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Volume 15
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Behav. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 6 (June 2025) – 88 articles

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28 pages, 440 KiB  
Article
Behind the Leash: Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, and Occupational Strain in Dog Trainers
by Alexandra Malone
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060798 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
The cases that dog trainers and behavior consultants face are often traumatic and emotionally challenging, especially under pressure from distressed clients. This study investigated whether more years of professional experience and higher levels of dog aggression contribute to burnout and whether the overall [...] Read more.
The cases that dog trainers and behavior consultants face are often traumatic and emotionally challenging, especially under pressure from distressed clients. This study investigated whether more years of professional experience and higher levels of dog aggression contribute to burnout and whether the overall emotional toll of caring moderates these relationships. Eighty-six professionals completed the Professional Quality of Life Measure, which evaluates the positive aspects of caregiving and negative outcomes such as burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The analysis revealed that neither extended work experience nor increased dog aggression significantly predicted higher burnout levels, and the anticipated moderating effect of emotional strain was not observed. The levels of burnout and secondary traumatic stress in this sample were similar to those reported in other animal-care and human healthcare settings, while the satisfaction derived from caregiving remained relatively high. These results suggest that factors beyond years of experience and dog aggression—such as workplace support and individual coping mechanisms—may be more crucial in influencing burnout among these professionals. This study highlights the need for an expanded investigation of other possible influences, such as workplace support and personal coping mechanisms. Identifying specific challenges that dog trainers face and implementing strategies to offset burnout will create a healthier and more sustainable work environment and improve the quality of life for humans and their canine companions. Full article
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26 pages, 3432 KiB  
Review
Appraising the Sonic Environment: A Conceptual Framework for Perceptual, Computational, and Cognitive Requirements
by Tjeerd C. Andringa
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060797 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
This paper provides a conceptual framework for soundscape appraisal as a key outcome of the hearing process. Sound appraisal involves auditory sense-making and produces the soundscape as the perceived and understood acoustic environment. The soundscape exists in the experiential domain and involves meaning-giving. [...] Read more.
This paper provides a conceptual framework for soundscape appraisal as a key outcome of the hearing process. Sound appraisal involves auditory sense-making and produces the soundscape as the perceived and understood acoustic environment. The soundscape exists in the experiential domain and involves meaning-giving. Soundscape research has reached a consensus about the relevance of two experiential dimensions—pleasure and eventfulness—which give rise to four appraisal quadrants: calm, lively/vibrant, chaotic, and boring/monotonous. Requirements for and constraints on the hearing and appraisal processes follow from the demands of living in a complex world, the specific properties of source and transmission physics, and the need for auditory events and streams of single-source information. These lead to several core features and functions of the hearing process, such as prioritizing the auditory channel (loudness), forming auditory streams (audibility, primitive auditory scene analysis), prioritizing auditory streams (audible safety, noise sensitivity), and initial meaning-giving (auditory gist and perceptual layers). Combined, this leads to a model of soundscape appraisal yielding the ISO quadrant structure. Long-term aggregated appraisals lead to a sonic climate that allows for an insightful comparison of different locations. The resulting system needs additional validation and optimization to comply in detail with human appraisal and evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music Listening as Exploratory Behavior)
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19 pages, 510 KiB  
Article
The Dual Effects of Work Connectivity Behavior After-Hours on Employee Behaviors: Balancing Psychological Job Control and ICT Anxiety
by Lijun Chen and Shimin Zhang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060796 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
The dual effects of work connectivity behavior after-hours (WCBA) on employees’ in-role and extra-role behaviors were investigated using the framework of the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model. A two-wave cross-sectional design with a one-week interval was employed, and data were acquired from a survey [...] Read more.
The dual effects of work connectivity behavior after-hours (WCBA) on employees’ in-role and extra-role behaviors were investigated using the framework of the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model. A two-wave cross-sectional design with a one-week interval was employed, and data were acquired from a survey of 402 Chinese employees. The results showed that WCBA positively influenced in-role and extra-role behaviors through enhanced psychological job control (β = 0.1908 and β = 0.1356, respectively), while also exerting negative effects via increased ICT anxiety (β = −0.0190 and β = −0.0434, respectively). The findings indicate that although WCBA can foster work outcomes through increased job control, it also carries the risk of undermining these benefits due to the psychological strain from ICT-related stress. Therefore, organizations should support employees in managing WCBA effectively by balancing potential productivity gains with an awareness of its psychological costs. This research uniquely provides a simultaneous investigation of both behavior types within a unified dual-pathway framework based on the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model. This research also extends our knowledge of the nuanced influence of after-hours connectivity and has potential application in the optimization of the performance and welfare of employees in digitally connected work environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Flourishing at Work: Innovations in Positive Work and Organizational Psychology)
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11 pages, 200 KiB  
Perspective
Follow, Flex, and Flout: A Relational Frame Theory Account of Flexibility in the Context of Rule-Governed Behavior
by Alison Stapleton, Conor McCloskey and Louise McHugh
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060795 - 10 Jun 2025
Abstract
Being able to change what we are doing when a behavior no longer serves us is important for our health and wellbeing. In the context of rule-governed behavior, changing one’s behavior in line with shifting contingencies is often described as being “flexible”, with [...] Read more.
Being able to change what we are doing when a behavior no longer serves us is important for our health and wellbeing. In the context of rule-governed behavior, changing one’s behavior in line with shifting contingencies is often described as being “flexible”, with many basic laboratory experiments operationalizing flexibility as deviations from a given rule that no longer results in reinforcement. And yet flexibility is not just about flouting rules; sometimes, being flexible means persisting. This paper unpacks flexibility in the context of rule-governed behavior from a relational frame theory perspective, outlining applied examples relevant to health behaviors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Flexibility for Health and Wellbeing)
16 pages, 356 KiB  
Article
“Diagnosis in the Prime of Your Life”: Facilitator Perspectives on Adapting the Living Well with Dementia (LivDem) Post-Diagnostic Course for Younger Adults
by Greta Wright, Natasha S. Woodstoke, Emily Dodd and Richard Cheston
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 794; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060794 - 9 Jun 2025
Abstract
The Living Well with Dementia (LivDem) group intervention aims to support people to adjust following a diagnosis of dementia and is delivered across the UK and abroad. However, LivDem was designed for older people with dementia and may not address the needs of [...] Read more.
