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4 pages, 154 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Opportunities and Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Disorders of Consciousness

by Yang Bai

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(5), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15050487 (registering DOI) - 6 May 2025

Disorders of consciousness (DOCs) are a dynamic and challenging field, presenting significant difficulties for clinicians and neurorehabilitation specialists due to the lack of reliable assessment methods and effective intervention strategies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Opportunities and Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Disorders of Consciousness)

21 pages, 581 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Functioning of Neurotypical Siblings of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

by Brenda Cervellione, Calogero Iacolino, Alessia Bottari, Chiara Vona, Martina Leuzzi and Giovambattista Presti

Psychiatry Int. 2025, 6(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint6020052 (registering DOI) - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Neurotypical (NT) siblings of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) experience complex emotional, psychological, behavioral, and social challenges. Understanding the factors that influence their well-being is essential for developing tailored interventions. This systematic review examines the psychological and social functioning of NT siblings [...] Read more.

Neurotypical (NT) siblings of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) experience complex emotional, psychological, behavioral, and social challenges. Understanding the factors that influence their well-being is essential for developing tailored interventions. This systematic review examines the psychological and social functioning of NT siblings and identifies protective and risk factors that impact their adaptation. A systematic search was conducted across EBSCO, PubMed, and Google Scholar, covering studies published between 2013 and 2024. Inclusion criteria focused on research investigating NT siblings’ emotional, psychological, behavioral, and social well-being. Thirty studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized narratively. Findings reveal heterogeneous experiences among NT siblings, ranging from increased empathy and resilience to heightened anxiety, depression, and social difficulties. The quality of sibling relationships and social support systems plays a pivotal role in moderating these outcomes. NT siblings represent a vulnerable group requiring family-centered interventions. Future research should adopt longitudinal and multi-informant approaches to explore long-term effects and culturally sensitive support strategies. Full article

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29 pages, 5224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Development Assessment and Policy Perspectives on Urban Residential Energy Efficiency Program in Morocco by 2030

by Fatima Zohra Gargab, Samir Idrissi Kaitouni, Abdelmajid Jamil, Padmanathan Kasinathan, Rachid Saadani and Miloud Rahmoune

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050149 (registering DOI) - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Energy efficiency has emerged as a crucial focal point in global agendas, being recognized for its pivotal role in combatting climate change, bolstering energy security, and fostering economic growth. Governments worldwide are formulating ambitious targets and enacting comprehensive strategies to optimize energy utilization [...] Read more.

Energy efficiency has emerged as a crucial focal point in global agendas, being recognized for its pivotal role in combatting climate change, bolstering energy security, and fostering economic growth. Governments worldwide are formulating ambitious targets and enacting comprehensive strategies to optimize energy utilization across various sectors. This involves the formulation of policies, provision of incentives, and facilitation of collaborations to encourage energy-efficient practices, ultimately steering towards a sustainable and energy-efficient future. Notably, the residential sector stands as a pivotal component in these efforts due to its substantial share of energy consumption. This paper evaluates the strategic vision of Morocco concerning energy efficiency within the residential sector from its inception to the projected initiatives up to 2030. The analysis focuses on the current iteration of thermal regulations and its implications. Although specific numerical outcomes are not discussed herein, the implementation of these regulations is observed to yield notable benefits, including reductions in energy bills and gains in annual primary energy. These advantages are estimated to result in a substantial decrease in final energy consumption, equating to significant savings for end-users. Additionally, to cover the expenses associated with building repairs and thermal enhancements, an extra fee is levied, varying based on building typology and climatic region. Despite this additional investment, the associated costs typically exhibit a favorable payback period, on average, underscoring the efficacy of regulatory and profitability measures in driving energy efficiency within the residential sector. This paper examines Morocco’s strategic approach to energy efficiency in the residential sector, focusing on its thermal building regulation RTCM (Moroccan thermal regulation on construction). Energy efficiency is recognized as essential for reducing GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, enhancing energy security, and lowering costs. Using simulation models across six climatic zones and three residential building types, the study highlights RTCM’s significant impact—achieving national energy savings between 39% and 68%. Despite added costs for thermal improvements, the measures show favorable payback periods, confirming RTCM’s strong energy and economic performance and its potential role in shaping future policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization, Regional Planning and Development)

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21 pages, 440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Life Insurance Completeness: A Path to Hedging Mortality and Achieving Financial Optimization

by Jaime A. Londoño

Risks 2025, 13(5), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks13050088 (registering DOI) - 6 May 2025

Abstract

This paper explores optimal consumption and investment strategies for agents facing mortality risk within a complete financial market. Departing from traditional frameworks, we leverage state-dependent utility theory, discounted by the state–price process, to compare consumption streams and utilize life insurance as a strategic [...] Read more.

This paper explores optimal consumption and investment strategies for agents facing mortality risk within a complete financial market. Departing from traditional frameworks, we leverage state-dependent utility theory, discounted by the state–price process, to compare consumption streams and utilize life insurance as a strategic hedging instrument. To model the ability of insurance companies to hedge the mortality risk of consumer pools, we introduce the concept of life insurance completeness, allowing individuals to achieve optimal consumption even in scenarios involving negative wealth. Our model relaxes the stringent integrability conditions commonly imposed in the literature, offering a more economically grounded approach to valuation and hedging. We derive a general solution to the optimization problem using martingale techniques under minimal assumptions, demonstrating that life insurance primarily serves as a mortality risk hedge rather than a bequest motive. This perspective resolves longstanding theoretical and empirical challenges, notably the annuity puzzle, by illustrating that optimal consumption and investment, in the absence of labor income, do not necessitate annuities or other life insurance policies. Our key contributions include (1) extending valuation frameworks to encompass prepaid insurance and less restrictive integrability criteria, (2) establishing life insurance completeness for effective mortality risk hedging, (3) demonstrating the feasibility of optimal consumption under negative wealth and state-dependent preferences, and (4) offering a resolution to the annuity puzzle that aligns with empirical observations. Full article

