Plants

46 pages, 585 KB

Open AccessReview

Sida L.: Ethnobotany, Pharmacology, and Phytochemistry: A Review

by Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer, Maribel Herrera-Ruiz, Yrvinn Campos-Vidal, Gabriel Flores-Franco and Nayeli Monterrosas-Brisson

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3115; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193115 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 404

Abstract

The genus Sida includes about 200 species worldwide. Its history in folk medicine is extensive, as it has been used to treat various conditions such as inflammation, pain, and nervousness. Pharmacologically, preclinical studies have attributed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and sedative properties to Sida [...] Read more.

The genus Sida includes about 200 species worldwide. Its history in folk medicine is extensive, as it has been used to treat various conditions such as inflammation, pain, and nervousness. Pharmacologically, preclinical studies have attributed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and sedative properties to Sida, related to the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and coumarins. A relevant point of this review is that, despite the number of Sida species, only 17 of them have pharmacological reports, emphasizing their great potential, such as S. rhombifolia, which requires further research to conduct clinical trials, since only S. cordifolia has undergone clinical trials with arthritis patients. The objective of this review was to conduct a literature search across different databases, to update the available information on the ethnomedical use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological potential of 17 Sida species. The information compiled in this review aims to highlight the therapeutic importance of Sida species, whether they have been researched or not. This genus is a promising field for scientific advances in chemistry and pharmacology. It also has the potential to create appropriate conditions for obtaining plant material in a systematic and sustainable manner, to prevent overexploitation and encourage clinical studies leading to pharmaceutical formulations for therapy. Full article

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12 pages, 11431 KB

Open AccessArticle

Whole Genome Development of Specific Alien-Chromosome Oligo (SAO) Markers for Wild Peanut Chromosomes Based on Chorus2

by Haojie Sun, Chunjiao Jiang, Weijie Qi, Yan Chen, Xinying Song, Chuantang Wang, Jing Yu and Guangdi Yuan

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3114; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193114 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally important oilseed and economic crop, but its narrow genetic base limits breeding progress. Wild Arachis species represent valuable genetic resources for enhancing the resilience of the peanut cultigen. While wild species from section [...] Read more.

The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally important oilseed and economic crop, but its narrow genetic base limits breeding progress. Wild Arachis species represent valuable genetic resources for enhancing the resilience of the peanut cultigen. While wild species from section Arachis are widely used in breeding programs, the detection of alien chromosomes in hybrids remains challenging due to limited molecular tools. In this study, a cost-effective and efficient system was established for generating species-specific molecular markers using low-coverage next-generation sequencing data, bypassing the need for whole-genome assembly. Utilizing the Chorus2 software, specific alien-chromosome oligo (SAO) markers were developed for four wild species, A. duranensis (accession A19), A. pusilla (A10), A. appresipilla (A33), and A. glabrata (G2 and G3). A total of 1166 primer pairs were designed, resulting in 220 SAO markers specific to A. duranensis, 77 to A. pusilla, 112 to A. appresipilla, 69 to A. glabrata G2, and 59 to A. glabrata G3, with the highest development efficiency observed in A. duranensis (55.0%). These markers span all chromosomes of the five wild accessions. Genome-wide, chromosome-specific SAO markers enable the efficient detection of introgressed alien chromosomes and provide insight into syntenic relationships among homoeologous chromosomes. These markers offer an effective tool for identifying favorable genes and facilitating targeted introgression for the genetic improvement of the cultivated peanut. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Generation Plant Breeding: Integrating Genomics Tools and Marker-Assisted Selection)

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16 pages, 2514 KB

Open AccessArticle

QTL Mapping for Leaf Rust Resistance in a Common Wheat Recombinant Inbred Line Population of Doumai/Shi4185

by Yamei Wang, Wenjing Li, Rui Wang, Nannan Zhao, Xinye Zhang, Shu Zhu and Jindong Liu

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3113; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193113 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Leaf rust, a devastating fungal disease caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), severely impacts wheat quality and yield. Identifying genetic loci for wheat leaf rust resistance, developing molecular markers, and breeding resistant varieties is the most environmentally friendly and economical strategy for disease control. [...] Read more.

Leaf rust, a devastating fungal disease caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), severely impacts wheat quality and yield. Identifying genetic loci for wheat leaf rust resistance, developing molecular markers, and breeding resistant varieties is the most environmentally friendly and economical strategy for disease control. This study utilized a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of Doumai and Shi4185, combined with the wheat 90 K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) chip data and maximum disease severity (MDS) of leaf rust from four environments, to identify adult plant resistance (APR) loci through linkage mapping. Additionally, kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers suitable for breeding were developed, and genetic effects were validated in a natural population. In this study, 5 quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes 1B (2), 2A and 7B (2) were identified through inclusive composite interval mapping, and named as QLr.lfnu-1BL1, QLr.lfnu-1BL2, QLr.lfnu-2AL, QLr.lfnu-7BL1 and QLr.lfnu-7BL2, respectively, explaining 4.54–8.91% of the phenotypic variances. The resistance alleles of QLr.lfnu-1BL1 and QLr.lfnu-1BL2 originated from Doumai, while the resistance alleles of QLr.lfnu-2AL, QLr.lfnu-7BL1 and QLr.lfnu-7BL2 came from Shi4185. Among these, QLr.lfnu-1BL2, QLr.lfnu-7BL1 and QLr.lfnu-7BL2 overlapped with previously reported loci, whereas QLr.lfnu-1BL1 and QLr.lfnu-2AL are likely to be novel. Two KASP markers, QLr.lfnu-2AL and QLr.lfnu-7BL, were significantly associated with leaf rust resistance in a diverse panel of 150 wheat varieties mainly from China. Totally, 34 potential candidate genes encoded the NLR proteins, receptor-like kinases, signaling kinases and transcription factors were selected as candidate genes for the resistance loci. These findings will provide stable QTL, available breeding KASP markers and candidate genes, and will accelerate the progresses of wheat leaf rust resistance improvement through marker-assisted selection breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Cereal Crops)

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16 pages, 3548 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Functional Analysis of Two UGT84 Glycosyltransferases in Flavonoid Biosynthesis of Carthamus tinctorius

by Chaoxiang Ren, Jinxin Guo, Siyu Liu, Bin Xian, Yuhang Li, Changyan Yang, Cheng Peng, Jin Pei and Jiang Chen

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3112; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193112 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose economic crop. Flavonoid glycosides are its key bioactive constituents, and several glycosyltransferases involved in their biosynthesis have been identified. The glycosyltransferase 84 subfamily represents a specialized branch with diverse functions, involved not only in catalyzing [...] Read more.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose economic crop. Flavonoid glycosides are its key bioactive constituents, and several glycosyltransferases involved in their biosynthesis have been identified. The glycosyltransferase 84 subfamily represents a specialized branch with diverse functions, involved not only in catalyzing flavonoid glycosylation but also in the biosynthesis of auxins, tannins, and other compounds. However, this subfamily remains poorly characterized in safflower. In this study, two UGT84 subfamily genes, UGT84A28 and UGT84B3, were screened based on expression patterns and phylogenetic evolution analysis. Recombinant proteins were induced and purified using prokaryotic expression systems. Functional characterization was subsequently conducted through enzymatic assays in vitro and transient expression in tobacco leaves. Molecular docking was employed to investigate the binding modes of UGTs with UDP-glucose. The results indicated that both UGTs demonstrated glycosylation activity at the flavonoid 7-OH position. Notably, when luteolin was employed as the aglycone, both enzymes also exhibited 3′-O-glycosylation activity. Combined with amino acid sequence alignment, we propose that residues A351/T343 and G263/F254, which affect spatial conformation and hydrogen bonding ability, may be one of the reasons for the functional differences between these two enzymes. These findings provide new insights into the catalytic diversity of glycosyltransferases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Molecular Biology and Gene Function)

