3.1%, confirming its robustness. This disposable and cost-effective aptasensor represents a promising tool for food safety monitoring, with potential for adaptation to detect other pharmaceutical residues in dairy products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Chemosensors for Applications in Environment, Health, Food, and Industry Process Control)

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15 pages, 3183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Platinum-Functionalized Hierarchically Structured Flower-like Nickel Ferrite Sheets for High-Performance Acetone Sensing

by Ziwen Yang, Zhen Sun, Yuhao Su, Caixuan Sun, Peishuo Wang, Shaobin Yang, Xueli Yang and Guofeng Pan

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070234 - 26 Jun 2025

Acetone detection is crucial for non-invasive health monitoring and environmental safety, so there is an urgent demand to develop high-performance gas sensors. Here, platinum (Pt)-functionalized layered flower-like nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄) sheets were efficiently fabricated via facile hydrothermal synthesis and [...] Read more.

Acetone detection is crucial for non-invasive health monitoring and environmental safety, so there is an urgent demand to develop high-performance gas sensors. Here, platinum (Pt)-functionalized layered flower-like nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄) sheets were efficiently fabricated via facile hydrothermal synthesis and wet chemical reduction processes. When the Ni/Fe molar ratio is 1:1, the sensing material forms a Ni/NiO/NiFe₂O₄ composite, with performance further optimized by tuning Pt loading. At 1.5% Pt mass fraction, the sensor shows a high acetone response (R_g/R_a = 58.33 at 100 ppm), a 100 ppb detection limit, fast response/recovery times (7/245 s at 100 ppm), and excellent selectivity. The enhancement in performance originates from the synergistic effect of the structure and Pt loading: the layered flower-like morphology facilitates gas diffusion and charge transport, while Pt nanoparticles serve as active sites to lower the activation energy of acetone redox reactions. This work presents a novel strategy for designing high-performance volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors by combining hierarchical nanostructured transition metal ferrites with noble metal modifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Nano Material-Based Gas Sensors)

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15 pages, 2854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Hydrogen-Sensing Antenna Operating in the Microwave Region for Applications in Safety-Critical Systems

by Antonio Jefferson Mangueira Sales, Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin, João Paulo Costa do Nascimento, Felipe Felix do Carmo, Juscelino Chaves Sales, Roterdan Fernandes Abreu, Francisco Enilton Alves Nogueira, Paulo Maria de Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Antonio Santos da Silva, José Adauto da Cruz, Enio Pontes de Deus and Antonio Sergio Bezerra Sombra

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070233 - 25 Jun 2025

Hydrogen is gaining prominence as a clean energy vector, yet its extreme flammability demands robust detection solutions for industrial safety. In this study, we present the development and experimental validation of a microwave hydrogen gas sensor based on a patch-type microstrip antenna with [...] Read more.

Hydrogen is gaining prominence as a clean energy vector, yet its extreme flammability demands robust detection solutions for industrial safety. In this study, we present the development and experimental validation of a microwave hydrogen gas sensor based on a patch-type microstrip antenna with a silver sensing element. The device operates at 5.99 GHz and was tested under controlled environmental conditions (humidity: 20 ± 0.4%, temperature: 27 ± 0.2 °C). Hydrogen exposure induces measurable shifts in the antenna’s resonant frequency due to dielectric modulation of the silver layer. The sensor exhibited a linear sensitivity of 3 kHz/ppm in the 310–600 ppm concentration range, with a residual standard deviation of 31.1 kHz and a calculated limit of detection (LOD) of approximately 31 ppm. The reflection coefficient remained below −10 dB throughout, confirming that the antenna maintains functional RF performance during sensing. These results demonstrate the sensor’s dual functionality for gas detection and communication, offering a compact and scalable platform for hydrogen safety monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials for Gas Sensing)

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16 pages, 2416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Color of Archaeological Littorina obtusata/fabalis Shells Using Raman Spectroscopy and Clustering Algorithms

by Andrea Perez-Asensio, María Gabriela Fernández-Manteca, David Cuenca-Solana, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Asier García-Escárzaga, Jesús Mirapeix, José Miguel López-Higuera, Luis Rodríguez-Cobo and Adolfo Cobo

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070232 - 25 Jun 2025

Archaeological mollusk shells, such as those of Littorina obtusata/fabalis, hold valuable information about past human behavior and cultural practices. However, the original coloration of these shells, crucial for understanding their symbolic significance, is often lost due to taphonomic processes. Raman spectroscopy is [...] Read more.

