Journal Description
Analytica
Analytica
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on analytical chemistry and chemical analysis published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Chemistry, Analytical) / CiteScore - Q2 (Materials Science (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 20 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Impact Factor:
3.6 (2024);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.1 (2024)
Latest Articles
New Molecularly Imprinted Polyurethane Foam for Selective Extraction of Atrazine with Fluorescence Detection
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030037 - 15 Sep 2025
Abstract
The synthesis of new molecularly imprinted polyurethane foam (MIPUF) using an herbicide of atrazine (Atz) as a template for selective solid-phase extraction for Atz was proposed for the first time. The MIPUF was simply synthesized under mild conditions, without requiring an oxygen-free environment.
[...] Read more.
The synthesis of new molecularly imprinted polyurethane foam (MIPUF) using an herbicide of atrazine (Atz) as a template for selective solid-phase extraction for Atz was proposed for the first time. The MIPUF was simply synthesized under mild conditions, without requiring an oxygen-free environment. Some household apparatuses were adapted for the preparation, such as a plastic cup and bamboo chopstick. The ready-to-use MIPUF minicolumns could be obtained within 4 h with more than 10 minicolumns. The proposed material was characterized using FT-IR and SEM. The MIPUF minicolumn was used in a solid-phase extraction. The eluate of free Atz was determined using the fluorescence technique without further derivatization at 343 nm. The MIPUF offered a good sensitivity and selectivity over non-molecularly imprinted polyurethane foam (NIPUF), enhancing fluorescence intensity by 15.6 times. The linear equation and linear range for Atz detection at y = 87.25x + 311.58, R2 = 0.9887 and 0.2–1.0 µM were obtained. The LOD and LOQ were 35 and 110 nM, respectively. The MIPUF revealed a more selective Atz than some potential pesticides. The ready-to-use minicolumn has been used for sample preparation and Atz assays in surface water in orchards and river water samples with recoveries (%) at 90–110%.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Progress in Analytical Chemistry in Materials and Food and Environmental Samples)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Pattern-Based Risk Mapping of Pesticide Residues in Turkish Horticultural Exports Using RASFF Alerts (2020–2025)
by
Emrah Kirtil
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030036 - 11 Sep 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Pesticide residue violations continue to challenge the compliance of Turkish horticultural exports with European Union food safety regulations. This study examined 1138 RASFF alerts (1660 detections) issued between 2020 and 2025 using statistical enrichment, time-series modeling, and unsupervised machine learning. Pepper was the
[...] Read more.
Pesticide residue violations continue to challenge the compliance of Turkish horticultural exports with European Union food safety regulations. This study examined 1138 RASFF alerts (1660 detections) issued between 2020 and 2025 using statistical enrichment, time-series modeling, and unsupervised machine learning. Pepper was the most frequently rejected commodity, with strong enrichments of formetanate (71-fold), pyridaben (35-fold), and acetamiprid (5-fold). Notably, chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl remained among the most commonly detected residues despite EU bans, suggesting continued use of stockpiled or illicit products and prolonged environmental persistence. Rejections peaked during winter and spring, particularly for citrus and greenhouse-grown crops. Clustering and association rule mining revealed modular commodity–pesticide structures and recurrent co-detection patterns. Anomaly detection further identified discrete periods of irregular contamination. Overall, the results indicate that violations are seasonally patterned and structurally embedded. Targeted monitoring aligned with crop calendars and stricter enforcement of legacy pesticide phase-outs could significantly improve compliance and reduce export rejections.
Full article

Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Emerging Analytical Techniques for Rare Earth Element Study: Basic Principles and Cutting-Edge Developments
by
Heru Agung Saputra, Demas Aji, Badrut Tamam Ibnu Ali and Asranudin
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030035 - 10 Sep 2025
Abstract
Fundamental research, exploration, extraction, and metallurgical studies of rare earth elements (REEs) require the use of analytical techniques. Recently, emerging developments of analytical instrumentation for REEs have taken place, with some of them having shrunk in size, becoming handheld devices. The Flame and
[...] Read more.