The Living Well with Dementia (LivDem) group intervention aims to support people to adjust following a diagnosis of dementia and is delivered across the UK and abroad. However, LivDem was designed for older people with dementia and may not address the needs of younger adults. This study aimed to identify the perspectives of LivDem facilitators on adapting the LivDem course for younger adults. Data was collected as part of an online facilitator survey and included questions requiring either ordinal or free-text responses. Responses from fifteen facilitators were analysed using descriptive statistics and Reflexive Thematic Analysis. The former indicated that participants believed that LivDem could be beneficial for younger adults and were in favour of it being adapted. Qualitative analysis generated two main themes, the first of which (‘The domino effect’: Unique Challenges for Younger Adults) had two subthemes: ‘Life and opportunities stripped away’ and ‘Impacting on everyone’. Theme 2, ‘Good to be with peers’: The Importance of Age-Appropriate Support, also had two subthemes: Groups ‘full of old people’ and Groups ‘specifically for younger people’. These findings reinforce the argument for creating age-appropriate services for people with young-onset dementia and will inform an adapted version of LivDem that provides age-appropriate support. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychosocial Care and Support in Dementia)
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16 pages, 641 KiB  
Article
How Job Crafting Dimensions Differentially Moderate the Translation of Work Conditions into Stress Perceptions
by Giovanni Di Stefano, Elena Lo Piccolo and Lavinia Cicero
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060793 - 9 Jun 2025
Abstract
Job crafting—employees’ proactive modification of their work—has gained attention as a potential stress management strategy. This study examined how job crafting dimensions moderate relationships between work conditions and stress perceptions. Integrating Effort–Reward Imbalance and Job Demands–Resources models, we tested whether three job crafting [...] Read more.
Job crafting—employees’ proactive modification of their work—has gained attention as a potential stress management strategy. This study examined how job crafting dimensions moderate relationships between work conditions and stress perceptions. Integrating Effort–Reward Imbalance and Job Demands–Resources models, we tested whether three job crafting dimensions (increasing structural resources, social resources, and challenging demands) moderate the translation of factual work conditions into stress perceptions. Survey data from 376 Italian employees revealed that factual effort and reward indicators positively predicted their perceived counterparts. Contrary to expectations, increasing structural resources amplified rather than buffered the effort perception relationship, suggesting that certain crafting strategies may heighten rather than reduce awareness of work demands. As hypothesized, increasing social resources buffered the effort relationship and strengthened the reward relationship. Increasing challenging demands showed no significant moderating effects. These findings reveal that job crafting dimensions have differential rather than uniformly positive effects on stress perception processes. While social crafting appears consistently beneficial, structural crafting may have unintended consequences under certain conditions. Organizations should recognize that job crafting interventions require nuanced implementation. The study advances theory by demonstrating boundary conditions for job crafting effectiveness and challenging assumptions about its uniformly positive effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)
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32 pages, 793 KiB  
Review
A Scoping Review of the Relationship Between Psychological (In)flexibility and Living with and Managing Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
by Max Z. Roberts, Francesca A. Scheiber, Ashley A. Moskovich and Rhonda M. Merwin
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060792 - 9 Jun 2025
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is highly prevalent and carries a significant self-management burden and elevated risk of biopsychosocial sequelae. Psychological flexibility (PF) has been shown to benefit living with and managing chronic health conditions. The present scoping review aimed to synthesize the available evidence [...] Read more.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is highly prevalent and carries a significant self-management burden and elevated risk of biopsychosocial sequelae. Psychological flexibility (PF) has been shown to benefit living with and managing chronic health conditions. The present scoping review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the relationship between PF and factors central to living with and managing DM. A systematic literature search was conducted. Studies were included if they measured psychological (in)flexibility (PI/PF) and/or one of its component processes and sampled individuals with type 1 or type 2 DM. A total of 48 articles were included. Eighteen (37.5%) sampled individuals with T2D, 16 (33.3%) sampled individuals with T1D, and 14 (29.2%) had mixed diagnostic samples. Twenty-nine (60.4%) reported observational studies, and 19 (39.6%) reported 18 intervention studies. Studies were conducted across 17 countries and broadly found that PI/PF were associated with many clinically meaningful DM variables (e.g., HbA1c, diabetes distress, quality of life, and self-management). Intervention studies including individual, group, and digital Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) interventions showed trends for beneficial change in PI/PF and diabetes outcomes, but some findings were mixed, and many studies were underpowered. Only two studies tested change in PI/PF as a mediator of diabetes-related outcomes, and most studies used the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, which has been increasingly criticized for poor discriminant validity. Overall, findings show PI/PF are associated with most aspects of living with and managing diabetes and are generally amenable to change through ACT interventions. However, more methodologically rigorous studies are needed to determine whether PI/PF are active change processes in improving diabetes management and outcomes. Six key calls to action are presented to expand and strengthen this important area of research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Flexibility for Health and Wellbeing)
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21 pages, 768 KiB  
Article
Bilingualism Does Not Hinder Grammatical Development in Down Syndrome: Evidence from a Sentence Repetition Task
by Alexandra Perovic, Katie Levy, Inès Aertsen and Andrea Baldacchino
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060791 - 9 Jun 2025
Abstract
Despite the growing number of bilinguals worldwide, research on how bilingualism influences grammatical development in children with learning disabilities remains limited. This may be due to challenges in assessing language in these children, given the heterogeneity of their disabilities, lack of appropriate tools, [...] Read more.