Archaeological mollusk shells, such as those of Littorina obtusata/fabalis, hold valuable information about past human behavior and cultural practices. However, the original coloration of these shells, crucial for understanding their symbolic significance, is often lost due to taphonomic processes. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for non-destructive analysis of archaeological samples, enabling the identification of pigments and mineralogical components. In this study, we present a methodology to predict, using Raman spectroscopy and k-means clustering, the original coloration of archaeological L. obtusata/fabalis shells which have lost their original coloration. Raman spectra were acquired from both modern shells, exhibiting a range of natural colors, and archaeological shell samples from La Chora cave (Cantabria, northern Spain). Spectral data were preprocessed to remove noise and baseline effects, and k-means clustering was applied to group the spectra based on their inherent spectral similarities. By comparing the spectral signatures of the archaeological samples with those of the modern shells within the generated clusters, we inferred the likely original coloration of the archaeological specimens. This approach provides a quantitative framework for predicting archaeological shell colors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Chemical Sensors)

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18 pages, 4853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Origin Identification of Table Salt Using Flame Atomic Absorption and Portable Near-Infrared Spectrometries

by Larissa Rodrigues Zanela Lima, Luana Dalagrana dos Santos, Isabella Taglieri, David Cabral, Letícia Estevinho, Fábio Luiz Melquiades, Luís Guimarães Dias and Evandro Bona

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070231 - 24 Jun 2025

The mineral composition of table salt can be indicative of its origin. This work evaluated the possibility of identifying the origin of salt from four countries: Brazil, Spain, France, and Portugal. Eight metals were quantified through flame atomic absorption/emission spectroscopy (FAAS). The possibility [...] Read more.

The mineral composition of table salt can be indicative of its origin. This work evaluated the possibility of identifying the origin of salt from four countries: Brazil, Spain, France, and Portugal. Eight metals were quantified through flame atomic absorption/emission spectroscopy (FAAS). The possibility of using portable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) as a faster and lower-cost alternative for identifying salt provenance was also evaluated. The content of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu was identified as possible markers to differentiate the salt origin. One-class classifiers using FAAS data and DD-SIMCA could discriminate the salt origin with few misclassifications. For NIR spectroscopy, it was possible to highlight the importance of controlling the humidity and granulometry before the spectra acquisition. After drying and milling the samples, it was possible to discriminate between samples based on the interaction between the water of hydration and the presence of the cations in the sample. The Mg, Mn, and Cu are important in identifying the origin of salt using NIR spectra. The DD-SIMCA model using NIR spectra could classify the origin with the same performance as observed in FAAS. However, it is important to emphasize that NIR spectroscopy requires less sample preparation, is faster, and has low-cost instrumentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemometrics Tools Used in Chemical Detection and Analysis)

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51 pages, 5828 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Advanced Sensor Technologies for Fire Detection with a Focus on Gasistor-Based Sensors

by Mohsin Ali, Ibtisam Ahmad, Ik Geun, Syed Ameer Hamza, Umar Ijaz, Yuseong Jang, Jahoon Koo, Young-Gab Kim and Hee-Dong Kim

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070230 - 23 Jun 2025

Early fire detection plays a crucial role in minimizing harm to human life, buildings, and the environment. Traditional fire detection systems struggle with detection in dynamic or complex situations due to slow response and false alarms. Conventional systems are based on smoke, heat, [...] Read more.