Fundamental research, exploration, extraction, and metallurgical studies of rare earth elements (REEs) require the use of analytical techniques. Recently, emerging developments of analytical instrumentation for REEs have taken place, with some of them having shrunk in size, becoming handheld devices. The Flame and Graphite Furnace AAS, ICP-OES, and MP-AES are standard laboratory techniques used for the analysis of REEs. ICP-MS, ICP-MS/MS, ICP-TOF-MS, HR-ICP-MS, MH-ICP-MS, and MC-ICP-MS are popular techniques for REE analysis thanks to their ultrahigh sensitivity, minimal interference effects, and broad applicability. The INAA, XRF, LIBS, and LA-based ICP-MS techniques are widely employed for the direct analysis of solid samples. The TIMS, SIMS, and SHRIMP are common techniques used for dating isotopic REE deposits. The portable XRF, LIBS, and Raman spectrometer devices can perform on-the-spot in situ analysis, which may help make speedy decisions in the exploration study of REEs. Currently, hyperspectral remote sensing platforms, such as handheld, drone, and satellite-based devices, are preferred for the exploration of REEs due to their cost-effectiveness, which enables the coverage of large areas in a limited amount of time. The use of microanalytical sensors installed on remotely operated vehicles has been successfully applied in analyzing rich REE-bearing deposits in the deep sea. In general, this review provides in-depth information on all essential aspects, from analytical instruments to cutting-edge developments in the analysis of REE-bearing resources.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Progress in Analytical Chemistry in Materials and Food and Environmental Samples)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Investigation of Halloumi Cheese Adulteration Due to the Addition of Milk Powder Using BET and FTIR Measurements
by
Maria Tarapoulouzi, Małgorzata Ruggiero-Mikołajczyk, Ioannis Pashalidis and Charis R. Theocharis
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030034 - 8 Sep 2025
Abstract
Halloumi cheese, a traditional Cypriot dairy product with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status, is renowned for its unique texture and high melting point. PDO certification is crucial for Halloumi cheese as it ensures the product’s authenticity, protects its traditional production methods and
[...] Read more.
Halloumi cheese, a traditional Cypriot dairy product with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status, is renowned for its unique texture and high melting point. PDO certification is crucial for Halloumi cheese as it ensures the product’s authenticity, protects its traditional production methods and geographical origin, and safeguards consumers and producers against fraud and mislabeling. However, concerns over adulteration, particularly through the addition of skim milk powder, pose challenges to its authenticity and quality control. This study is the first to analyze Halloumi cheese using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, providing a novel approach to assessing its composition and authenticity. Furthermore, it marks the first time Halloumi samples have been examined in the context of PDO certification. Alongside PDO-certified Halloumi, two additional sample sets were produced following PDO specifications for moisture, fat, and salt content, with the controlled incorporation of skim milk powder as an adulterant at concentrations of 1% and 5%. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to visualize and interpret the spectral data, revealing promising results. Chemometric analysis showed that the specific surface area from BET measurements and the FTIR spectral subregion between 1650 and 1100 cm−1 were key factors, and they were retained for model construction. These findings could play a crucial role in establishing official food fraud detection methodologies, particularly for the Cyprus and EU markets. While this study serves as an initial investigation, additional samples will be tested in future studies to validate these preliminary results and to assess the potential of applying these techniques in real-world food fraud detection scenarios.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Analytica)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Rapid and Efficient Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Method for Cd Determination in Brazilian Cachaça Using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
by
Saulo Alves de Souza, Cristiane dos Reis Feliciano, Grazielle Cabral de Lima, Ítalo Agnis da Silva Gomes, Nathália Carvalho Costa, Bruno Alves Rocha and Mariane Gonçalves Santos
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030033 - 8 Sep 2025
Abstract
The contamination of food and beverages with heavy metals, such as Cd, presents significant health risks, underscoring the need for reliable and sensitive analytical methods. This study introduces the development of a rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method for Cd determination in cachaça,
[...] Read more.
The contamination of food and beverages with heavy metals, such as Cd, presents significant health risks, underscoring the need for reliable and sensitive analytical methods. This study introduces the development of a rapid, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method for Cd determination in cachaça, a traditional Brazilian sugarcane spirit. Magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) functionalized with tetraethyl orthosilicate are synthesized and employed as adsorbents in a dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction procedure. The extracted Cd is quantified using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. A full factorial experimental design is used to optimize key parameters, including the sorbent mass, adsorption time, desorption time, and acid concentration. The method demonstrates excellent analytical performance, with a linear calibration range (R2 = 0.99), detection limit of 0.0046 mg L−1, and quantification limit of 0.0200 mg L−1. Moreover, validation results show high precision (coefficient of variation < 9.10%) and accuracy (recovery rates between 92.00% and 120.00%). When analyzing commercial cachaça samples, cadmium was detected in all five specimens. Notably, in one sample the cadmium concentration exceeded Brazil’s maximum permissible limit of 0.0200 mg kg−1, underscoring the importance of this work for ensuring food safety. The proposed method offers a sensitive, reproducible, and sustainable approach for analysis of potentially toxic trace metals in alcoholic beverages, reinforcing its potential for routine monitoring and regulatory compliance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Analytica)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Phenolic Profiling of Merlot Wines from Albania: Influence of Geographical Origin and Vintage Assessed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS
by
Dritan Topi, Hasim Kelebek, Gazmend Shehi, Gamze Guclu and Serkan Selli
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030032 - 5 Sep 2025
Abstract
Merlot red wines rank among the most distinguished varietals globally. This study aimed to characterize the phenolic compound profiles of Merlot wines and assess the influence of geographical origin and vintage on samples from two Albanian wine regions. Using liquid chromatography coupled with
[...] Read more.
