Behavioral Sciences

28 pages, 302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation into the Perspectives and Experiences of Physically Active Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Andy Pringle, Evelyn Oldale, Ella Rowley and Clare M. P. Roscoe

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050598 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Contemporary physical activity (PA) strategies emphasise the PA needs of sedentary and inactive groups, with less emphasis placed on physically active groups. Understanding the needs of physically active groups is important in helping people to keep active. This study investigated the perspectives and [...] Read more.

Contemporary physical activity (PA) strategies emphasise the PA needs of sedentary and inactive groups, with less emphasis placed on physically active groups. Understanding the needs of physically active groups is important in helping people to keep active. This study investigated the perspectives and experiences of physically active adults (‘Actives’) during the COVID-19 pandemic, including their PA levels, barriers and facilitators to/for PA, the strategies they deployed to keep active and their experiences of the messaging of Government health and PA guidelines. Following recruitment, thirteen in depth semi-structured interviews were undertaken with adult men and women who reported meeting the UK Chief Medical Officer’s PA guidelines before the COVID-19 pandemic commenced. Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis identified five key themes and related sub-themes: (I) PA participation; (II) barriers to PA participation, including overcrowding of the PA space, conflict between different groups and negative mental health; (III) facilitators for PA, including place/residence, rural location, social support and good mental wellbeing; (IV) strategies to keep active, including improvisation, substitution of PA mode, scheduling PA, social support and goal setting; (V) guidance and messaging on the health guidelines, including PA promotion for strength and balance, mental health and where to receive information on PA. This study provides valuable insights for PA promotion for Actives at an unprecedented time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Mental Health: The Diverse Evidence and New Avenues)

18 pages, 810 KiB

Open AccessReview

Empathy Changes Among Chinese College Students in the Context of Marketization

by Xiaofei Liu and Ziqiang Xin

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050597 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

China’s marketization refers to the systemic reform process of transitioning from a planned economy to a market economy, which has significantly contributed to the country’s economic development. However, the interest-oriented nature of marketization may also somewhat erode social morality. Given that empathy is [...] Read more.

China’s marketization refers to the systemic reform process of transitioning from a planned economy to a market economy, which has significantly contributed to the country’s economic development. However, the interest-oriented nature of marketization may also somewhat erode social morality. Given that empathy is the basis of morality and prosocial behavior, the present study produced a cross-temporal meta-analysis of 89 studies using the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index as a measuring instrument and outlined the empathy changes among 48,400 Chinese college students from 2009 to 2019. Then, this study tested the conjecture that empathy is weakening in marketization process. The results reveal that Chinese college students’ empathy level declined over time and was negatively correlated with the marketization level. This finding contributes to understanding the relationship between the marketization reform and moral psychology change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

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17 pages, 301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overcoming Sexual Harassment at University: The Case of the Training Intervention in the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

by Olga Serradell and Lidia Puigvert

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050596 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The social and behavioral sciences have contributed enormously to our understanding of societies and the relationships between individuals within them. Sexual harassment is a universal social problem that is reproduced in different contexts and societies. However, institutions such as universities have made it [...] Read more.

The social and behavioral sciences have contributed enormously to our understanding of societies and the relationships between individuals within them. Sexual harassment is a universal social problem that is reproduced in different contexts and societies. However, institutions such as universities have made it invisible, contributing to the impunity of harassers and the vulnerability of victims. This has been the case for decades in countries such as Spain. Today, universities are implementing training measures to prevent such behavior. This article analyzes, from a dialogic sociological perspective, one of these interventions in terms of its success and impact on the academic community: the “Training for the Prevention of Gender-Based Violence at the University”, implemented by the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Spain) between 2021 and 2024. The article defines and analyzes its main characteristics: (1) the contents based on scientific evidence; (2) the human commitment of the trainers; and (3) the dialogue with the solidarity network World MeToo Universities. The article concludes that the positive impact of this pioneering intervention in the academic community constitutes a universal and transferable successful action to overcome gender-based violence in universities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives on Violence and Sexual Harassment)

20 pages, 618 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Music and Language in Williams Syndrome: An Integrative and Systematic Mini-Review

by Jérémy Villatte, Agnès Lacroix, Laure Ibernon, Christelle Declerq, Amandine Hippolyte, Guillaume Vivier and Nathalie Marec-Breton

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050595 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) are known for their interest in language and music. As producing and comprehending music and language usually involve a set of similar or comparable cognitive abilities, the music–language relationship might be of interest to better understand WS. We [...] Read more.

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) are known for their interest in language and music. As producing and comprehending music and language usually involve a set of similar or comparable cognitive abilities, the music–language relationship might be of interest to better understand WS. We identified, analyzed, and synthesized research articles on music and language among individuals with WS. Three different databases were searched (SCOPUS, PubMed, PsycInfo). Eight research articles were identified after screening, based on title, abstract and full text. In this integrative–systematic review, we assess methodologies, report findings and examine the current understanding of several subdimensions of the relationship between music and language. The findings suggest that basic musical abilities such as tone, rhythm and pitch discrimination are correlated with several verbal skills, particularly the understanding of prosody. Musical practice seems to benefit individuals with WS, in particular for prosody understanding and verbal memory. A correlation was also observed between emotional responsiveness to music and verbal ability. Further studies are needed to better characterize the relationship between music and language in WS. The clinical use of musical practice could be of interest in improving prosodic skills and verbal memory, which deserves extended experimental investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)

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14 pages, 1493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When Regular Education Is Not Effective and Conflicts Arise Between Systems: The Importance of Independent Educational Evaluations

by Dudley J. Wiest, Deven I. Landeros and Grahamm M. Wiest

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050594 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Addressing the educational needs of children with learning challenges is often a complex issue, with few clear-cut accommodations that lead to high levels of interventional efficacy. This is especially true within the context of the child’s own developmental change, a dynamic school setting, [...] Read more.