Early fire detection plays a crucial role in minimizing harm to human life, buildings, and the environment. Traditional fire detection systems struggle with detection in dynamic or complex situations due to slow response and false alarms. Conventional systems are based on smoke, heat, and gas sensors, which often trigger alarms when a fire is in full swing. In order to overcome this, a promising approach is the development of memristor-based gas sensors, known as gasistors, which offer a lightweight design, fast response/recovery, and efficient miniaturization. Recent studies on gasistor-based sensors have demonstrated ultrafast response times as low as 1–2 s, with detection limits reaching sub-ppm levels for gases such as CO, NH₃, and NO₂. Enhanced designs incorporating memristive switching and 2D materials have achieved a sensitivity exceeding 90% and stable operation across a wide temperature range (room temperature to 250 °C). This review highlights key factors in early fire detection, focusing on advanced sensors and their integration with IoT for faster, and more reliable alerts. Here, we introduce gasistor technology, which shows high sensitivity to fire-related gases and operates through conduction filament (CF) mechanisms, enabling its low power consumption, compact size, and rapid recovery. When integrated with machine learning and artificial intelligence, this technology offers a promising direction for future advancements in next-generation early fire detection systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Nano Material-Based Gas Sensors)

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21 pages, 6541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Sensitive Epinephrine Sensor Based on Photochemically Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles

by Eyup Metin, Gonul S. Batibay, Meral Aydin and Nergis Arsu

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070229 - 23 Jun 2025

In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and AuNPs-graphene oxide (AuNPs@GO) nanostructures were synthesized in aqueous media using an in-situ photochemical method with bis-acyl phosphine oxide (BAPO) photoinitiator as a photoreducing agent in the presence of HAuCl₄. The parameters for synthesis were [...] Read more.

In this study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and AuNPs-graphene oxide (AuNPs@GO) nanostructures were synthesized in aqueous media using an in-situ photochemical method with bis-acyl phosphine oxide (BAPO) photoinitiator as a photoreducing agent in the presence of HAuCl₄. The parameters for synthesis were arranged to obtain stable and reproducible dispersions with desirable chemical and optical properties. Both AuNPs and AuNPs@GO were employed as sensing platforms for the detection of epinephrine in two concentration ranges: micromolar (µM) and nanomolar (nM). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence emission, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy techniques were used to investigate the morphological, optical, and chemical properties of the nanostructures as well as their sensing ability towards epinephrine. Fluorescence spectroscopy played a crucial role in demonstrating the high sensitivity and effectiveness of these systems, especially in the low concentration (nM) range, confirming their strong potential as fluorescence-based sensors. By constructing calibration curves on best linear subranges, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated with two different approaches, SE_intercept and S_y/x. Among all the investigated nanostructures, AuNPs@GO exhibited the highest sensitivity towards epinephrine. The efficiency and reproducibility of the in-situ photochemical AuNPs synthesis approach highlight its applicability in small-molecule detection and particularly in analytical and bio-sensing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanostructures for Chemical Sensing)

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16 pages, 5477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Triethylamine-Sensing Characteristics of SnS₂/LaFeO₃ Composite

by Hong Wu, Xiaobing Wang, Yuxiang Chen and Xiaofeng Wang

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070228 - 23 Jun 2025

Triethylamine (TEA), a volatile organic compound (VOC), has important applications in industrial production. However, TEA has an irritating odor and potential toxicity, making it necessary to develop sensitive TEA gas sensors with high efficiency. This study focused on preparing LaFeO₃ nanoparticles modified [...] Read more.