Merlot red wines rank among the most distinguished varietals globally. This study aimed to characterize the phenolic compound profiles of Merlot wines and assess the influence of geographical origin and vintage on samples from two Albanian wine regions. Using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, a total of 31 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified. These were classified into hydroxybenzoic acids and flavan-3-ols (13 compounds), phenolic acids (9), flavonols (5), and stilbenoids (4). The total phenolic content ranged from 294 mg L−1 in wines from the Mati–Mirdita region to 480 mg L−1 in those from the Durrës–Kavaja region, demonstrating significant regional variation. Notably, the hydroxybenzoic acids and flavan-3-ols exhibited the most pronounced differences, with gallic acid concentrations varying from 123 mg L−1 (Mati–Mirdita) to 170 mg L−1 (Durrës–Kavaja). Both regions’ wines were rich in catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin derivatives, trans-caftaric acid, and ethyl gallate. However, procyanidins were found in higher concentrations in the Mati–Mirdita wines, while other phenolics were more abundant in Durrës–Kavaja samples. These findings underscore the influence of geographical and climatic factors on phenolic composition, offering a robust chemical fingerprinting approach for assessing wine authenticity and quality.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Progress in Analytical Chemistry in Materials and Food and Environmental Samples)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Multi-Modal Characterization of Wheat Bread Enriched with Pigweed and Purslane Flour Using Colorimetry, Spectral Analysis, and 3D Imaging Techniques
by
Angel Nikolov, Nely Grozeva, Miroslav Vasilev, Daniela Orozova and Zlatin Zlatev
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030031 - 2 Sep 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The growing demand for functional bakery products necessitates research on the enrichment of wheat bread with pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) flour. Although these plant-based raw materials offer nutritional and environmental benefits, their inclusion in wheat bread formulations
[...] Read more.
The growing demand for functional bakery products necessitates research on the enrichment of wheat bread with pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) flour. Although these plant-based raw materials offer nutritional and environmental benefits, their inclusion in wheat bread formulations poses challenges in the creation of formulations that may compromise the sensory and structural qualities of the final product. The main objective of this work is to systematically determine the optimal amounts of these alternative flour using multimodal bread characterization techniques that include physicochemical, organoleptic, geometric, and optical evaluations, supported by advanced data reduction techniques and regression models. A total of 70 features were analyzed and reduced to 22 for pigweed flour and 15 for purslane flour informative features. Predictive models (R2 = 0.85 for pigweed flour, R2 = 0.84 for purslane flour) were developed to optimize the inclusion of alternative flour, resulting in appropriate concentrations of 3.69% for pigweed flour and 7.13% for purslane flour. These formulations balance improved nutritional profiles with acceptable sensory and structural properties. The results obtained not only complement the potential of pigweed and purslane as sustainable functional raw materials but also demonstrate the efficacy of an automated, image-based approach to formulating recipes in food manufacturing.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Chemical Profile and Mycotoxin Analyses of Corn (Argentina, Brazil, and Ukraine), Soybean Meal (USA and Argentina), and Sunflower Meal (Ukraine) Used in Poultry Feed in Morocco
by
Najlae El Bouanani, Bouchaib Bencharki and Hafsa Houmairi
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030030 - 30 Aug 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This study analyzes the nutritional quality and mycotoxin contamination of three key feed ingredients—corn, soybean meal (SBM), and sunflower meal (SFM)—imported into Morocco during the years 2019, 2020, and 2021. Samples were collected upon reception at the plant and analyzed in triplicate under
[...] Read more.
