Big Data and Cognitive Computing

20 pages, 3344 KB

Open AccessArticle

Safety-Aware Event-Triggered Intervention for Motion Planning and Decision Making in Diffusion-Based Autonomous Driving

by Xuerui Fang, Hui Li, Zehao Xue and Gulimila Kezierbieke

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070244 - 21 Jul 2026

Viewed by 322

Diffusion-based trajectory planners achieve strong nominal performance in autonomous driving, but sparse safety intervention remains difficult to evaluate and realize effectively. This study addresses this problem by proposing a safety-aware event-triggered intervention framework on top of a fixed DiffusionDriveV2 planner. The method uses [...] Read more.

Diffusion-based trajectory planners achieve strong nominal performance in autonomous driving, but sparse safety intervention remains difficult to evaluate and realize effectively. This study addresses this problem by proposing a safety-aware event-triggered intervention framework on top of a fixed DiffusionDriveV2 planner. The method uses candidate-level risk signals and an auxiliary semantic risk trigger to decide when intervention should be activated, and realizes the intervention through conservative re-selection and mild action-space augmentation. To evaluate sparse interventions beyond global validation metrics, we further construct normal, conservative, and actual trajectories and introduce triggered-subset counterfactual evaluation. On NAVSIM navtest, global planner metrics remain nearly unchanged across sparse trigger policies, but the semantic trigger achieves better triggered-subset final score, TTC, and progress than matched-random and TTC-based triggers. Qualitative cases show that behaviorally distinct safety responses mainly arise from action-space augmentation rather than candidate reranking alone. These results show that the proposed framework can diagnose and partially alleviate the gap between risk recognition and action realization, while revealing that stronger semantic-conditioned action generation is needed to fully overcome the trigger-to-action bottleneck. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning)

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42 pages, 6314 KB

Open AccessArticle

ARAS-H-IW: A Reproducible Hesitant Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Framework with Inverse Weight Inference for Healthcare Waste Treatment Technology Assessment

by Hassnae Aberkane, Latifa Boubekri, Hafid El Karimi and Mohammed Chaouki Abounaima

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070243 - 18 Jul 2026

Viewed by 437

Abstract

Selecting appropriate healthcare waste (HW) treatment technologies is a challenging multi-criteria decision-making problem characterized by uncertainty, conflicting evaluation criteria, and limited decision-support information. Existing approaches often rely on subjective weighting schemes and may provide rankings that are sensitive to variations in expert judgments. [...] Read more.

Selecting appropriate healthcare waste (HW) treatment technologies is a challenging multi-criteria decision-making problem characterized by uncertainty, conflicting evaluation criteria, and limited decision-support information. Existing approaches often rely on subjective weighting schemes and may provide rankings that are sensitive to variations in expert judgments. This study proposes ARAS-H-IW, a hybrid decision-support framework that combines Additive Ratio Assessment under Hesitant Fuzzy Sets (ARAS-H) with an Inverse Weighting (IW) mechanism capable of inferring criterion weights directly from expert preference constraints through constrained quadratic optimization. To evaluate its practical applicability, the framework was applied to a real-world healthcare waste management case study using data provided by the Regional Health Directorate of Fez-Meknes (Morocco). A fully reproducible Python-based web platform was developed to automate the complete analytical workflow, including hesitant fuzzy modeling, multi-expert ranking aggregation, inverse weight inference, comparative evaluation, sensitivity analysis, Monte Carlo robustness assessment, and automated reporting. The proposed framework identified centralized autoclaving as the most favorable treatment alternative, followed by regional outsourcing and microwave disinfection. Comparative analyses with TOPSIS, VIKOR, PROMETHEE II, and EDAS showed strong agreement regarding the best- and worst-ranked alternatives. Sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses further demonstrated the stability and robustness of the obtained rankings, while all expert aggregation strategies converged toward the same consensus ordering. The results highlight the capacity of ARAS-H-IW to generate transparent, reproducible, and robust decision recommendations under uncertainty. The proposed framework provides a practical tool for healthcare waste technology assessment and offers a promising foundation for supporting evidence-based decision-making in regional healthcare waste management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive System)

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27 pages, 3738 KB

Open AccessArticle

MSFA: Multi-Strategy Fusion Algorithm for Data Cleaning and Its Application in Offshore Marine Environmental Monitoring

by Kun Chen, Ruikang Chang, Li Ma, Chao Ji and Quan Liu

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070242 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 215

Abstract

Marine monitoring records collected from buoys and nearshore sensors are often affected by missing values, abrupt spikes, and short-term fluctuations. These errors are difficult to remove with a single detection or interpolation rule, especially when local anomalies and global outliers occur in the [...] Read more.

Marine monitoring records collected from buoys and nearshore sensors are often affected by missing values, abrupt spikes, and short-term fluctuations. These errors are difficult to remove with a single detection or interpolation rule, especially when local anomalies and global outliers occur in the same sequence. This study develops a Multi-Strategy Fusion Architecture (MSFA) for cleaning marine environmental time-series data. In MSFA, DBSCAN is not applied directly to the raw observations; instead, the time index and measurement value are first normalized into a common feature space, where local density anomalies can be detected more consistently. IQR screening is then used to identify global extreme values. After abnormal positions are marked, the repair result is estimated from two complementary sources: linear interpolation, which follows local temporal change, and a moving average based only on neighboring valid observations, which reduces random noise. Their contributions are adjusted according to local reliability rather than fixed manually. Because initial repair may still leave small residual errors, we further use a Combined Residual Metric (CRM) with a median/MAD-based threshold to recheck the repaired sequence and update the abnormal-position set when necessary. Experiments on the 2020 Dongying offshore buoy dataset and a self-collected nearshore dataset show that MSFA achieves AUROC/AUPRC/NRMSE values of 0.896/0.855/0.066 and 0.986/0.915/0.0653, respectively. Compared with DBSCAN+LOF, DBSCAN+Transformer, and IQR+Sigmoid, MSFA improves AUROC and AUPRC by about 12–25% on average and reduces NRMSE by more than 40%. These results indicate that the proposed method can improve the usability of noisy and incomplete marine monitoring data while keeping the cleaning process interpretable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Science Empowers Intelligent Systems: Theories and Applications)

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22 pages, 2171 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Model for Metadata Organisation and Management for Compilation of Specialised Datasets from Big Data

by Svetla Koeva and Ivelina Stoyanova

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070241 - 17 Jul 2026

Viewed by 208

Abstract

The paper presents a model for the design and management of metadata that enables the efficient compilation of specialised datasets from large, heterogeneous data collections. The metadata are represented as a typed property graph that facilitates the FAIR principles in data compilation: Findable, [...] Read more.