Triethylamine (TEA), a volatile organic compound (VOC), has important applications in industrial production. However, TEA has an irritating odor and potential toxicity, making it necessary to develop sensitive TEA gas sensors with high efficiency. This study focused on preparing LaFeO₃ nanoparticles modified by SnS₂ nanosheets (SnS₂/LaFeO₃ composite) using a hydrothermal method together with sol–gel technique. According to the comparison results of the gas-sensing performance between pure LaFeO₃ and SnS₂/LaFeO₃ composite with varying composition ratios, 5% SnS₂/LaFeO₃ sensor had a sensitivity for TEA that was 3.2 times higher than pure LaFeO₃ sensor. The optimized sensor operates at 140 °C and demonstrates strong stability, selectivity, and long-term durability. Detailed analyses revealed that the SnS₂ nanosheets enhanced oxygen vacancy (O_V) content and carrier mobility through heterojunction formation with LaFeO₃. This study provides insights into improving gas-sensing performance via p-n heterostructure design and proposes a novel LaFeO₃-based material for TEA detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Chemical Sensors for Gas Detection)

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27 pages, 5575 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modeling of Chemiresistive Gas Sensors: From Microscopic Reception and Transduction Processes to Macroscopic Sensing Behaviors

by Zhiqiao Gao, Menglei Mao, Jiuwu Ma, Jincheng Han, Hengzhen Feng, Wenzhong Lou, Yixin Wang and Teng Ma

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070227 - 22 Jun 2025

Chemiresistive gas sensors have gained significant attention and have been widely applied in various fields. However, the gap between experimental observations and fundamental sensing mechanisms hinders systematic optimization. Despite the critical role of modeling in explaining atomic-scale interactions and offering predictive insights beyond [...] Read more.

Chemiresistive gas sensors have gained significant attention and have been widely applied in various fields. However, the gap between experimental observations and fundamental sensing mechanisms hinders systematic optimization. Despite the critical role of modeling in explaining atomic-scale interactions and offering predictive insights beyond experiments, existing reviews on chemiresistive gas sensors remain predominantly experimental-centric, with a limited systematic exploration of the modeling approaches. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the modeling approaches for chemiresistive gas sensors, focusing on two critical processes: the reception and transduction stages. For the reception process, density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics (MD), ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), and Monte Carlo (MC) methods were analyzed. DFT quantifies atomic-scale charge transfer, and orbital hybridization, MD/AIMD captures dynamic adsorption kinetics, and MC simulates equilibrium/non-equilibrium behaviors based on statistical mechanics principles. For the transduction process, band-bending-based theoretical models and power-law models elucidate the resistance modulation mechanisms, although their generalizability remains limited. Notably, the finite element method (FEM) has emerged as a powerful tool for full-process modeling by integrating gas diffusion, adsorption, and electronic responses into a unified framework. Future directions highlight the use of multiscale models to bridge microscopic interactions with macroscopic behaviors and the integration of machine learning, accelerating the iterative design of next-generation sensors with superior performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterial-Based Gas Sensors and Humidity Sensors)

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19 pages, 3123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Giant Chemo-Resistive Response of POSS Nano-Spacers in PS- and PMMA-Based Quantum Resistive Vapour Sensors (vQRS) Used for Cancer Biomarker Analysis

by Abhishek Sachan, Mickaël Castro, Veena Choudhary and Jean-François Feller

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070226 - 21 Jun 2025

The detection of volatile organic compound (VOC) biomarkers from the volatolome for the anticipated diagnosis of severe diseases such as cancers is made difficult due to the presence of high quantities of H₂O in the collected samples. It has been shown [...] Read more.