This study analyzes the nutritional quality and mycotoxin contamination of three key feed ingredients—corn, soybean meal (SBM), and sunflower meal (SFM)—imported into Morocco during the years 2019, 2020, and 2021. Samples were collected upon reception at the plant and analyzed in triplicate under standardized laboratory conditions. Chemical composition was evaluated using classical and NIR-based methods, while mycotoxin levels were assessed through ELISA and confirmed by HPLC. Corn samples from Argentina, Brazil, and Ukraine were assessed for their proximate composition and mycotoxin burden. While most nutritional parameters showed no significant differences between origins (p > 0.05), water activity (Aw) and digestible threonine content were significantly affected by origin (p < 0.01). Brazilian corn had the highest Aw (0.716), followed by Argentina (0.680), and Ukraine (0.662), a factor linked to its higher susceptibility to mold and mycotoxin development. Soybean meal from the U.S. and Argentina showed a general positive trend in favor of U.S. imports, with higher average crude protein (the CP content of American soybean meal was 46.912%, compared to 46.610% in Argentine soybean meal), fat, digestible lysine, and metabolizable energy. However, statistical differences were limited to water activity and moisture content (p < 0.05). American soybean meals are generally recognized for their consistent processing quality and superior amino acid digestibility. Sunflower meal, sourced exclusively from Ukraine, showed a steady improvement in crude protein (from 35.97% in 2019 to 36.99% in 2021) and metabolizable energy, alongside reduced crude fiber content, enhancing its nutritional value in poultry diets. The consistent use of Ukrainian SFM in Morocco reflects both supply stability and quality. Regarding mycotoxins, origin had a significant effect on several compounds. Argentine and Brazilian corn showed higher mean levels of fumonisins (1165.26 and 1019.52 ppb), ochratoxin A (2.26 and 3.02 ppb), and zearalenone (36.99 and 21.92 ppb) compared to Ukrainian corn, which consistently had the lowest levels across all major mycotoxins (e.g., fumonisins = 200 ppb; zearalenone = 4.90 ppb). Aflatoxin B1 levels remained constant at 0.2 ppb across all origins. These findings confirm the influence of geographic origin—particularly water activity—on mycotoxin risk in imported maize.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Rapid Spectroscopic Analysis for Food and Feed Quality Control: Prediction of Protein and Nutrient Content in Barley Forage Using LIBS and Chemometrics
by
Jinan Sabsabi, Andressa Adame, Francis Vanier, Nii Patterson, Allan Feurtado, Aïssa Harhira, Mohamad Sabsabi and François Vidal
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030029 - 28 Aug 2025
Abstract
Rapid and accurate assessment of nutritional quality, particularly crude protein content and essential nutrient concentrations, remains a major challenge in the food and feed industries. In this study, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was combined with advanced chemometric modeling to predict the levels of
[...] Read more.
Rapid and accurate assessment of nutritional quality, particularly crude protein content and essential nutrient concentrations, remains a major challenge in the food and feed industries. In this study, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was combined with advanced chemometric modeling to predict the levels of crude protein and key macro- and micronutrients (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, P, Zn) in 61 barley forage samples composed of whole aerial plant parts ground prior to analysis. LIBS offers a compelling alternative to traditional analytical methods by enabling real-time analysis with minimal sample preparation. To minimize interference from atmospheric nitrogen, nitrogen spectral lines were excluded from the protein calibration model in favor of spectral lines from elements biochemically associated with proteins. We compared the performance of Partial Least Squares (PLSR) regression and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) using fivefold cross-validation. ELM outperformed PLS in terms of prediction, achieving a coefficient of determination (R2) close to 1 and a ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) exceeding 2.5 for proteins and several nutrients. These results underscore the potential of LIBS-ELM integration as a robust, non-destructive, and in situ tool for rapid forage quality assessment, particularly in complex and heterogeneous plant matrices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Spectroscopy)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Study of Sorption of Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride on Zirconium-Based Metal–Organic Framework Followed by Determination by UV-Vis Detection
by
Julia D. Bryantseva, Marina O. Gorbunova, Vladimir A. Zhinzhilo and Igor E. Uflyand
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030028 - 20 Aug 2025
Abstract
The reaction of zirconium tetrachloride with 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide with the addition of HCl leads to the formation of zirconium 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate. Zirconium 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and volumetric nitrogen adsorption/desorption. The sample has
[...] Read more.
The reaction of zirconium tetrachloride with 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide with the addition of HCl leads to the formation of zirconium 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate. Zirconium 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and volumetric nitrogen adsorption/desorption. The sample has a constant porosity with an average pore diameter of 7.97 nm and both microporous and mesoporous structure with a large surface area (820 m2/g) corresponding to the type IV adsorption. Zirconium 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate was used for solid-phase extraction (SPE) of chlortetracycline hydrochloride from the aqueous solution. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of using the proposed analytical technique as a new, convenient approach to the extraction of chlortetracycline hydrochloride from industrial or other wastewaters, where such substance is contained in insignificant concentrations and its determination requires expensive and complex equipment. In the future, this method can be used not only for the effective removal of pollutants from industrial wastewater with subsequent regeneration of the sorbent, but also as a sample-preparation method for concentrating chlortetracycline hydrochloride from dilute solutions with its subsequent elution and analysis by available methods, for example, spectrophotometry, since the limit of detection is 0.06 mg/L. Experimental data are described by the isotherm of SPE (R2 = 0.998–0.999) and show the ability of zirconium 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate to extract up to 578 mg/g of sorbent at 5 °C under optimal conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sample Pretreatment and Extraction)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Development of a Sensitive HILIC-MS/MS Method for Quantification of Melamine, Derivatives, and Potential Precursors in Various Water Matrices
by
Merle Käberich, Lisann Nemetz and Frank Sacher
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030027 - 19 Aug 2025
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) has broad applications and can be released to the aquatic environment from various sources, including industry, agriculture, traffic, and household articles. In addition, MEL derivatives ammeline (AMN), ammelide (AMD), and cyanuric acid (CYA) as well as potential precursors cyromazine (CYRO) and
[...] Read more.