The paper presents a model for the design and management of metadata that enables the efficient compilation of specialised datasets from large, heterogeneous data collections. The metadata are represented as a typed property graph that facilitates the FAIR principles in data compilation: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable. The representation is general and independent of the modality and format of the data. The graph-based design of the metadata supports the incremental extension of categories and relationships without requiring the migration of existing data. Its feasibility is demonstrated through the use of a graph database, in which the metadata for 689,645 Bulgarian textual data units are combined with a web-based filtering interface. Metadata retrieval is implemented through Cypher queries executed as graph traversals, enabling the extraction of thematic and application-oriented data subsets based on combinations of selection criteria. The application validates the suitability of the graph-based metadata design for compiling specialised datasets for training and fine-tuning large language models and other NLP applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Big Data)

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33 pages, 6397 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cognitive Big Data Architecture for Daily Operational Jamming Transition Detection with Low-Latency Inference in Infrastructure-Constrained Financial Markets: The MERI Framework

by Ntebogang Dinah Moroke

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070240 - 16 Jul 2026

Viewed by 376

Abstract

We introduce the MERI (Market Evolutionary Resilience Index), a cognitive big data framework operationalising jamming transition physics into a daily operational regime detector (low-latency inference, 8 ms per observation). Opaque models cannot be deployed in regulated environments because every automated alert must decompose [...] Read more.

We introduce the MERI (Market Evolutionary Resilience Index), a cognitive big data framework operationalising jamming transition physics into a daily operational regime detector (low-latency inference, 8 ms per observation). Opaque models cannot be deployed in regulated environments because every automated alert must decompose into auditable feature contributions. The MERI addresses this by treating the market as a complex adaptive system whose metabolic state constitutes the primary observable. Three cognitive layers fuse heterogeneous streaming data: an EGARCH-GED econometric baseline, a Random Forest classifier on a 15-dimensional physics-derived feature space, and a TreeSHAP Gini attribution audit ensuring full prediction-level transparency. Fisher Information Gain epistemic gating restricts automated intervention to predictions exceeding 2.5 nats certainty. Evaluated on South African financial markets (2015–2025,

N = 2870

trading days, Eskom load-shedding as exogenous forcing), the MERI achieves 97.3% accuracy (AUC = 0.9973, recall = 1.000), statistically equivalent to Temporal Fusion Transformers (Model Confidence Set, 90% confidence) while delivering 85.7% high-certainty predictions versus 23.4% for deep learning. A Granger-validated 48-h early warning lead (

F = 62.003

,

p < 0.001

),

7.78 \times

recovery hysteresis (Cohen’s

d = 2.13

), and infrastructure dominance of 78.0% (Gini) confirm that the framework is operationally feasible for daily monitoring in the South African JSE–Eskom setting. Cross-domain portability is proposed as a theoretical extension pending empirical validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive System)

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29 pages, 16650 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cognitive Detection at Big-Data Scale: A CNN-LSTM-DQN Framework with Prioritized Experience Replay for Cross-Attack-Family Generalization and Multi-Seed Initialization Sensitivity Analysis

by Rushendra, Kalamullah Ramli, Prima Dewi Purnamasari, Teddy Surya Gunawan and Muhammad Salman

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070239 - 16 Jul 2026

Viewed by 443

Abstract

Real-world IoT network security generates traffic at big-data scale with extreme class imbalance, temporal non-stationarity, and continuously evolving attack strategies that overwhelm static supervised classifiers. This paper presents a cognitive computing framework for network intrusion detection: a CNN–LSTM–DQN architecture with Prioritized Experience Replay [...] Read more.

Real-world IoT network security generates traffic at big-data scale with extreme class imbalance, temporal non-stationarity, and continuously evolving attack strategies that overwhelm static supervised classifiers. This paper presents a cognitive computing framework for network intrusion detection: a CNN–LSTM–DQN architecture with Prioritized Experience Replay (PER) evaluated on a 5,000,000-flow naturalistic sample of the TON_IoT Processed_Network dataset (4,000,000 training/1,000,000 temporally held-out test flows; 94.5% attack ratio) under a strict temporal split. The cognitive agent optimizes detection decisions using an Alerts per Million Flows (ARMF)-aware reward function that encodes both alert-fatigue cost and missed-attack penalty. We conduct a cross-attack-family generalization study: the methodology—architecture template, reward design, and hyperparameter calibration—is inherited from a framework previously validated on CSE-CIC-IDS2018, re-instantiated and retrained on the structurally different TON_IoT environment, and compared against the previously published benchmark. Initialization sensitivity is characterized across five independent random seeds using paired Wilcoxon signed-rank and t-tests. Across the five seeds, the proposed X2 model attains recall 0.833 ± 0.306 and F1 0.874 ± 0.241 (mean ± sample SD), versus the supervised X1 baseline at 0.858 ± 0.178 and 0.912 ± 0.116; the best-performing seed (42) achieves 97.52% accuracy, 98.02% attack recall, 99.46% precision, and 98.73% F1-score on 1,000,000 held-out XSS flows—an attack family entirely absent from training—with temporal stability variances of 4.63 × 10⁻⁷ (recall) and 1.38 × 10⁻⁷ (F1). The X2 advantage observed among the four stable seeds is not statistically demonstrated at n = 5 (statistical power ≈ 5.1%); the initialization-sensitivity finding itself, including one degenerate alert-suppression seed, is reported as a primary contribution. A formal, exactly additive ARMF decomposition distinguishes the detected-attack (structural) component (99.46%) from the model-induced false-positive component (0.54%), and we report a multi-seed, ARMF-aware cognitive IDS evaluation on naturalistic TON_IoT traffic under an unseen-attack-family test condition that, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported in the surveyed RL-based NIDS literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Models and Cognitive Computing: Innovations from Algorithms to Intelligent Systems)

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Graphical abstract

27 pages, 8348 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Keyword Network Analysis of Korean-Language Algorithmic Recommendation Discourses in AI Related to TikTok and YouTube

by Dae Wan Kim, Luman Dong, Guihua Zhang, Xu Yin and Yujong Hwang

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070238 - 16 Jul 2026

Viewed by 405

Abstract

This study investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) is represented within Korean-language recommendation algorithm discourse on TikTok and YouTube. To examine the structural characteristics and discourse tendencies of AI-related discussions, the study applies text mining and keyword network analysis methods, including TF, TF-IDF analysis, [...] Read more.

This study investigates how artificial intelligence (AI) is represented within Korean-language recommendation algorithm discourse on TikTok and YouTube. To examine the structural characteristics and discourse tendencies of AI-related discussions, the study applies text mining and keyword network analysis methods, including TF, TF-IDF analysis, centrality analysis, CONCOR clustering, and sentiment analysis. The findings indicate that AI occupies a central position within recommendation algorithm discourse and is strongly associated with algorithms, data, content recommendation, and technological systems across both platforms. The analysis further reveals notable differences between the two platforms: TikTok discourse demonstrates a stronger emphasis on automation and technological mechanisms, whereas YouTube discourse is more closely associated with content production, commercialization, and educational contexts. In addition, public discourse surrounding AI-driven recommendation systems reflects both positive-oriented and concern-related perspectives regarding technological innovation, platform influence, and social implications. This study contributes to a broader understanding of how AI is socially interpreted and represented within contemporary digital platform discourse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Big Data)

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21 pages, 1265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Audio and Video Scene Classification with Cross-Modal Attention Mechanism

by Mingze Xia, Guisheng Yin and Yuxin Dong

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070237 - 15 Jul 2026

Viewed by 200

Abstract

Scene classification aims to identify scene categories by analyzing environmental information. In real-world scenes, scene features are primarily captured through acoustic and visual modalities. However, environmental complexity and information diversity pose significant challenges to classification performance. To address the issues of insufficient information [...] Read more.