Despite the growing number of bilinguals worldwide, research on how bilingualism influences grammatical development in children with learning disabilities remains limited. This may be due to challenges in assessing language in these children, given the heterogeneity of their disabilities, lack of appropriate tools, and variability in language background and exposure common in bilingual populations. This pilot study investigates grammatical abilities in bilingual versus monolingual children with Down syndrome using the LITMUS Sentence Repetition Task, specifically designed for bilingual populations. Sentence repetition tasks are widely used for assessing grammar in neurotypical children and children with language impairments and are part of many omnibus language assessments. Ten children with Down syndrome aged 5–8 were recruited: five bilingual, speakers of British English and various home languages, and five monolingual, age- and language-matched. Both groups produced a high proportion of ungrammatical repetitions, with more omissions of verbs than nouns, function words than content words, and significant difficulties producing complex structures such as relative clauses, wh-questions, and passives. However, qualitative analyses showed that bilingual children speaking morphologically rich home languages (e.g., Polish, Greek) appeared to have fewer difficulties with some function words (e.g., prepositions) and were able to produce complex structures like passives and wh-questions, unlike their monolingual peers. Although the small sample limits generalisability, two insights emerge: First, sentence repetition may be of limited use in assessing expressive grammar in children with Down syndrome due to frequent ungrammatical responses. Second, while both groups showed similar challenges, bilingualism—especially with richly inflected home languages—may support specific grammatical skills. These findings support existing evidence that bilingualism does not hinder grammatical development in children with Down syndrome and suggest that parents should not avoid dual-language input. Further research is needed to determine whether bilingualism confers specific benefits in grammatical morpheme use and complex syntactic constructions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)
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15 pages, 1219 KiB  
Article
Semantic Representation and Emotional Awareness in Chinese Painting Viewing: Is There a Difference Between Landscape Painting and Figure Painting?
by Tinghu Kang and Ping Wang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060790 - 9 Jun 2025
Abstract
The artistic expression inherent in Chinese paintings serves as a conduit for the artists’ emotional and cognitive expression. However, current research lacks consensus regarding the distinct psychological mechanisms underlying the appreciation of Chinese painting genres (landscape vs. figure paintings). This study—employing a vocabulary [...] Read more.
The artistic expression inherent in Chinese paintings serves as a conduit for the artists’ emotional and cognitive expression. However, current research lacks consensus regarding the distinct psychological mechanisms underlying the appreciation of Chinese painting genres (landscape vs. figure paintings). This study—employing a vocabulary generation task and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to compare semantic representation and emotional awareness during participants’ viewing these two types of paintings—aims to elucidate potential disparities in aesthetic processing. In Experiment 1, although both types of paintings produced an abundance of content words, figure paintings elicited a greater number of emotional association words than landscape paintings. Meanwhile, Experiment 2 demonstrated faster response times for an incompatible joint task versus a compatible joint task. These findings collectively suggest that the aesthetic of paintings may engage automatic processes, with the effects on semantic representation and emotional awareness appearing to be independent of the type of paintings. The predominance of content processing over emotional response may be attributed to the temporal characteristics of emotional arousal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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22 pages, 644 KiB  
Article
Approach or Avoidance: How Does Employees’ Generative AI Awareness Shape Their Job Crafting Behavior? A Sensemaking Perspective
by Yihang Yan, Xiaoqian Qu, Hongzhen Lei and Yao Geng
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060789 - 9 Jun 2025
Abstract
Given the significant impact of Generative AI (GenAI) in the workplace, there are surprisingly few empirical studies examining how employees’ GenAI awareness shapes differently oriented job crafting behaviors. In organizations, understanding this is important because GenAI is unlikely to fully replace employees; instead, [...] Read more.
Given the significant impact of Generative AI (GenAI) in the workplace, there are surprisingly few empirical studies examining how employees’ GenAI awareness shapes differently oriented job crafting behaviors. In organizations, understanding this is important because GenAI is unlikely to fully replace employees; instead, it requires them to adopt adaptive strategies to work alongside GenAI. If employees engage in avoidance crafting behavior, it could have negative consequences for the organization. Based on sensemaking theory, we develop a theoretical model to explore how employees’ GenAI awareness affects their job crafting behavior, as well as the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions of its influence. Using self-evaluation data from 316 employees at three time points, the results of our hypothesis testing reveal that when employees perceive high internal Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), their GenAI awareness triggers harmonious work passion and leads to approach job crafting; conversely, when employees perceive high external Corporate Social Responsibility, their GenAI awareness triggers obsessive work passion and leads to avoidance job crafting. Finally, the theoretical and empirical implications of our findings are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Employee Behavior on Digital-AI Transformation)
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11 pages, 238 KiB  
Article
The Impact of a 3-Month Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention on Psychological Flexibility and Depression
by Samantha J. Schram and Jason Lillis
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060788 - 7 Jun 2025
Viewed by 154
Abstract
A significant portion of individuals with overweight or obesity seek behavioral weight loss, which aims to modify behaviors and habits related to diet, physical activity, and lifestyle and has been shown to result in clinically meaningful weight loss and improved cardiometabolic health. While [...] Read more.
A significant portion of individuals with overweight or obesity seek behavioral weight loss, which aims to modify behaviors and habits related to diet, physical activity, and lifestyle and has been shown to result in clinically meaningful weight loss and improved cardiometabolic health. While the physical outcomes of behavioral weight loss are well documented, relevant psychological processes and mental health outcomes are less studied. This secondary analysis examined psychological flexibility in relation to depression change and weight change in adults (N = 508) with a body mass index greater than 25 enrolled in a 3-month automated behavioral weight loss intervention. Psychological flexibility was assessed using the Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Processes (CompACT), a tool based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) principles. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) initiative Depression-Short Form, which collects information directly reported by patients, was used to measure levels of depression. Change in psychological flexibility was found to significantly moderate the positive relationship between weight change and change in depression over the course of a 3-month behavioral weight loss intervention, such that individuals with greater increases in psychological flexibility experienced greater reductions in depression levels when also losing weight. These results suggest that psychological flexibility may enhance the psychological benefits of behavioral weight loss and could be a useful target in a modified version of behavioral weight loss intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Flexibility for Health and Wellbeing)
20 pages, 2296 KiB  
Article
Strategies for Conducting Blended Learning in VET: A Comparison of Award-Winning Courses and Daily Courses
by Yiran Cui, Meng Li and Yangyang Luo
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060787 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 218
Abstract
Blended learning has emerged as a popular trend in education; however, as students from higher vocational colleges who are often in the lower 50% of national standardized entrance exam achievers, their teachers face unique challenges in implementing blended learning. This study summarized effective [...] Read more.