Melamine (MEL) has broad applications and can be released to the aquatic environment from various sources, including industry, agriculture, traffic, and household articles. In addition, MEL derivatives ammeline (AMN), ammelide (AMD), and cyanuric acid (CYA) as well as potential precursors cyromazine (CYRO) and hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM) are relevant related substances. However, occurrence and transformation in water resources has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Here, we developed a sensitive analytical method for quantification of these analytes by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Direct injection achieved limits of quantification (LOQs) of 0.1 µg/L (AMN 0.2 µg/L; CYA 1 µg/L), while LOQs could be improved to 0.01 µg/L (CYA 0.05 µg/L) by applying evaporation for analyte pre-concentration. The method was extensively validated, showing good recovery, repeatability, and linearity. The evaluation of the matrix effects revealed method applicability for various water matrices, including surface water and wastewater. During proof-of-concept measurements, HMMM in combination with MEL and its derivatives was found in multiple samples, emphasizing the importance of including precursors. In the future, the developed method with its novelty of covering both MEL derivatives and precursors can be applied for comprehensive monitoring programs elucidating MEL sources and transformation in water resources.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Related Techniques, 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Determination of Total Mercury and Mercury Thermospecies in Cement and Cement Raw Materials
by
Yolisa A. Lucwaba and Khakhathi L. Mandiwana
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030026 - 15 Aug 2025
Abstract
Cement manufacturing is the second largest anthropogenic source of Hg emissions in the environment. Therefore, the establishment of analytical methodologies that can be utilized in the determination of Hg concentration from cement raw materials and cement is of great importance. The total Hg
[...] Read more.
Cement manufacturing is the second largest anthropogenic source of Hg emissions in the environment. Therefore, the establishment of analytical methodologies that can be utilized in the determination of Hg concentration from cement raw materials and cement is of great importance. The total Hg and Hg thermospecies in cement raw materials and cements were determined by thermal desorption techniques with a Zeeman Hg analyzer. No chemical pre-treatment of samples is required for this technique prior to analysis. An optimum single-stage temperature program was applied to determine total Hg at an optimum heating rate of approximately 5 °C s−1 while Hg thermospecies were determined over four stages at an optimum heating rate of approximately 0.2 °C s−1 per stage from ambient temperature to 720 °C. Total mercury concentrations in cement raw materials ranged between 2.19 ng g−1 and 395 ng g−1, while in cement, concentrations ranged between 1.32 ng g−1 and 31.0 ng g−1. The highest Hg contents were found in dust return (580 ng g−1 and 679 ng g−1). Hg thermospecies determination showed that cement raw materials and cements contain one Hg thermospecies that is released at 20–180 °C while dust return contained one to four Hg thermospecies that could be released at 20–180 °C, 180–360 °C, 360–540 °C, and/or 540–720 °C, thus indicating that new Hg compounds are formed during cement production.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Spectroscopy)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Stability Toolkit for the Appraisal of Bio/Pharmaceuticals’ Level of Endurance (STABLE) as a Framework and Software to Evaluate the Stability of Pharmaceuticals
by
Fotouh R. Mansour, Marcello Locatelli and Alaa Bedair
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030025 - 18 Jul 2025
Abstract
The Stability Toolkit for the Appraisal of Bio/Pharmaceuticals’ Level of Endurance (STABLE) is introduced and proposed as a comprehensive tool and software to evaluate the stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) under various stress conditions. In the pharmaceutical industry, stability testing is a
[...] Read more.
The Stability Toolkit for the Appraisal of Bio/Pharmaceuticals’ Level of Endurance (STABLE) is introduced and proposed as a comprehensive tool and software to evaluate the stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) under various stress conditions. In the pharmaceutical industry, stability testing is a critical step in the drug development process, ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of APIs. Traditional stability tests—such as real-time, accelerated, and forced degradation testing—often face challenges, including inconsistent interpretation and implementation across different regions and organizations. STABLE addresses these challenges by providing a standardized and holistic approach to assessing drug stability across five key stress conditions: oxidative, thermal, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, base-catalyzed hydrolysis, and photostability. Beyond its role as an evaluation tool, STABLE also serves as a practical guide for chemists, encouraging a more complete and thoughtful approach to stability studies. While many investigations focus solely on acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolysis, other critical conditions—such as photostability—are often underexplored or entirely omitted. By highlighting the importance of evaluating all relevant degradation pathways, STABLE promotes more robust and informed stability testing protocols. The index utilizes a color-coded scoring system to quantify and compare stability, facilitating consistent assessments across different APIs. This paper discusses the methodology of STABLE, including the scoring system and specific criteria applied under each condition. This tool is introduced to reflect intrinsic degradation susceptibility under forced conditions. The software is freely available as an open-source tool at bit.ly/STABLE2025, enabling broader accessibility and implementation across the pharmaceutical research community.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Analytical Techniques and Their Applications)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Surface Modification of Poly(butyl methacrylate) with Sulfomethylated Resorcinarenes for the Selective Extraction of Dichromate Ion in Aqueous Media
by
Cielo Urquijo and Mauricio Maldonado
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030024 - 17 Jul 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The dichromate ion (Cr2O72−), a highly toxic chromium VI species, is widely used in industrial processes, generating serious environmental problems when released into water bodies. This investigation proposes the use of a functionalized polymer as an adsorbent material
[...] Read more.