Scene classification aims to identify scene categories by analyzing environmental information. In real-world scenes, scene features are primarily captured through acoustic and visual modalities. However, environmental complexity and information diversity pose significant challenges to classification performance. To address the issues of insufficient information interaction and inadequate feature fusion in traditional segmented fusion methods for audio–visual data, this paper proposes an audio–visual scene classification method based on a cross-modal attention mechanism. The fusion mechanism of multi-modal features is investigated, and scene classification performance is enhanced by optimizing the feature fusion strategy. The proposed method consists of three components: a cross-modal attention module, a gating unit, and a residual connection. The cross-modal attention module achieves adaptive feature alignment by establishing dynamic correlations between audio and visual features. The multi-modal gating unit employs an adaptive gating mechanism to dynamically adjust the contribution weight of each modality, thereby alleviating the information loss problem commonly encountered in traditional methods. The residual connection module preserves the original modality features to prevent information degradation. The model’s performance is evaluated through testing and validation on real-scene audio–visual datasets. Multiple sets of experimental results on these datasets demonstrate that the proposed cross-modal attention method achieves a significant improvement in classification accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence for Multimedia and Image Understanding)

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22 pages, 784 KB

Open AccessArticle

Big Data- and AI-Driven Hybrid Self-Attention Credit Scoring with Explainable Decisioning

by Gulnaz Zakariya, Aiman Moldagulova and Nor’ashikin Ali

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070236 - 13 Jul 2026

Viewed by 463

Abstract

Real-time retail credit scoring is a data-intensive cognitive computing task. Each decision must fuse heterogeneous signals, execute a non-linear model, return a calibrated probability of default (PD), and emit a regulator-compliant local explanation within milliseconds. We address the most demanding segment of unsecured [...] Read more.

Real-time retail credit scoring is a data-intensive cognitive computing task. Each decision must fuse heterogeneous signals, execute a non-linear model, return a calibrated probability of default (PD), and emit a regulator-compliant local explanation within milliseconds. We address the most demanding segment of unsecured lending in Kazakhstan—Salary-Project-Independent (SPI) borrowers, whose principal income stream is not observable by the lender—and frame scoring as a constrained optimisation problem where we maximise discrimination subject to interpretability, latency, and calibration constraints. We propose a tenure-stratified hybrid framework that couples (i) an online weight-of-evidence logistic regression (WOE-LR) scorecard with (ii) an offline self-attention stacked ensemble (LightGBM, CatBoost, and a tabular self-attention network) whose calibrated PD is quantile-binned, WOE-encoded, and re-injected into the online scorecard as a single auditable predictor. On 551,962 production contracts that originated in 2022–2024, the repeat-client hybrid attains an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.826, a Gini coefficient of 0.65, and a Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) statistic of 0.495, preserving roughly half of the offline ensemble’s lift over the linear baseline (AUROC 0.79→0.897) while retaining a fully auditable twelve-coefficient scorecard in production. The new-client scorecard attains an AUROC of 0.741. Non-parametric isotonic recalibration reduces the expected calibration error from 0.27 to below 0.01 and raises the Hosmer–Lemeshow p-value above 0.99 without altering discrimination. The framework complies with the model risk standards of the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Regulation and Development of the Financial Market and is delivered as a Spark/MLOps reference architecture, illustrating how big data engineering, attention-based representation learning, and post hoc explanations can be co-designed for a high-stakes, high-throughput, regulated AI application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Big Data and Artificial Intelligence, 3rd Edition)

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35 pages, 29256 KB

Open AccessReview

From Static Pages to Symbiotic Intelligence: The CET-WAIP Framework for Understanding AI–Web Coevolution

by Mohamad Abou Ali and Fadi Dornaika

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070235 - 12 Jul 2026

Viewed by 358

Abstract

The convergence of the World Wide Web and artificial intelligence (AI) has fundamentally reconfigured digital ecosystems. Yet conventional generational models—Web 1.0 through 4.0—remain inadequate for capturing the recursive, mutually constitutive dynamics that characterize this coevolution. The historical trajectory of the Web reveals a [...] Read more.

The convergence of the World Wide Web and artificial intelligence (AI) has fundamentally reconfigured digital ecosystems. Yet conventional generational models—Web 1.0 through 4.0—remain inadequate for capturing the recursive, mutually constitutive dynamics that characterize this coevolution. The historical trajectory of the Web reveals a progressive expansion of human agency: Web 1.0 afforded read access; Web 2.0 enabled user-generated content; Web 3.0 introduced digital ownership. Artificial intelligence has followed a parallel arc. Early generative systems, such as ChatGPT, demonstrated read capabilities—conditional upon human authorization. Subsequent code-generation agents, including Codex and Claude Code, extended this to write capabilities—also contingent upon human approval, initiation, and financial compensation. Web 4.0, however, constitutes a qualitative rupture: AI agents now read, write, own, earn, and transact autonomously, without requiring human oversight. Such automatons operate on their own behalf or on the behalf of a creator who may be human, another agent, or entirely absent. In the Web 4.0 paradigm, the end user is no longer human—it is AI itself. This review addresses the analytical inadequacy of existing models by introducing the CET-WAIP framework (CoEvolutionary Tiers of Web and AI Paradigms), a novel classificatory framework that models AI–Web coevolution across seven intelligence tiers spanning infrastructural complexity, cognitive capabilities, and governance dimensions. Grounded in an integrative literature review with PRISMA-informed reporting, the framework aligns key AI paradigms—from rule-based systems to agentic AI—with corresponding transformations in Web architecture, revealing how intelligence scaling reshapes user agency, data structures, and ethical oversight. To demonstrate its analytical utility, we conduct a multi-tiered analysis of ChatGPT and compare it with open-source agentic systems (AutoGPT, LangChain, Sora), showing how architectural dissonance between cognitive capabilities and infrastructure is systematically diagnosable. The findings highlight the limitations of linear Web evolution frameworks and underscore the need for intelligence-centric approaches that integrate technological, cognitive, and governance dimensions. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for hybrid intelligence, adaptive governance, and equitable human–AI collaboration in ecosystems where both human and non-human agents participate as first-class actors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Data Mining and Machine Learning)

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37 pages, 7976 KB

Open AccessArticle

Road Inspection 4.0: A Short-Video Benchmark for Deep Learning-Based High-Resolution Pothole Detection in Autonomous Driving

by Mohammad Shahin, Mazdak Maghanaki and F. Frank Chen

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070234 - 10 Jul 2026

Viewed by 442

Abstract

This work offers an extensive performance evaluation of video-based pothole detection algorithms utilizing a unique dataset of 619 high-resolution movies recorded in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Seven distinct models were assessed: three multi-frame-based methodologies (Best Frame Selection, Temporal Consistency Loss, and Multi-Frame Ensemble) employing [...] Read more.