The detection of volatile organic compound (VOC) biomarkers from the volatolome for the anticipated diagnosis of severe diseases such as cancers is made difficult due to the presence of high quantities of H₂O in the collected samples. It has been shown that water molecules tend to compete or combine themselves with analytes, which requires either their removal or the development of more sensitive and discriminant sensors. In this later prospect, a positive effect of poly(hedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes) (POSS) is sought out to enhance the sensitivity of carbon nanotube-based quantum resistive vapour sensors (vQRS). POSS, once copolymerized with methyl methacrylate or styrene, can be used as nano-spacers amplifying the disconnection of the nano-junctions due to swelling of the polymer upon the diffusion of VOC. The amplitude of this phenomenon, which is at the origin of the chemo-resistive behaviour of vQRS, was compared with that of homologue transducers made of poly(styrene) (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-coated carbon nanotube (CNT) random networks. The presence of POSS in PS-based sensors has enhanced their sensitivity by 213 times for toluene, by 268 times for acetone, by 4 times for ethanol, and by 187 times for cyclohexane. Similarly, the presence of POSS in PMMA chains increases the sensitivity of sensors to cyclohexane by 10 times, to ethanol by 45 times, to toluene by 244 times, and to acetone and butanone by 4 times. All transducers were made by spray layer by layer (sLbL) to obtain a hierarchically structured conducting architecture. The transducers’ surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to observe the CNT coating and dispersion level in the matrix. All sensors were tested with twenty-one VOC part of lung and skin cancer biomarkers by using a dynamic vapour analysis (DVA). The vQRS based on POSS copolymers demonstrated much larger chemo-resistive responses (A_R) than the sensors based only on pure polymers and were found to be very selective towards cyclohexane and hexene-1. The PMMA-co-POSS/CNT sensor was able to detect down to 12 ppm of VOC with a very high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and to discriminate six VOC among them all with a PCA (principal component analysis) projection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Recent Advances in Multifunctional Sensing Technology for Gas Analysis)

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71 pages, 2430 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unlocking the Future: Carbon Nanotubes as Pioneers in Sensing Technologies

by Nargish Parvin, Sang Woo Joo, Jae Hak Jung and Tapas K. Mandal

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070225 - 21 Jun 2025

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as pivotal nanomaterials in sensing technologies owing to their unique structural, electrical, and mechanical properties. Their high aspect ratio, exceptional surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical tunability enable superior sensitivity and rapid response in various sensor platforms. [...] Read more.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as pivotal nanomaterials in sensing technologies owing to their unique structural, electrical, and mechanical properties. Their high aspect ratio, exceptional surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical tunability enable superior sensitivity and rapid response in various sensor platforms. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in CNT-based sensors, encompassing both single-walled (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). We discuss their functional roles in diverse sensing applications, including gas sensing, chemical detection, biosensing, and pressure/strain monitoring. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of sensing, such as changes in electrical conductivity, surface adsorption phenomena, molecular recognition, and piezoresistive effects. Furthermore, we explore strategies for enhancing sensitivity and selectivity through surface functionalization, hybrid material integration, and nanostructuring. The manuscript also covers the challenges of reproducibility, selectivity, and scalability that hinder commercial deployment. In addition, emerging directions such as flexible and wearable CNT-based sensors, and their role in real-time environmental, biomedical, and structural health monitoring systems, are critically analyzed. By outlining both current progress and existing limitations, this review underscores the transformative potential of CNTs in the design of next-generation sensing technologies across interdisciplinary domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Sensing)

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31 pages, 8644 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Resistive Gas Sensors: Fundamentals, Material and Device Design, and Intelligent Applications

by Peiqingfeng Wang, Shusheng Xu, Xuerong Shi, Jiaqing Zhu, Haichao Xiong and Huimin Wen

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070224 - 21 Jun 2025

Resistive gas sensors have attracted significant attention due to their simple architecture, low cost, and ease of integration, with widespread applications in environmental monitoring, industrial safety, and healthcare diagnostics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in resistive gas sensors, focusing [...] Read more.