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15 pages, 1167 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity Evaluation of 70 Chewing Cane Germplasm Resources Based on Phenotypic Traits

by Jing Xie, Zhuang Liu, Hailong Chang, Chuiming Zhang, Qinggan Liang, Zhuqing Wang, Yinjie Cheng, Qinnan Wang and Jiantao Wu

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3111; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193111 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 356

Abstract

Chewing cane is primarily consumed as fresh fruit and contains a variety of essential amino acids and iron. The identification and evaluation of chewing cane germplasm resources are prerequisites for the rational utilization of these resources, and phenotypic traits provide a direct and [...] Read more.

Chewing cane is primarily consumed as fresh fruit and contains a variety of essential amino acids and iron. The identification and evaluation of chewing cane germplasm resources are prerequisites for the rational utilization of these resources, and phenotypic traits provide a direct and convenient means to determine breeding objectives. To facilitate the utilization and development of chewing cane germplasm, thirty-six phenotypic traits in 70 chewing cane germplasm resources were analyzed. The results revealed rich genetic diversity among the chewing cane resources. Seven phenotypic traits exhibited relatively high diversity and considerable potential for genetic improvement. The three groups exhibited relatively small genetic distances and relatively high genetic similarity coefficients, among which the Local varieties (Lv) group displayed the highest genetic diversity indices and retained more private alleles. Based on genetic similarity, the resources were classified into 3 groups, 5 subgroups, and 5 subclasses through cluster analysis, with more than half (54%) of the chewing cane materials forming a separate cluster. A total of 26 private alleles associated with 13 different phenotypic traits in chewing cane were identified across the three groups. The results of genetic diversity analysis based on phenotypic data provide important references for the utilization of chewing cane germplasm resources, selection of parents, and variety breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Germplasm Resources, Genomics, and Molecular Breeding)

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14 pages, 1376 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Bioeconomically Valuable Essential Oil from Baccharis sinuata Kunth in Southern Ecuador: Chemical Composition and Enantiomeric Profile

by Gianluca Gilardoni, Bryan Flores, Nixon Cumbicus and Omar Malagón

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3110; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193110 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The present research describes the chemical composition and the enantiomeric profile of a spicy green aroma essential oil, distilled from the dry leaves of Baccharis sinuata Kunth (Asteraceae). The distillation yield was as high as 3.0% by weight. The chemical analysis was conducted [...] Read more.

The present research describes the chemical composition and the enantiomeric profile of a spicy green aroma essential oil, distilled from the dry leaves of Baccharis sinuata Kunth (Asteraceae). The distillation yield was as high as 3.0% by weight. The chemical analysis was conducted on two columns, coated with stationary phases of different polarity (5% phenyl—95% methyl polysiloxane, expressed by weight, and 100% polyethylene glycol). Major components (≥2.0% as an average value between the two columns) were as follows: β-pinene (4.9%), limonene (39.0%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (2.0%), bicyclogermacrene (2.7%), γ-cadinene (4.0%), δ-cadinene (7.3%), β-eudesmol (2.0%), α-eudesmol (3.0%), and α-cadinol (2.0%). For the enantioselective analysis, 10 enantiomeric pairs were investigated, using two capillary columns coated with different chiral selectors. As a result, (1R,5R)-(−)-α-thujene, (1S,5S)-(−)-α-pinene, and (1R,2S,6S,7S,8S)-(−)-α-copaene were enantiomerically pure, whereas (R)-(+)-limonene presented a 90.0% enantiomeric excess. All the other analysed chiral compounds were scalemic mixtures. The high distillation yield, its aroma, and the bibliographic bioactivity profile make this essential oil potentially interesting from a commercial point of view. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first description of an essential oil distilled from leaves of B. sinuata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactive Potential of Plants)

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16 pages, 887 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Phenolic Compounds, Volatile Profile, and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of 18 Different Varieties of Honey from the Italian Market

by Doaa Abouelenein, Laura Acquaticci, Eleonora Spinozzi, Agnese Santanatoglia, Gulzhan Khamitova, Ahmed M. Mustafa, Marco Cespi, Silvia Preziuso, Luca Bianchi, Filippo Maggi and Giovanni Caprioli

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3109; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193109 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to present a comprehensive analysis of honey varieties from different botanical origins, focusing on their phenolic compounds’ composition, volatile profiles, and antioxidant activity. We simultaneously identified and quantified 37 bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to present a comprehensive analysis of honey varieties from different botanical origins, focusing on their phenolic compounds’ composition, volatile profiles, and antioxidant activity. We simultaneously identified and quantified 37 bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonols, flavones, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids, across various honey samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AOA) were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The content of phenolic compounds quantified by HPLC-MS/MS ranged from 19.56 to 243.94 mg·kg⁻¹, highlighting a high presence of these antioxidant compounds (mainly phenolic acids), confirmed also by the positive correlation between TPC and DPPH values. Among volatiles compounds, analyzed by HS-SPME-GC-MS, benzene acetaldehyde and furfural resulted specific for two types of honey samples (H-7 and H-9), highlighting the possibility of searching for chemical markers to characterize honeys of different specie/origin. This study enhances our understanding of the bioactive potential of honey from different botanical origins and provides a foundation for future research on its health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mass Spectrometry-Based Approaches in Natural Products Research)

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21 pages, 2925 KB

Open AccessReview

Tree Endotherapy: A Comprehensive Review of the Benefits and Drawbacks of Trunk Injection Treatments in Tree Care and Protection

by Alessandra Benigno, Chiara Aglietti, Viola Papini, Mario Riolo, Santa Olga Cacciola and Salvatore Moricca

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3108; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193108 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Tree endotherapy has risen to prominence in the field of precision agriculture as an innovative and sustainable method of tree care, being respectful of both environmental protection and consumer health needs. A comprehensive review of the state of the art of research in [...] Read more.