This work offers an extensive performance evaluation of video-based pothole detection algorithms utilizing a unique dataset of 619 high-resolution movies recorded in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Seven distinct models were assessed: three multi-frame-based methodologies (Best Frame Selection, Temporal Consistency Loss, and Multi-Frame Ensemble) employing U-Net architectures with temporal modeling, three per-frame models (OneFormer, YOLOv8-seg, and YOLACT), and one fusion ensemble integrating the per-frame models via weighted boxes fusion. The video collection consists of 2 s segments containing 48 frames each, accompanied by ground truth segmentation masks for pothole identification. Results indicate that per-frame models substantially surpass video-based methods, with the fusion ensemble attaining 81% IoU, followed by YOLOv8-seg and OneFormer, each getting 80% IoU. Parameter efficiency investigation indicates that YOLOv8-seg is the most efficient, achieving IoU per million parameters. Full article

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23 pages, 632 KB

Open AccessReview

AI-Driven Software Testing: A Review

by Guilherme Martins, Nelson Tenório and Jorge Bernardino

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070233 - 10 Jul 2026

Viewed by 806

Abstract

The rapid evolution of software complexity demands more efficient and autonomous testing mechanisms. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a solution to the limitations of traditional manual testing in software development, which is time-consuming, prone to human error, and unable to scale with [...] Read more.

The rapid evolution of software complexity demands more efficient and autonomous testing mechanisms. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a solution to the limitations of traditional manual testing in software development, which is time-consuming, prone to human error, and unable to scale with the increasing size and complexity of modern software systems. In this context, this paper presents an application-focused review of 35 selected empirical studies focusing on the use of AI during software testing, based on PRISMA guidelines. We introduce a comprehensive taxonomy categorizing current research into six core fields, including test case generation, defect prediction, and AI model verification. The analysis reveals that large language models, machine learning, and computer vision can significantly improve testing efficiency. Key findings demonstrate that AI can autonomously repair broken test scripts, generate robust synthetic data, enable codeless web testing, and accurately predict system defects before execution. Furthermore, advanced techniques such as reinforcement learning and deep learning successfully validate complex environments, including cloud robotics and quantum software. However, our qualitative and quantitative synthesis also highlights that challenges, such as generative AI “hallucinations” and the brittleness of Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) integration, persist. Ultimately, this review proposes a tailored research roadmap for robust industrial adoption, showing that AI is changing the way software is tested, shifting it from a predominantly reactive and static activity toward a proactive, intelligence-driven discipline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Data Management in Data Analysis)

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26 pages, 2146 KB

Open AccessArticle

Set Prediction for Outpatient Diagnosis Coding with Sparse Mahalanobis Conformal Scoring

by Kamonrat Tangudomkit, Sawrawit Chairat and Sitthichok Chaichulee

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070232 - 10 Jul 2026

Viewed by 347

Abstract

Diagnosis coding is a large-scale multi-label task in which each clinical encounter may require one or more coding labels from a large label space. Conventional top-k and threshold-based classifiers provide practical coding suggestions but do not directly characterize uncertainty over alternative coding [...] Read more.

Diagnosis coding is a large-scale multi-label task in which each clinical encounter may require one or more coding labels from a large label space. Conventional top-k and threshold-based classifiers provide practical coding suggestions but do not directly characterize uncertainty over alternative coding sets. This study proposes sparse Mahalanobis conformal scoring for set prediction in diagnosis coding under extreme multi-label classification (XMC), intended for coding-assist workflows that require compact and reviewable coding suggestions. A sparse XMC model first generates candidate coding labels for each encounter. Candidate label sets are then constructed from the sparse proposal space and scored using a diagonal Mahalanobis nonconformity function calibrated on held-out data. Empirical conformal p-values are assigned to candidate sets, and downstream decision rules are used to obtain a final coding output from the retained region. The framework was evaluated using outpatient EHR data from a tertiary-care hospital, comprising approximately 8.0 million visits from 2018 to 2025 and up to 12,829 diagnosis labels. The primary SMaCS output achieved Micro-F1 close to the strongest threshold-based comparator and the highest exact match ratio among flexible-size decision rules. Compared with the other nonconformity scores, the Mahalanobis score produced a smaller retained region with fewer distinct labels, while preserving the same point-prediction performance. Additional analyses examined conformal region validity, robustness to label-frequency thresholds, code-depth performance, label-frequency subgroups, sample cardinality, department-level variation, and confidence–credibility stratification. Our results suggest that sparse Mahalanobis conformal scoring provides a useful framework for uncertainty-informed outpatient coding set prediction, while also highlighting the importance of candidate-space adequacy in extreme multi-label diagnosis coding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics for Sustainable Healthcare Systems)

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21 pages, 30310 KB

Open AccessArticle

DST-Mamba: Spatial–Temporal Adapter with Boundary-Aware Mamba for Video Temporal Action Detection

by Yicheng Qiu and Keiji Yanai

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070231 - 9 Jul 2026

Viewed by 410

Abstract

Temporal Action Detection (TAD) localizes and classifies action instances within long videos and underlies many downstream video understanding applications. Transformer-based detectors scale poorly to long sequences due to quadratic self-attention, while existing SSM-based variants tend to dilute fine-grained boundary cues during global modeling. [...] Read more.

Temporal Action Detection (TAD) localizes and classifies action instances within long videos and underlies many downstream video understanding applications. Transformer-based detectors scale poorly to long sequences due to quadratic self-attention, while existing SSM-based variants tend to dilute fine-grained boundary cues during global modeling. To address these limitations, we propose DST-Mamba, a Decoupled Spatial–Temporal Mamba Adapter inserted into a frozen video backbone for parameter-efficient end-to-end TAD. DST-Mamba decouples spatial and temporal modeling into two cooperating branches and explicitly fuses them through cross-branch interaction. Within the temporal branch, we introduce a Temporal Boundary-aware SSM (TB-SSM) with direction-specific forward/backward state-transition matrices, providing a stronger inductive bias for asymmetric action boundaries. Across multiple benchmarks, DST-Mamba consistently outperforms competitive Transformer- and SSM-based baselines while being more computationally efficient. Full article

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34 pages, 7814 KB

Open AccessArticle

HSIC-DIMFMC: A Multi-View Functional Matrix Completion Method with Dual-Information Graph Regularization for Meteorological Data Imputation

by Haiyan Gao and Youdi Bian

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070230 - 8 Jul 2026

Viewed by 221

Abstract

Continuous and complete meteorological observations are essential for reliable climate analysis and environmental assessment. However, missing values caused by sensor malfunctions and transmission failures can introduce systematic biases and increase uncertainty in downstream applications. Meteorological variables can be modeled as functional data and [...] Read more.

Continuous and complete meteorological observations are essential for reliable climate analysis and environmental assessment. However, missing values caused by sensor malfunctions and transmission failures can introduce systematic biases and increase uncertainty in downstream applications. Meteorological variables can be modeled as functional data and typically exhibit nonlinear inter-variable dependencies alongside temporal smoothness; these properties provide valuable prior information for missing data recovery. To address this issue, we propose HSIC-DIMFMC, a multi-view functional matrix completion method for meteorological data imputation that integrates the Hilbert–Schmidt Independence Criterion (HSIC) and dual-information graph regularization. Within a unified framework of functional data analysis and multi-view learning, HSIC is utilized to capture nonlinear dependencies across multiple views, while dual-information graph regularization preserves local structural relationships and temporal smoothness. This joint modeling strategy significantly improves latent representation learning and enhances imputation performance. Experiments on real meteorological datasets demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms several state-of-the-art baselines, especially for strongly correlated variable pairs such as temperature–dew point and wind speed–maximum wind speed. Compared with seven representative approaches—ranging from traditional spatial interpolation to advanced functional matrix completion models—HSIC-DIMFMC achieves average reductions of 43.97–73.59% in RMSE. The results indicate that HSIC-DIMFMC effectively exploits nonlinear cross-view dependencies and structural information, providing a robust solution for collaborative meteorological data imputation. Full article