Resistive gas sensors have attracted significant attention due to their simple architecture, low cost, and ease of integration, with widespread applications in environmental monitoring, industrial safety, and healthcare diagnostics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in resistive gas sensors, focusing on their fundamental working mechanisms, sensing material design, device architecture optimization, and intelligent system integration. These sensors primarily operate based on changes in electrical resistance induced by interactions between gas molecules and sensing materials, including physical adsorption, charge transfer, and surface redox reactions. In terms of materials, metal oxide semiconductors, conductive polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, and their composites have demonstrated enhanced sensitivity and selectivity through strategies such as doping, surface functionalization, and heterojunction engineering, while also enabling reduced operating temperatures. Device-level innovations—such as microheater integration, self-heated nanowires, and multi-sensor arrays—have further improved response speed and energy efficiency. Moreover, the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has significantly advanced signal processing, pattern recognition, and long-term operational stability. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have enabled intelligent design of novel sensing materials, optimized multi-gas identification, and enhanced data reliability in complex environments. These synergistic developments are driving resistive gas sensors toward low-power, highly integrated, and multifunctional platforms, particularly in emerging applications such as wearable electronics, breath diagnostics, and smart city infrastructure. This review concludes with a perspective on future research directions, emphasizing the importance of improving material stability, interference resistance, standardized fabrication, and intelligent system integration for large-scale practical deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Low-Cost Chemical Sensor Technologies for Environmental Monitoring Applications)

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18 pages, 3916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TinyML-Based Real-Time Drift Compensation for Gas Sensors Using Spectral–Temporal Neural Networks

by Adir Krayden, M. Avraham, H. Ashkar, T. Blank, S. Stolyarova and Yael Nemirovsky

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070223 - 20 Jun 2025

The implementation of low-cost sensitive and selective gas sensors for monitoring fruit ripening and quality strongly depends on their long-term stability. Gas sensor drift undermines the long-term reliability of low-cost sensing platforms, particularly in precision agriculture. We present a real-time drift compensation framework [...] Read more.

The implementation of low-cost sensitive and selective gas sensors for monitoring fruit ripening and quality strongly depends on their long-term stability. Gas sensor drift undermines the long-term reliability of low-cost sensing platforms, particularly in precision agriculture. We present a real-time drift compensation framework based on a lightweight Temporal Convolutional Neural Network (TCNN) combined with a Hadamard spectral transform. The model operates causally on incoming sensor data, achieving a mean absolute error below 1 mV on long-term recordings (equivalent to <1 particle per million (ppm) gas concentration). Through quantization, we compress the model by over 70%, without sacrificing accuracy. Demonstrated on a combustion-type gas sensor system (dubbed GMOS) for ethylene monitoring, our approach enables continuous, drift-corrected operation without the need for recalibration or dependence on cloud-based services, offering a generalizable solution for embedded environmental sensing—in food transportation containers, cold storage facilities, de-greening rooms and directly in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (E-Tongue) in Food Quality)

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20 pages, 6331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PrFeTiO₅-Based Chemoresistive Gas Sensors for VOCs Detection

by Danial Ahmed, Elena Spagnoli, Adil Chakir, Maura Mancinelli, Matteo Ferroni, Boubker Mehdaoui, Abdeslam El Bouari and Barbara Fabbri

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070222 - 20 Jun 2025

The development of effective, cost-efficient, and printable solid-state gas sensors for the detection of volatile organic compounds is of great interest due to their wide range of applications, spanning from real-time indoor monitoring to emerging fields such as non-invasive medical diagnostics. However, gas [...] Read more.

The development of effective, cost-efficient, and printable solid-state gas sensors for the detection of volatile organic compounds is of great interest due to their wide range of applications, spanning from real-time indoor monitoring to emerging fields such as non-invasive medical diagnostics. However, gas sensors encounter difficulties in discovering materials that have both good selectivity and sensitivity for numerous volatile organic compounds in both dry and humid settings. To expand the class of sensing materials, the current study investigates the sensing performance of solid solutions based on a rare-earth metal oxide. Pr, Fe, and Ti oxide solid solutions were produced using a solid-state technique, with thermal treatments at varied temperatures to tune their structural and functional properties. The powders were used, for the first time, to produce chemoresistive sensors, which showed promising sensing capabilities vs. ethanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde. The sensors were characterized by varying the concentration of the target gases from 1 to 50 ppm in a controlled environment, with the relative humidity ranging from 2 to 40%. The findings bring a turning point, leading to fruitful paths for the development of Pr-based solid solutions-based chemoresistive gas sensors for the detection of volatile organic compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress on Sensors and Smart Systems for In-Situ Gas Monitoring)

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38 pages, 15862 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Smart Phone-Based Biosensors for Various Applications

by Enpeng Xing, Hongfei Chen, Xianglin Xin, Haoran Cui, Yanzhi Dou and Shiping Song

Chemosensors 2025, 13(7), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13070221 - 20 Jun 2025

The demand of biosensors for field testing is increasing in various application scenarios such as food testing, environmental analysis, and medical diagnostics. However, conventional non-intelligent biosensors have been largely restricted in such applications. With the popularity of smart phones, biosensors combined with smart [...] Read more.