Addressing the educational needs of children with learning challenges is often a complex issue, with few clear-cut accommodations that lead to high levels of interventional efficacy. This is especially true within the context of the child’s own developmental change, a dynamic school setting, and numerous family considerations. As a result, it is not uncommon for there to be disagreements among the school’s and the family’s perspective on how to best address the child’s educational, socio-emotional, and general developmental needs. This paper addresses this common occurrence in the United States public school system and discusses a model for how independent educational evaluations can be conducted to best inform the process that is intended to lead to appropriate and effective educational support for a student. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Academic Performance: Understanding Complex Student Outcomes Through an Integrative Lens)

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20 pages, 1005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reasons for Swearing as a Form of Self-Talk in Sport and Exercise: Development and Validation of a New Questionnaire

by Noam Manor and Gershon Tenenbaum

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050593 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 119

Abstract

Swearing is a powerful and emotionally charged form of language that has recently gained increased scholarly attention. While commonly used for emotional release, its role in sport and exercise ‘self-talk’ remains understudied. Prior evidence suggests that swearing may aid in pain management, emotion [...] Read more.

Swearing is a powerful and emotionally charged form of language that has recently gained increased scholarly attention. While commonly used for emotional release, its role in sport and exercise ‘self-talk’ remains understudied. Prior evidence suggests that swearing may aid in pain management, emotion regulation, and performance enhancement, yet research in athletic contexts has largely focused on conventional self-talk. To address this gap, the present study developed and validated the Reasons for Swearing in Sport and Exercise Questionnaire (RSSEQ), a novel tool assessing reasons motivating swearing among competitive athletes, coaches, and recreational exercisers. A total of 513 participants completed the RSSEQ. Exploratory (n = 333) and confirmatory (n = 180) factor analyses supported a three-factor structure: Stress and Emotional Catharsis, Mental Strength Enhancement, and Coping with Physical Discomfort and Pain. Males reported greater use of swearing for mental strength and pain-related coping, while no gender differences were observed for emotional catharsis. Athletes reported more swearing for emotional catharsis than did coaches, but no differences emerged in motivational or pain-related use. No significant differences were found between competitive and recreational athletes or between team and individual sport participants. These findings establish a foundation for future research on the psychological functions of swearing in sport and exercise, encouraging further exploration of its effectiveness and potential integration into mental training strategies, alongside more traditional self-talk approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioral and Psychosocial Dynamics of Sports and Exercise)

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25 pages, 1889 KiB

Open AccessReview

Twenty-Four-Hour Movement Behaviors and Social Functions in Neurodiverse Children: A Scoping Review

by Chengwen Fan, Pan Liu, Zongyu Yang, Liqin Yin and Shuge Zhang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050592 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 95

Abstract

Research on how an active lifestyle impacts the social functions of neurodiverse children, particularly within the context of twenty-four-hour (24 h) movement behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep), has been emerging but has yet to receive a systematic synthesis. In this scoping [...] Read more.

Research on how an active lifestyle impacts the social functions of neurodiverse children, particularly within the context of twenty-four-hour (24 h) movement behaviors (i.e., physical activity, sedentary behaviors, sleep), has been emerging but has yet to receive a systematic synthesis. In this scoping review, we aimed (1) to synthesize current knowledge in the field of 24 h movement behaviors and social functions in neurodiverse children; and (2) to offer insights into implications for future research and practices. Specifically, we conducted a systematic search via four databases, namely the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOhost, through 31st December 2024, and followed scoping review guidelines for results synthesis. The initial search returned 2342 articles, of which 50 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria following a robust selection and screening process. These retained studies were published between 2004 and 2024, primarily focused on children with neurodiversity of autism spectrum disorder, or ASD (70%), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD (23%), and using quantitative methods (84%). Only 6% of studies considered the combined effects of different 24 h movement behaviors, with most examining physical activity alone. Longer group exercise interventions were found to be more effective in improving social functions in neurodiverse children. Overall, the findings support the position that 24 h behaviors have a positive influence on the social functioning of neurodiverse children. However, current research tends to focus primarily on ASD, uses quantitative methods, and often overlooks the combined effects of physical activity, sleep, and sedentary behavior. Future studies should address these limitations and examine 24 h movement behaviors in children with a broader range of neurodiverse characteristics. Research and practices should also consider qualitative approaches as a complement to quantitative measures for monitoring and evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Mental Health: The Diverse Evidence and New Avenues)

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8 pages, 185 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

From “Mental/Psychological Disorder” and/or “Individual Pattern of Adaptation” Toward “Developmental Trajectories During the Lifespan”

by Donatella R. Petretto, Alessandro Mura, Mattia Vacca, Gian Pietro Carrogu, Luca Gaviano, Riccardo Atzori and Carmelo Masala

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050591 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 100

Abstract

A general and still open question in clinical psychology is the crucial one: “What is a psychological/mental disorder?”. In the second half of the 20th century and now, the question has been addressed along two different parallel paths/approaches: one path aimed to classify [...] Read more.