Tree endotherapy has risen to prominence in the field of precision agriculture as an innovative and sustainable method of tree care, being respectful of both environmental protection and consumer health needs. A comprehensive review of the state of the art of research in this field has made it possible to spotlight the main advantages of tree infusion, which has undergone significant progress in step with technological innovation and an increased understanding of tree anatomy and physiology. The major criticalities associated with this technique, as well as the biological and technical–operational obstacles that still hinder its wider use, are also highlighted. What emerges is an innovative and rapidly expanding technique in tree care, in both the cultivation and phytosanitary management of fruit and ornamental trees. Some of the strengths of the endotherapy technique, such as the next-to-no water consumption, the strong reduction in the use of fertilizers and pesticides, the possibility of using biological control agents (BCAs) or other products of natural origin, the precision administration of the product inside the xylem of the tree, and the efficacy (20–90%) and persistence (1–2 years) of treatments, make it one of the cornerstones of sustainable tree protection at present. With a very low consumption of the “active ingredient”, endotherapy has a negligible impact on the external environment, minimizing the drift and dispersal of the active ingredient and thus limiting the exposure of non-target organisms such as beneficial insects, birds, and wildlife. The large-scale application of the technique would therefore also help to achieve an important goal in “climate-smart agriculture”, the saving of water resources, significantly contributing to climate change mitigation, especially in those areas of the planet where water is a precious resource. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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28 pages, 1420 KB

Open AccessReview

Ethnoveterinary Potential of Acacia (Vachellia and Senegalia) Species for Managing Livestock Health in Africa: From Traditional Uses to Therapeutic Applications

by Nokwethemba N. P. Msimango, Adeyemi O. Aremu, Stephen O. Amoo and Nqobile A. Masondo

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3107; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193107 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 521

Abstract

In Africa, the folkloric practices involving plant-based remedies play a crucial role in livestock farming, often attributed to the limited access to modern veterinary services. The use of Acacia species (including those reclassified as Vachellia species) in ethnoveterinary medicine has garnered increasing interest [...] Read more.

In Africa, the folkloric practices involving plant-based remedies play a crucial role in livestock farming, often attributed to the limited access to modern veterinary services. The use of Acacia species (including those reclassified as Vachellia species) in ethnoveterinary medicine has garnered increasing interest due to their high protein content and medicinal (including anti-parasitic) properties, offering a sustainable source of fodder particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. However, scientific assessment of their efficacy and safety remains limited. This systematic review examines the ethnoveterinary uses, biological efficacy and safety of Acacia species across Africa. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus, yielding 519 relevant studies published between 2001 and 2024. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 43 eligible studies were analyzed based on their relevance, geographical location and livestock disease applications. Plants of the World online database was used to validate the names of the species and authority. Ethiopia had the highest usage of Acacia species (25%), then Nigeria (20%) followed by both South Africa (15%) and Namibia (15%). Vachellia nilotica (Acacia nilotica) was the most frequently cited species (26.3%), followed by Vachellia karroo (Acacia karroo) (15.8%). Ethnobotanical records indicate that the different Acacia species have been traditionally used to treat conditions such as diarrhea, wound infections and complications such as retained placenta. Pharmacological studies corroborate the therapeutic benefits of Acacia species with evidence of their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anthelmintic effects, though some toxicity concerns exist at high dosages. The systematic review revealed the efficacy and safety (to some extent) of Acacia species in livestock disease management, emphasizing their potential integration into veterinary medicine. However, the dearth of in vivo studies underscores the need for pre-clinical and clinical trials to establish safe and effective dosages for use in livestock. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plants Used in Traditional Medicine, Ethnomedicine and Natural Therapies)

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17 pages, 4443 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Transcriptional Responses of Sorghum Seedlings Under Alkali Stress

by Xinyu Liu, Bo Wang, Yiyu Zhao, Min Chu, Han Yu, Di Gao, Jiaheng Wang, Ziqi Li, Sibei Liu, Yuhan Li, Yulei Wei, Jinpeng Wei and Jingyu Xu

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3106; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193106 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 417

Abstract

Saline-alkali stress seriously affects the growth and development of crops. Sorghum bicolor (L.), a C4 plant, is an important cereal crop in the world, and its growth and geographical distribution are limited by alkali conditions. In this study, sorghum genotypes with different alkaline [...] Read more.

Saline-alkali stress seriously affects the growth and development of crops. Sorghum bicolor (L.), a C4 plant, is an important cereal crop in the world, and its growth and geographical distribution are limited by alkali conditions. In this study, sorghum genotypes with different alkaline resistance (alkaline-sensitive Z1 and alkaline-tolerant Z14) were used as experimental materials to explore the effects of alkali on sorghum seedlings. RNA-seq technology was used to examine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in alkali-tolerant Z14 to reveal the molecular mechanism of sorghum response to alkali stress. The results showed that plant height, root length, and biomass of both cultivars decreased with time under 80 mM NaHCO₃ treatment, but Z14 showed better water retention abilities. The photosynthetic fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll content also decreased, but the Fv/Fm, ETH, ΦPSII, and chlorophyll content of Z14 were significantly higher than those of Z1. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased in both sorghum varieties under alkali stress, while the enzyme activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and APX were also significantly increased, especially in Z14, resulting in lower ROS compared with Z1. Transcriptome analysis revealed around 6000 DEGs in Z14 sorghum seedlings under alkali stress, among which 267 DEGs were expressed in all comparison groups. KEGG pathways were enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, and RNA transport. bHLHs, ERFs, NACs, MYBs, and other transcription factor families are actively involved in the response to alkali stress. A large number of genes involved in photosynthesis and the antioxidant system were found to be significantly activated under alkali stress. In the stress signal transduction cascades, Ca²⁺ signal transduction pathway-related genes were activated, about 23 PP2Cs in ABA signaling were upregulated, and multiple MAPK and other kinase-related genes were triggered by alkali stress. These findings will help decipher the response mechanism of sorghum to alkali stress and improve its alkali tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plant Tolerance upon Abiotic Stress—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1419 KB

Open AccessArticle

Small Population Size and Low Levels of Genetic Diversity in an Endangered Species Endemic to the Western Tianshan Mountains

by Zhihao Su, Zhiye Lin, Li Zhuo, Xiaolong Jiang and Qichuan Jiang

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3105; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193105 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Ammopiptanthus nanus is an endangered evergreen shrub endemic to the western Tianshan Mountains. Genetic diversity and population structure of this species were assessed using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci identified via double-digest restriction site-associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing. In this study, a total of 42 [...] Read more.

Ammopiptanthus nanus is an endangered evergreen shrub endemic to the western Tianshan Mountains. Genetic diversity and population structure of this species were assessed using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci identified via double-digest restriction site-associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing. In this study, a total of 42 individuals were sampled from seven populations located in valley habitats across the western Tianshan Mountains. A low level of genetic diversity (mean H_E = 0.09) and strong interpopulation genetic differentiation (mean F_ST = 0.4832) were observed in the species, indicating substantial genetic structuring among populations. Population structure analyses using Admixture analysis, principal coordinate analysis (PCA), and maximum likelihood trees yielded congruent patterns, supporting four genetically distinct groups within the western Tianshan Mountains. Genetic drift and inbreeding, likely induced by habitat fragmentation, appear to be primarily responsible for the low genetic diversity, while restricted gene flow probably shaped the pronounced genetic structure. Based on our findings, we recommend specific conservation strategies for A. nanus aimed at maintaining genetic diversity and facilitating gene flow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 3921 KB

Open AccessArticle

ZnONPs Alleviates Salt Stress in Maize Seedlings by Improving Antioxidant Defense and Photosynthesis Potential

by Siqi Sun, Xiaoqiang Zhao, Xin Li, Meiyue He, Jing Wang, Xinxin Xiang and Yining Niu

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3104; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193104 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Salt stress is a significant environmental factor that inhibits maize growth and development, severely affecting yield formation. Interestingly, nanomaterials, particularly ZnONPs, can enhance resistance to various stresses and support healthy crop growth. However, the effects of ZnONPs on maize under salt stress remain [...] Read more.