The demand of biosensors for field testing is increasing in various application scenarios such as food testing, environmental analysis, and medical diagnostics. However, conventional non-intelligent biosensors have been largely restricted in such applications. With the popularity of smart phones, biosensors combined with smart phones have successfully solved these problems. Acting as both analytical instruments and data platforms, smart phones have greatly improved optical and electrical biosensors for field testing. Importantly, coupled with cloud computing and artificial intelligence algorithms, smart phone-based biosensors enable real-time and dynamic testing and monitoring. This review focuses on how smart phones are combined with biosensors and what their combination methods are. At the same time, it introduces how their combination is applied in medical diagnostics, food testing, environmental analysis, and other aspects. Smart phones will enhance their crucial role in field testing, while simultaneously promoting technological innovation and interdisciplinary integration. With breakthroughs in other technologies, smart phone-based biosensors are poised to play an important character role in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Food Testing, Environmental Analysis, and Medical Diagnostics)

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36 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Biosensing Technologies: Leading Innovations in Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis

by Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin, Fábio de Lima, Paulo Iury Gomes Nunes, Rosa Fireman Dutra, Geanne Matos de Andrade and Reinaldo B. Oriá

Chemosensors 2025, 13(6), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13060220 - 17 Jun 2025

Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a significant challenge due to its multifactorial nature and the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods, such as clinical assessments and neuroimaging, which often lack the specificity and sensitivity required for early detection. The urgent need for innovative diagnostic [...] Read more.

Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a significant challenge due to its multifactorial nature and the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods, such as clinical assessments and neuroimaging, which often lack the specificity and sensitivity required for early detection. The urgent need for innovative diagnostic tools is further underscored by the potential of early intervention to improve treatment outcomes and slow disease progression. Recent advancements in biosensing technologies offer promising solutions for precise and non-invasive AD detection. Electrochemical and optical biosensors, in particular, provide high sensitivity, specificity, and real-time detection capabilities, making them valuable for identifying key biomarkers, including amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and tau proteins. Additionally, integrating these biosensors with nanomaterials enhances their performance, stability, and detection limits, enabling improved diagnostic accuracy. Beyond nanomaterial-based sensors, emerging innovations in microfluidics, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and artificial intelligence-assisted biosensing further contribute to the development of next-generation AD diagnostics. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in biosensing technologies for AD, highlighting their mechanisms, advantages, and future perspectives in detecting biomarkers from biological fluids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensing in Medical Diagnosis)

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19 pages, 8053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Room-Temperature Environmental Gas Detection: Performance Comparison of Nanoparticle-Based Sensors Fabricated by Electrospray, Drop-Casting, and Dry Printing Based on Spark Ablation

by Carlos Sánchez-Vicente, José Pedro Santos, Isabel Sayago, Vincent Mazzola and Leandro Sacco

Chemosensors 2025, 13(6), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13060219 - 17 Jun 2025

Chemical nanosensors based on tin dioxide (SnO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were developed and characterized for the detection of low concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO). The sensing layers were [...] Read more.