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52 pages, 2711 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anticipatory AI Governance in the Age of Supercomputing: A Mixed-Methods Multistakeholder Approach in the Basque Country

by Igor Calzada and Itziar Eizaguirre

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070229 - 8 Jul 2026

Viewed by 425

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in public governance, raising new challenges for anticipating its societal implications while safeguarding democratic accountability within expanding computational infrastructures. This article examines how anticipatory AI governance can be operationalised in the age of supercomputing through a mixed-methods, [...] Read more.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly embedded in public governance, raising new challenges for anticipating its societal implications while safeguarding democratic accountability within expanding computational infrastructures. This article examines how anticipatory AI governance can be operationalised in the age of supercomputing through a mixed-methods, multistakeholder study conducted in the Basque Country (Spain). The empirical focus is Gipuzkoa, a devolved historical territory with fiscal autonomy and a rapidly developing advanced-computing ecosystem centred in Donostia–San Sebastián, where regional initiatives are positioning the territory within Europe’s emerging high-performance and quantum computing landscape. The study combines participatory action research involving six civil society organisations, seven provincial directorates, and eleven municipalities with an online citizen survey (N = 911). The findings indicate that anticipatory AI governance is supported through four interrelated governance mechanisms: institutional coordination across administrative levels, multistakeholder participation, territorial public capability, and the strategic embedding of advanced computational infrastructures. Rather than evaluating the governance of supercomputing technologies themselves, the analysis examines governance perceptions, institutional practices, and democratic arrangements associated with these infrastructures. The article’s contribution lies in integrating anticipatory AI governance, territorial governance, and advanced computational infrastructures within a devolved city-regional setting, offering evidence-informed insights for regions seeking to strengthen democratic capacity alongside technological innovation. Full article

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17 pages, 422 KB

Open AccessArticle

CorrelaCache: A Cache Replacement Model Based on Imitation Learning and Autocorrelation Mechanism

by Shuaijie Wu, Zekun Yan, Hao Gui, Ruoshan Kong, Hua Chen and Feng Liu

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070228 - 7 Jul 2026

Viewed by 271

Abstract

Existing cache replacement strategies in large-scale spatiotemporal data systems struggle to cope with complex and dynamic access patterns characterized by long-tail distributions and periodic behaviors. Traditional heuristic-based methods such as Least Recently Used (LRU) and Least Frequently Used (LFU) frequently fail to generalize [...] Read more.

Existing cache replacement strategies in large-scale spatiotemporal data systems struggle to cope with complex and dynamic access patterns characterized by long-tail distributions and periodic behaviors. Traditional heuristic-based methods such as Least Recently Used (LRU) and Least Frequently Used (LFU) frequently fail to generalize across varying workloads, while recent learning-based approaches are limited by their reliance on hand-crafted features or short-term dependencies. In this paper, we propose a cache replacement framework named CorrelaCache, which integrates imitation learning with a temporal autocorrelation mechanism to capture both short-term and long-range periodic access patterns. By modeling the replacement task as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and using the Belady optimal policy as the supervision signal, our method adopts Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for sequential encoding and employs Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based autocorrelation to detect and align periodic phases in access history. We further incorporate a joint prediction layer and a hybrid loss function that combines ranking loss and reuse distance prediction loss, and mitigate distributional shift during training via the Dataset Aggregation (DAgger) algorithm. Experimental results on five public meteorological datasets with generated hydrological access traces show that CorrelaCache outperforms representative baselines in the evaluated workloads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Big Data)

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31 pages, 14677 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Data-Driven Real-Time Fall-from-Height Detection Method for On-Device Worker Safety Wearables

by SangHyeok Kim, Daejin Park and Soon Ju Kang

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070227 - 6 Jul 2026

Viewed by 453

Abstract

Fall-from-height (FFH) detection is a critical component in wearable safety systems, particularly in environments where high-intensity movements can lead to frequent false positives. Conventional approaches based on simple thresholding of acceleration signals often fail to reliably distinguish FFH events from non-fall activities due [...] Read more.

Fall-from-height (FFH) detection is a critical component in wearable safety systems, particularly in environments where high-intensity movements can lead to frequent false positives. Conventional approaches based on simple thresholding of acceleration signals often fail to reliably distinguish FFH events from non-fall activities due to overlapping signal characteristics. This paper proposes a data-driven FFH detection method that integrates multiple complementary features into a unified score-based model. The proposed approach first performs structured peak detection to extract candidate impact events while significantly reducing the number of samples requiring further processing. Each candidate is then evaluated using pre-peak structure, post-impact stability, and pressure variation, which respectively capture structural, temporal, and physical characteristics of FFH events. Based on statistical analysis, feature-wise score contributions are designed to reflect their discriminative strength, and the final FFH decision is performed using an additive scoring mechanism. This formulation enables flexible handling of ambiguous cases while preserving strong FFH characteristics. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method maintains 100% recall at the selected decision threshold while significantly reducing false positives from non-FFH activities. In addition, the peak detection stage reduces more than 99% of raw samples, enabling efficient on-device processing suitable for wearable systems. The proposed method also includes quantitative analysis of latency characteristics. Although FFH inference latency is influenced by asynchronous pressure sensing, the delay remains bounded and predictable, and most detections are completed within a practical time range for real-time wearable safety applications. Overall, the proposed method achieves a practical balance between detection sensitivity, false-positive suppression, computational efficiency, and real-time feasibility, demonstrating its applicability to wearable safety systems. Full article

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17 pages, 2153 KB

Open AccessArticle

Snapshot-Based Analysis of Distributed Organizational and Technical System

by Sagit Valeev and Natalya Kondratyeva

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070226 - 6 Jul 2026

Viewed by 340

Abstract

Construction companies, petrochemical enterprises, and airports are examples of large-scale organizational–technical systems (OTSs) and are characterized by a distributed structure, numerous parallel technological and business processes, and substantial energy consumption. The control of such systems is implemented through hierarchical distributed systems that require [...] Read more.

Construction companies, petrochemical enterprises, and airports are examples of large-scale organizational–technical systems (OTSs) and are characterized by a distributed structure, numerous parallel technological and business processes, and substantial energy consumption. The control of such systems is implemented through hierarchical distributed systems that require the regular collection, synchronization, and analysis of large volumes of heterogeneous data. This paper proposes a methodology for performance analysis and energy consumption optimization in OTSs based on the combined use of hierarchical control, business process modeling in BPMN and DRAKON notations, and the use of snapshots—consistent global states of a distributed system captured at specified time instants. The specifics of snapshot generation algorithms are discussed, including copy-on-write, the Chandy–Lamport algorithm, cloud orchestration, and log-based point-in-time recovery. A snapshot acquisition optimization problem is formulated, which minimizes the deviation of the captured state from the actual state under constraints on frequency, synchronization delay, and cost. The feasibility of the approach is illustrated by a numerical example of energy redistribution between the levels of a hierarchical control system using distributed model predictive control (DMPC). The advantages of the method include obtaining an objective “as is” picture, the applicability of control-theoretic methods for distributed systems based on big data processing, the ability to localize faulty subsystems, and its utility in assessing a company’s condition for stakeholders. Full article

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24 pages, 3500 KB

Open AccessArticle

CTA-Net: A Cross-Temporal Attention Network for Change Detection in Remote Sensing Imagery

by Azamat Serek, Farida Abdoldina, Mukhtarov Asylbek, Valentin Smurygin and Gulnaz Nabiyeva

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070225 - 6 Jul 2026

Viewed by 305

Abstract

Accurate change detection in high-resolution remote sensing imagery is essential for urban planning, land-use monitoring, and disaster response. This study introduces CTA-Net, a Cross-Temporal Attention Network for binary change detection in bi-temporal optical imagery, designed to improve robustness against pseudo-changes caused by illumination [...] Read more.