32 pages, 22664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Buckling Behavior of Perforated Cold-Formed Steel Uprights: Experimental Evaluation and Comparative Assessment Using FEM, EWM, and DSM

by George Taranu, Serban Iacob and Nicolae Taranu

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091561 (registering DOI) - 6 May 2025

Abstract

This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the axial compression behavior of perforated cold-formed steel upright profiles commonly used in pallet racking systems. The primary objective is to examine how slenderness influences the failure modes and load-bearing capacity of these structural [...] Read more.

This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the axial compression behavior of perforated cold-formed steel upright profiles commonly used in pallet racking systems. The primary objective is to examine how slenderness influences the failure modes and load-bearing capacity of these structural elements. Three column lengths, representative of typical vertical spacing in industrial rack systems, were tested under pin-ended boundary conditions. All specimens were fabricated from 2 mm thick S355 steel sheets, incorporating web perforations and a central longitudinal stiffener. Experimental results highlighted three distinct failure mechanisms dependent on slenderness: local buckling for short columns (SS-340), combined distortional–flexural buckling for medium-length columns (MS-990), and global flexural buckling for slender columns (TS-1990). Finite Element Method (FEM) models developed using ANSYS Workbench 2021 R1 software accurately replicated the observed deformation patterns, stress concentrations, and load–displacement curves, with numerical results differing by less than 5% from experimental peak loads. Analytical evaluations performed using the Effective Width Method (EWM) and Direct Strength Method (DSM), following EN 1993-1-3 and AISI S100 specifications, indicated that EWM tends to underestimate the ultimate strength by up to 15%, whereas DSM provided results within 2–7% of experimental values, especially when the entire net cross-sectional area was considered fully effective. The originality of the study is the comprehensive evaluation of full-scale, perforated, stiffened cold-formed steel uprights, supported by robust experimental validation and detailed comparative analyses between FEM, EWM, and DSM methodologies. Findings demonstrate that DSM can be reliably applied to perforated sections with moderate slenderness and adequate web stiffening, without requiring further local reduction in the net cross-sectional area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cold-Formed Steel Structures)

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21 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contrasting Prosumption Models: Experiences, Benefits and Continuation in Allotment Gardens and Community-Supported Agriculture in Switzerland

by Stefan Galley, Stefan Mann and Patrick Bottazzi

Societies 2025, 15(5), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050126 (registering DOI) - 6 May 2025

Abstract

Agricultural prosumption is a transformative pathway, enabling individuals to reconnect to nature whilst producing food for their own consumption. Allotment gardens (AGs) and community-supported agriculture (CSA) are two main types of this practice, forming opposing sides on a continuous prosumption scale, ranging from [...] Read more.

Agricultural prosumption is a transformative pathway, enabling individuals to reconnect to nature whilst producing food for their own consumption. Allotment gardens (AGs) and community-supported agriculture (CSA) are two main types of this practice, forming opposing sides on a continuous prosumption scale, ranging from prosumption-as-consumption (p-a-c), as in consumption focused CSA initiatives, to prosumption-as-production (p-a-p), as in the production-orientated AGs. Using a survey completed by Swiss CSA (n = 250) and AG members (n = 201), this study shows how prosumers perceive the benefits of their activity, how these experiences shape their likeliness to continue and how differently they rate the effects of prosumption on individuals, communities and society. In addition, it provides an outlook on associated societal developments, regarding these activities as forms of contributive economy. Although the two groups differed in their socio-demographics, their attitudes and experiences were similar. P-a-p organisations (AGs) enhance production-related individual benefits, while p-a-c organisations foster positive experiences around consumption activities. AG continuation is driven by the experienced health and food-related benefits, while CSAs rely on the communal and organisational involvement of their members. While AG members focus on individual benefits, CSA members strive to be part of a food system change, using their communal structures to create a social movement. This demonstrates the wide range and potential of food prosumption in fostering diverse forms of engagement, offering insights into its potential for sustaining participation and contributing to alternative economic models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Healthy Communities)

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15 pages, 4536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Machine Learning Approach to Generate High-Resolution Maps of Irrigated Olive Groves

by Rosa Gutiérrez-Cabrera, Ana M. Tarquis and Javier Borondo

Land 2025, 14(5), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051001 (registering DOI) - 6 May 2025

Abstract

The increasing severity of water scarcity in southern Europe, caused by climate change, requires advanced and more efficient approaches to agricultural water management. In particular, in this paper, we address this problem for olive groves—a cornerstone of the region’s economy. We propose a [...] Read more.