Salt stress is a significant environmental factor that inhibits maize growth and development, severely affecting yield formation. Interestingly, nanomaterials, particularly ZnONPs, can enhance resistance to various stresses and support healthy crop growth. However, the effects of ZnONPs on maize under salt stress remain unclear. This study investigates the effect of foliar and seed exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on reducing NaCl-induced salt stress in two maize inbred lines (NKY298-1 and NKY211). Over a period of seven days, under 120 mM NaCl, we measured growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), membrane stability index (MSI), water status (relative water content, RWC), photosynthetic pigments and parameters, selected photosynthetic enzymes, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Then, we propose four composite indices, including stress improvement index (SII), alleviation capacity index (ACI), comprehensive improvement effects (CIE), and comprehensive alleviation capacity (CAC), to rank the effectiveness of ZnONP doses. The findings suggested that 50–100 μM ZnONPs significantly mitigate salt damage, with optimal doses varying by genotype (50 μM for NKY211 and 100 μM for NKY298-1). Notably, the study’s originality lies in its side-by-side composite scoring across 26 traits in two maize genotypes’ seedlings. In conclusion, the findings will provide a new idea for research on the molecular mechanism by which exogenous ZnONPs application improves the salt tolerance of maize seedlings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitigation Strategies and Tolerance of Plants to Abiotic Stresses—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 581 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Influence on Volatile Organic Compounds from Flowers and Leaves of Lepechinia mutica Extracted by SPME-GC-MS

by James Calva, Dayanna Suquilanda, Ángel Benítez, Chabaco Armijos and Jorge Ramírez

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3103; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193103 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Lepechinia mutica, an endemic species of the Ecuadorian Andes, was studied to identify the seasonal variation in volatile organic compounds emitted from leaves and flowers in winter and summer using solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). A total of 101 and 100 volatile compounds [...] Read more.

Lepechinia mutica, an endemic species of the Ecuadorian Andes, was studied to identify the seasonal variation in volatile organic compounds emitted from leaves and flowers in winter and summer using solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). A total of 101 and 100 volatile compounds were identified in flowers and leaves, respectively. The main compounds in flowers were β-phellandrene (7.81–17.74%), dictamnol (3.57–31.89%) and 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (3.93–14.37%), while in the leaves, they were dictamnol (9.85–34.64%), (Z)-β-ocimene (1.24–29.24%) and δ-3-carene (1.14–11.51%). This is the first report of enantiomeric separation in L. mutica using a capillary column with 2,3-diethyldecyl-6-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin, revealing three enantiomerically pure compounds as (S)-(-)-β-pinene, (1S,3R)-(+)-δ-3-carene and (S)-(+)-linalool, while (+) (-) α-pinene, (+) (-) δ-cadinene and (+) (-) α-muurolene were found as racemic mixtures. Principal component analysis confirmed distinct chemical profiles between plant parts and seasons. This result has important implications for the future highlighting its potential as a source of seasonally variables components with applications in fragrance and phytotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemical Profiling and Bioactive Potential of Plants)

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16 pages, 1763 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Different Procedures to Pollinate Self-Compatible ‘Royal Red’ Pitaya Under Protected Cultivation

by Juan José Hueso, El Mehdi Bouzar and Julián Cuevas

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3102; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193102 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 429

Abstract

The growing interest in pitaya has led to an increase in its cultivation worldwide. Unfortunately, the production of pitaya often depends on expensive hand-pollination. In this experiment, we compared the efficiency of different procedures in transferring pollen grains to flower stigmas and analyzed [...] Read more.

The growing interest in pitaya has led to an increase in its cultivation worldwide. Unfortunately, the production of pitaya often depends on expensive hand-pollination. In this experiment, we compared the efficiency of different procedures in transferring pollen grains to flower stigmas and analyzed pollen–pistil interactions, fruit set, and quality in response in ‘Royal Red’, a self-compatible genotype of pitaya. The results show that pollen adhesion on the stigma achieved by transferring pollen with a paintbrush or with a duster was higher than pollen adhesion using blowers and much higher than the pollen load in the stigmas of open-pollinated or bagged flowers. However, good pollen germination and sufficient pollen tube growth in the flowers pollinated using blowers enabled high fruit and seed sets, leading to the production of fruits of commercial size in a less expensive manner. The results of free open pollinated and bagged flowers matched exactly, highlighting that the occasional insect visitors of the freely exposed flowers in the greenhouses of southeast Spain are not efficient pollinators. The high fruit set obtained in bagged flowers confirms the self-compatibility of this genotype, although the reduced pollen load and low pollen germination led to smaller fruit with fewer seeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pollen Management and Assisted Pollination Techniques in Crop Plants)

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16 pages, 3400 KB

Open AccessArticle

EF1α and αTUB Are Stable Reference Gene Pairs for RT-qPCR-Based Gene Expression Studies in Salix suchowensis Under Nitrogen Treatment Conditions

by Lei Huang, Yuyi Zhang, Fei Gao, Yu Fu, Jing Sun, Jie Zhou, Jun Tao, Xudong He and Nan Guo

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3101; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193101 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 406

Abstract

Salix suchowensis is an ideal model organism for investigating nitrogen (N) transport mechanisms due to its low N-input requirements. Accurate quantification of gene expression is essential for elucidating these processes, with quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) being the preferred method. However, the identification of [...] Read more.

Salix suchowensis is an ideal model organism for investigating nitrogen (N) transport mechanisms due to its low N-input requirements. Accurate quantification of gene expression is essential for elucidating these processes, with quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) being the preferred method. However, the identification of stable reference genes for normalization in Salix suchowensis under varying N conditions remains unresolved. In this study, thirteen commonly employed candidate reference genes were evaluated across root, stem, and leaf tissues, under four N treatments (NH₄NO₃, NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and N deficiency). Five genes (UBQ1, UBQ3, 18S, H2A2, and H2B2) were excluded due to poor amplification efficiency or irregular melting curves. The remaining eight genes were further assessed for expression stability using the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper algorithms. Integrated ranking via RefFinder identified EF1α, EFβ, and αTUB as the most stable reference genes. GeNorm analysis suggested that two reference genes were sufficient for reliable normalization. Validation using the N-responsive gene SsAMT1 and SsNRT2 confirmed the stability of EF1α, EFβ, and αTUB as suitable reference genes. Based on comprehensive stability assessments and experimental validation, we recommended EF1α + αTUB as optimal reference gene pairs for RT-qPCR normalization under varying N conditions. Furthermore, the consistent expression of EF1α and αTUB across nine willow genotypes highlighted their broader applicability within Salix species. This study provides valuable methodological guidance for advancing molecular research on N transport in woody perennial plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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19 pages, 7632 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Analysis of Miscanthus NF-YA Genes Reveals Potential Involvement in Drought Stress Adaptation

by Yang Yu, Mengting Li, Ming Yu and Tingting Wang

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3100; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193100 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 307

Abstract

Miscanthus, a perennial grass, is renowned for its remarkable tolerance to abiotic stress. Excessive levels of drought severely impair plant growth and yield. Plant nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factors (TFs) play pivotal roles in regulating responses to drought stress in species [...] Read more.