Blended learning has emerged as a popular trend in education; however, as students from higher vocational colleges who are often in the lower 50% of national standardized entrance exam achievers, their teachers face unique challenges in implementing blended learning. This study summarized effective blended learning strategies in higher vocational education and training (VET) classrooms by comparing 53 award-winning and 40 daily course videos in China. Firstly, video analysis and Lag sequential analysis were employed to identify effective strategies for implementing blended learning in diverse VET course types. A set of general and specific blended learning strategies was developed to help VET teachers adapt instructional approaches accordingly. Secondly, a questionnaire survey among 215 VET teachers revealed positive perceptions of the strategies in terms of usability, ease of use, perceived behavioral control, and intention to use them. The present research provides valuable guidance for VET teachers to effectively implement blended learning strategies in diverse course types, contributing to the understanding of effective blended learning strategies in VET and addressing the gap in research for this unique teaching stage. Full article
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17 pages, 499 KiB  
Article
Examining the Relationships Between Parenting Practices, Children’s Temperament, and Academic and Behavioural Outcomes in Lower-Income Families
by Calpanaa Jegatheeswaran, Samantha Burns and Michal Perlman
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060786 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 211
Abstract
Maternal childrearing practices play a prominent role in a child’s developmental outcomes. Difficult child temperament, specifically, negative emotionality, impacts parenting practices. The present study contributes to the existing literature by investigating the mediating role of parenting practices on associations between children’s temperament and [...] Read more.
Maternal childrearing practices play a prominent role in a child’s developmental outcomes. Difficult child temperament, specifically, negative emotionality, impacts parenting practices. The present study contributes to the existing literature by investigating the mediating role of parenting practices on associations between children’s temperament and academic and behavioural outcomes in a low-income and ethnically diverse sample. The present study consists of a sample of 163 families. The average age of the children was 32.40 months (SD = 2.61 months). The average age of the mothers was 34.35 years (SD = 5.32 years). Structural equation modelling examined the relationship between children’s temperament, parenting practices, and child outcomes. A two-step procedure was conducted to test this model: confirmatory factor analysis followed by latent path analysis. The results show that children’s temperament was significantly and positively associated with mothers’ hostile parenting and children’s conduct problems. Hostile parenting was positively associated with children’s conduct problems. While overprotective parenting was negatively associated with children’s receptive vocabulary scores, maternal responsivity was positively associated with better receptive vocabulary in children. Finally, hostile parenting was found to play a significant and positive mediating role in children’s conduct behaviour. Maternal practices are associated with outcomes in children with negative emotionality, underscoring the need for tailored interventions in diverse, low-income families. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social-Emotional Competence: Theories, Correlates, and Measures)
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21 pages, 476 KiB  
Article
Unraveling the Longitudinal Relationships Among Parenting Stress, Preschoolers’ Problem Behavior, and Risk of Learning Disorder
by Jie Huang, Dongqing Yu, Xiaoxue Tang, Yili Xu, Xiao Zhong and Xiaoqian Lai
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060785 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 227
Abstract
Problem behaviors and the risk of learning disorders in early childhood carry significant implications for children’s future development. Understanding the relationship between parenting stress and these developmental outcomes may inform the design of effective interventions to promote healthy child development. The present longitudinal [...] Read more.
Problem behaviors and the risk of learning disorders in early childhood carry significant implications for children’s future development. Understanding the relationship between parenting stress and these developmental outcomes may inform the design of effective interventions to promote healthy child development. The present longitudinal study investigated the association between parenting stress and preschoolers’ risk of learning disorders, specifically focusing on the mediating role of problem behaviors. Data were collected at two time points, approximately 6 months apart, from 284 preschool-aged children and their parents (mean age of children at Time 1 = 56.64 months; 53.17% of them were girls). Parents completed standardized assessments of parenting stress, children’s problem behaviors, and the risk of learning disorders. An autoregressive cross-lagged panel model within a half-longitudinal framework was employed to test the hypothesized mediation model. Results revealed that parenting stress had a direct effect on both children’s problem behaviors and their risk of learning disorders. Moreover, children’s problem behaviors partially mediated the longitudinal association between parenting stress and learning disorder risk. Specifically, the indirect effect size was statistically significant (β = 0.022, p = 0.025), indicating that increased parenting stress contributed to approximately a 2.2% increase in the risk of learning disorders through elevated problem behaviors. Theoretically, these findings underscore the critical role of child behavioral adjustment as a mechanism through which parenting stress may influence developmental risk. The results highlight the potential benefits of reducing parenting stress and addressing children’s behavioral difficulties to prevent early learning problems. However, the study relied exclusively on parent-reported data, which may introduce shared method variance and reporting bias; future research should incorporate multiple informants and objective behavioral assessments. Full article
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19 pages, 272 KiB  
Case Report
Treating Complex Trauma in Adolescence: A Case Study of Brief Focal Psychotherapy After Vicarious Gender Violence and Child Abuse
by Georgina Rosell-Bellot, Eva Izquierdo-Sotorrío, Ana Huertes-del Arco, María Rueda-Extremera and María Elena Brenlla
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060784 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 233
Abstract
This study aims to illustrate the impact of accumulated traumatic experiences in adolescence and to evaluate the potential of brief focal psychotherapy (BFP) as a treatment approach for complex trauma. We present the case of a 14-year-old boy who experienced vicarious gender-based violence, [...] Read more.