The increasing severity of water scarcity in southern Europe, caused by climate change, requires advanced and more efficient approaches to agricultural water management. In particular, in this paper, we address this problem for olive groves—a cornerstone of the region’s economy. We propose a novel framework for generating high-resolution maps of irrigated olive groves that integrates remote sensing imagery and machine learning. Our approach leverages multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data, specifically the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), to capture seasonal vegetation dynamics. For classification, we explore two distinct models: (1) A Dynamic Time Warping (DTW)-based approach (with and without the Sakoe–Chiba Band constraints), where DTW aligns temporal NDVI sequences to enable robust comparisons of irrigation regimes, followed by a K-Nearest Neighbor classifier (KNN) that classifies plots as irrigated or rainfed. (2) An eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model that directly uses temporal NDVI profiles. Additionally, we compare the dependence of model performance on the length of the NDVI time series (ranging from one to seven seasons), finding that XGBoost requires a shorter time series to achieve optimal results, while KNN with DTW can benefit from longer historical records. Indeed, XGBoost nearly reaches its maximum accuracy using only data based on three seasons, achieving 0.79 compared to its peak performance of 0.80. Hence, our results indicate that this approach can accurately differentiate between irrigated and rainfed plots, enabling the generation of high-resolution irrigation maps for southern Spain. Finally, we argue that the results of this paper go beyond mere mapping: they lay the foundation for a comprehensive management guide that can optimize water use, with broad implications. Such implications range from empowering precision agriculture to providing a roadmap for land management, ensuring both the sustainability and productivity of olive groves in drought-affected regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Climate-Resilient Farms: Navigating Risks and Adaptation in Agriculture)

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27 pages, 5629 KiB

Open AccessReview

Valorization of Algal Biomass to Biofuel: A Review

by Vijitha Amalapridman, Peter A. Ofori and Lord Abbey

Biomass 2025, 5(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass5020026 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Concerns about sustainable energy sources arise due to the non-renewable nature of petroleum. Escalating demand for fossil fuels and price inflation negatively impact the energy security and economy of a country. The generation and usage of biofuel could be suggested as a sustainable [...] Read more.

Concerns about sustainable energy sources arise due to the non-renewable nature of petroleum. Escalating demand for fossil fuels and price inflation negatively impact the energy security and economy of a country. The generation and usage of biofuel could be suggested as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Several studies have investigated the potential of using edible crops for biofuel production. However, the usage of algae as suitable feedstock is currently being promoted due to its ability to withstand adverse environmental conditions, capacity to generate more oil per area, and potential to mitigate energy crises and climate change with no detrimental impact on the environment and food supply. Furthermore, the biorefinery approach in algae-based biofuel production controls the economy of algal cultivation. Hence, this article critically reviews different cultivation systems of algae with critical parameters including harvesting methods, intended algae-based biofuels with relevant processing techniques, other applications of valorized algal biomass, merits and demerits, and limitations and challenges in algae-based biofuel production. Full article

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1212 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Enhancing Burn Recovery: A Systematic Review on the Benefits of Electrical Stimulation in Accelerating Healing

by Dale O. Edwick, Kerry L. Burns, Lara N. Buonvecchi, Xiaolu Wang, Audrey M. Lim and Dale W. Edgar

Eur. Burn J. 2025, 6(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/ebj6020021 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Prolonged healing time of acute burn wounds is associated with increased pain, infection, risk of scarring, poorer mobility and higher financial and emotional burden. Electrical stimulation (ES) reduces healing time in chronic wounds; however, its reported use on acute burn wounds is limited. [...] Read more.

Prolonged healing time of acute burn wounds is associated with increased pain, infection, risk of scarring, poorer mobility and higher financial and emotional burden. Electrical stimulation (ES) reduces healing time in chronic wounds; however, its reported use on acute burn wounds is limited. This systematic review (SR) aimed to evaluate the relative benefit of ES compared to routine wound care on the healing time of acute burn wounds in adults. The online databases queried included Cochrane Database of SR’s, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PUBMED and CINAHL. The search criteria included RCTs involving the application of ES of varying voltage, duration and modality in acute burn patients aged ≥18 years. The primary outcome investigated was days to burn wound closure, while the secondary outcomes included edema and infection. Four RCTs were discovered, involving a total of 143 participants with a mean age 35.5 years. Two RCTs demonstrated (a) 36% (2.6 days) reduction in time to wound closure with ES (p < 0.001); and (b) significant reduction in wound area with ES (11.2 ± 3.2 cm², p < 0.001) compared to controls at 21 days. Two RCTs found ES promoted better wound-healing environments, reducing edema, bacterial infection, and biofilm. This review highlighted low-risk wound-healing benefits with ES as a feasible adjunct to routine burn care. Full article

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8 pages, 641 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

How Much Should Consumers with Mild to Moderate Hearing Loss Spend on Hearing Devices?

by Vinaya Manchaiah, Steve Taddei, Abram Bailey, De Wet Swanepoel, Hansapani Rodrigo and Andrew Sabin

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(3), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15030051 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Background: This study examined the relationship between hearing device price and sound quality. Method: A novel consumer-centric metric of sound quality (“SoundScore”) was used to assess hearing devices’ audio performance. Each hearing device is tested with two fittings. The “Initial Fit” is designed [...] Read more.

Background: This study examined the relationship between hearing device price and sound quality. Method: A novel consumer-centric metric of sound quality (“SoundScore”) was used to assess hearing devices’ audio performance. Each hearing device is tested with two fittings. The “Initial Fit” is designed to approximate the most likely fitting for an individual with a mild-to-moderate sloping sensorineural hearing loss. The “Tuned Fit” includes adjusting parameters optimized to hit prescriptive fitting targets (NAL NL2) on an acoustic manikin. Each fitting is evaluated across five dimensions. Both fittings are combined using a weighted average to create a single number from 0 to 5 representative of a device’s overall audio performance. Seventy-one hearing devices were tested. Results: A strong positive correlation was found between hearing device price and SoundScore. The average SoundScore increased dramatically as the price approached USD 1000, with marginal improvements beyond this point. SoundScore was consistently poor for devices under USD 500, highly variable between USD 500–1000, and consistently good over USD 1000. Conclusions: There is a strong but nonlinear relationship between hearing device price and sound quality. This information can aid consumers in making informed decisions while also assisting hearing healthcare professionals in providing comprehensive guidance to their patients. Full article

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20 pages, 1867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumer Responses to Generative AI Chatbots Versus Search Engines for Product Evaluation

by Soyoung Kim and Randi Priluck

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20020093 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

This research examines differences in consumer responses to large language model AI chatbots versus search engines when reviewing and evaluating product information in the information search stage of the purchase decision process. Building on the mere exposure effect, the consumer–brand relationships literature, and [...] Read more.