Accurate change detection in high-resolution remote sensing imagery is essential for urban planning, land-use monitoring, and disaster response. This study introduces CTA-Net, a Cross-Temporal Attention Network for binary change detection in bi-temporal optical imagery, designed to improve robustness against pseudo-changes caused by illumination variation, seasonal effects, and sensor noise. The proposed method employs a shared Siamese encoder with multi-scale Cross-Temporal Attention modules that derive spatial and channel attention from L2 feature differences, along with a lightweight confidence estimation head for per-pixel uncertainty modelling. A hybrid loss function combining confidence-weighted binary cross-entropy and focal loss is used to address class imbalance. Experiments on the LEVIR-CD dataset demonstrate that CTA-Net achieves an overall accuracy of 98.99%, an F1-score of 87.68%, an Intersection over Union of 78.06%, a Cohen’s kappa of 0.8715, and a Matthews Correlation Coefficient of 0.8721, with stable convergence and minimal overfitting. Qualitative and calibration analyses further indicate that the model produces interpretable attention maps and reliable probabilistic outputs. To evaluate cross-domain generalization, we conduct a transfer learning case study on multispectral Sentinel-2 agricultural imagery. The model is adapted to 11-channel input and fine-tuned on automatically generated change masks derived from NDVI-delta thresholding. Under this supervision protocol, CTA-Net achieves an F1-score of 95.18% and an IoU of 90.81% on a held-out test region, with balanced precision and recall. While these results demonstrate effective adaptation across sensor modality, spatial resolution, and semantic domain, the evaluation reflects agreement with the mask generation procedure rather than independently annotated ground truth. While CTA-Net shows strong performance and reasonable interpretability, its cross-domain evaluation is limited by the use of automatically generated labels. As a result, the reported transferability should be interpreted cautiously until validated on human-annotated datasets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Multi-Agent Systems)

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50 pages, 3889 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Better Prompts, Better Usefulness: A Systematic Review and Experimental Evaluation of Structured Prompting Techniques in Large Language Models

by Alessia Cantini and Andrea De Mauro

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070224 - 6 Jul 2026

Viewed by 1112

Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become central components of cognitive computing systems and AI-assisted knowledge work. However, the effectiveness of LLM-generated outputs depends not only on the model’s capabilities but also on the structure of the prompts used to guide them. This [...] Read more.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly become central components of cognitive computing systems and AI-assisted knowledge work. However, the effectiveness of LLM-generated outputs depends not only on the model’s capabilities but also on the structure of the prompts used to guide them. This study investigates how structured prompting techniques influence perceived output usefulness in business-oriented tasks. First, we conduct a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines to identify, classify, and synthesize existing prompt enhancement strategies. The review leads to the development of a taxonomy distinguishing task-alignment techniques (e.g., one-shot and few-shot prompting) from reasoning-transparency techniques (e.g., Chain-of-Thought prompting). Building on this taxonomy, we design a controlled experimental study in which knowledge workers evaluate LLM-generated outputs across analytical and summarization tasks. Using linear mixed-effects modeling, we assess the impact of prompting techniques and the moderating role of Generative AI usage frequency. Results indicate that structured prompting significantly increases perceived usefulness compared to baseline approaches, with the combination of example-based conditioning and explicit reasoning scaffolding yielding the highest evaluations. The moderating effect of usage frequency is not statistically significant, suggesting that the benefits of structured prompt design are robust across different experience levels. These findings position prompt structure as a practical cognitive interface mechanism and provide evidence-based guidelines for enhancing human–AI interaction in cognitive computing environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Multi-Agent Systems)

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21 pages, 1532 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Variation in Heart Rate Variability Associated with Physical Activity and Regional Variability Observed in the ALLSTAR Holter ECG Database

by Yutaka Yoshida and Junichiro Hayano

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070223 - 6 Jul 2026

Viewed by 504

Abstract

Seasonal variation in heart rate variability (HRV) reflects multiple interacting determinants rather than a single underlying determinant. In this study, we aimed to examine subgroup-level seasonal HRV variation in relation to physical activity (PA) using large-scale real-world data. We analyzed 133,747 24-h ECG [...] Read more.

Seasonal variation in heart rate variability (HRV) reflects multiple interacting determinants rather than a single underlying determinant. In this study, we aimed to examine subgroup-level seasonal HRV variation in relation to physical activity (PA) using large-scale real-world data. We analyzed 133,747 24-h ECG recordings with tri-axial accelerometry from the ALLSTAR database across eight regions in Japan (after excluding regions with insufficient sample sizes) collected between 2015 and 2021. Seasonal variation (Δ) was defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum seasonal mean values. Weighted least squares models (WLS) were applied to examine associations between ΔPA and multiple HRV indices, including interaction terms for sex and region, while regional differences in residual variability were assessed using Levene’s test. During the normal period, significant associations between ΔPA and ΔHRV were observed for specific indices (ΔULF, ΔVLF, ΔHF, and ΔLF/HF), whereas other indices were not significant. During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) period, significant associations were observed for ΔRRI, ΔSDRR, and ΔLF/HF, indicating that the association between PA and seasonal HRV variation was index-specific. Sex interactions were not statistically significant after FDR (False Discovery Rate) correction in either period, suggesting a limited role of sex in the PA–HRV relationship at the population level. Regional differences in HRV sensitivity to PA were statistically significant but heterogeneous across regions. In contrast, residual variability exhibited significant regional differences across multiple HRV indices in both periods. These patterns were not fully explained by sample size and showed stable regional heterogeneity. These findings suggest that subgroup-level regional heterogeneity in seasonal HRV variation is primarily reflected in the unexplained component rather than in the direct PA–HRV relationship, indicating the presence of region-specific variability in the unexplained component beyond behavioral influences. Full article

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25 pages, 2280 KB

Open AccessArticle

Economical, Optimal and Uncertain Multiple-View L₂ Triangulation via LMIs

by Graziano Chesi

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070222 - 5 Jul 2026

Viewed by 260

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel approach for multiple-view

L_{2}

triangulation, a key problem in computer vision which consists of estimating a scene point from its estimated image projections on two or more cameras and from the estimated projection matrices of the cameras [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a novel approach for multiple-view

L_{2}

triangulation, a key problem in computer vision which consists of estimating a scene point from its estimated image projections on two or more cameras and from the estimated projection matrices of the cameras by minimizing the reprojection error in the

L_{2}

norm. In the proposed approach, the estimated image projections are allowed to be uncertain in admissible regions described by polynomial inequalities and equalities, and an estimate of the scene point is obtained by solving a linear matrix inequality (LMI) problem built with matrix decompositions, polynomial multipliers, and the Gram matrix method. It is proven that the optimal estimate can always be achieved by using multipliers with sufficiently large degree. Moreover, a simple test is provided in order to establish the optimality of the obtained estimate. As shown by some examples with real and synthetic data, the proposed approach presents key advantages with respect to several existing methods of a different nature, which may fail to find the optimal estimate, may not allow one to establish the optimality of the found estimate, or may require a larger computational burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI, Computer Vision and Human–Robot Interaction)

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30 pages, 614 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Information-Theoretic Framework for Characterizing Interaction-Order Diversity in Temporal Hypergraphs

by Francesco Cauteruccio

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070221 - 3 Jul 2026

Viewed by 275

Abstract

The proliferation of large-scale interaction datasets, from scientific collaboration networks and legislative records to online communication platforms, has made the analysis of group-based, time-varying systems one of the central challenges of modern data analytics. Hypergraphs provide a natural formalism for such systems, where [...] Read more.