Miscanthus, a perennial grass, is renowned for its remarkable tolerance to abiotic stress. Excessive levels of drought severely impair plant growth and yield. Plant nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) transcription factors (TFs) play pivotal roles in regulating responses to drought stress in species such as Arabidopsis and maize. However, their functional roles in conferring drought tolerance in Miscanthus remain largely unexplored. This study’s genome-wide analysis and gene expression profiling of Miscanthus under dehydration/osmotic stress identified a transcription factors gene, MsNF-YA4, which was significantly upregulated under dehydration/osmotic stress. MsNF-YA4 overexpression in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced drought tolerance, leading to increased transcription of stress- and antioxidant enzyme-related genes. Compared with the wild type (WT), the transgenic lines exhibited markedly higher relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, proline level, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Furthermore, the MsNF-YA4/MsNF-YB3/MsNF-YC2 improved the transactivation of the Miscanthus P5CS1, SOD (Cu/Zn) and CAT1 promoters in the transient system. These results offer fresh perspectives on the role of Miscanthus NF-YAs in drought tolerance and offer promising genetic resources for developing drought-tolerant crops through breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Halophytes, Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species That Can Withstand Soil and Environmental Changes: Current Understanding and Recent Advances)

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22 pages, 2355 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan Nanoparticles Entrapping Aqueous Psidium guajava L. Leaf Extracts: A Promising Approach for Topically Treating Disorders in Oral Mucosa

by Renata Paula Coppini Almeida, Samuel Leite Cardoso, Seila Tolentino, Artur Fiuza Borges Arantes, Isabella Souza Mota, Guilherme Martins Gelfuso, Felipe Saldanha-Araujo, Eliete Neves Silva Guerra, Yanna Karla Medeiros Nobrega, Christopher William Fagg, Dâmaris Silveira, Yris Maria Fonseca-Bazzo and Pérola Oliveira Magalhães

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3099; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193099 - 8 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) is a neotropical species whose leaf extracts demonstrate efficacy against cutaneous and mucosal inflammation and ulceration. This study aimed to prepare and characterize aqueous extracts of P. guajava leaves (EAPG) and incorporate them into chitosan nanoparticles for topical delivery [...] Read more.

Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) is a neotropical species whose leaf extracts demonstrate efficacy against cutaneous and mucosal inflammation and ulceration. This study aimed to prepare and characterize aqueous extracts of P. guajava leaves (EAPG) and incorporate them into chitosan nanoparticles for topical delivery to the oral mucosa. The extract was obtained by infusion, and its marker compound was quantified by a chromatographic method. EAPG exhibited antioxidant activity (IC₅₀: 6.35–7.01 µg/mL in DPPH^•; FRAP: 14.42–17.83 µg/mL ≈ 60 µM Fe²⁺) and anti-inflammatory potential by modulating the expression of IL-6. It also showed antifungal activity against Candida species. Nanoparticles loaded with EAPG had a mean diameter of 899.8 ± 10.8 nm, PdI 0.22 ± 0.03, Zeta potential +32.4 ± 2.3 mV, pH 5.0, and 62 ± 1% encapsulation efficiency. They remained stable for 30 days. In an ex vivo topical application, EAPG nanoparticles delivered 415.17 ± 71.7 µg/cm² of marker to the oral mucosa, eight times more than free EAPG (p < 0.05). These results suggest that chitosan-based EAPG nanoparticles are a promising strategy for topical treatment of mucosal disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Plants)

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14 pages, 731 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Rootstocks on Graft Compatibility, Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Table Grape ‘Fengguang’

by Nan Jia, Minmin Li, Changjiang Liu, Bin Han, Yan Sun, Shuli Han, Xinyu Wang and Yonggang Yin

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3098; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193098 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 331

Abstract

Selecting an appropriate rootstock for a specific scion cultivar is an efficient way to improve both yield and berry quality in viticulture. This study aimed to provide practical guidance for rootstock selection in the cultivation of the table grape cultivar ‘Fengguang’. The mature [...] Read more.

Selecting an appropriate rootstock for a specific scion cultivar is an efficient way to improve both yield and berry quality in viticulture. This study aimed to provide practical guidance for rootstock selection in the cultivation of the table grape cultivar ‘Fengguang’. The mature scions of this cultivar were grafted onto hardwood cuttings of eight different resistant rootstocks, which included 101-14M, 110R, 188-08, 3309C, 5BB, 5C, SO4, and Beta, with the own-rooted vines as control. Graft compatibility, growth vigor, yield performance, and fruit quality were compared and analyzed among the different grafting combinations. The results suggested that vines on 101-14M, 5BB, and Beta obtained higher germination rates of scions, better healing rates of the mating interface, and greater generation rates of root callus. Among these, vines on 5BB exhibited the largest scion trunk cross-sectional diameter. Furthermore, SO4 demonstrated the most significant improvement in yield, with an average increase of 13.54% compared to the control. Regarding berry quality, 101-14M significantly enhanced berry mass, pressure resistance, and flesh firmness relative to the controls, with average improvements of 7.67%, 11.34%, and 29.86%, respectively. Based on a comprehensive evaluation of yield and fruit quality indicators, 101-14M gained the highest value. In conclusion, 101-14M is preferentially recommended for grafting cultivation of ‘Fengguang’ vines. These findings could provide practical guidance for the cultivation of table grape cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Planting Techniques and Production of Horticultural Crops)

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16 pages, 962 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Microbial Strain on the Nitrogen Fixation of Soybean Varieties of Different Maturity Under Cool Climate Conditions of Northern Europe

by Raminta Skipitytė, Rūta Barisevičiūtė and Monika Toleikienė

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3097; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193097 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 344

Abstract

Soybean inoculation with nitrogen (N) fixing bacteria can be highly promising for enhancing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and improving crop productivity. It helps to reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers, promotes sustainable agricultural practices, and minimizes environmental impacts. Therefore, understanding the specific aspects and [...] Read more.