This research examines differences in consumer responses to large language model AI chatbots versus search engines when reviewing and evaluating product information in the information search stage of the purchase decision process. Building on the mere exposure effect, the consumer–brand relationships literature, and consumer decision-making research, this research investigates consumer search preferences and self-disclosure willingness along with a psychological mechanism. We conducted an experiment comparing two types of product search tools and tested a moderated mediation using Process Model 15. The findings suggest that consumers prefer search engines over AI chatbots and are more willing to self-disclose their personal information to search engines (vs. AI chatbots) due to perceived familiarity. However, we find that the quality of consumers’ relationship with the source of information moderates this effect. Further, we show that consumers evaluate AI chatbot-based results as less biased than traditional search engine results. Contrary to previous research that has mainly focused on AI chatbots’ functional aspects in consumer adoption, the current research emphasizes the psychological and relational aspects of product search perception and preference. In this way, we offer novel insights into a purchase decision-making process and consumer engagement as consumers adopt AI chatbot technology for product search. Full article

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20 pages, 820 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms as Biocontrol Agents: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Prospects

by Seham M. Al Raish, Osama M. Sourani and Abdelghafar M. Abu-Elsaoud

Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020044 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

The escalating threats posed by plant pathogens and the environmental repercussions of conventional agrochemicals necessitate sustainable agricultural solutions. This review focuses on plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) such as bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts, which play a pivotal role as biocontrol agents. These organisms [...] Read more.

The escalating threats posed by plant pathogens and the environmental repercussions of conventional agrochemicals necessitate sustainable agricultural solutions. This review focuses on plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) such as bacteria, filamentous fungi, and yeasts, which play a pivotal role as biocontrol agents. These organisms enhance plant growth and resilience through nutrient solubilization, phytohormone production, and antagonistic activities against pathogens, offering a dual benefit of disease suppression and growth enhancement. However, the effective application of PGPMs faces challenges, including variability in field performance, survival and colonization under field conditions, and regulatory hurdles. This paper discusses these challenges and explores recent advances in utilizing these bioagents in sustainable agriculture, underscoring the importance of integrated pest management systems that reduce chemical inputs, thus promoting ecological balance and sustainable farming practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome in Ecosystem, 3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 7461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Studying the Role of Vegetarianism as a Potential Strategy for Cancer Prevention and Treatment, a Bibliometric Analysis

by Maria Chrysafi, Maria Gialeli, Constantinos Giaginis, Andreas Y. Troumbis and Georgios K. Vasios

Epidemiologia 2025, 6(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020023 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Vegetarianism, as a dietary pattern, is characterized by animal product avoidance and increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. It has been associated with health benefits, both physical and psychological, and has raised interest as a potential strategy for cancer prevention [...] Read more.

Vegetarianism, as a dietary pattern, is characterized by animal product avoidance and increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. It has been associated with health benefits, both physical and psychological, and has raised interest as a potential strategy for cancer prevention and treatment, which remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, demanding continual exploration of novel approaches. Background/Objectives: This study aims to describe trends in scientific publications about the relationship between vegetarianism and cancer and to highlight research gaps using bibliometric analysis. Methods: The methodology includes comprehensive research of three literature databases. After combining and cleaning these data, a final sample of 3427 studies was obtained that was analyzed using the Bibliometrix-R package. Results: The results indicate a continuously growing production of scientific publications. The most impactful sources, authors and their collaborations were identified. Author keywords, their co-occurrence network, and thematic trends were studied. Conclusions: Through synthesizing and critically evaluating insights from the scientific literature, we aim to contribute to the understanding of the potential benefits of vegetarianism in cancer prevention and management. However, due to the complexity of the topic, the results are often contradictory and could be used as a starting point for further research. Full article

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13 pages, 2202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Congenital Syphilis Incidence and Mortality in Brazil’s Southeast Region: A Time-Series Analysis (2008–2022)

by Alexandre Castelo Branco Araujo, Orivaldo Florencio de Souza, Betina Bolina Kersanach, Julia Silva Cesar Mozzer, Victor Lopes Feitosa, Vinicius Andreata Brandão, Filomena Euridice Carvalho de Alencar, Norma Suely Oliveira, Andrea Vasconcellos Batista da Silva and Luiz Carlos de Abreu

Epidemiologia 2025, 6(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020022 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Congenital syphilis (CS) is an important infectious cause of miscarriage, stillbirth, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment, CS continues to challenge health systems with increasing incidence and mortality rates in recent years worldwide. Given this, the present [...] Read more.