The dichromate ion (Cr2O72−), a highly toxic chromium VI species, is widely used in industrial processes, generating serious environmental problems when released into water bodies. This investigation proposes the use of a functionalized polymer as an adsorbent material for its removal in the aqueous phase. Poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) was synthesized and modified by impregnation with resorcinarenes derived from long-chain aliphatic aldehydes. To improve the affinity for the dichromate, the resorcinarenes were functionalized with sulfomethyl groups by treatment with Na2SO3. The resulting matrices were characterized using IR-ATR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, and their adsorbent performance was evaluated via UV-Vis spectroscopy in batch extraction assays. The results showed that the functionalized polymer exhibited a higher adsorption capacity than the base polymer, reaching up to 81.1% removal at pH 5.0 in one hour. These results highlight the potential of PBMA as an effective support and raise a promising research perspective for functionalized resorcinarenes in the development of new materials for the treatment of contaminated water.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Derivatizing Agent Selection for Hydrophilic Lysine- and Arginine-Containing Tetradecapeptide Analysis in Human Plasma by RP HPLC-MS/MS
by
Margarita A. Tokareva, Evgeny S. Melnikov, Elizaveta N. Fisher, Tatiana A. Rodina, Igor E. Shohin and Maria V. Belova
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030023 - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
The application of high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in the analysis of peptide therapeutics demonstrates its capacity to achieve high sensitivity and selectivity, which are essential qualities for the expanding peptide therapeutic industry. Given the challenges posed by hydrophilic peptides
[...] Read more.
The application of high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in the analysis of peptide therapeutics demonstrates its capacity to achieve high sensitivity and selectivity, which are essential qualities for the expanding peptide therapeutic industry. Given the challenges posed by hydrophilic peptides in reversed-phase chromatography, we investigated the necessity of a derivatization procedure to improve chromatographic separation and quasimolecular ion fragmentation during MS/MS detection. We investigated how eight different derivatizing agents react with a hydrophilic lysine- and arginine-containing human ezrin peptide-1 (HEP-1) to identify the most suitable one. The results showed that the reaction of HEP-1 with propionic anhydride proceeds most rapidly and completely, providing a high and reproducible yield of the product, which has sufficient retention on the RP column. The 4-propionylated derivative of HEP-1, compared to the other derivatives considered, demonstrates the most pronounced MS/MS fragmentation. The retention time of 2.42 min allows the separation of the substance from the interfering components of the blood plasma matrix and provides a limit of quantification of 5.00 ng/mL, which allows the use of this derivatizing agent for subsequent applications in pharmacokinetic studies, and this approach can improve the analytical parameters of similar peptides in other HPLC-MS/MS studies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chromatography)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Freeze-Drying as a Stabilization Strategy for Natural Dyes Derived from Lawsonia inermis L. and Indigofera suffruticosa
by
Valvanuz Cahuantzi, Rosalba Patiño Herrera, Norma Verónica Zavala Alonso, Daniela Salado Leza, María Selene Berber Mendoza and Elías Pérez
Analytica 2025, 6(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6030022 - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This study focuses on the stabilization of a natural hair dye derived from Lawsonia inermis L. (henna) and Indigofera suffruticosa (indigo). Although various formulations already exist, they are designed for immediate use and cannot be stored. Lawsonia, a primary component of the
[...] Read more.
This study focuses on the stabilization of a natural hair dye derived from Lawsonia inermis L. (henna) and Indigofera suffruticosa (indigo). Although various formulations already exist, they are designed for immediate use and cannot be stored. Lawsonia, a primary component of the dye, tends to degrade after release. To ensure its stability, freeze-drying was implemented as a protective measure. Colorimetric analysis confirmed the dye’s ability to maintain an intense, uniform coloration even after multiple washing cycles. Stability tests demonstrate that freeze-drying effectively enhances the dye’s stability and capacity to retain its physical properties and color under various environmental conditions, demonstrating its potential for long-term use. The dye’s pH (5.05) aligns with the natural pH of hair, promoting cuticle sealing and improving hair health. Cytotoxicity tests confirmed the dye’s safety, showing no harmful effects. Gray hair exhibited a total color difference (ΔE) of 64.06 after the initial application, using natural gray hair as a reference. By the third application, ΔE increased to 69.86 and gradually decreased to 68.20 after 15 washing cycles, highlighting its long-term durability. Gray hair exposed to 720 h of UV radiation showed a ΔE of 17.34, whereas dyed gray hair exhibited a ΔE of 2.96 compared to non-UV-exposed samples. This indicates superior resistance to color degradation in dyed hair. Also, SEM imaging revealed the dye’s restorative effects, progressively improving hair cuticle structure with each application.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Multi-Element Determination in Wild and Cultivated Edible Mushrooms from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Using Microwave-Induced Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (MIP OES)
by
Eliabe Sousa da Silva, Jorge Machado Freitas, Jr., João Pedro Cezário Brandão, Ivana Ferreira Simões, Alexandre Rafael Lenz, Mariana de Paula Drewinski, Ágata Carvalho Morais, Nelson Menolli, Jr. and Aníbal de Freitas Santos, Jr.