This study aims to illustrate the impact of accumulated traumatic experiences in adolescence and to evaluate the potential of brief focal psychotherapy (BFP) as a treatment approach for complex trauma. We present the case of a 14-year-old boy who experienced vicarious gender-based violence, child abuse, early maternal separation without alternative secure attachment figures, and forced sudden migration. The patient exhibited symptoms consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex trauma. The culturally sensitive intervention, delivered at a public child and adolescent mental health center, consisted of twenty weekly individual sessions of 45 min each, complemented by three 45 min psychoeducation sessions with the caregiver. The assessment was conducted using a multitrait and multi-informant approach, systematically gathering information across multiple domains of functioning (emotional–behavioral, physical, cognitive, self-perception, and relational) and from different sources (the adolescent, his mother, and the clinician) through clinical interviews, projective techniques, and parental feedback. The primary therapeutic focus was the establishment of a secure therapeutic alliance to facilitate emotional exploration and trauma processing. Following treatment, the patient demonstrated significant improvements in emotional regulation, family relationships, and school performance, as measured by both self-report and parental observations. This case highlights the potential of BFP in addressing complex trauma in adolescents, particularly during a developmental stage marked by increased vulnerability to the effects of chronic trauma exposure. The findings suggest that BFP can effectively reduce both acute symptomatology and broader psychosocial consequences associated with prolonged and cumulative trauma. Further research, particularly controlled studies and longitudinal follow-ups, is needed to refine and optimize the use of BFP by mental health professionals working with adolescents affected by complex trauma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence Against Women)
12 pages, 489 KiB  
Article
Change in Stress Among Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions and Low Health Literacy Using a Tailored Communication App Promoting Self-Management
by Raymond L. Ownby and Joshua Caballero
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060783 - 6 Jun 2025
Viewed by 244
Abstract
Chronic disease self-management (CDSM) is critical for improving health outcomes, particularly for individuals with low health literacy who face barriers in accessing and understanding medical information. This study examined the role of tailored digital health interventions in reducing stress and improving quality of [...] Read more.
Chronic disease self-management (CDSM) is critical for improving health outcomes, particularly for individuals with low health literacy who face barriers in accessing and understanding medical information. This study examined the role of tailored digital health interventions in reducing stress and improving quality of life among individuals with chronic conditions. A multisite randomized controlled trial including 309 participants at baseline aged 40 to 90 years was conducted using a mobile app that provided self-management information at different literacy levels. Latent growth curve modeling (LGM) computed in Mplus was used to assess changes in stress over time and its impact on quality of life. The results indicated that successful tailoring of health information was significantly associated with reductions in perceived stress, which, in turn, predicted improvements in quality of life. These findings suggest that personalized digital interventions may enhance engagement with self-management strategies, alleviate psychological distress, and contribute to better overall well-being. This study highlights the importance of tailoring health content to users’ literacy levels and informational needs, underscoring the potential of mobile health solutions for improving CDSM. Future research should explore additional mechanisms underlying these effects and assess the long-term sustainability of digital interventions in diverse populations. These results provide valuable insights into optimizing mobile health applications to support individuals with chronic conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Providing Emotional Support for People with Chronic Diseases)
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20 pages, 722 KiB  
Article
Multicultural Interactions Decrease the Tendency to View Any Act as Unambiguously Wrong: The Moderating Role of Moral Flexibility
by Liying Jiao, Ying Yang and Yan Xu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060782 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 258
Abstract
In four studies, we tested whether individuals’ multicultural experiences influenced their moral judgment. Study 1 found that people’s moral judgments became more lenient after participating in short-term overseas visiting programs using a longitudinal method. Studies 2 and 3 established both correlational and experimental [...] Read more.
In four studies, we tested whether individuals’ multicultural experiences influenced their moral judgment. Study 1 found that people’s moral judgments became more lenient after participating in short-term overseas visiting programs using a longitudinal method. Studies 2 and 3 established both correlational and experimental evidence that multicultural interactions (in-depth interactions with multiple cultures)—but not multicultural exposure (superficial exposure to multiple cultures)—predicted less harsh moral judgments. Study 4 explored the psychological mechanism and found that individuals’ moral flexibility moderated the effect of multicultural interactions on moral judgment. Specifically, multicultural interactions reduced the tendency to judge behaviors as unambiguously wrong for individuals with high moral flexibility, while for individuals with low moral flexibility, multicultural interactions did not predict moral judgments. Overall, we found that multicultural interactions readily influenced individuals’ moral judgments, and individuals’ moral character (i.e., moral flexibility) moderated this effect. These results shed light on how moral judgments are influenced by globalization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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12 pages, 259 KiB  
Article
Dark Triad Traits, Sex, and Social Desirability as Predictors of Non-Consensual Intimate Media Sharing Proclivity, Enjoyment, and Approval in UK University Students
by Charlotte Kite, Anthony Murphy and Melissa F. Colloff
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060781 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 244
Abstract
Non-consensual intimate media sharing (NCIMS)—defined as the non-consensual sharing of sexually explicit images or videos—has notably increased in recent years, despite legislative actions to tackle this. This study aimed to investigate whether the Dark Triad traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy—as well as [...] Read more.
Non-consensual intimate media sharing (NCIMS)—defined as the non-consensual sharing of sexually explicit images or videos—has notably increased in recent years, despite legislative actions to tackle this. This study aimed to investigate whether the Dark Triad traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy—as well as sex and social desirability—predicted NCIMS proclivity, enjoyment, and approval in UK university students. A total of 653 participants were recruited through Prolific, the University of Birmingham survey circle, and social media. All participants completed various measures to assess self-reported levels of Dark Triad traits, social desirability, and NCIMS proclivity, enjoyment, and approval. The results showed that the models for each multiple linear regression (NCIMS proclivity, enjoyment, and approval) were statistically significant, though only certain variables were independent predictors for each regression. For proclivity, only psychopathy independently added to the prediction. For enjoyment, significant predictors were sex, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. For approval, only Machiavellianism added statistically to the prediction. This research adds to the growing literature base around NCIMS, specifically within university students in the UK, and provides strong evidence for the development and implementation of interventions designed to address the likelihood of individuals perpetrating NCIMS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Developments in Attitudes and Interactions with Victims of Crime)
17 pages, 572 KiB  
Review
Best Practices for Teaching Psychotherapy to Medical Students: A Scoping Review
by Marie-Hélène Garon, Geneviève Létourneau, David Caron, Léa Renaud-Cloutier, Marie Désilets and Alexandre Hudon
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060780 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 509
Abstract
Psychotherapy is an essential component of mental healthcare, yet its formal instruction within medical curricula remains underdeveloped. This scoping review aimed to map the best practices for teaching psychotherapy to medical students by examining the types of psychotherapy covered and the teaching strategies [...] Read more.