Congenital syphilis (CS) is an important infectious cause of miscarriage, stillbirth, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment, CS continues to challenge health systems with increasing incidence and mortality rates in recent years worldwide. Given this, the present study aims to comparatively analyze the temporal trends in CS incidence and mortality in Brazil’s Southeast Region from 2008 to 2022. This is an ecological time-series study using secondary data on congenital syphilis from the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo. The data was extracted from the Brazilian Health System Informatics Department. Incidence and mortality rates were calculated per 100,000 live births. Joinpoint regression models were employed to identify trends in annual percentage change and average annual percentage change with 95% confidence intervals. The temporal trend of CS incidence in Brazil’s Southeast Region increased 12.8% between 2008 and 2022. Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Espírito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro showed increasing temporal trends of 21.4%, 14.1%, 14.0%, and 10.9%, respectively. The temporal trend of CS mortality in Brazil’s Southeast Region rose 11.9% between 2008 and 2022. Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro exhibited increasing mortality temporal trends of 21.9%, 20.8%, and 10.1%, respectively. In contrast, Espírito Santo showed reduced mortality, with no deaths in 2021 and 2022. The temporal trend of CS incidence increased in all states of Brazil’s Southeast Region between 2008 and 2022, highlighting the need to reassess control measures. The temporal trend of CS mortality also increased during the same period, except in Espírito Santo. Considering that CS is preventable with adequate prenatal care and low-cost measures, these findings can serve as instruments to support strengthening public health policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Acute Diseases and Epidemiological Studies)

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13 pages, 2446 KiB

Open AccessReview

Using the Allen Brain Cell Atlas of the Human Brain to Gain Insights into C-Terminal-Binding Protein 1 (CtBP1)’s Potential Function

by Suhjin Lee and Uthayashanker R. Ezekiel

Biologics 2025, 5(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/biologics5020014 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

C-terminal-binding proteins (CtBPs) dimerize and function predominantly as transcriptional corepressors by recruiting various chromatin-modifying factors to promoter-bound repressors. Hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, and tooth enamel defects syndrome (HADDTS) is a recently discovered neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from a heterozygous missense mutation in CTBP1. [...] Read more.

C-terminal-binding proteins (CtBPs) dimerize and function predominantly as transcriptional corepressors by recruiting various chromatin-modifying factors to promoter-bound repressors. Hypotonia, ataxia, developmental delay, and tooth enamel defects syndrome (HADDTS) is a recently discovered neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from a heterozygous missense mutation in CTBP1. It is often associated with the early onset of profound cerebellar atrophy in patients. Allen Institute’s Allen Brain Cell (ABC) atlas of human brain data was used to localize CTBP1 expression in the brain to elucidate the etiology of HADDTS. Based on the ABC atlas, CTBP1 is highly expressed in the upper rhombic lip supercluster, which gives rise to cerebellar cells and provides insights into the cerebellar pathophysiology observed in HADDTS patients. Full article

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13 pages, 1369 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Design and Initial Testing of Acoustically Stimulated Anaerobic Digestion Coupled with Effluent Aeration for Agricultural Wastewater Remediation

by John H. Loughrin, Philip J. Silva, Stacy W. Antle, Nanh Lovanh, Matias B. Vanotti and Karamat R. Sistani

AgriEngineering 2025, 7(5), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7050136 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

The construction of an anaerobic digester coupled with post-digestion low-level aeration for agricultural wastewater treatment is described. The digester employs underwater speakers to accelerate the anaerobic digestion process while retaining solids to reduce the strength of the effluent. The effluent is sent to [...] Read more.

The construction of an anaerobic digester coupled with post-digestion low-level aeration for agricultural wastewater treatment is described. The digester employs underwater speakers to accelerate the anaerobic digestion process while retaining solids to reduce the strength of the effluent. The effluent is sent to a holding tank and fed at a low flow rate to an aeration tank to effect partial nitrification of the wastewater. The outlet of this tank is sent to a settling tank to retain biomass that developed in the aeration tank, and the effluent is sent to a small constructed wetland to further reduce wastewater nitrogen and phosphorus. The wetland was planted with the broadleaf cattail, Typha latifolia, and hence led to the formation of a retention basin. The system has reduced energy consumption due to the use of underwater sonic treatment and low-level aeration that is not designed to achieve full nitrification/denitrification but rather to achieve a mixture of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate that might foster the development of a consortium of organisms (i.e., nitrifiers and Anammox bacteria) that can remediate wastewater ammonium at low cost. The system is meant to serve as a complex where various technologies and practices can be evaluated to improve the treatment of agricultural wastewater. Preliminary data from the system are presented. Full article

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25 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing Data Analytics for Enhanced Public Programming in Archives and Museums: A Scoping Review

by Mthokozisi Masumbika Ncube and Patrick Ngulube

Heritage 2025, 8(5), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8050163 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

A notable lacuna exists in the extant research regarding the application of data analytics (DA) to augment public programming and cultivate robust connections between archives, museums, and their constituent communities. This scoping review aimed to address this gap by mapping the available literature [...] Read more.

A notable lacuna exists in the extant research regarding the application of data analytics (DA) to augment public programming and cultivate robust connections between archives, museums, and their constituent communities. This scoping review aimed to address this gap by mapping the available literature at the intersection of data analytics, archives, and museums. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, a two-stage selection process was employed, utilising a comprehensive search strategy across four databases and seven specialised journals. This search identified 37 publications that met the pre-defined inclusion criteria. Findings revealed a growing interest in data-driven approaches, with nearly half of the reviewed studies explicitly linking data analytics to public programming. The review identified diverse data analytics techniques employed, ranging from traditional methods to cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) applications, and highlighted the various data sources utilised. Furthermore, this study examined the transformative potential of data analytics across several key dimensions of public programming, including access, archival management, user experience, public engagement, and research methodologies. The review noted ethical considerations, data quality issues, preservation challenges, and accessibility concerns associated with leveraging data analytics in archives and museums. Full article

21 pages, 6438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Viewpoint Planning with Scalable Precision in UAV Inspection

by Hua Wu, Hao Li, Junwei Yu, Yanxiong Wu, Xiaojing Bai, Mengyang Pu, Li Sun, Yihuan Li and Juncheng Liu

Drones 2025, 9(5), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9050352 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Viewpoint planning is crucial to ensure both inspection efficiency and observation precision in UAV inspection tasks. To address the issues of excessive waypoints and inadequate observation precision in traditional methods, this paper proposes a hierarchical reinforcement learning-based viewpoint planning method. The proposed method [...] Read more.