Soybean inoculation with nitrogen (N) fixing bacteria can be highly promising for enhancing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and improving crop productivity. It helps to reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers, promotes sustainable agricultural practices, and minimizes environmental impacts. Therefore, understanding the specific aspects and conditions is essential for establishing the BNF process in particular environments. In this study, we investigated whether soybean inoculation is an effective strategy in cool-climate regions beyond their typical northern distribution, and which soybean varieties and microbial strains are the most effective for optimizing soybean productivity and performance in relatively cool environments. To address these questions, a natural abundance nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis was conducted on two soybean varieties of different maturity groups, which were inoculated with three Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains, along with organic fertilizer and new promising endophyte treatments. This approach aimed to determine the differences in biological and chemical parameters of soybean, as well as the origin of N sources, its uptake, and the isotopic distribution within the plants. It was demonstrated that inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum was more effective than fertilization, as the strains had a significant effect on nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa), produced stable nitrogen isotope ratios close to 0‰, and substantially increased nitrogen content, particularly in beans. Soybean varieties Laulema and Merlin, representing different maturity groups, exhibited distinct nitrogen uptake patterns. Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain AGF78 consistently produced the greatest effect on biological parameters in both varieties, particularly in seed yield and grain weight, with the later-maturing Merlin achieving the highest average yield of 3066.89 kg ha⁻¹. Notably, the Merlin inoculated with AGF78 resulted in the highest nitrogen fixation in beans, with 66.8%NDFA and 134.0 kg/ha of fixed nitrogen. Similarly, Laulema inoculated with AGF78 resulted in 88.2%NDFA and 123.2 kg/ha of fixed nitrogen. Inoculation with selected bacterial strains significantly increased protein content from 30% to 41%, with the effects being both strain- and variety-specific. Our study showed that establishing effective soybean–microbe interactions by choosing soybean variety and microbial strain is crucial for optimizing agricultural practices and improving crop performance, especially in sustainable and environmentally conscious farming systems under cool climatic conditions of Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Soil Health and Crop Productivity Through Sustainable Agricultural Practices)

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23 pages, 4124 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodological Approach for Evaluating the Genotypic Variation for Physiological Adaptation of Potato Wild Relatives for Heat Tolerance Breeding

by Ikram Bashir, Rodrigo Nicolao, Eduardo Pereira Shimoia, Luciano do Amarante, Caroline Marques Castro and Gustavo Heiden

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3096; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193096 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 388

Abstract

Wild potato relatives are vital for breeding programs to tackle rising temperatures. This study proposes a methodological approach based on the examination of genetic variation among 19 accessions belonging to Solanum chacoense and Solanum commersonii from the Embrapa Potato Genebank under heat stress [...] Read more.

Wild potato relatives are vital for breeding programs to tackle rising temperatures. This study proposes a methodological approach based on the examination of genetic variation among 19 accessions belonging to Solanum chacoense and Solanum commersonii from the Embrapa Potato Genebank under heat stress (HS). Heat tolerance coefficient (HTC) was calculated using genotypic values predicted through mixed models. After 15 days of heat stress (DHS), a significant variation in gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence indicates strong breeding potential and photosystem resilience. By 35 DHS, increased pigment variation suggests acclimation. Based on predicted genotypic values, S. chacoense outperforms S. commersonii in tuber production and gas exchange under HS, and principal component analysis (PCA) performed using the HTC shows early resistance driven by photosynthesis, mid-term by tuber yield, and long-term by gas exchange and tuber production. Genotypes BRA00167017-3, BRA00167023-1, BRA00167025-6, and BRA00167028-0 excel in heat comprehensive evaluation values (HCEVs)/comprehensive principal component value (F) rankings, demonstrating robust photosynthesis, thermoregulation, and tuber yield. Cluster analysis identifies these as highly tolerant, ideal for breeding heat-resilient potatoes. These PCA-derived weights and genotype clustering system provide a precise tool for selecting heat-tolerant wild potato germplasm, categorizing them into highly tolerant, moderately tolerant, sensitive with late recovery, and highly sensitive groups acquired for specific objectives of the breeding programs to climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses of Crops to Abiotic Stress—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 853 KB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the “Night Break” Method in Cannabis sativa Horticulture: Vegetative Daily Light Integral Affects Yield of Extractable Biomass in C. sativa

by Evan F. Grover, Samuel R. Haiden and Gerald A. Berkowitz

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3095; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193095 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 435

Abstract

Cannabis sativa is a short-day (SD) plant, producing inflorescences when the daily scotoperiod (period of darkness) exceeds approximately 10 h of length. As such, the vegetative photoperiod is typically maintained at 16 to 18 h, which limits the scotoperiod to no more than [...] Read more.

Cannabis sativa is a short-day (SD) plant, producing inflorescences when the daily scotoperiod (period of darkness) exceeds approximately 10 h of length. As such, the vegetative photoperiod is typically maintained at 16 to 18 h, which limits the scotoperiod to no more than 6 to 8 h and keeps plants in the vegetative stage. The electricity cost associated with supplemental lighting is a major concern for controlled environment cannabis cultivation. Therefore, the strategy of utilizing a 12 h photoperiod while interrupting the scotoperiod with a 1 h “night break” (NB) is appealing, as it reduces the overall electricity required for supplemental lighting by nearly one third, while maintaining vegetative growth. Our study tested the feasibility of this method under controlled indoor conditions. We studied the effect of the NB method (as compared to conventional light/dark periods) on cannabinoid and extractable biomass yields, as well as phenotype. Reducing vegetative DLI via the NB method (29.4 → 21.2 mol m⁻² d⁻¹) reduced extractable floral biomass by ~22% (control 1295 g vs. NB 1015 g per tent), while cannabinoid concentrations were similar between treatments. We also found that NB plants were less vigorous and shorter, with shorter internodes and fewer branches. This evidence suggests that although the NB method may reduce electricity costs during the vegetative stage of controlled environment cannabis growth, the method is not economically feasible due to the loss of yield and plant vigor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Light on Plant Growth and Development)

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16 pages, 2426 KB

Open AccessArticle

First Insights into Ploidy and Genome Size Estimation in Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill (Anacardiaceae) Using Flow Cytometry and Genome Survey Sequencing

by Fangdi Li, Zhuolong Shen, Tianhe Zhang, Xiaoge Gao, Huashan Ling, Hequn Gu, Zhigao Liu, Jiyan Liu, Chaokai Lin and Qirong Guo

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3094; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193094 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 298

Abstract

For the Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill, a significant economic tree in the Anacardiaceae family with industrial, medicinal, and ecological value, the genome size remains unreported. Here, we optimized the flow cytometry-based method for ploidy analysis, finding that WPB lysis solution proved [...] Read more.

For the Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill, a significant economic tree in the Anacardiaceae family with industrial, medicinal, and ecological value, the genome size remains unreported. Here, we optimized the flow cytometry-based method for ploidy analysis, finding that WPB lysis solution proved to be the most effective. Analysis of 58 C. axillaris accessions identified 47 diploids and 11 triploids. The average genome size of diploids was estimated at 450.36 Mb. Illumina sequencing of a diploid (No.22) generated 81.98 Gb of high-quality data (224.44X depth). K-mer analysis estimated the genome size at 365.25 Mb, with 0.91% genome heterozygosity, 34.17% GC content, and 47.74% repeated sequences, indicating high heterozygosity and duplication levels in the genome. Genome assembly may necessitate a combination of second- and third-generation sequencing technologies. Comparative analysis with the NT database revealed that C. axillaris exhibited the highest similarity to C. axillaris (3.01%) and Pistacia vera (2.5%). This study establishes a crucial theoretical framework for C. axillaris genome sequencing and molecular genetics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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14 pages, 3547 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Plant-Derived Antifungal Agent, Poacic Acid, Inhibits Germination and Tube Growth of Lily Pollen

by Nanami Kobayashi, Yoshikazu Ohya, Yasuko Hayashi and Shuh-ichi Nishikawa

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3093; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193093 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 317

Abstract

Poacic acid is a novel natural antifungal agent. It inhibits the growth of fungal cells, including budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by inhibiting the synthesis of β-1,3-glucan, which is a major component of the fungal cell wall. Although poacic acid is expected to [...] Read more.