Analytica 2025, 6(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6020021 - 4 Jun 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Edible mushrooms are macroscopic fungi that have been recognized as the “new superfoods” due to their high nutritional and medicinal values. The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a method for the wet digestion of edible mushrooms using a closed
[...] Read more.
Edible mushrooms are macroscopic fungi that have been recognized as the “new superfoods” due to their high nutritional and medicinal values. The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a method for the wet digestion of edible mushrooms using a closed digestion block for the determination of macro- and micronutrients (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, and Zn) using microwave-induced plasma emission spectrometry (MIP OES). For the digestion of the samples, a 23 factorial design was used to evaluate the amount of HNO3 65% (m m−1), H2O2 30% (m m−1) and the digestion time, in 500 mg of the sample (dry and crushed) at 200° C. The method was applied to eleven species of edible or medicinal mushrooms (edible cultivated from wild strains, wild edible, and commercials medicinal). The average concentrations (in mg kg−1) showed higher levels of K (1442.85–17,534.97), Mg (1295.40–13,550.72), Fe (11.33–27.38), Zn (28.86–36.09), and Mn (10.22–10.97). This study contributed to the determination of the multi-element composition and nutritional potential of edible mushrooms from Brazil.
Full article

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Spatial Distribution and Radiological Risk Assessment of Natural Radionuclides in Soils from Zacatecas, Mexico
by
Daniel Hernández-Ramírez, Carlos Ríos-Martínez, José Luis Pinedo-Vega, Fernando Mireles-García, Fernando De la Torre Aguilar and Edmundo Escareño-Juárez
Analytica 2025, 6(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6020020 - 25 May 2025
Abstract
This study investigated the spatial distribution and radiological risks of naturally occurring radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) in 37 soil samples from Zacatecas, located in north-central Mexico, using high-resolution gamma spectrometry. Results revealed 40K concentrations (mean: 736.81 Bq kg
[...] Read more.
This study investigated the spatial distribution and radiological risks of naturally occurring radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) in 37 soil samples from Zacatecas, located in north-central Mexico, using high-resolution gamma spectrometry. Results revealed 40K concentrations (mean: 736.81 Bq kg−1), nearly double the global average, while 226Ra (29.96 Bq kg−1) and 232Th (29.72 Bq kg−1) aligned with worldwide norms. Geoaccumulation indices identified moderate 40K accumulation at 22 sites, with El Capulín classified as moderately contaminated (Igeo = 1.07). Radiological risk indices showed absorbed dose rates (62.52 nGy h−1) and excess lifetime cancer risk (0.330 × 10−3) exceeding global thresholds by 4% and 14%, respectively. Multivariate analyses demonstrated strong Spearman correlations (ρ = 0.75–1.00) among risk indices, while spatial interpolation identified southern/western regions as high-risk zones. These findings emphasize the necessity of integrating spatial analysis with multivariate statistical techniques in environmental radioprotection frameworks. While most of the study area complies with international safety standards, the identified zones exceeding dose thresholds warrant prioritized management to mitigate potential cumulative health risks.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Spectroscopy)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Simultaneous Determination of Quercetin and Trans-Resveratrol in Winemaking Waste by Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence and Ultraviolet Detection
by
Antonella Maria Aresta, Giovanna Mancini, Nicoletta De Vietro and Carlo Zambonin
Analytica 2025, 6(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6020019 - 17 May 2025
Abstract
A solid phase microextraction (SPME) method coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) and fluorescence/ultraviolet-diode array detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of quercetin and trans-resveratrol. The chromatographic, detection, and SPME extraction/desorption conditions were systematically optimized. The performance of four commercial SPME fibers—polyacrylate (PA),
[...] Read more.