A general and still open question in clinical psychology is the crucial one: “What is a psychological/mental disorder?”. In the second half of the 20th century and now, the question has been addressed along two different parallel paths/approaches: one path aimed to classify those disorders, also thanks to the development of the international classification manuals (DSM and ICD); another path aimed to describe in what ways those “disorders” manifest themselves in the life of each individual. While the first path used explicitly the word “disorder”, the second one mainly preferred to use the words “pattern of adaptation/maladaptation”. In this brief perspective paper, we will discuss both paths and approaches, according to the perspective of clinical psychology and as a result of a narrative review. We discuss some differences between the two paths, some points of contact between them, and some critical issues. Moreover, we will briefly discuss a third integrative path that may integrate the first two. We then discussed if the third integrative path may increase the strength of both previous ones and overcome their limits, with the aim to support individual patterns of adjustment, prevent “mental/psychological disorder” and empower individuals in coping with adverse life events during all the phases of lifespan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Psychopathology and Developmental Trajectories)

19 pages, 935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Perceived Overqualification on Workplace Procrastination: The Role of Public Service Motivation and Perceived Prosocial Impact

by Wenzheng Qiu, Xinyu Dong and Chenhui Liu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050590 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 175

Abstract

Workplace procrastination is widespread in the public sector and has severe negative implications. However, research specifically focusing on workplace procrastination among civil servants remains scarce. Drawing on the person–environment (P–E) fit theory and the public service motivation (PSM) fit perspective, this study examines [...] Read more.

Workplace procrastination is widespread in the public sector and has severe negative implications. However, research specifically focusing on workplace procrastination among civil servants remains scarce. Drawing on the person–environment (P–E) fit theory and the public service motivation (PSM) fit perspective, this study examines the relationship between perceived overqualification (POQ) and workplace procrastination through job boredom, and further explores how PSM and perceived prosocial impact moderate this relationship. Based on a survey of 363 Chinese civil servants, the findings reveal a positive correlation between POQ and workplace procrastination through job boredom, and this correlation is weaker for civil servants with high PSM than for those with low PSM. A three-way interaction analysis indicates that perceived prosocial impact enhances the ability of PSM to reduce job boredom caused by POQ, which in turn weakens the association between POQ and workplace procrastination. Moreover, when civil servants with high PSM perceive their work as having a high prosocial impact, the association between POQ and workplace procrastination becomes nonsignificant. This study introduces a person–environment interaction perspective for understanding the antecedents of workplace procrastination, underscores the costs of POQ in public organizations, and offers valuable insights for preventing workplace procrastination among civil servants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preventing and Addressing Negative Behaviors in the Workplace)

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11 pages, 711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rejection Sensitivity and Problematic Internet Use Among Medical Students: A Moderated Mediation Model Involving Loneliness and Self-Control

by Cheng Xu, Meiling Liao and Youjuan Hong

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050589 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 85

Abstract

The internet has evolved into an integral facet of the life and educational experience of college students. However, the driving force behind problematic internet use in medical students remains largely unexplored. Based on the cognitive–behavioral model and the affect regulation model of vulnerability, [...] Read more.

The internet has evolved into an integral facet of the life and educational experience of college students. However, the driving force behind problematic internet use in medical students remains largely unexplored. Based on the cognitive–behavioral model and the affect regulation model of vulnerability, the present study seeks to investigate the underlying mechanism of the association between rejection sensitivity and problematic internet use among medical students. A total of 435 undergraduate medical students were investigated using the Tendency to Expect Rejection Scale, Loneliness Scale, Self-control Scale, and Problematic Internet Test. The results revealed that rejection sensitivity could positively predict loneliness and problematic internet use. Mediation analyses revealed that loneliness served as a mediator in the link between rejection sensitivity and problematic internet use. Additionally, self-control moderated the second stage of the indirect effects in the relationship between rejection sensitivity and problematic internet use. These findings theoretically deepen our understanding of the psychological pathways and the boundary conditions linking medical students’ rejection sensitivity to their problematic internet use, while also offering valuable practical implications for decreasing problematic internet use. Full article

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19 pages, 398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Longitudinal Analysis of the Relationship Between Self-Determined Motivation and Prosocial Orientation of Volunteer Tourists: The Mediating Role of Identity Processing Styles in Young Adults

by Liyuan Zhang and Anmin Huang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050588 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 150

Abstract

The motivational dimensions of volunteer tourists have been a focal point of scholarly debate, closely aligning with their prosocial orientations. Limited attention has been given to examining these relationships through the lens of identity formation among young tourists. To address this gap, this [...] Read more.

The motivational dimensions of volunteer tourists have been a focal point of scholarly debate, closely aligning with their prosocial orientations. Limited attention has been given to examining these relationships through the lens of identity formation among young tourists. To address this gap, this study conducted a two-wave longitudinal investigation into the linkage between volunteer tourists’ self-determined motivation and their prosocial orientation, with identity processing styles serving as a mediator. The sample (n = 291) consisted of freshmen and sophomores participating in a volunteer teaching program during the summer of 2024. We measured the variables of interest both before and after their attendance. In addition to direct effects, our findings observed two significant indirect pathways: (1) Wave 1 autonomous motivation was positively associated with an informational identity style at Wave 1, which predicted Wave 2 other-oriented helping tendency; and (2) Wave 1 controlled motivation was positively related to a normative identity style at Wave 1, which accounted for self-oriented helping propensity at Wave 2. Furthermore, the first relationship was uni-directional, as the coefficient for the reverse pathway (i.e., Wave 1 other-oriented helping → Wave 1 informational identity style → Wave 2 autonomous motivation) was not significant. In contrast, the second relationship was bi-directional, wherein Wave 1 self-oriented helping was positively associated with a normative identity style at Wave 1, which subsequently predicted Wave 2 controlled motivation. Taken together, our study contributes to the literature on altruistic motives, prosocial behavior, identity development, and volunteer tourism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influencing Factors of Prosociality: How Humans Cooperate with Others)

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17 pages, 889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Usage of AI in Teaching and Students’ Creativity: The Mediating Role of Learning Engagement and the Moderating Role of AI Literacy

by Min Zhou and Song Peng

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050587 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 246

