Analytica

Converting rice husk and sugarcane bagasse into nanocellulose requires measurements that distinguish material recovery, composition, surface chemistry, and application performance. This critical review examines 41 selected studies, including 23 with extractable numerical examples and 18 used for contextual interpretation. A recorded Scopus search dated 22 September 2026 informs the source documentation, but retrospective selection and inconsistencies between the available inventories prevent an exhaustive systematic-review claim. Nine studies underwent targeted full-text checks, and two further full articles were checked during revision; 12 numerical examples remain dependent on abstracts and metadata. Descriptive synthesis preserves study-specific denominators, methods, and comparators. In bagasse, increasing NaClO from 9 to 12 mmol g⁻¹ increased nanofibrillation from 85% to 86%, without increasing carboxyl content or modulus. CNC loading increased EPDM tensile strength from 2.68 to 10.82 MPa at 8 phr, followed by a decline at 10 phr. Succinylated CNCs adsorbed 184.2 mg g⁻¹ Pb²⁺ and 157.1 mg g⁻¹ Cd²⁺ at the reported concentration of 280 ppm. These observations support within-study interpretation, rather than feedstock ranking. An operational framework distinguishes directly comparable, conditionally comparable, and non-comparable measurements. Life-cycle, cost, and service-performance evidence further shows why a laboratory improvement does not establish an environmental or economic advantage.

Laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD) has emerged as a promising sample evaporation technique for analytical applications, including mass spectrometry (MS) and molecular rotational resonance (MRR) spectroscopy. The method involves depositing solid samples onto the front side of a thin Ti foil and irradiating the back side with high-energy laser pulses, causing desorption of neutral low-energy gas-phase molecules. However, conventional solution-based sample deposition methods are limited by analyte-solvent compatibility. Furthermore, the desorption efficiency is not always as high as desired. To overcome these limitations, a modified deposition method based on ultrasonic spraying of analyte suspensions onto Ti foils was developed. Model compounds of different sizes and types were deposited using both the conventional and new approach. Foils were characterized by using optical microscopy to assess analyte morphology and crystal size. The suspension-based method enabled faster analyte deposition, broader solvent compatibility, more homogeneous coatings, and smaller analyte crystals. The foils were then subjected to LIAD in a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. LIAD MS analysis demonstrated improved signal stability and intensity for most compounds deposited from suspensions, together with a sample amount-dependent response that was not found for measurements involving the traditional sample deposition methods.

This study was designed to quantitatively characterize lenvatinib mesylate and assess its compatibility with different excipients used in the preparation of solid, liquid, and advanced drug delivery dosage forms. The excipients evaluated were magnesium stearate, sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, pregelatinized starch, microcrystalline cellulose, pluronic acid, stearic acid, and sodium taurocholate. To investigate drug–excipient compatibility, accelerated stability testing, isothermal stress testing, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, high-performance liquid chromatography, powder X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were employed. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated potential interactions between the drug and magnesium stearate, sodium starch glycolate, pregelatinized starch, pluronic acid, stearic acid, and sodium taurocholate. Isothermal stress-testing studies indicated that the lenvatinib content decreased by no more than 10% in the binary mixtures with magnesium stearate, sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, pregelatinized starch, and microcrystalline cellulose after storage at 50 °C. In contrast, the pluronic acid, stearic acid, and sodium taurocholate mixtures showed substantial decreases in drug content, with values of 82.38 ± 0.191%, 83.17 ± 0.108%, and 79.84 ± 0.250%, respectively, indicating potential drug–excipient incompatibility under the investigated conditions. An ion observed at m/z 465.0616 under isothermal stress-testing conditions was assigned as a potassium adduct of the drug ([Lenvatinib + K]⁺) rather than a separate degradation impurity. These findings provide useful preformulation information for excipient selection in solid, liquid, and advanced drug delivery formulations and support further stability evaluation, degradation product characterization, impurity monitoring, and drug product development.