Poacic acid is a novel natural antifungal agent. It inhibits the growth of fungal cells, including budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by inhibiting the synthesis of β-1,3-glucan, which is a major component of the fungal cell wall. Although poacic acid is expected to be a candidate pesticide owing to its antifungal activity, its effects on plant cells have not been investigated. In this study, we analyzed the effects of poacic acid on lily (Lilium longiflorum) pollen. Poacic acid inhibited lily pollen germination and tube growth at concentrations lower than those that inhibited budding yeast growth. While poacic acid did not inhibit callose (β-1,3-glucan) synthesis in pollen tubes, it inhibited membrane traffic, including endocytosis and secretion, and the organization of the actin cytoskeleton within pollen tubes. Since these processes have been shown to play essential roles in pollen tube growth, our study indicates that poacic acid affects lily pollen tube growth differently than it affects budding yeast. Poacic acid also inhibited the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana pollen tubes and root. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Cell Biology)

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23 pages, 3088 KB

Open AccessArticle

PvPR10-3 Expression Confers Salt Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis and Interferes with Jasmonic Acid and ABA Signaling

by Kaouthar Feki, Hanen Kamoun, Amal Ben Romdhane, Sana Tounsi, Wissal Harrabi, Sirine Salhi, Haythem Mhadhbi, Maurizio Trovato and Faiçal Brini

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3092; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193092 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 441

Abstract

Salt stress is a major abiotic factor limiting crop productivity worldwide, as it disrupts plant growth, metabolism, and survival. In this study, we report that the genes PvPR10-2 and PvPR10-3 were significantly up-regulated in bean leaves and stems in response to combined salt [...] Read more.

Salt stress is a major abiotic factor limiting crop productivity worldwide, as it disrupts plant growth, metabolism, and survival. In this study, we report that the genes PvPR10-2 and PvPR10-3 were significantly up-regulated in bean leaves and stems in response to combined salt and jasmonic acid (NaCl–JA) treatment. Foliar application of JA with salt induced physiological alterations, including stem growth inhibition, H₂O₂ accumulation, and activation of antioxidant enzymes. To investigate the role of PvPR10-3 in response to salt and phytohormones, we introduced this gene into Arabidopsis and found that its heterologous expression conferred salt tolerance to the transgenic lines. Interestingly, exogenous JA contributed to salt tolerance by reducing H₂O₂ levels, inducing ROS-scavenging enzymes, and promoting the accumulation of phenolic compounds and ABA. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of the transgenic lines revealed that PvPR10-3 expression under NaCl–JA stress is associated with the induction of JA-related genes like MYC2, JAZ2, JAZ11, and JAZ12, as well as SA-responsive genes, like ALD1 and TGA2, and two ABA-independent components DREB2A and ERD1, suggesting potential coordination between JA, ABA, and SA signaling in salt stress response. Additionally, key flowering regulators (FT, GI) were upregulated in transgenic lines under NaCl–JA treatment, suggesting a previously unexplored link between salt tolerance pathways and the regulation of flowering time. Taken together, our findings suggest a role of PvPR10-3 in enhancing salt stress tolerance and the involvement of exogenous JA in tolerance potentially by modulating ROS balance, hormone-associated gene expression, and protective secondary metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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23 pages, 9747 KB

Open AccessArticle

Classification of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases and Their Transcriptional Response to Abiotic Stresses in Halophyte Nitraria sibirica

by Lu Lu, Ting Chen, Tiangui Yang, Chunxia Han, Jingbo Zhang, Jinhui Chen and Tielong Cheng

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3091; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193091 - 7 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are key Ca²⁺ sensors in plants, mediating responses to abiotic stresses via phosphorylation signaling. In the halophyte Nitraria sibirica, which thrives in saline soils, we identified 19 CDPK genes (NsCDPKs) and classified them into four [...] Read more.

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are key Ca²⁺ sensors in plants, mediating responses to abiotic stresses via phosphorylation signaling. In the halophyte Nitraria sibirica, which thrives in saline soils, we identified 19 CDPK genes (NsCDPKs) and classified them into four canonical angiosperm clades, highlighting conserved functional modules. Promoter analysis revealed diverse cis-acting elements responsive to light, hormones (ABA, MeJA, auxin, GA, SA), and abiotic stresses (drought, cold, wounding), along with numerous MYB binding sites, suggesting complex transcriptional regulation. Transcriptome profiling under salt stress (100 and 400 mM NaCl) showed induction of most NsCDPKs, with several genes significantly upregulated in roots and stems, indicating coordinated whole-plant activation. These salt-responsive NsCDPKs were also upregulated by cold but repressed under PEG-simulated drought, indicating stress-specific regulatory patterns. Fifteen MYB transcription factors, differentially expressed under salt stress, were predicted to interact with NsCDPK promoters, implicating them as upstream regulators. This study identified a potential salt- and cold-responsive CDPK regulatory module and a MYB-mediated transcriptional hierarchy in N. sibirica, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms of salinity adaptation and highlighting candidate genes that could be explored for improving salt tolerance in crop species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Plant Tolerance upon Abiotic Stress—2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 3339 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the SPL Gene Family in Phalaenopsis equestris

by Xule Zhang, Lei Feng, Qingdi Hu, Yaping Hu, Xiaohua Ma and Jian Zheng

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3090; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193090 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 365

Abstract

The SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL/SBP) family plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes. Phalaenopsis equestris is a key ornamental and breeding species known for producing abundant colorful flowers on a single inflorescence. The SPL gene family in this species remains largely uncharacterized. In [...] Read more.

The SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like (SPL/SBP) family plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes. Phalaenopsis equestris is a key ornamental and breeding species known for producing abundant colorful flowers on a single inflorescence. The SPL gene family in this species remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, 15 SPL genes were identified, all encoding proteins that are bioinformatically predicted to be nuclear-localized, hydrophilic, and unstable, with conserved SBP domains. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses revealed a closer evolutionary relationship with rice SPLs than Arabidopsis SPLs. Conserved motif and gene structure analyses showed that subfamily II members possess more motifs and introns, implying functional complexity. Five PeqSPLs contained transmembrane domains, suggesting potential dual nuclear/cytoplasmic roles. Promoter analysis revealed abundant cis-elements responsive to light, stress, and phytohormones. Expression profiling across tissues showed that PeqSPL2, PeqSPL3, and PeqSPL5 exhibited broad expression and PeqSPL10 exhibited predominantly high expression in flowers, indicating possible roles in normal growth and floral development. This study provides a foundation for further functional exploration of PeqSPL genes in P. equestris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchid Conservation and Biodiversity)

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14 pages, 11233 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) in Response to Freezing Stress

by Lin Chen, Juntao Wang, Qi Zhang, Taoyu Xu, Zhongrui Ji, Huazheng Hao, Jing Wang, Gensheng Shi and Jian Li

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3089; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193089 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 339

Abstract

Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are an economically important woody crop, but spring frost poses a serious threat to their growth and productivity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying walnut responses to freezing stress remain largely unknown. In this study, transcriptome analyses were performed [...] Read more.

Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are an economically important woody crop, but spring frost poses a serious threat to their growth and productivity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying walnut responses to freezing stress remain largely unknown. In this study, transcriptome analyses were performed on cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive walnut varieties subjected to freezing stress. A total of 9611 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responsive to freezing stress were obtained, of which 2853 were common up-regulated and 2880 were common down-regulated in both varieties. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed 15 significantly enriched pathways in both varieties, including flavonoid biosynthesis. A simplified walnut flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was constructed, encompassing 36 DEGs encoding 13 key enzymes, demonstrating that flavonoid biosynthesis in walnut is significantly activated under freezing stress. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified a regulatory network centered on the JrCBF genes and uncovered 34 potential interacting genes. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the molecular responses of walnut to freezing stress and establish a foundation for elucidating the mechanisms underlying walnut cold tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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17 pages, 3914 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic and Functional Characterization of Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) Genes in Stress Adaptation of the Noxious Weed Amaranthus palmeri

by Jiao Ren, Mengyuan Song, Daniel Bimpong, Fulian Wang, Wang Chen, Dongfang Ma and Linfeng Du

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3088; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193088 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 391

Abstract

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) is an important enzyme in plant branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis and the target of several major herbicide classes. Despite its agronomic importance, the role of ALS genes in stress adaptation in the invasive weed Amaranthus palmeri remains unstudied. In this [...] Read more.

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) is an important enzyme in plant branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis and the target of several major herbicide classes. Despite its agronomic importance, the role of ALS genes in stress adaptation in the invasive weed Amaranthus palmeri remains unstudied. In this study, four ApALS genes with high motif conservation were identified and analyzed in A. palmeri. Phylogenetic analysis classified ApALS and other plant ALS proteins into two distinct clades, and the ApALS proteins were predicted to localize to the chloroplast. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that ApALS genes are responsive to multiple stresses, including salt, heat, osmotic stress, glufosinate ammonium, and the ALS-inhibiting herbicide imazethapyr, suggesting roles in both early and late stress responses. Herbicide response analysis using an Arabidopsis thaliana ALS mutant (AT3G48560) revealed enhanced imazethapyr resistance, associated with higher chlorophyll retention. Furthermore, high sequence homology between AT3G48560 and ApALS1 suggests a conserved role in protecting photosynthetic function during herbicide stress. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the ALS gene family in A. palmeri and offers important insights into its contribution to stress resilience. These findings establish a vital foundation for developing novel strategies to control this pervasive agricultural weed and present potential genetic targets for engineering herbicide tolerance in crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular, Biochemical and Developmental Adaptations of Plants Under Abiotic Stress)

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16 pages, 3532 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates on Spring Maize Yield and Soil Nitrogen Balance Under Straw Returning Conditions of Cold Regions

by Jinghong Ji, Shuangquan Liu, Xiaoyu Hao, Yu Zheng, Yue Zhao, Yuqi Xia, Zhanqiang Xing and Wei Guo

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3087; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193087 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 258

Abstract

Under the condition of straw returning to the field, appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application is one of the key factors used to improve crop yield and ensure environmental safety. Therefore, an experiment with different rates of nitrogen fertilization was conducted with a randomized block [...] Read more.

Under the condition of straw returning to the field, appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application is one of the key factors used to improve crop yield and ensure environmental safety. Therefore, an experiment with different rates of nitrogen fertilization was conducted with a randomized block design in Harbin, China. The straw was deeply plowed back into the field after harvest in the autumn. The nitrogen application rates were 0, 75, 150, 180, 225, and 300 kg·ha⁻¹. The purpose of this study is to clarify the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer under the condition of straw returning to the field and to provide technical support for high-yield and high-efficiency maize in cold regions. The results indicated that the yield of maize first increased and then stabilized as the amount of nitrogen fertilizer increased, while the economic benefits first increased and then decreased. When the nitrogen application rate exceeds 225 kg·ha⁻¹ or is lower than 150 kg·ha⁻¹, the economic benefits significantly decrease. When high-nitrogen fertilizer rates of 225 kg·ha⁻¹ and 300 kg·ha⁻¹ were applied, the residual nitrate nitrogen in the soil was increased by 2.1 times and 2.3 times, respectively, compared to before sowing. With the increase in the nitrogen application rate, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and agronomic efficiency decreased, and the apparent nitrogen loss and nitrogen surplus significantly increased. Comprehensively considering the maize yield, benefits, and environmental risk factors the suitable nitrogen application rate was in a range of 170.2 kg·ha⁻¹ to 178.2 kg·ha⁻¹ in the first year and 150.0 kg·ha⁻¹ to 171.3 kg·ha⁻¹ in the second year. This work provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and high-yield and high-efficiency spring maize under the condition of straw returning to the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition for Improved Crop Production)

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11 pages, 2347 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus Decreases Chlorophyll a Content in Cucurbit Crops by Upregulating the Key Gene in Chlorophyll Catabolic Pathway, Chlorophyllase 1

by Zhenggang Li, Yafei Tang, Guobing Lan, Lin Yu, Shanwen Ding, Zifu He and Xiaoman She

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193086 - 6 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV, Tobamovirus viridimaculae) is a tobamovirus that induces leaf green mottling, mosaic patterns, bleaching, fruit sponginess, rotting, and malformation symptoms in various cucurbit crops. The underlying mechanisms by which CGMMV elicits these symptoms have yet to be [...] Read more.

Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV, Tobamovirus viridimaculae) is a tobamovirus that induces leaf green mottling, mosaic patterns, bleaching, fruit sponginess, rotting, and malformation symptoms in various cucurbit crops. The underlying mechanisms by which CGMMV elicits these symptoms have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we observed that the infection of CGMMV in bottle gourd, but not in N. benthamiana, led to the significant upregulation of a key gene involved in chlorophyll degradation, Chlorophyllase 1 (CLH1). This induction may be closely linked to chlorophyll degradation, particularly that of chlorophyll a (Clh a) in bottle gourd plants. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of BgCLH1 has a closer relationship with those of CLH1 from other cucurbit crops and has a relatively farther relationship with those of the well-studied CLH1 from Arabidopsis thaliana and Citrus sinensis. Further, confocal microscopy analysis indicated that BgCLH1 may be localized to the cytoplasm instead of the chloroplast. Moreover, silencing of the BgCLH1 gene not only reduced viral accumulation but also resulted in an increase in chlorophyll content. Similar results were also observed in watermelon, suggesting that this regulatory mechanism may be conserved across cucurbit crops. Our findings thus reveal a complex and intricate interplay between viral infection and the chlorophyll metabolic pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Viruses, Viroids and Phytoplasmas: Insight into Evolutionary, Pathogenicity, and Epidemiology Studies—2nd Edition)

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Plants, Volume 14, Issue 19 (October-1 2025) – 174 articles

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