Abstract

With the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, the application of AI in the field of education has gradually become one of the key factors in improving teaching quality and student abilities. Based on the conservation of resources theory, this study explores [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology, the application of AI in the field of education has gradually become one of the key factors in improving teaching quality and student abilities. Based on the conservation of resources theory, this study explores how the usage of AI in teaching impacts students’ creativity, exploring the mediating role of learning engagement and the moderating role of AI literacy. The research finds that the usage of AI in teaching significantly enhances students’ creativity, with learning engagement playing a mediating role in this process, thereby promoting creativity improvement. In addition, AI literacy moderates the relationship between the usage of AI in teaching and learning engagement. The results of this study not only expand the application of the conservation of resources theory in the field of education but also emphasize the important role of AI literacy in AI teaching, providing valuable policy suggestions for educational practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Employee Behavior on Digital-AI Transformation)

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17 pages, 493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Moderating Effect of Language Attitude in the Interplay Among Social Media Addiction, Social Pain and Internet Trolling in College Students

by Qingshu Xu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050586 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 108

Abstract

This study investigates the moderating effect of language attitude on the relationships among social media addiction, social pain, and internet trolling among college students. A sample of 891 students from various colleges and universities completed validated measures assessing their levels of social media [...] Read more.

This study investigates the moderating effect of language attitude on the relationships among social media addiction, social pain, and internet trolling among college students. A sample of 891 students from various colleges and universities completed validated measures assessing their levels of social media addiction, social pain, internet trolling, and language attitude. Using a latent variable approach within a multigroup structural equation modeling (SEM) framework, participants were divided into three groups (high, medium, and low language attitude) based on their language attitude scores. The SEM analysis revealed distinct patterns across groups. In the high language attitude group, both social media addiction and social pain significantly predicted internet trolling, with standardized regression coefficients of 0.564 and 0.728, respectively. In the medium language attitude group, the predictive effects remained significant; however, the magnitude of the coefficients decreased markedly (0.264 for social media addiction and 0.562 for social pain). In contrast, in the low language attitude group, neither social media addiction nor social pain emerged as significant predictors of internet trolling. Interestingly, the covariance between social media addiction and social pain remained consistent across the three groups, suggesting a stable interrelationship irrespective of language attitude level. These findings imply that language attitude plays a crucial moderating role in the interplay among social media addiction, social pain, and internet trolling. Specifically, higher levels of language attitude appear to amplify the effects of social media addiction and social pain on internet trolling behavior, while lower levels attenuate these associations. The results underscore the importance of considering individual differences in language attitudes when developing intervention strategies aimed at mitigating problematic online behaviors among college students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Deep Links: Emotional Regulation, Psychological Symptomatology, and Addictions)

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24 pages, 1100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity? Great for Most Just Less So for Me: How Cognitive Abstraction Affects Diversity Attitudes and Choices

by Claudia Toma, Ashli B. Carter and Katherine W. Phillips

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050585 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 140

Abstract

Individuals’ decisions to promote or limit diversity in the workplace are ambivalent and may be influenced by their cognitive focus. Drawing from construal level theory, we test across five studies whether individuals are more supportive of diversity when diversity is thought of more [...] Read more.

Individuals’ decisions to promote or limit diversity in the workplace are ambivalent and may be influenced by their cognitive focus. Drawing from construal level theory, we test across five studies whether individuals are more supportive of diversity when diversity is thought of more abstractly versus concretely. Furthermore, we examined the salience of diversity pros and cons as the underlying mechanisms, as well as the role of egalitarian beliefs as a boundary condition for this discrepancy. We tested these hypotheses in five studies, which varied in samples, cognitive focus manipulation, and measures. Dutch and American individuals indicated more positive attitudes toward diversity (Studies 1 and 2) and made more choices that enhanced diversity (Studies 2 and 5) when they considered diversity abstractly (for most companies and teams) rather than concretely (for their own company and teams). Furthermore, the discrepancy in diversity attitudes by construal level was more pronounced among individuals with egalitarian beliefs (Study 3) and was driven by the heightened salience of diversity pros at more abstract versus concrete levels of construal (Study 4). This research contributes to further understanding the ambivalent view of diversity and provides concrete recommendations for diversity management in organizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity, Identity, and Inclusion in Education, Health, and Work: Ensuring No One Is Left Behind)

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15 pages, 577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interplay Among Classroom Environment, Grit, and Enjoyment in Shaping Feedback-Seeking Behavior in L2 Writing

by Wenqian Luan and Jianqiang Quan

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050584 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 150

Abstract

The interplay among classroom environment, grit, and enjoyment in shaping the feedback-seeking behavior (FSB) of Chinese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners remains underexplored. This study investigates how the classroom psychological environment and L2 grit influence FSB, categorized as feedback monitoring (FM, [...] Read more.

The interplay among classroom environment, grit, and enjoyment in shaping the feedback-seeking behavior (FSB) of Chinese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners remains underexplored. This study investigates how the classroom psychological environment and L2 grit influence FSB, categorized as feedback monitoring (FM, the passive observation of feedback) and feedback inquiry (FI, proactive requests for clarification), in the context of L2 writing. This study also focuses on the mediating role of foreign language enjoyment (FLE) in this process. A mixed-methods design was utilized to study 612 Chinese junior secondary students aged 13–15 with over five years of formal English instruction. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that perseverance of effort (POE) and consistency of interest (COI), as two dimensions of L2 grit, directly predicted FM (β = 0.19 and 0.27, respectively) but not FI. The classroom environment indirectly enhanced both FM (β = 0.05) and FI (β = 0.09) through FLE. Qualitative interviews highlighted cultural constraints: 83.3% of participants prioritized FM over FI due to face-saving norms, despite high grit levels (M = 3.61 on a 5-point scale), underscoring cultural barriers to proactive feedback-seeking in Chinese collectivist classrooms. These findings validate the tripartite framework of positive psychology in L2 learning and propose strategies to balance institutional support, grit cultivation, and cultural sensitivity in fostering adaptive FSB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psycho-Affective Processes and Their Role in Development, Learning, and Well-Being Throughout Life)

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12 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Path Out: Using Video Games to Reduce Prejudice Towards Refugees

by Liam Cross, Gray Atherton and Chris Stiff

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050583 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 107

Abstract

Historically, research on video games has centred on their potentially adverse effects, though more recently, work has started to explore the benefits. Here, we investigate whether playing a video game portraying a refugee’s plight in escaping war-torn Syria could affect implicit and explicit [...] Read more.

