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Behavioral Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 7
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Behav. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 7 (July 2025) – 158 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): For over a century, memory research has shown that the process of forgetting is initially rapid and becomes more gradual, following an exponential curve. We demonstrate that these empirical forgetting curves do not capture true rates of forgetting. While partially shaped by forgetting, forgetting rates are also influenced by the distribution of memory strengths relative to a recall threshold. We propose a distribution model of memory that explains this divergence between empirical forgetting curves and actual forgetting rates. This model has implications for education, indicating that the creation of memories barely above a recall threshold aids in short-term tests but does not lead to the formation of enduring memories. View this paper
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12 pages, 578 KiB  
Article
Cross-Cultural Differences in Fear of Death, Emotional Intelligence, Coping with Death, and Burnout Among Nursing Students: A Comparative Study Between Spain and Portugal
by Miguel Ángel Martín-Parrilla, Noelia Durán-Gómez, Maria do Céu Marques, Casimiro Fermín López-Jurado, Margarida Goes and Macarena C. Cáceres
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070993 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 551
Abstract
Nursing students often face emotional challenges related to death and dying, affecting their psychological well-being, emotional intelligence, and academic success. Cultural and educational factors may influence how they experience and manage these stressors. This study aimed to compare fear of death, emotional intelligence, [...] Read more.
Nursing students often face emotional challenges related to death and dying, affecting their psychological well-being, emotional intelligence, and academic success. Cultural and educational factors may influence how they experience and manage these stressors. This study aimed to compare fear of death, emotional intelligence, coping with death, and academic burnout among second-year nursing students in Spain and Portugal to identify cross-cultural differences. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 174 second-year nursing students from the University of Extremadura (Spain) and the University of Évora (Portugal) during the 2023/2024 academic year. The instruments used included the Collett–Lester Brief Fear of Death Scale, the Trait Meta-Mood Scale—24 ítems, the Bugen’s Coping with Death Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory—Student Survey. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and group comparisons were performed using independent samples t-tests and Welch’s t-tests, depending on variance homogeneity. A two-way ANOVA was also conducted to explore interactions between gender and nationality. The Spanish sample comprised 86 women and 21 men, and the Portuguese sample included 58 women and 9 men. The mean age across the sample was 21.5 years (SD = 4.15). No significant differences were observed in fear of death or emotional intelligence between the two groups. However, Portuguese students showed significantly better coping with death, but also higher academic burnout and cynicism. Spanish students reported greater perceived efficacy. Although emotional intelligence and death anxiety were similar, Portuguese students demonstrated stronger coping skills but experienced more burnout. This suggests that coping alone may not buffer academic stress, emphasizing the need for culturally tailored interventions to enhance emotional readiness and reduce burnout. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Burnout and Psychological Well-Being of Healthcare Workers)
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22 pages, 1006 KiB  
Article
Technostress, Burnout, and Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study of STEM Teachers’ Well-Being and Performance
by Liya Tu, Zebo Rao, Haozhe Jiang and Ling Dai
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070992 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 642
Abstract
This study investigates the creators, effects, and inhibitors of technostress among STEM teachers, addressing a critical yet underexplored issue in the digitalization of education. Grounded in the technostress model and the job demands–resources (JD-R) model, the study examines the relationships among technostress creators, [...] Read more.
This study investigates the creators, effects, and inhibitors of technostress among STEM teachers, addressing a critical yet underexplored issue in the digitalization of education. Grounded in the technostress model and the job demands–resources (JD-R) model, the study examines the relationships among technostress creators, burnout, organizational effects (job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and work performance), and technostress inhibitors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 378 STEM teachers from Zhejiang Province, China. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the hypothesized paths. The results revealed that technostress creators significantly increased teacher burnout and negatively affected organizational commitment and work performance. Burnout mediated the impact of technostress creators on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Technostress inhibitors were found to alleviate burnout, mitigate technostress creators, and enhance STEM teachers’ commitment. These findings validate the applicability of the technostress model in the context of K–12 STEM education in China and highlight the importance of organizational mechanisms for supporting teacher well-being and performance. The study contributes to both theory and practice by proposing an integrative model of technostress and offering actionable recommendations for school leadership to effectively manage technostress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
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20 pages, 1527 KiB  
Article
Public Sports Facility Availability in Living Communities and Mental Health of Older People in China: The Mediating Effect of Physical Activity and Life Satisfaction
by Shuhan Yan, Shengzhong Jiang, Xiaodong Dong, Xiuqi Guo and Mingzhe Chen
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070991 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 332
Abstract
The aging of China’s population has created significant challenges for the mental health of older adults. However, limited research has examined how public sports facility availability in living communities supports older adults’ mental health. To explore this association, data were extracted from the [...] Read more.