Viewpoint planning is crucial to ensure both inspection efficiency and observation precision in UAV inspection tasks. To address the issues of excessive waypoints and inadequate observation precision in traditional methods, this paper proposes a hierarchical reinforcement learning-based viewpoint planning method. The proposed method decomposes the viewpoint planning task into a high-level waypoint planning strategy and a low-level pose and zoom planning strategy. Additionally, a reward function is designed to enhance inspection precision, enabling collaborative optimization of waypoint positions, viewpoint poses, and focal lengths. Experimental results show that, compared with the classic coverage path planning method and non-hierarchical reinforcement learning approaches, the proposed method reduces the number of waypoints by at least 70% across multiple inspection objects. Furthermore, experiments with viewpoint planning at different precision levels demonstrate that the proposed method achieves scalable precision during inspection, with the observation resolution improving to 1.51 pixels/mm. Finally, a qualitative comparison is made between the proposed method in this paper and other representative methods in viewpoint planning. These results effectively demonstrate the validity and superiority of the proposed method in improving both inspection task efficiency and observation precision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in UAV Technology)

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20 pages, 3526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automated Broiler Mobility Evaluation Through DL and ML Models: An Alternative Approach to Manual Gait Assessment

by Mustafa Jaihuni, Yang Zhao, Hao Gan, Tom Tabler and Hairong Qi

AgriEngineering 2025, 7(5), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7050133 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Broiler gait score (GS) evaluation relies on manual assessments by experts, which can be laborious, hindering timely welfare management. Deep learning (DL) models, conversely, may serve as a cost-effective solution in evaluating GS via automated detection of broiler mobility. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Broiler gait score (GS) evaluation relies on manual assessments by experts, which can be laborious, hindering timely welfare management. Deep learning (DL) models, conversely, may serve as a cost-effective solution in evaluating GS via automated detection of broiler mobility. This study aimed to develop a vision-based YOLOv8 model to detect the locations of individual broilers, allowing for continuous tracking of birds within a pen and determining bird walking distances, speeds, idleness and movement ratios, and time at the feeder and drinker ratios. Then, Machine Learning (ML) models were developed to estimate the GS level from the mobility indicators in a lab setting. Ten broilers were color-coded and recorded via a top-view camera for 41 days. Their GS were assessed manually twice per week. The YOLOv8 model was trained, validated, and tested with 600, 150, and 50 images, respectively, and subsequently applied to the dataset yielding each broiler’s mobility indicators. The GS levels and mobility indicators were correlated through Ordinal Logistics (OL), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) ML models. The YOLOv8 model was developed with 91% training, 89% testing, and 87% validation mean average precision (mAP) accuracies in identifying color-coded broilers. After tracking, the model estimated an average of 472.26 ± 234.18 cm hourly distance traveled and 0.13 ± 0.07 cm/s speed by a broiler. It was found that with deteriorated GS levels (i.e., worse walking ability), broilers walked shorter distances (p = 0.001), had lower speeds (p = 0.001), were increasingly idle and less mobile, and were increasingly stationed near or around the feeder. The movement ratio, average hourly walking distance, hourly average speed, and age variables were found to be the most significant variables (p < 0.005) in predicting GS levels. These variables were further reduced to one, the average hourly walking distance, because of high collinearity and were used to predict the GS with ML models. The RF model, outperforming others, was able to predict GS with a generalized R² of 0.62, root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.54, and 65% classification accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Applications and Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture)

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26 pages, 17956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Two-Stage Domain-Segmented Harvesting Device for Densely Planted Dwarf Apple Orchards

by Bingkun Yuan, Hongjian Zhang, Yanfang Li, Xinpeng Cao, Linlin Sun, Linlong Jing, Longzhen Xue, Chunyang Liu, Guiju Fan and Jinxing Wang

AgriEngineering 2025, 7(5), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7050135 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

To address the challenges of manual apple harvesting and the limitations of existing devices—such as constrained workspace, low efficiency, and limited flexibility—a two-stage, sub-region harvesting device was developed. The design, informed by the fruit distribution characteristics in densely planted dwarf apple orchards, integrates [...] Read more.

To address the challenges of manual apple harvesting and the limitations of existing devices—such as constrained workspace, low efficiency, and limited flexibility—a two-stage, sub-region harvesting device was developed. The design, informed by the fruit distribution characteristics in densely planted dwarf apple orchards, integrates a positioning mechanism and a fruit-picking mechanism, enabling multiple pickings within a single positioning operation to enhance workspace coverage. A forward kinematics model was established using the Denavit–Hartenberg (D–H) parameter method. An improved Monte Carlo simulation based on a hybrid Beta distribution estimated the maximum reachable distances of the fruit-picking reference point in the X, Y, and Z directions as 2146 mm, 2169 mm, and 2165 mm, respectively—adequately covering the target harvesting domain. Incorporating a translational axis structure further expanded the harvesting volume by 1.165 m³, a 42.40% improvement over the conventional 3R configuration. To support adaptive control, a random point–geometry fusion method was proposed to solve for joint variables based on harvesting postures, and an automatic fruit-picking control system was implemented. Experimental validation, including reference point tracking and harvesting tests, demonstrated maximum positioning errors of 1.5 mm and 2.2 mm, a fruit-picking success rate of 76.53%, and an average picking time of 7.24 s per fruit—marking a 4.6% improvement compared to existing devices reported in previous studies. This study provides a comprehensive technical framework and practical reference for advancing mechanized apple harvesting. Full article

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30 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stored Collections and Accessibility: An Overview in New Zealand Museums

by Lara Corona and Marta Crispí

Heritage 2025, 8(5), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8050162 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Most museum collections are not displayed since they are held in storage, out of visitors’ reach. However, little is known about the size of stored collections, how they are used, and to what extent museums enhance their accessibility in New Zealand museums. This [...] Read more.