Historically, research on video games has centred on their potentially adverse effects, though more recently, work has started to explore the benefits. Here, we investigate whether playing a video game portraying a refugee’s plight in escaping war-torn Syria could affect implicit and explicit attitudes towards that social group. We show that after 30 min of game play embodying a Syrian refugee, participants showed reduced prejudicial attitudes and increased empathy towards Syrian refugees compared to those playing a mechanically similar but contextually unrelated game. While implicit attitudes followed the same direction, this difference was not statistically significant. Potential theoretical underpinnings of these findings, including perspective taking, embodiment, and contact perspectives for prejudice reduction, are discussed. Full article

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22 pages, 1226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Collectivism and Virtual Idol Characteristics Influence Purchase Intentions: A Dual-Mediation Model of Parasocial Interaction and Flow Experience

by Yang Du, Wenjing Xu, Yinghua Piao and Ziyang Liu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050582 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 130

Abstract

With the rise of virtual idols in marketing, especially in collectivist cultures, their impact on consumer behavior warrants further exploration. This study applies social identity theory, flow theory, and the SOR model to examine how collectivism and virtual idol characteristics (external characteristics, content [...] Read more.

With the rise of virtual idols in marketing, especially in collectivist cultures, their impact on consumer behavior warrants further exploration. This study applies social identity theory, flow theory, and the SOR model to examine how collectivism and virtual idol characteristics (external characteristics, content features, and homophily) influence Chinese consumers’ purchase intentions through parasocial interaction (PSI) and flow experience. A survey of 496 respondents, analyzed via structural equation modeling (SEM), shows that collectivism and virtual idol characteristics positively affect PSI, with homophily having the strongest impact. PSI enhances flow experience, and both PSI and flow experience drive purchase intention. PSI and flow experience serve as dual mediators in the model. This study advances research by empirically validating collectivism’s role in PSI, differentiating virtual idol characteristics, and modeling dual mediation. The key contributions of this study are as follows: (1) treating culture as an independent variable to empirically examine its impact on psychological mechanisms, and (2) deconstructing virtual idol characteristics into three dimensions—external, content, and homophily—to reveal their distinct influence on consumer psychology. Findings offer strategic insights for brands, recommending a dual-track approach integrating cultural adaptation and feature design to enhance consumer engagement and purchasing behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

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28 pages, 1263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of UI Design Attributes and Users’ Uncertainty Avoidance on Stickiness of the Young Elderly Toward mHealth Applications

by Zibin Chen and Jaehwan Lee

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050581 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 187

Abstract

The advantages of mHealth applications have been widely recognized. However, the existing literature rarely explores how user interface (UI) design and individual cultural values influence elderly users’ mHealth application stickiness, particularly among the young elderly. This study examines how two UI design attributes [...] Read more.

The advantages of mHealth applications have been widely recognized. However, the existing literature rarely explores how user interface (UI) design and individual cultural values influence elderly users’ mHealth application stickiness, particularly among the young elderly. This study examines how two UI design attributes (usability and aesthetics) and individual uncertainty avoidance (from Hofstede’s cultural dimensions) influence elderly users’ stickiness to mHealth applications. The study used PLS-SEM to analyze survey data from 492 elderly people in China. The research results indicate that uncertainty avoidance cultural values are negatively correlated with psychological engagement. The UI design attributes (aesthetic and usability) are positively correlated with psychological engagement, with learnability (usability sub-attributes) having the most significant impact. Furthermore, the study also reveals the serial mediation role of psychological engagement and user internal experiences (satisfaction and attachment). Notably, this study enriches the current literature on user behavior regarding mHealth applications by elucidating the process of user stickiness, incorporating UI design attributes and individual uncertainty avoidance cultural values. These findings offer valuable theoretical and practical insights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Technology on Human Behavior)

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24 pages, 809 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Applications of Behavioral Change Theories and Models in Health Promotion Interventions: A Rapid Review

by Areti-Dimitra Koulouvari, Artemis Margariti, Evanthia Sakellari, Anastasia Barbouni and Areti Lagiou

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050580 - 25 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Health behavior change is considered to be central in health promotion, as it can amplify disease prevention and reduce morbidity and mortality at the individual, community, or population level. Behavioral epidemiology, an emerging field of epidemiology, emphasizes the development of integrated, theory-grounded, and [...] Read more.

Health behavior change is considered to be central in health promotion, as it can amplify disease prevention and reduce morbidity and mortality at the individual, community, or population level. Behavioral epidemiology, an emerging field of epidemiology, emphasizes the development of integrated, theory-grounded, and evidence-based health promotion interventions. In this context, the present rapid review aims to explore and identify the application of behavioral change theories and models in health promotion interventions, which may address a wide range of topics and may target diverse population groups. The search was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines for scoping reviews. The selected studies were published between 2014 and 2024. A total of forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of the selected studies employed a combination of behavioral theories and/or models. Some studies were grounded in specific behavioral theories or models, while others developed emerging models. The results of this rapid review suggest that health promotion interventions grounded in behavioral theories/models indicate significant promise. However, further research is needed to pave the way for more effective and efficient health promotion interventions targeting in behavior change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rapid Reviews for Behavioral Health)

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19 pages, 1880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Spectrum of Internet Use in a Healthy Sample: Altered Psychological States and Intact Brain Responses to an Equiprobable Go/NoGo Task

by Dovile Simkute, Povilas Tarailis, Evaldas Pipinis and Inga Griskova-Bulanova

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050579 - 25 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Problematic internet use (PIU) is linked to psychological distress and cognitive alterations, yet its early pre-clinical effects remain unclear. This study explored the psychological, behavioral, and neurophysiological correlates of PIU in a healthy, non-clinical population, focusing on response inhibition and execution within internet [...] Read more.