The aging of China’s population has created significant challenges for the mental health of older adults. However, limited research has examined how public sports facility availability in living communities supports older adults’ mental health. To explore this association, data were extracted from the 2016 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey, which involved 7811 respondents. The ordinary least squares model and the instrumental variable approach were employed to test the association between public sports facility availability in Chinese older adults’ living communities and their mental health. The bootstrapping method was used to estimate the mediating effect of physical activity and life satisfaction. The results indicate that public sports facility availability in living communities was significantly correlated with a decrease in depressive symptoms among older people (coefficient = −0.225; p < 0.01), which suggests that a greater availability of public sports facilities in living communities is related to the better mental health of older adults. The results of the mediation analysis show that physical activity and life satisfaction were identified as mediating mechanisms. This study suggests that increasing the availability of public sports facilities in older adults’ living communities can alleviate depression and promote better mental health. Our findings provide valuable policy implications for enhancing public sports infrastructure and promoting healthy aging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Well-Being and Mental Health)
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18 pages, 343 KiB  
Article
How Environment, Cognition, and Behavior Shape Doctoral Students’ Academic Career Intentions: Insights from a Comprehensive Study
by Wanhe Li and Xiaohan Jiang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070990 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 309
Abstract
Although career choice is a kind of individual behavior, as the gatekeeper of the discipline, doctoral students’ academic career intention reflects the attractiveness of the academic labor market and determines the sustainable development of academic careers. An analysis of data (N = 1322) [...] Read more.
Although career choice is a kind of individual behavior, as the gatekeeper of the discipline, doctoral students’ academic career intention reflects the attractiveness of the academic labor market and determines the sustainable development of academic careers. An analysis of data (N = 1322) from a survey among Chinese doctoral students reveals that (1) environmental factors, such as departmental atmosphere and advisor support, cognitive factors like academic interest and research self-efficacy, as well as behavioral factors including research engagement and publication rates, significantly promote doctoral students’ academic career intentions; (2) female doctoral students and those from prestigious institutions show stronger academic career aspirations; (3) the influence of interest factors on doctoral students’ commitment to an academic career is particularly pronounced, especially in the field of fundamental science; (4) a clear understanding of career paths positively moderates the effect of interest on academic career intentions. Within increasingly severe competition in the global academic labor market, it is necessary to provide more support for doctoral students who are willing to engage in academic careers by enhancing career planning guidance for doctoral students and supporting them in making rational career plans and adequate preparations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
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25 pages, 832 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Bug-in-Ear eCoaching on Pre-Service Teachers’ Implementation of Functional Communication Training
by Melih Çattık, Esra Orum-Çattık and Ahmet İlkhan Yetkin
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070989 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 385
Abstract
The study examined the effect of BIE eCoaching on the functional communication training (FCT) implementation skills of pre-service teachers (PTs) and the effect of FCT implemented by PTs on reducing problem behaviors and increasing communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). [...] Read more.
The study examined the effect of BIE eCoaching on the functional communication training (FCT) implementation skills of pre-service teachers (PTs) and the effect of FCT implemented by PTs on reducing problem behaviors and increasing communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). After the intervention, it was examined whether PTs and children with ASD maintained and generalized the acquired behaviors. Moreover, PTs answered a social validity form before and after the intervention. The methodology of this study involved single-subject research with a multiple-probe design between pairs of participants. The BIE eCoaching intervention was effective in children with ASD’s use, maintenance, and generalization of FCT. FCT was effective in reducing problem behaviors, increasing communication skills, and maintaining and generalizing these skills in children with ASD. Social validity findings showed that PTs’ perceptions of BIE eCoaching changed positively at the end of the intervention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
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10 pages, 226 KiB  
Article
Application of White Noise in Minors with Autism Spectrum Disorder
by Miquel Salmerón Medina, Ana Blázquez, Amanda Cercos and Rosa Calvo
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070988 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 442
Abstract
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often experience sensory hyperreactivities that interfere with daily life activities. White noise, characterized by its uniformity and its ability to mask environmental sounds, may serve as a tool to improve sensory and emotional regulation in children with [...] Read more.
Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often experience sensory hyperreactivities that interfere with daily life activities. White noise, characterized by its uniformity and its ability to mask environmental sounds, may serve as a tool to improve sensory and emotional regulation in children with ASD. The primary objective was to evaluate the response to white noise in improving self-regulation in minors with ASD. As a secondary objective, the study assessed whether there were differences in the response to white noise between patients with ASD and those with ASD and Intellectual Disability (ID). This study was conducted in the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department of Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. A total of 54 patients, aged between 7 and 17 years, were included. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 consisted of patients diagnosed with ASD (n = 21), and Group 2 included patients diagnosed with ASD and ID (n = 33). White noise was offered to the patients, and their response was evaluated before and after the exposure using the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Overall, the response to white noise in the sample was positive, with a significant difference in scores on the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (p < 0.001). When dividing the sample into the ASD group and the ASD + ID group, it was observed that the ASD + ID group tolerated white noise better and had a longer exposure time, although both groups showed improved scores on the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. White noise may be a valuable tool to enhance well-being in individuals with ASD, reduce motor restlessness, and increase attention span and emotional stability. However, its effectiveness varies across individuals. It is recommended to tailor its use to individual needs and to extend future research by incorporating physiological measures and larger sample sizes. Full article
20 pages, 995 KiB  
Article
Taking a Closer Look at Teacher Support and Children’s Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Self-Concept and the Moderating Role of Area
by Zhongqi Chen, Qingqing Du, Bram Orobio de Castro and Guoxiong Liu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070987 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 414
Abstract
Ample evidence has recognized the importance of teacher support for children’s mental health. However, less is known about the factors that may play a role in the association between teacher support and children’s mental health. In the present study, we examined the mediating [...] Read more.
Ample evidence has recognized the importance of teacher support for children’s mental health. However, less is known about the factors that may play a role in the association between teacher support and children’s mental health. In the present study, we examined the mediating role of self-concept and the moderating role of area (i.e., rural vs. urban area) in the relationship between teacher support and children’s mental health (i.e., depression and anxiety). We used a sample of Chinese elementary students who enrolled in grades 3 to 6 (N = 525, aged 8–13, 44.54% girls). Results showed that children who perceived more teacher support tended to report better mental health. Moreover, the relationship between perceived teacher support and mental health was mediated by each domain of self-concept. Lastly, the association between teacher support and mental health was moderated by area, with a stronger effect found for urban children compared with rural children. These findings highlight the importance of considering both individual and contextual factors in the association between teacher support and children’s mental health. Practical strategies are proposed for school teachers, professionals, and policymakers to foster children’s psychological well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)
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12 pages, 468 KiB  
Article
The Prevalence of Imposter Syndrome and Its Association with Psychological Distress: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Abdullah Al Lawati, Azzan Al-Wahshi, Tamadhir Al-Mahrouqi, Younis Al-Mufargi, Salman Al Shukaily, Hamood Al Aufi, Ismail Al-Shehhi, Alazhar Al Azri and Hamed Al-Sinawi
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070986 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1036
Abstract
This research aims to establish the prevalence of imposter syndrome among Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) undergraduate students while assessing its association with depression symptoms and anxiety symptoms. A cross-sectional design recruited 504 undergraduate students selected through stratified random sampling. Data collection employed the [...] Read more.
This research aims to establish the prevalence of imposter syndrome among Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) undergraduate students while assessing its association with depression symptoms and anxiety symptoms. A cross-sectional design recruited 504 undergraduate students selected through stratified random sampling. Data collection employed the Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale (CIPS), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Data analysis included Pearson’s correlation, chi-square tests, and logistic regression analyses. In total, 56% of participants had imposter syndrome. The CIPS scores showed a moderate relationship with depression (r = 0.486, p < 0.001) and anxiety (r = 0.472, p < 0.001). Students who experienced imposter syndrome showed a higher probability of developing depressive symptoms (χ2 = 45.63, p < 0.001, OR = 3.49) and anxiety symptoms (χ2 = 32.96, p < 0.001, OR = 2.86). The logistic regression analysis showed that depression (B = 0.096, p < 0.001) and anxiety (B = 0.075, p = 0.003) acted as significant predictors for imposter syndrome. This study reveals a strong link between imposterism, depression, and anxiety among students. This highlights the need for university counseling programs to address imposter feelings and the role of clinical psychology in managing this phenomenon in academic and clinical settings. Full article
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16 pages, 299 KiB  
Article
Measurement of Eco-Anxiety in the Chinese Context: Development and Validation of a New Eco-Anxiety Scale Based on the Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale
by Dawei Wang, Ziying Lu, Muze Li, Linrui Zhang, Hang Yu, Luyao Tan, Wenxu Mao, Xiuqing Qiao, Ting An and Yixin Hu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070985 - 21 Jul 2025
Viewed by 444
Abstract
With the increasing complexity of ecological and environmental problems, eco-anxiety is increasingly recognized as an essential problem in China. Despite its prevalence, there is a lack of valid measurements in China. The purpose of the present study was to expand the Hogg Eco-anxiety [...] Read more.