The proliferation of large-scale interaction datasets, from scientific collaboration networks and legislative records to online communication platforms, has made the analysis of group-based, time-varying systems one of the central challenges of modern data analytics. Hypergraphs provide a natural formalism for such systems, where interactions involve arbitrary groups of agents rather than isolated pairs, and temporal hypergraphs extend this to sequential data by capturing how group interactions evolve over time. Yet quantifying how complex, predictable, or volatile this evolution is remains an open problem: existing entropy-based measures either operate on pairwise projections and thus discard multi-way dependencies or are not naturally defined for varying hyperedge sizes. In this paper, we propose an information–theoretic framework for characterizing how the diversity of interaction orders in a temporal hypergraph evolves over time. We introduce the hyperedge-size distribution entropy of a snapshot and, building on the theory of entropy rates for stochastic processes, we define the temporal hypergraph entropy rate as a principled, dataset-agnostic measure of the average diversity of interaction orders exhibited by the snapshot sequence over time. We further equip the framework with a bias-corrected sliding-window estimator and a lightweight change-point detector, assembling a complete pipeline that runs in time linear in the total number of hyperedges and requires no node alignment across datasets or snapshots. We prove that the measure collapses to zero under clique expansion, demonstrating that it captures interaction-order information that is discarded by the standard size-blind pairwise projection. Experiments on six small and large publicly available benchmark datasets show that the entropy rate spans 1.60 bits across domains, detects unsupervised structural change points, and discriminates between structurally distinct interaction cultures even within the same domain. Our framework is computationally lightweight and applicable to any dataset that can be represented as a temporal sequence of hypergraphs, paving the way for practical, scalable, interaction-order-aware analysis of large-scale higher-order temporal data. Full article

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29 pages, 1618 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rank-Adaptive Bayesian Tensor Ring Completion for Low-Altitude 5D Radio Environment Map Construction

by Ying Wang, Zhuo Sun and Hao Ma

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070220 - 3 Jul 2026

Viewed by 304

Abstract

The rapid development of the low-altitude economy demands comprehensive electromagnetic spectrum awareness. However, constructing a comprehensive radio environment map (REM) in this scenario is challenging, as spectrum sensing data collected by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in complex low-altitude environments is typically sparse, fragmented, [...] Read more.

The rapid development of the low-altitude economy demands comprehensive electromagnetic spectrum awareness. However, constructing a comprehensive radio environment map (REM) in this scenario is challenging, as spectrum sensing data collected by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in complex low-altitude environments is typically sparse, fragmented, and non-uniformly distributed across the high-dimensional space of time, frequency, and 3D space. To address these issues, this study proposes a rank-adaptive Bayesian tensor ring completion (Ra-BTRC) framework. The method models the low-altitude electromagnetic environment as a unified five-dimensional (5D) spectrum tensor. It then employs tensor ring (TR) decomposition to capture latent high-order correlations across all dimensions. To overcome the sensitivity of conventional TR methods to predefined ranks, Ra-BTRC introduces sparsity-inducing priors on the TR core factors, enabling variational Bayesian inference to learn observation uncertainty and infer effective TR ranks from sparse measurements without manually fixing the TR rank. Simulations demonstrate that Ra-BTRC significantly outperforms existing TR-based baselines, achieving more than 10 dB MMSE improvement at a 5% sampling rate while accurately recovering local spectrum structures and temporal dynamics. The proposed approach provides a robust and scalable solution for reliable global low-altitude spectrum cognition under stringent sensing budgets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enabling the Low-Altitude Economy with AI and 6G Integrated Networks)

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18 pages, 1085 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Deterministic State Machine Orchestrator with Local LLM Improving Personalized Education Quality Through Interactive Virtual Tutoring Agent with KPI Tracking

by Smail Tigani

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070219 - 3 Jul 2026

Viewed by 364

Abstract

Artificial intelligence is rapidly changing education. However, many learning chatbots are still reactive tools, which respond to arbitrary questions without leading learners through a meaningful pedagogical journey. This article presents a deterministic state-machine orchestrator coupled with a local large language model and a [...] Read more.

Artificial intelligence is rapidly changing education. However, many learning chatbots are still reactive tools, which respond to arbitrary questions without leading learners through a meaningful pedagogical journey. This article presents a deterministic state-machine orchestrator coupled with a local large language model and a knowledge-graph-framed tutoring strategy for personalized education. The proposed virtual tutoring agent is designed to combine the flexibility of conversational AI with the reliability of explicit instructional states, key performance indicator (KPI) tracking, learner profiling, and controlled transitions between explanation, practice, feedback, assessment, and remediation. The system is not meant to replace the teacher, but rather to act as a teaching co-pilot that provides ongoing feedback, personalized learning paths, accessibility, and safer deployment by processing data locally. The study also presents a compact interview-based evaluation framework and statistical analysis of user perceptions across interactivity, individuality, proactivity, security, accessibility, gamification, and global preference for educational agents over classical chatbots. The findings show that learners appreciate personalized and interactive support and that proactivity is the key feature that distinguishes an educational agent from a regular chatbot. With this article we argue that deterministic orchestration can help make AI tutoring more transparent, controllable, and ethically fit for real learning contexts. Finally, it discusses privacy, educational value, limitations and future improvements to be made before the large-scale adoption of such systems. Full article

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33 pages, 535 KB

Open AccessArticle

Convolutive Kernel-Guarded Spiking Neural P Systems for Local Feature Computation

by Doru Constantin and Costel Bălcău

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070218 - 3 Jul 2026

Viewed by 289

Abstract

Spiking Neural P systems provide a rule-based model of distributed computation inspired by membrane computing, while kernel P systems use guarded transformations and structured control of rule applicability. This paper introduces Convolutive Kernel-Guarded Spiking Neural P systems (

CK - SN P

systems), [...] Read more.