Chemical nanosensors based on tin dioxide (SnO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were developed and characterized for the detection of low concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO). The sensing layers were prepared using three fabrication methods: drop-casting, electrospray, and spark ablation coupled with an inertial impaction printer, to compare their performance. Multiple surface characterization techniques were carried out to investigate the surface morphology and elemental composition of the deposited layers such as SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) analyses. UV light photoactivation enabled the sensors to detect ultra-low concentrations of the target gases at room temperature (100 ppb NO₂ and 1 ppm CO). The measurements were conducted at 50% relative humidity to simulate real environmental conditions. All sensors were capable of detecting the target gases. Drop-casting is the simplest and most cost-effective technique, but it is also the least reproducible. In contrast, sensors based on the spark ablation technique achieved more homogeneous sensing layers, with practically no nanoparticle agglomeration, resulting in devices with lower noise and drift in their electrical response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Recent Advances in Multifunctional Sensing Technology for Gas Analysis)

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18 pages, 4392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Electrospun In₂O₃ Nanowires with Different Grain Sizes for Fish Freshness Monitoring

by Xiangrui Dong, Bo Zhang, Mengyao Shen, Qi Lu, Hao Shen, Yi Ni, Yuechen Liu and Haitao Song

Chemosensors 2025, 13(6), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13060218 - 14 Jun 2025

Seafood, especially marine fish, is highly prone to spoilage during processing, transportation, and storage. It releases pungent trimethylamine (TMA) gas, which severely affects food quality and safety. Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors for TMA detection offer a rapid, convenient, and accurate method for assessing [...] Read more.

Seafood, especially marine fish, is highly prone to spoilage during processing, transportation, and storage. It releases pungent trimethylamine (TMA) gas, which severely affects food quality and safety. Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors for TMA detection offer a rapid, convenient, and accurate method for assessing fish freshness. Indium oxide (In₂O₃) has shown potential as an effective sensing material for the detection of TMA. In this work, one-dimensional In₂O₃ nanowires with different grain sizes and levels of crystallinity were synthetized using the electrospinning technique and underwent different thermal calcination processes. Gas-sensing tests showed that the In₂O₃–3 °C/min–500 °C gas sensor exhibited an outstanding performance, including a high response (R_a/R_g = 47.0) to 100 ppm TMA, a short response time (6 s), a low limit of detection (LOD, 0.0392 ppm), and an excellent long-term stability. Furthermore, the sensor showed promising experimental results in monitoring the freshness of Larimichthys crocea (L. crocea). By analyzing the relationship between the grain size and crystallinity of the In₂O₃ samples, a mechanism for the enhanced gas-sensing performance was proposed. This work provides a novel strategy for designing and fabricating gas sensors for TMA detection and highlights their potential for broad applications in real-time fish freshness monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (E-Tongue) in Food Quality)

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37 pages, 4685 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gate Engineering in Two-Dimensional (2D) Channel FET Chemical Sensors: A Comprehensive Review of Architectures, Mechanisms, and Materials

by Ganapathi Bharathi and Seongin Hong

Chemosensors 2025, 13(6), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13060217 - 13 Jun 2025

Field-effect transistor (FET) chemical sensors are essential for enabling sophisticated lifestyles and ensuring safe working environments. They can detect a wide range of analytes, including gaseous species (NO₂, NH₃, VOCs), ionic compounds, and biological molecules. Among the structural components [...] Read more.

Field-effect transistor (FET) chemical sensors are essential for enabling sophisticated lifestyles and ensuring safe working environments. They can detect a wide range of analytes, including gaseous species (NO₂, NH₃, VOCs), ionic compounds, and biological molecules. Among the structural components of FETs, the gate configuration plays a vital role in controlling the semiconductor channel’s electrostatic environment, thereby strongly influencing sensing performance. Two-dimensional (2D) materials offer additional advantages in these sensors due to their rich surface chemistry and high sensitivity to external interactions. This review offers a comprehensive classification of 2D channel FET chemical sensors based on their gate configurations. Their working principles, fabrication strategies, and sensing performance are discussed in detail. A critical analysis of the advantages and challenges associated with each gate configuration is performed. This review aims to guide future research on the selection of appropriate device configurations for the development of excellent FET chemical sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Sensors for Bio-Medical and Environmental Applications, 2nd Edition)

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