Problematic internet use (PIU) is linked to psychological distress and cognitive alterations, yet its early pre-clinical effects remain unclear. This study explored the psychological, behavioral, and neurophysiological correlates of PIU in a healthy, non-clinical population, focusing on response inhibition and execution within internet use patterns. A total of 133 participants (74 females, aged 18–35) were assessed using PIUQ-9 and DPIU questionnaires, along with measures of anxiety, depression, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms. An auditory equiprobable Go/NoGo task was used and event-related potentials (ERPs; N1/N2/P2/P3) were analyzed in relation to PIU severity and different online activities engagement. Additionally, behavioral, psychological, and neurophysiological profiles of individuals with high and low PIU levels were compared. PIU severity correlated with anxiety, depression, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, while Go/NoGo task accuracy was unaffected. N1 amplitudes negatively correlated with PIU severity and gaming engagement, suggesting altered early sensory processing. NoGo-P3 latency positively correlated with information search engagement, indicating delayed inhibitory processing in frequent online searchers. High and low PIU groups differed in psychological measures but not in ERP or behavioral measures. Our findings confirm psychological distress in PIU alongside subtle neurophysiological alterations, suggesting that ERP measures in the equiprobable Go/NoGo task may not be highly sensitive PIU risk biomarkers in non-clinical populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tackling Cyberbullying, Social Media, and Problematic Internet and Mobile Use: Research and Strategies for Effective Intervention)

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16 pages, 841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Lost Opportunity to Reduce Future Risk Among Justice-Involved Young Adults Through HIV Testing and Counseling

by Nicholas S. Riano, Jordan Beardslee and Elizabeth Cauffman

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050578 - 25 Apr 2025

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Abstract

HIV rates among young adults remain high, and those impacted by the justice system are at particular risk. Understanding the factors associated with HIV testing, as well as determining changes in risk behavior after an HIV test, may inform interventions to reduce HIV [...] Read more.

HIV rates among young adults remain high, and those impacted by the justice system are at particular risk. Understanding the factors associated with HIV testing, as well as determining changes in risk behavior after an HIV test, may inform interventions to reduce HIV prevalence among this population. As such, this study sought to determine the individual, contextual, and demographic factors associated with HIV testing among legal-system-impacted young adults and to explore whether a first HIV test is associated with changes in future risk behavior when compared to Never Tested individuals. Significant predictors of HIV testing included the absence of a biological father (OR = 0.68, p = 0.049), a higher variety of lifetime offending (OR = 4.74, p = 0.015), and living in Philadelphia vs. Phoenix (OR = 3.07, p < 0.001). Compared to those never tested for HIV, those newly tested significantly increased in their number of unprotected sexual partners (b = 0.52, p < 0.001) and in the number of times they had unprotected sex (b = 0.47, p < 0.001) one year later. This study is one of the first to assess predictors of HIV testing among legal-system-impacted young adults living across both community and carceral settings and to assess changes in risk behavior before and after a first HIV test. Future studies should investigate changes in risk behavior among those newly tested to inform HIV testing and care improvement interventions for this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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29 pages, 619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Materialistic Tendencies Lead to Less Empathy from Others

by Weinan Zeng, Yan Wang, Lijuan Cui and Ningning Feng

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050577 - 25 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Empathy is crucial for social cohesion and prosocial behavior, yet the influence of a target’s materialism on observers’ empathy remains underexplored. This research investigates whether and how a target’s materialistic tendencies influence observers’ empathy, and the mechanisms underlying this effect. We proposed three [...] Read more.

Empathy is crucial for social cohesion and prosocial behavior, yet the influence of a target’s materialism on observers’ empathy remains underexplored. This research investigates whether and how a target’s materialistic tendencies influence observers’ empathy, and the mechanisms underlying this effect. We proposed three hypotheses: (H1) observers exhibit less empathy for materialistic individuals compared to nonmaterialistic ones; (H2) perceived low morality mediates the negative effect of target materialism on empathy; and (H3) perceived lack of warmth also serves as a mediator. Across four studies, we tested these hypotheses. Study 1 (n = 190) found a significant difference in observers’ empathy toward high versus low materialistic targets. Study 2 (n = 362) demonstrated that this effect resulted from decreased empathy toward materialistic individuals rather than increased empathy toward nonmaterialistic ones, and together with Study 1, supported H1. Study 3 (n = 375) ruled out perceived social class as an alternative explanation, providing additional evidence for the independent effect of target materialism on empathy. Study 4 (n = 785) tested H2 and H3, and confirmed that perceived morality and perceived warmth both significantly mediated the effect of target materialism on observers’ empathy. These findings enhance our understanding of the negative social consequences of materialism and contribute to the literature on selective empathy and person perception. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impression Formation and Decision Making)

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25 pages, 412 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Relationship Between Motor Development and ADHD: A Critical Review and Future Directions

by Gabrielle A. Shimko and Karin H. James

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050576 - 24 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Despite the prevalence of motor difficulties in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) throughout development, it is neglected as a factor underlying the etiology or functional impairment. This paper reviews the behavioral and neurological evidence linking motor difficulties to ADHD, arguing that existing theories [...] Read more.