Psychotherapy is an essential component of mental healthcare, yet its formal instruction within medical curricula remains underdeveloped. This scoping review aimed to map the best practices for teaching psychotherapy to medical students by examining the types of psychotherapy covered and the teaching strategies employed. A systematic search was conducted across the PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and Google Scholar databases without time restrictions, and studies were selected if they focused on psychotherapy education for medical students. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings revealed that multimodal approaches, combining didactic sessions, experiential learning, clinical exposure and digital content, were the most commonly used and pedagogically effective strategies. Role play and clinical exposition were particularly valued for enhancing communication skills, empathy and therapeutic understanding, while e-learning emerged as a flexible but less frequently used tool. Motivational interviewing was the most frequently taught psychotherapeutic modality, followed by mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic approaches. Although the overall quality of studies was moderate to high, the heterogeneity in study design and outcome measures limited direct comparisons. These results highlight the need for standardized, experiential and integrated teaching strategies to better prepare future physicians for incorporating psychotherapy principles into clinical practice. Full article
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25 pages, 325 KiB  
Article
AI Personalization and Its Influence on Online Gamblers’ Behavior
by Florin Mihai, Ofelia Ema Aleca and Daniel-Marius Iordache
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060779 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 296
Abstract
Technological advancements in algorithmic personalization are widely believed to influence user behavior on online gambling platforms. This study explores how such developments, potentially including AI-driven mechanisms, may affect cognitive and motivational processes, especially in relation to risk perception, decision-making, and betting persistence. Using [...] Read more.
Technological advancements in algorithmic personalization are widely believed to influence user behavior on online gambling platforms. This study explores how such developments, potentially including AI-driven mechanisms, may affect cognitive and motivational processes, especially in relation to risk perception, decision-making, and betting persistence. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) and panel regression models applied to behavioral data from a gambling platform, we examine patterns that are consistent with increased personalization between two distinct time periods, 2016 and 2021. The datasets do not contain any direct metadata regarding AI interventions. However, we interpret changes in user behavior over time as indicative of evolving personalization dynamics within a broader technological and contextual landscape. Accordingly, our conclusions about algorithmic personalization are inferential and exploratory, drawn from temporal comparisons between 2016 and 2021. Our findings show that users receiving personalized bonuses or making early cash-out decisions tend to adjust their stake sizes and betting frequency in systematic ways, which may reflect indirect effects of technological reinforcement strategies. These behavioral patterns raise important ethical and regulatory questions, particularly regarding user autonomy, algorithmic transparency, and the protection of at-risk users. This research contributes to the literature on digital behavior influencing gambling by framing the analysis as observational and quasi-experimental and suggests that further studies use experimental and log-level data to more specifically analyze the algorithmic effects. However, no causal claims can be made about AI influence as the temporal contradictions are interpreted as broad phenomena of technological developments, since they are not measured as algorithmic interventions. Further studies should also investigate the development of predictive models aimed at countering gambling addiction; evaluate the long-term ethical implications of algorithmic personalization; and discuss potential solutions codeveloped to foster a responsible gambling climate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Technology on Human Behavior)
17 pages, 864 KiB  
Article
Promotion of Healthy Habits in Adolescents: An Interdisciplinary Study on Motivation Towards Physical Education, Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity
by Paula San Martín González, José Enrique Moral García, Mario Amatria Jiménez and Rubén Arroyo del Bosque
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060778 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 304
Abstract
Adolescence is a key period for the development and consolidation of habits that favour a healthy and active lifestyle. The promotion of healthy habits in this critical period of development is essential to ensure a better quality of life and the prevention of [...] Read more.
Adolescence is a key period for the development and consolidation of habits that favour a healthy and active lifestyle. The promotion of healthy habits in this critical period of development is essential to ensure a better quality of life and the prevention of chronic diseases in the long term. This study aims to analyse how physical activity (PA) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) influence motivation towards physical education (PE) in adolescents. It also aims to explore gender differences and provide information that will allow the design of educational strategies to promote healthy lifestyle habits in schools. Method: descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study. An ad hoc socio-demographic questionnaire, the Physician-based Assessment and Counselling for Exercise, the KIDMED Mediterranean diet adherence questionnaire and the motivation in Physical Education questionnaire were administered in the school environment under direct supervision of the researchers to minimise biases in self-perception. Results: Students with higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet showed higher intrinsic motivation towards physical education (F = 5.133, p < 0.01), while those with lower adherence showed higher demotivation (F = 5.507, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The findings suggest the need to reinforce physical activity and nutrition education programmes in adolescents, promoting interdisciplinary approaches to increase adherence to healthy lifestyles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Psychological and Cognitive Development—Second Edition)
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14 pages, 722 KiB  
Article
Anxiety in Outdoor Experiential Education: Examining Predictors, Sources, and Implications for Program Design
by Curt Davidson, Hannah McConnell, Kelsie Sibbald, Brian Croft and Ryan Zwart
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060777 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
Pre-trip anxiety is a critical yet understudied factor influencing participation and engagement in Outdoor Experiential Education (OEE) programs. Anxiety can serve as both a motivator and a barrier, shaping participants’ willingness to engage in challenging activities. This study examines the sources, predictors, and [...] Read more.
Pre-trip anxiety is a critical yet understudied factor influencing participation and engagement in Outdoor Experiential Education (OEE) programs. Anxiety can serve as both a motivator and a barrier, shaping participants’ willingness to engage in challenging activities. This study examines the sources, predictors, and temporal progression of pre-trip anxiety among OEE participants, with a focus on experience level, gender differences, and activity type. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from students and staff at two Midwestern universities across three time points leading to an OEE program. Measures included the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and a course-specific worry scale assessing concerns such as physical ability, social dynamics, and environmental risks. Results indicate that experience level can predict anxiety, with less experienced participants reporting higher levels of concern. Gender differences were also observed, with female participants exhibiting greater pre-trip anxiety, particularly in water-based activities. However, anxiety remained relatively stable across time intervals, suggesting that interventions may be effective at multiple stages before a program begins. These findings have practical implications for OEE design, including targeted pre-trip interventions, adjusted program marketing, and tailored support strategies to reduce barriers to participation and enhance student preparedness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and the Natural Environment)
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17 pages, 347 KiB  
Article
A Dynamic Perspective on Changes in Conscientiousness, Academic Performance and the Role of Parental Academic Expectations in Chinese High School Students: A Longitudinal Study Across 2 Years
by Xing Ma, Guanjun Li, Chunquan Liu and Lei Wang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060776 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 158
Abstract
While static conscientiousness is known to predict academic success, personality can be particularly dynamic during adolescence. This study adopted a unique change-oriented perspective to examine the longitudinal relationship between within-person changes in conscientiousness and changes in academic performance among Chinese high school students, [...] Read more.