Most museum collections are not displayed since they are held in storage, out of visitors’ reach. However, little is known about the size of stored collections, how they are used, and to what extent museums enhance their accessibility in New Zealand museums. This study aims to provide an overview of the size of stored collections, the strategies adopted by museums, and how these solutions impact the accessibility of stored collections in museums in New Zealand. Data were gathered through a survey sent to the New Zealand office of ICOM and direct invitations to museums between December 2020 and January 2021. Respondents represented different museums’ legal statuses, sizes, and collections. The results show that 84% of collections are held in storage. Strategies such as the rotation of items enabled museums to use 28% of stored collections. In comparison, 18% of stored items were used through loans and 17% through exchanges, making them accessible to everyone. Specifically, it was found that the most effective strategies in terms of accessibility are visible storage, with 55% usability of stored collections, and the digitisation of collections, with 41%. These findings indicate that factors such as different legal statuses of museums, sizes, and types of collections, might impact the use of stored collections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multisensory Museums: Richer Experiences, Inclusivity and Accessibility to Cultural Heritage)

20 pages, 1337 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Global Burden of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

by Andrea Marino, Antonino Maniaci, Mario Lentini, Salvatore Ronsivalle, Giuseppe Nunnari, Salvatore Cocuzza, Federica Maria Parisi, Bruno Cacopardo, Salvatore Lavalle and Luigi La Via

Epidemiologia 2025, 6(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6020021 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This narrative review provided a broad synthesis of recent epidemiological trends, priority resistance mechanisms, and public health implications of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. We focused on the most clinically significant MDR pathogens, regional differences in resistance, and the effectiveness of containment strategies. Our [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This narrative review provided a broad synthesis of recent epidemiological trends, priority resistance mechanisms, and public health implications of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. We focused on the most clinically significant MDR pathogens, regional differences in resistance, and the effectiveness of containment strategies. Our goal was to synthesize current knowledge and propose research directions. Methods: Through comprehensive analysis of epidemiological studies, surveillance reports, clinical trials, and meta-analyses, we present a detailed assessment of the evolving landscape of antimicrobial resistance across both developed and developing nations. The review encompasses data from 187 countries, analyzing over 2500 published studies and reports from major health organizations. Results: Our findings reveal a concerning 43% increase in multidrug-resistant infections globally, with particularly sharp rises in healthcare-associated infections (67% increase) and community-acquired infections (38% increase) in regions with high antibiotic misuse. The analysis specifically focuses on critical pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), documenting their prevalence, transmission patterns, and treatment outcomes. Economic impact assessments indicate annual global healthcare costs exceeding USD 100 billion due to resistant infections. The review identifies significant gaps in current surveillance systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and proposes standardized approaches for monitoring and containment strategies. We evaluate the effectiveness of various antimicrobial stewardship programs, documenting success rates and implementation challenges across different healthcare settings. Conclusions: The analysis concludes with evidence-based recommendations for policy reforms, research priorities, and international collaboration frameworks necessary to address this growing global health crisis. Our findings highlighted the importance of strengthening stewardship efforts, proposing novel diagnostics and therapeutic interventions, and addressing inequities in access to care and data across different countries. Full article

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14 pages, 1296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Impacted Mandibular Third Molars and Temporomandibular Dysfunction: An Analysis Based on the Modified Helkimo Index

by Dorin Ioan Cocoș, Alexandru Vlasa, Sorana Maria Bucur, Mariana Păcurar and Kamel Earar

Medicina 2025, 61(5), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61050850 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the impact of impacted mandibular third molars on temporomandibular joint dysfunction using the Modified Helkimo Index, analyzing symptom severity across age groups. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 140 patients (70 with impacted molars, 70 without) [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the impact of impacted mandibular third molars on temporomandibular joint dysfunction using the Modified Helkimo Index, analyzing symptom severity across age groups. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 140 patients (70 with impacted molars, 70 without) was assessed using the Modified Helkimo Index. Patients were categorized by age (<25, 26–30, 31–35, >36 years), and statistical comparisons between Icdⁱ (with impacted molars) and Icd^a (without impacted molars) were performed. Key parameters included mandibular movement limitation, joint noises, and pain scores. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: TMJ dysfunction was significantly more prevalent in patients under 25 years (Icdⁱ = 13.5, Icd^a = 11.0; p = 0.045), with a progressive decrease in severity in older groups (>36 years: Icdⁱ = 3.5, Icd^a = 4.5; p = 0.072). Women exhibited a higher prevalence across all age categories (female-to-male ratio: <25 years = 2.7, >36 years = 3.0). The most frequent symptoms were mandibular movement restriction (42.5%), joint noises (38.2%), and pain (35.7%). Conclusions: Impacted third molars may significantly exacerbate TMJ dysfunctions, particularly in younger individuals and females, with a strong association between impacted molars and increased Modified Helkimo Index scores. Early extraction might mitigate symptoms, emphasizing the need for proactive clinical management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Clinical Medicine and Dentistry)

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24 pages, 1977 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Gels from Polysaccharides in Agriculture

by Elena Ungureanu, Aleksandra Mikhailidi, Bogdan-Marian Tofanica, Maria E. Fortună, Răzvan Rotaru, Ovidiu C. Ungureanu, Costel Samuil and Valentin I. Popa

Polysaccharides 2025, 6(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6020037 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

Polysaccharide-based materials are a highly promising bioresource in the realm of biomaterial technologies due to their unique properties and versatility. Cellulose gels leverage the renewability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of cellulose, a glucose polymer, making them ideal for various applications. This review examines various [...] Read more.