Despite the prevalence of motor difficulties in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) throughout development, it is neglected as a factor underlying the etiology or functional impairment. This paper reviews the behavioral and neurological evidence linking motor difficulties to ADHD, arguing that existing theories explaining this relationship are oversimplified. Instead, embodied theories of development offer a more comprehensive evaluation of the mechanistic relationship among the motor system, cognitive development, and subsequent functional impairment in ADHD throughout early development. The integration of these perspectives will ultimately inform our understanding of the etiology of ADHD and inspire novel approaches for identification and intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Early Sensorimotor Experiences in Cognitive Development)

16 pages, 1094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Choir Singing on International Students’ Sense of Belonging, Loneliness, and Wellbeing: A Controlled Evaluation of UQ Voices

by Rong Han, Vicki Bos, Fiona Wiebusch, Mary C. Broughton and Genevieve A. Dingle

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050575 - 24 Apr 2025

Viewed by 104

Abstract

International students beginning university face challenges, including loneliness and isolation. Research shows that choir singing can enhance social bonds and emotional wellbeing. However, its effect on international students remains underexplored. This study applied a social identity perspective to evaluate the impact of participation [...] Read more.

International students beginning university face challenges, including loneliness and isolation. Research shows that choir singing can enhance social bonds and emotional wellbeing. However, its effect on international students remains underexplored. This study applied a social identity perspective to evaluate the impact of participation in a university community choir on international students’ university identification (i.e., sense of belonging), loneliness, and wellbeing. A non-randomised controlled study was conducted with 53 international students at UQ, including 31 UQ Voices choir members (M_age = 24.90, 71.0% female) and 22 non-choir students (M_age = 24.18, 72.7% female). Participants completed measures of university identification, loneliness, and wellbeing at baseline (pre) and after 6–8 weeks (post), along with group-based psychosocial resources measures. Data were analysed using 2 (choir, control) × 2 (pre, post) ANOVAs. A significant interaction effect emerged for university identification (sense of belonging), with choir participants improving more than controls. A main effect of group emerged for wellbeing, with choir members reporting higher wellbeing. No significant effects for loneliness, which was not elevated at baseline. Choir identification was significantly related to psychosocial resources (self-esteem, control, meaning and purpose, and mood improvement). Choir singing may serve as a preventative intervention to support international students’ wellbeing by fostering a stronger sense of belonging in the new university and country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Music on Individual and Social Well-Being)

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48 pages, 720 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Social Media Use on Youth and Adolescent Mental Health: A Scoping Review of Reviews

by Nadine Agyapong-Opoku, Felix Agyapong-Opoku and Andrew J. Greenshaw

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050574 - 24 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Background: The impact of social media on adolescent mental health has become a critical area of research as social media usage has surged among youth. Despite extensive research, findings on this relationship remain inconsistent, with various studies reporting both negative and positive effects. [...] Read more.

Background: The impact of social media on adolescent mental health has become a critical area of research as social media usage has surged among youth. Despite extensive research, findings on this relationship remain inconsistent, with various studies reporting both negative and positive effects. This scoping review aims to clarify the multifaceted nature of this relationship by analyzing the recent literature. Objective: This review aims to analyze the current evidence regarding the effects of social media use on adolescent mental health, identify consistent patterns and discrepancies in the findings, identify gaps in our knowledge, and highlight opportunities for further research. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage approach. Searches were performed in PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus for articles published between July 2020 and July 2024. Inclusion criteria were systematic reviews, umbrella reviews, narrative reviews, and meta-analyses written in English focusing on youth/adolescents’ mental health and social media. The search strategy identified 1005 articles, of which 43 relevant articles survived the reviewer selection process, from which data were extracted and analyzed to inform this review. Results: The majority of studies linked social media use to adverse mental health outcomes, particularly depression and anxiety. However, the relationship was complex, with evidence suggesting that problematic use and passive consumption of social media were most strongly associated with adverse effects. In contrast, some studies highlighted positive aspects, including enhanced social support and reduced isolation. The mental health impact of social media use, specifically during the COVID-19 pandemic, was mixed, with the full range of neutral, negative, and positive effects reported. Conclusions: The nature of social media’s impact on adolescent mental health is highly individualistic and influenced by moderating factors. This review supports the notion that social media’s effects on adolescent mental health can be context specific and may be shaped by patterns of usage. A focus on longitudinal studies in future research will be useful for us to understand long-term effects and develop targeted interventions in this context. Enhancing digital literacy and creating supportive online environments are essential to maximizing the benefits of social media while mitigating its risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)

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15 pages, 898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

When Pressure Breeds Misconduct: Job Strain, Coworker Support, and Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior

by Gukdo Byun, Soojin Lee, Ye Dai, Jihyeon Rhie and Ji Hoon Lee

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050573 - 24 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Performance pressure is a pervasive organizational force with complex implications for employee behavior. Grounded in Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, this study examines how performance pressure influences unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) through the mediating role of job strain while also considering the moderating [...] Read more.

Performance pressure is a pervasive organizational force with complex implications for employee behavior. Grounded in Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, this study examines how performance pressure influences unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) through the mediating role of job strain while also considering the moderating effect of perceived coworker support. Using survey data from 280 police officers, our findings demonstrate that performance pressure significantly increases UPB, with job strain serving as a key explanatory mechanism. Moreover, perceived coworker support significantly mitigates both the direct impact of performance pressure on job strain and its indirect effect on UPB. By identifying the psychological mechanisms and boundary conditions underlying UPB, this study contributes to the literature on ethical decision-making in high-pressure work environments. The findings also offer practical insights for organizations seeking to mitigate the unintended consequences of performance-driven management practices through the cultivation of a supportive work climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)