A solid phase microextraction (SPME) method coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) and fluorescence/ultraviolet-diode array detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of quercetin and trans-resveratrol. The chromatographic, detection, and SPME extraction/desorption conditions were systematically optimized. The performance of four commercial SPME fibers—polyacrylate (PA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB)—was evaluated and compared with a homemade polydopamine (PDA)-coated fiber. While all of the fibers successfully extracted the target analytes, their efficiencies varied significantly. The PA, PEG, and PDA fibers demonstrated superior performance, exhibiting wide linearity ranges (0.03–1 µg/mL (PA and PEG) and 0.06–1 µg/mL (PDA) for quercetin, 0.01–1 µg/mL for trans-resveratrol); high sensitivity (LODs of 0.01 µg/mL (PA and PEG) and 0.02 µg/mL (PDA) for quercetin, 0.003 µg/mL for trans-resveratrol); and excellent precision. Among these, the polyacrylate coating delivered the best analytical performance and was selected for further application. The optimized method was applied to analyze winemaking by-products (seeds, skins, and stalks) using SPME on ethanol-macerated extracts subjected to brief ultrasonication. Quercetin and trans-resveratrol were quantified in pomace extracts at concentrations of 104.3 ± 8.2 µg/g and 38.5 ± 4.1 µg/g, respectively. Recovery experiments confirmed the method’s accuracy, with recoveries of 99.1 ± 7.4% for quercetin and 98.5 ± 9.8% for trans-resveratrol. This study establishes a reliable, sensitive, and efficient approach for the determination of these bioactive compounds in complex matrices, with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Analytical Techniques and Their Applications)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of the Ellman’s Reagent Protocol for Free Sulfhydryls Under Protein Denaturing Conditions
by
Sophia R. Ginet, Frank Gonzalez, Maxine L. Marano, Megha D. Salecha, Joseph E. Reiner and Gregory A. Caputo
Analytica 2025, 6(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica6020018 - 13 May 2025
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Early detection of cancer can dramatically improve long-term prognosis and survivability in a variety of different cancer types. However, for many cancer types, the ability to effectively detect early-developing tumors is challenging, especially in physiological locations with limited visibility or access. Previously, we
[...] Read more.
Early detection of cancer can dramatically improve long-term prognosis and survivability in a variety of different cancer types. However, for many cancer types, the ability to effectively detect early-developing tumors is challenging, especially in physiological locations with limited visibility or access. Previously, we reported a sensing platform and methodology to detect biomarker peptides found in urine from ovarian cancer patients. This sensing platform relies on peptide interactions with gold nanoclusters through thiol-mediated linkages; thus, the sensitivity of the biomarker assay is directly related to appropriate redox states of the biomarkers in question. Here, we report on an expansion of the traditional thiol-reactivity assay originally developed by Ellman to include and evaluate a variety of solution modifications that may be used in conjunction with the biomarker-sensing platform. Because biomarker peptides may be isolated from a variety of biological tissues or fluids, depending on the target condition or disease, we screened numerous solution conditions that may be directly used in sample preparation and peptide extraction. The data demonstrate that the assay maintains linearity under these various conditions. The assay was then applied to a variety of models and biomarker peptides and exhibits the expected linear response. These results demonstrate the applicability of the thiol-reactivity assay to biologically derived samples, and the flexibility to ensure sample preparation and treatment will retain the appropriate sample redox conditions to ensure optimal interactions with the biosensor platform. It also facilitates the ability to perform quality control on clinically derived biological samples to ensure appropriate preparations, and concentrations are available for application to the nanopore biosensor platform.
Full article

Figure 1
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Agriculture, Analytica, Chemistry, Environments, JoX
Exploring the Interplay of Agriculture, Analytical Chemistry, Environments and Toxics
Topic Editors: Bruno Lemos Batista, Tatiana Pedron, Camila Neves LangeDeadline: 20 September 2025
Topic in
Analytica, JCM, Separations, Biomolecules, Molecules, IJMS
Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis in Biomedical Research and Clinical Laboratory
Topic Editors: Constantinos K. Zacharis, Andreas TsakalofDeadline: 31 October 2025
Topic in
Analytica, Foods, Molecules, Processes, Separations
Progress in Analytical Chemistry in Materials and Food and Environmental Samples
Topic Editors: Gavino Sanna, Domenica Tonelli, Oscar Núñez, Stefan TsakovskiDeadline: 31 December 2025
Topic in
Analytica, Foods, Molecules, Processes, Separations, Chemosensors
Application of Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Related Techniques, 2nd Edition
Topic Editors: Chao Kang, Ronald BeckettDeadline: 30 April 2026

Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Analytica
Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Disease Diagnosis
Guest Editor: Arnaldo César PereiraDeadline: 15 December 2025
Special Issue in
Analytica
New Analytical Techniques and Methods in Pharmaceutical Science
Guest Editors: Dora Melucci, Marcello LocatelliDeadline: 31 December 2025
Special Issue in
Analytica
Green Analytical Techniques and Their Applications
Guest Editors: Fotouh Rashed, Marcello Locatelli, Alaa BedairDeadline: 31 December 2025
Special Issue in
Analytica
Environmental Pollutants in Biological Fluids
Guest Editor: Rosangela EllianiDeadline: 28 February 2026
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Analytica
Analytical and Applied Chemistry: the challenges and opportunities for growth in the 21st century
Collection Editors: Marcello Locatelli, Victoria Samanidou, Roberto Mandrioli, Thomas W. Bocklitz