Spiking Neural P systems provide a rule-based model of distributed computation inspired by membrane computing, while kernel P systems use guarded transformations and structured control of rule applicability. This paper introduces Convolutive Kernel-Guarded Spiking Neural P systems (

CK - SN P

systems), a formal and trainable framework in which spike-rule applicability may depend on local kernel responses computed over ordered neighborhoods of spike multiplicities. The proposed model provides a general mechanism for local feature computation, combining explicit operational semantics with kernel-based predicates that can be fixed, selected, or embedded in trainable realizations. We define the syntax and transition semantics of the model, relate the construction to delay-free extended Spiking Neural P systems and kernel P systems under stated assumptions, and present a reproducible instantiation for electrocardiographic beat classification under a patient-independent protocol. The empirical study illustrates how CK–SN P local responses can be combined with RR, Gaussian, and Fourier descriptors and evaluated with classical and neural classifiers. Overall, the study clarifies both the formal role of guarded local computation and its practical use as an interpretable feature-generation mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Data Mining and Machine Learning)

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22 pages, 562 KB

Open AccessArticle

Extracting Composition Expression Patterns from Materials Science Patent Documents Using SEP-Tags

by Toshihiko Sakai, Nobuhiko Chiwata and Tsunenori Mine

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070217 - 3 Jul 2026

Viewed by 385

Abstract

Extracting composition expressions from materials science patent documents is essential for patent document searches. Composition expressions describing a single unit of elements and quantities (e.g., “Al: 0.02% or more and 0.08% or less”) tend to appear clustered together. In such cases, researchers in [...] Read more.

Extracting composition expressions from materials science patent documents is essential for patent document searches. Composition expressions describing a single unit of elements and quantities (e.g., “Al: 0.02% or more and 0.08% or less”) tend to appear clustered together. In such cases, researchers in the field of materials science who conduct patent searches have found that boundary-indicating phrases are effective for searching. However, there are no concrete examples that have implemented this approach, and the validity of this approach has not been evaluated to date. In this paper, we propose a Separator Tag (SEP-tag) framework as an explicit boundary for composition expressions in named entity recognition labels. This allows the named entity recognition model to simultaneously perform entity recognition and pattern boundary learning within a single end-to-end process. Furthermore, we propose a four-axis evaluation framework that extends the conventional single-entity F1 score to evaluate named entity recognition models using SEP-tags. (1) Entity F1 score excluding structural tags, (2) Exact match rate for correct spans, (3) Predicted span pattern extraction F1 score, (4) Pattern extraction F1 score. We conducted evaluations using RoBERTa-base and BERT-base-Japanese on materials science patent datasets in English (10,166 sentences) and Japanese (975 sentences). Experimental results show that training the model with SEP-tags improved the span exact match rate on the English dataset by approximately 59.72 percentage points (from 15.95% to 75.67%), and reduced false positives in pattern extraction to 1/117 (F1 score: 0.0784 → 0.8503). In the Japanese dataset, false positives were reduced to 1/123 (F1 score: 0.0361 → 0.4877). For both languages, the entity F1 score was equivalent to that of the model without SEP-tags (English:

| Δ F 1 | < 0.002

, Japanese:

| Δ F 1 | < 0.001

), with no significant difference found for any of the 13 labels. These results demonstrate that explicit structural boundary tokens are highly effective for extracting composition expression patterns in domain-specific named entity recognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Text Mining and Big Data Analysis)

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26 pages, 13571 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Evaluation of Deep Learning and Rule-Based Models for Sentiment Analysis of 5G/6G Public Discourse on Social Media

by Hangliang Ding and Jinfeng Li

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070216 - 2 Jul 2026

Viewed by 317

Abstract

Next-generation communication technologies are increasingly shaping not only network infrastructure and digital services, but also public expectations, risk perceptions, and policy debates. As 5G deployment continues and 6G research accelerates, social responses to communication technologies have arguably become an important dimension of technology [...] Read more.

Next-generation communication technologies are increasingly shaping not only network infrastructure and digital services, but also public expectations, risk perceptions, and policy debates. As 5G deployment continues and 6G research accelerates, social responses to communication technologies have arguably become an important dimension of technology adoption, governance, and regulatory decision-making. Social media platforms provide timely and large-scale data sources for public opinion analysis. However, 5G/6G-related discourse often contains domain-specific terminology, technical complaints, and complex emotional expressions, which pose challenges for sentiment analysis. To address this challenge, this study constructs a manually annotated dataset of 1746 5G/6G-related Twitter posts collected across multiple communication-related events. This study aims to provide a domain-specific empirical evaluation of sentiment analysis models by examining classification performance, deployment-oriented inference efficiency, and lightweight domain adaptation. Three sentiment analysis methods are evaluated: twitter–roberta–base–sentiment, bertweet–base–sentiment–analysis, and VADER. In addition, a filtered Amazon Reviews’23 subset is used as an external review-style dataset, and a LoRA-based fine-tuning experiment is performed on Twitter-RoBERTa to examine domain adaptability. The results show that pre-trained language models achieve stronger classification performance than the rule-based method, particularly for domain-specific and semantically complex texts. VADER, by contrast, shows high observed efficiency under its CPU-based deployment setting, especially for short-text inference. The LoRA fine-tuned RoBERTa model further improves classification performance on both Twitter and Amazon test sets, indicating that lightweight parameter-efficient adaptation can enhance model robustness in specialized 5G/6G discourse. These findings contribute a domain-specific dataset, a deployment-oriented comparison of sentiment analysis paradigms, and empirical evidence on lightweight domain adaptation for 5G/6G-related public opinion monitoring. Full article

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25 pages, 2160 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Material Flow with Cognitive Waste Theory: Formalizing the Ninth Waste of Lean Manufacturing Through Quantitative Models of Cognitive Inefficiency

by Mohammad Shahin, Mazdak Maghanaki and F. Frank Chen

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(7), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10070215 - 2 Jul 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 434

Abstract

Lean manufacturing has historically focused on eliminating waste from physical production processes; however, increasing digitalization has shifted a substantial portion of operational effort toward information processing and decision making. Existing Lean frameworks lack formal mechanisms to model and quantify inefficiencies arising within these [...] Read more.

Lean manufacturing has historically focused on eliminating waste from physical production processes; however, increasing digitalization has shifted a substantial portion of operational effort toward information processing and decision making. Existing Lean frameworks lack formal mechanisms to model and quantify inefficiencies arising within these cognitive processes. This paper introduces Cognitive Waste Theory, a mathematical extension of Lean manufacturing that defines cognitive inefficiency as a distinct form of operational waste. Cognitive waste is conceptualized as non-value-adding mental effort generated by misaligned information flow, task structure, and organizational learning dynamics. The framework decomposes cognitive waste into five analytically separable categories: Information Overload, Context Switching, Knowledge Fragmentation, Cognitive Load, and Learning Lag, each expressed through formal mathematical representations grounded in cognitive and operations theory. To enable quantitative assessment, the study proposes normalized waste functions and develops two composite indices: the Cognitive Efficiency Index (CEI), capturing the ratio of effective decision output to cognitive load, and Information Flow Efficiency (IFE), structured analogously to Overall Equipment Effectiveness. Furthermore, classical Lean instruments are reformulated for analytical application in the cognitive domain through Information Value Stream Mapping and Cognitive 5S. By embedding cognitive constructs within a measurable Lean framework, this work provides an attempt to establish a rigorous foundation for analyzing, comparing, and improving cognitive performance in digitally intensive manufacturing systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0: Technologies, Systems, and Applications)

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Big Data Cogn. Comput., Volume 10, Issue 7 (July 2026) – 46 articles

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