Polysaccharide-based materials are a highly promising bioresource in the realm of biomaterial technologies due to their unique properties and versatility. Cellulose gels leverage the renewability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of cellulose, a glucose polymer, making them ideal for various applications. This review examines various types of cellulose gels, a well-known polysaccharide used in agriculture, including natural (such as non-wood and bacterial cellulose gels), regenerated cellulose gels, and gels derived from cellulose derivatives. The properties of these cellulose gels, advanced technologies used in their potential fabrication, and their utilization techniques are comprehensively summarized based on a comprehensive systematic literature review to provide an in-depth understanding of the research theme, identify research gaps, and highlight future research directions. The review also explores the various applications of cellulose gels in agriculture, from fundamental research to practical implementations. Cellulose gels are versatile materials that can be used for soil conditioning, controlled release of fertilizers, water retention, and other important purposes. This exploration aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of cellulose gels in agriculture, bridging the gap between fundamental advances and their real-world applications. Full article

36 pages, 10620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Land Use and Land Cover Classification Models in Assessing Agricultural Behavior in the Alagoas Semi-Arid Region

by José Lucas Pereira da Silva, George do Nascimento Araújo Júnior, Francisco Bento da Silva Junior, Thieres George Freire da Silva, Jéssica Bruna Alves da Silva, Christopher Horvath Scheibel, Marcos Vinícius da Silva, Rafael Mingoti, Pedro Rogerio Giongo and Alexsandro Claudio dos Santos Almeida

AgriEngineering 2025, 7(5), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7050134 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

The scarcity of information on agricultural development in the semi-arid region of Alagoas limits the spatial understanding of this activity. Government data are generally numerical and lack spatial detail. Remote sensing emerges as an efficient alternative, providing accessible visualization of agricultural areas. This [...] Read more.

The scarcity of information on agricultural development in the semi-arid region of Alagoas limits the spatial understanding of this activity. Government data are generally numerical and lack spatial detail. Remote sensing emerges as an efficient alternative, providing accessible visualization of agricultural areas. This study evaluates the performance of MapBiomas in monitoring agricultural areas in the semi-arid region of Alagoas, comparing it to a Random Forest model adjusted for the region using higher-resolution images. The first methodology is based on land use and land cover (LULC) data from MapBiomas, an initiative that provides information on land use and land cover in Brazil. The second method employs the Random Forest model, calibrated for the region’s dry season, addressing cloud cover issues and allowing for the identification of irrigated agriculture. LULC data were subjected to a precision analysis using 200 points generated within the study areas, extracting LULC information for each coordinate. These points were overlaid on high-resolution images to assess model accuracy. Additionally, field visits were conducted to validate the identification of agriculture. The irrigated area data from the Random Forest model were correlated with irrigation records from SEMARH. MapBiomas presented a Kappa index of 0.74, with precision exceeding 90% for classes such as forest, natural pasture, non-vegetated area, and water bodies. However, the agriculture class obtained an F1 score of 0.56. The Random Forest model achieved a Kappa index of 0.82, with an F1 score of 0.79 for agriculture. The correlation between the total annual irrigated area data from Random Forest and SEMARH records was high (R = 0.85). The Random Forest model yielded better results in classifying agriculture in the semi-arid region of Alagoas compared to MapBiomas. However, classification limitations were observed in lowland areas due to spectral confusion caused by soil moisture accumulation. Full article

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16 pages, 2958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fractional Uncertain Forecasting of the Impact of Groundwater Over-Exploitation on Temperature in the Largest Groundwater Depression Cone

by Xiangyue Ren, Liyuan Ren and Lifeng Wu

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(5), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9050299 (registering DOI) - 5 May 2025

Abstract

China currently faces critical climatic conditions, with persistent global warming trends and extreme heat waves across the northern hemisphere. To explore the predictive trajectory of regional extreme high temperature influenced by groundwater over-exploitation, the SGMC(1,N) was established. Additionally, the SGMC(1,N) model was validated [...] Read more.

China currently faces critical climatic conditions, with persistent global warming trends and extreme heat waves across the northern hemisphere. To explore the predictive trajectory of regional extreme high temperature influenced by groundwater over-exploitation, the SGMC(1,N) was established. Additionally, the SGMC(1,N) model was validated using 2019–2023 observational data from the world’s largest groundwater depression cone. The results demonstrate superior performance, with the model achieving a MAPE of 1.97% compared to benchmark models. Scenario simulations with annual groundwater reduction rates (−15%, −20%, −25%) successfully project extreme heat evolution for 2024–2028. When the decline rate of annual groundwater over-exploitation is set at −20%, a 6.66 °C temperature reduction from baseline by 2028 is projected. Stable decline trends emerge when GOE reduction exceeds 20%. To mitigate regional extreme heat, implementing phased groundwater extraction quotas and total extraction cap regulations is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Fractional-Order Grey Models, 2nd Edition)

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