While static conscientiousness is known to predict academic success, personality can be particularly dynamic during adolescence. This study adopted a unique change-oriented perspective to examine the longitudinal relationship between within-person changes in conscientiousness and changes in academic performance among Chinese high school students, while also exploring the moderating role of changes in parental academic expectations. Four waves of longitudinal data were collected from 453 students (265 males, Mage = 15.42, SD = 0.76), with each wave spaced 6 months apart. Results indicated that the changes in conscientiousness (T2-T1) predicted the changes in academic performance (T4-T3) through the changes in academic engagement (T3-T2). However, the moderating effect of changes in parental academic expectations on the relationship between changes in conscientiousness and academic engagement was not significant. These findings go beyond static trait approaches by illustrating how dynamic changes in personality relate to evolving academic outcomes via engagement during the crucial high school years. The study highlights the importance of a dynamic perspective on personality, particularly within the developmental context of adolescence, and offers implications for interventions targeting both student traits and parental support in the Chinese educational context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Academic Performance: Understanding Complex Student Outcomes Through an Integrative Lens)
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21 pages, 672 KiB  
Article
Cogito, Ergo Contraho: Think Big or Think Small? How Construal Level Theory Shapes Creative Agreements
by Hyeran Choi
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060775 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 222
Abstract
Creativity is a vital element for successful negotiation and positive business outcomes. However, a complete understanding of how different thinking styles shape creative agreements is still developing in research. This study examines how broad and detailed thinking affects the ability to create inventive [...] Read more.
Creativity is a vital element for successful negotiation and positive business outcomes. However, a complete understanding of how different thinking styles shape creative agreements is still developing in research. This study examines how broad and detailed thinking affects the ability to create inventive deals, with a particular focus on construal level theory. While past research has often highlighted abstract thinking as the main way to be creative, this study shows that both abstract and concrete thinking contribute to making creative deals but in different ways. For example, Study 1 looks at how concrete thinking helps in forming creative agreements, tested with 114 undergraduate students in a laboratory experiment. This challenges the common idea that concrete thinking limits new ideas. Study 2 then explores the benefits of thinking that combines different viewpoints, where negotiators can skillfully switch between abstract and concrete ways of thinking, tested with 96 students in another laboratory experiment. Across two experiments, mediation analyses were conducted to examine the hypothesized relationships. Findings indicate that cognitive flexibility—the ability to switch thinking styles—benefits both idea generation and specific problem-solving. This study’s implications span negotiation strategies, fostering organizational creativity, and developing flexible thinking approaches for problem-solving. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue An Interdisciplinary Look at the Psychology and Neuroscience of Creativity)
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25 pages, 443 KiB  
Systematic Review
Within My Walls, I Escape Being Underestimated: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Stigma and Help-Seeking in Dementia
by Marco Brigiano, Lara Calabrese, Ilaria Chirico, Sara Trolese, Martina Quartarone, Ludovica Forte, Alice Annini, Martino Belvederi Murri and Rabih Chattat
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060774 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 204
Abstract
Dementia-related stigma significantly influences help-seeking and affects the quality of care and support received by people with the condition. This review examines the impact of stigma on help-seeking among people with dementia and identifies key factors influencing this relationship. A systematic search across [...] Read more.
Dementia-related stigma significantly influences help-seeking and affects the quality of care and support received by people with the condition. This review examines the impact of stigma on help-seeking among people with dementia and identifies key factors influencing this relationship. A systematic search across Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus identified seventeen qualitative studies that met the inclusion criteria. These criteria encompassed studies focusing on individuals aged 60 and older addressing public- or self-stigma and exploring help-seeking behaviors and related influencing factors. A thematic synthesis was employed to analyze the findings. The following five major themes emerged: reluctance to disclose the condition, internalization or rejection of stigmatizing beliefs, influence of family and community, attitudes of healthcare professionals, and lack of awareness in the broader society. Factors such as psychological decline, loss of autonomy, limited service access, peer support, and need for policy-level intervention were identified as central in shaping stigma. Findings related to the factors that influence this relationship indicate that stigma delays diagnosis and treatment, restricting access to adequate care. Both individual (e.g., autonomy, psychological well-being) and contextual (e.g., social networks, public policies) factors are crucial in moderating this dynamic. Targeted interventions addressing these dimensions are urgently needed to reduce stigma and facilitate timely help-seeking in dementia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychosocial Care and Support in Dementia)
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17 pages, 295 KiB  
Article
An Analysis of the Factors Associated with the Seasonal Variability of Physical Activity in Natural Environments in a Sample of Lithuanian Adults
by Rasa Jankauskiene and Migle Baceviciene
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060773 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 267
Abstract
Engagement in physical activity (PA) in natural environments is known to promote physical and psychological well-being, yet little is known about how such activity fluctuates across seasons and how it relates to individual characteristics and quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to [...] Read more.
Engagement in physical activity (PA) in natural environments is known to promote physical and psychological well-being, yet little is known about how such activity fluctuates across seasons and how it relates to individual characteristics and quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to assess the seasonal variability of PA in nature and examine its associations with sociodemographic factors, nature-related experiences, and overall QoL in a sample of Lithuanian adults. A total of 924 participants (680 women and 244 men) with a mean age of 40.0 ± 12.4 years completed an online survey. The study measures included sociodemographic characteristics, nature proximity, exposure, connectedness, perceived restoration in nature and QoL measured by the WHOQOL. Based on self-reported seasonal behaviour, participants were categorized into three groups: irregular or no PA in natural environments, seasonal variability, and regular year-round PA in natural environments. In the present study, we observed the lowest rates of PA in natural environments in winter and the highest in summer. Comparative analyses revealed that individuals with regular PA in natural environments reported significantly greater financial security, nature exposure and connectedness, proximity to green spaces, and overall QoL compared to less regular PA in nature groups. A multiple regression analysis identified financial security, nature proximity, nature exposure, connectedness, and perceived restoration in nature as significant and positive predictors of QoL. These findings point to the problem of inequity and suggest that inequitable access to PA in natural environments manifests as a higher seasonality of PA in nature. The practical implications of the study highlight the importance of addressing equity and promoting consistent PA in nature throughout seasons. During the dark, wet, and cold periods, it is important to implement targeted interventions that improve access to natural environments for individuals with lower financial security. This could help reduce inequity in physical activity. Promoting access to green spaces and fostering nature connectedness may be particularly valuable strategies in public health interventions aimed at enhancing QoL across diverse populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and the Natural Environment)
13 pages, 290 KiB  
Article
Relationships Between First-Year Student Resilience and Academic Stress
by David W. Nordstokke and Yvonne Hindes
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060772 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 306
Abstract
Academic stress is a prevalent issue among university students, with significant implications for mental health and academic performance. This exploratory study examined whether academic stress could be predicted from resilience sub-factors based on a three-factor model of resilience. An initial sample of 70 [...] Read more.