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16 pages, 979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dark Side of Boys’ Compliments to Girls: Exploring Their Relationship with Sexism and Cyberviolence Towards Intimate Partners

by Yolanda Rodríguez-Castro, Rosana Martínez-Román and María Lameiras-Fernández

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050572 - 24 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency with which boys “compliment” girls, know their perceptions about whether girls like compliments, and discen whether they believe that society expects them to make such comments. The relationship of such compliments with the [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency with which boys “compliment” girls, know their perceptions about whether girls like compliments, and discen whether they believe that society expects them to make such comments. The relationship of such compliments with the level of ambivalent sexism and cyberviolence towards the partner was also evaluated. A total of 498 adolescent boys participated in this study, with a mean age of 16.01 years (SD = 1.02), recruited with the Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI) system. The main results obtained show that younger boys more frequently emit objectifying messages about women’s bodies than older boys. They believe these comments positively impact girls, thinking they are appreciated. These boys, especially younger boys, show higher levels of hostile and benevolent sexism and perform more cyberviolence towards their partners. Boys’ level of partner cybercontrol predicts the emission of comments about women’s bodies, especially in boys with a high level of hostile sexism. Therefore, to prevent sexual harassment, gender-based cyberviolence, and sexism, it is crucial for the educational system to promote comprehensive sex education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence Against Women)

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22 pages, 1498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of a Positive Psychology Intervention in Enhancing Optimism and Reducing Depression Among University Students: A Quasi-Experimental Study

by Elisenda Tarrats-Pons, Marc Mussons-Torras and Yirsa Jiménez-Pérez

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050571 - 24 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Positive psychology interventions in higher education can be pivotal in reducing depression rates among university students while also enhancing their optimism and well-being. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of implementing a 15-week group intervention on a sample of 194 students who [...] Read more.

Positive psychology interventions in higher education can be pivotal in reducing depression rates among university students while also enhancing their optimism and well-being. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of implementing a 15-week group intervention on a sample of 194 students who were assigned to either the intervention group (N = 126) or the control group (N = 68). Utilizing a quasi-experimental design with experimental and control conditions, pre- and post-intervention measures were administered to assess depression, optimism, pessimism, and perseverance towards long-term goals. Specifically, the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and the GRIT Scale were employed. The results indicate that students in the experimental group reported significantly higher levels of optimism and reduced depression rates compared to the control group, where no significant differences were observed between pre- and post-intervention outcomes. In conclusion, the implementation of the Hallenges group intervention program may be effective in contributing to the well-being of university students. However, further research is needed to refine and enhance this intervention and to apply it across different university grades and courses. Full article

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12 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Personality Traits of Choral Singers and Their Association with Perceived Mental Well-Being

by Sibylle Robens, Alexandra Monstadt, Alexander Hagen and Thomas Ostermann

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050570 - 23 Apr 2025

Viewed by 119

Abstract

Previous research indicates that choir singing enhances mental well-being. This study explores whether these well-being benefits are related to the personality traits of singers. We assessed the personality traits of 760 German amateur choral singers (205 men, 555 women, mean age 47.1 ± [...] Read more.

Previous research indicates that choir singing enhances mental well-being. This study explores whether these well-being benefits are related to the personality traits of singers. We assessed the personality traits of 760 German amateur choral singers (205 men, 555 women, mean age 47.1 ± 14.0 years) using a 30-item version of the NEO–Five–Factor Inventory and compared them with a representative population sample. General mental well-being was measured with the WHO-5 well-being index, and perceived mental health benefits from singing were evaluated using the Bochum Change Questionnaire (BCQ-2000). Regression analyses examined the relationship between personality traits, BCQ-2000, and WHO-5 well-being scores. Choral singers scored significantly higher than the general population on extraversion, openness to experience, and agreeableness. The WHO-5 scores of choir singers were significantly positively correlated with extraversion and conscientiousness, and negatively with neuroticism. BCQ-2000 scores were significantly positively associated with extraversion, openness, and agreeableness. In this exploratory study, we examined the association between personality traits and singing-related mental well-being without accounting for other potential sociodemographic confounders of mental health, such as socioeconomic status. The study suggests that the self-reported mental well-being benefits of singing are influenced by individual personality traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Music on Individual and Social Well-Being)

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24 pages, 729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mothers’ Self-Worth and Children’s Achievements: A Q Methodological Analysis of Perception Types

by Kyongmin Lee, Song Yi Lee and Sanghee Lee

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050569 - 23 Apr 2025

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Abstract

This study explores mothers’ subjective perceptions of self-worth in relation to their children’s achievements using Q methodology. A Q population was constructed based on previous studies and interviews. Forty Q sample statements were selected. Thirty-three mothers raising children were purposefully sampled to ensure [...] Read more.

This study explores mothers’ subjective perceptions of self-worth in relation to their children’s achievements using Q methodology. A Q population was constructed based on previous studies and interviews. Forty Q sample statements were selected. Thirty-three mothers raising children were purposefully sampled to ensure representativeness in the P sample. The Q sorting procedure was conducted, followed by a principal component analysis using the Ken-Q Analysis Desktop Edition. The findings identified four distinct types of maternal self-worth perception: Type 1, Achievement-Independent, perceives self-worth independently from their children’s achievements and accepts their failures without attempting to control them. Type 2, Achievement-Dependent, considers children’s achievements crucial in their own life satisfaction and exhibits a strong tendency to control their children. Type 3, Ambivalent-Fusion, believes that children’s achievements do not directly affect their self-worth but shows an overprotective attitude to prevent their children’s failure. Type 4, Maternal-Obligation, perceives children’s achievements as a validation of their role as a mother and strongly internalizes the expectations and responsibilities associated with motherhood. This study categorizes mothers’ perceptions of self-worth and highlights the need for tailored support. The findings provide foundational data for the development of counseling services aimed at addressing mothers’ self-worth in relation to their children’s achievements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of the Interaction of Parenting Practices and Environment on Children’s Outcomes)

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Behav. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 38 articles

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