Academic stress is a prevalent issue among university students, with significant implications for mental health and academic performance. This exploratory study examined whether academic stress could be predicted from resilience sub-factors based on a three-factor model of resilience. An initial sample of 70 first-year university students completed self-report measures assessing mastery, relatedness, emotional reactivity, and academic stress. After accounting for missing data, 68 participants were female (65%; n = 44) and 35% (n = 24) were male. The mean age of the participants was 18.52 years, with a standard deviation of 1.26. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the sub-factors of mastery, relatedness, and reactivity were significant predictors of academic stress. Specifically, self-efficacy and perceived support were negatively associated with academic stress, and emotional sensitivity was positively associated with academic stress. The results have important implications for interventions aimed at reducing academic stress that focus on these resilience sub-factors could offer an effective approach for improving outcomes in transitioning students. Interventions such as cognitive training and mindfulness-based programs may strengthen students’ executive function difficulties, thereby improving their ability to cope with academic stress and foster resilience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resilience in Adversities)
28 pages, 3110 KiB  
Article
The Distributed Practice Effect on Classroom Learning: A Meta-Analytic Review of Applied Research
by Rhys D. Mawson and Sean H. K. Kang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060771 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 383
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that distributed practice produces superior learning to massed practice, predominantly from laboratory studies often featuring decontextualized learning. A systematic review of applied research was undertaken to assess the impact of distributed practice on classroom learning. Inclusion criteria were classroom [...] Read more.
There is extensive evidence that distributed practice produces superior learning to massed practice, predominantly from laboratory studies often featuring decontextualized learning. A systematic review of applied research was undertaken to assess the impact of distributed practice on classroom learning. Inclusion criteria were classroom studies with learning materials and timescales relevant to curriculum-based learning. The screening of over 3000 articles resulted in 22 reports containing 31 effect sizes (N > 3000). A meta-analysis found a moderate effect in favor of distributed over massed practice (d = 0.54, 95% CI [0.31, 0.77]). Although a comprehensive quantitative moderator analysis was not possible due to the number of studies, generally larger effect sizes were associated with studies that featured longer retention intervals, had learners at higher education levels, and had fewer re-exposures to the materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educational Applications of Cognitive Psychology)
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22 pages, 2459 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Influence of Napping Habits on Job Satisfaction: A Quasi-Natural Experimental Study Based on Longitudinal Data from China
by Xin Liu, Xiaochong Wei and Longxin Zhang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060770 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 340
Abstract
Sleep behaviors, particularly midday rest periods, represent an often overlooked yet potentially significant factor in workplace attitudes and experiences. Despite their common practice in many cultures, the relationship between these restorative breaks and employees’ evaluations of their work environment remains underexplored in organizational [...] Read more.
Sleep behaviors, particularly midday rest periods, represent an often overlooked yet potentially significant factor in workplace attitudes and experiences. Despite their common practice in many cultures, the relationship between these restorative breaks and employees’ evaluations of their work environment remains underexplored in organizational research. This study investigates this relationship using longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), applying the work, non-work, and sleep framework (WNSF) as our theoretical foundation. Through a quasi-natural experimental approach, we discovered that midday rest periods positively influence workplace evaluations, but in a nuanced manner. Our findings reveal a pronounced inverted U-shaped relationship, suggesting that both insufficient and excessive duration of these breaks might diminish their benefits, while optimal duration maximizes positive outcomes. We strengthened these conclusions through rigorous methodological approaches including instrumental variable techniques, sensitivity analysis, treatment effect models, and matching models. The consistency of results across multiple analytical approaches corroborates our findings. This research both validates and extends the WNSF, highlighting the importance of strategic rest periods in organizational settings and offering practical insights for workplace policy development that can benefit both individuals and organizations in contemporary work environments. Full article
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18 pages, 356 KiB  
Article
Role of Resilience in Predicting and Empathy Dimensions in Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Design
by Victor P. Díaz-Narváez, Nuvia Estrada-Méndez, Jennifer Aldana Salguero, Brenda Alfaro Ortiz, Lindsey Vilca Quiro, Alejandro Reyes-Reyes and Carolina Alzugaray Ponce
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060769 - 3 Jun 2025
Viewed by 279
Abstract
Ecological empathy is a complex and multifaceted attribute, a highly relevant human factor in health care. This study aimed to determine the association between individual resilience and empathy in dental students and to assess whether resilience predicted empathy and its dimensions. The study [...] Read more.
Ecological empathy is a complex and multifaceted attribute, a highly relevant human factor in health care. This study aimed to determine the association between individual resilience and empathy in dental students and to assess whether resilience predicted empathy and its dimensions. The study employed a quantitative and descriptive cross-sectional design. The sample, consisting of 397 students from the first to the seventh year of dental surgery, was measured on empathy and resilience. Multiple regression analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, invariance analysis, and methods were employed to ensure the reliability of our measurements. It was established that the measurements of resilience and empathy were valid and reliable in the studied population. Ecological resilience increased the levels of the perspective adoption dimension, and adaptive resilience raised the compassionate threshold. The engineering resilience dimension was not associated with any of the empathy dimensions. While resilience may not fully explain empathy variability, it remains a personal attribute related to empathy. Further investigation of the role of resilience in empathy and its components is required since improving healthcare professionals’ empathy has positive implications for the quality of care and patient satisfaction. Full article
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