With the increasing complexity of ecological and environmental problems, eco-anxiety is increasingly recognized as an essential problem in China. Despite its prevalence, there is a lack of valid measurements in China. The purpose of the present study was to expand the Hogg Eco-anxiety Scale (HEAS) under the Chinese context and evaluate the psychometric attributes of the expanded scale. Specifically, a qualitative study was conducted in Study 1 (n = 17) to expand the HEAS in the Chinese context. Exploratory factor analysis in Study 2 (n = 297) and confirmatory factor analysis in Study 3 (n = 374) were conducted to validate the scale. The climate change anxiety scale and pro-environmental behavior scale were used to assess criterion-related validity in Study 4 (n = 305). Results indicated that a new eco-anxiety scale (i.e., EAS-20) including 20 items attributed to four dimension (somatic symptoms, affective symptoms, rumination, and behavioral symptoms) was developed. It showed satisfactory psychometric properties, including high internal consistency (α = 0.97) and a four-factor structure explaining 84.36% of the variance. The criterion-related validity was acceptable (0.25 ≤ r ≤ 0.37). The article concludes that the 20-item Eco-Anxiety Scale (EAS-20) has good psychometric properties and can be applied to measure eco-anxiety in the Chinese adult population. Full article
15 pages, 218 KiB  
Article
Self-Confidence and Satisfaction in Simulation-Based Learning and Clinical Competence Among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Mixed-Methods Sequential Explanatory Study
by Hadeel Anbari and Ali Kerari
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070984 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 679
Abstract
Nursing students encounter several challenges as they progress through their educational journey, particularly in integrating theoretical knowledge with practical applications using simulation-based learning (SBL). This study aimed to comprehensively assess the effects of SBL on nursing competence, self-efficacy, and overall satisfaction among undergraduate [...] Read more.
Nursing students encounter several challenges as they progress through their educational journey, particularly in integrating theoretical knowledge with practical applications using simulation-based learning (SBL). This study aimed to comprehensively assess the effects of SBL on nursing competence, self-efficacy, and overall satisfaction among undergraduate nursing students at Tabuk University, Saudi Arabia. A total of 136 students participated in this study, which employed a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design including a quantitative cross-sectional survey complemented by qualitative interviews to capture a holistic view of their experiences with SBL. The findings revealed high levels of satisfaction and self-confidence among students participating in SBL, indicating its effectiveness as an academic tool for enhancing learning outcomes. Significant positive correlations were observed among nursing competence, satisfaction, and self-confidence in the SBL context. This suggests that successful engagement in this educational approach can lead to improved clinical skills and preparedness for real-world challenges. The qualitative findings further illuminated the emotional and cognitive engagement experienced by students during the SBL sessions. The participants emphasized the importance of skill mastery in a safe and controlled environment and the positive impact of advanced technologies, such as virtual simulations, on their learning experiences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurocognitive Foundations of Embodied Learning)
14 pages, 471 KiB  
Article
Profiles of Approaches to Writing and Their Links to Self-Efficacy and LLM Acceptance in L2 Academic Writing
by Fei Sun, Laura Mendoza, Junju Wang and Hongbin Li
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070983 - 20 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 610
Abstract
Approaches to writing play an important role in both the writing processes and outcomes. However, little is known about whether L2 writers adopt different combinations of approaches in academic writing contexts and what factors predict such combinations. Hence, this study aimed to identify [...] Read more.
Approaches to writing play an important role in both the writing processes and outcomes. However, little is known about whether L2 writers adopt different combinations of approaches in academic writing contexts and what factors predict such combinations. Hence, this study aimed to identify different profiles of approaches to writing in an L2 academic context and examine how they are predicted by writing self-efficacy and large language model (LLM) acceptance. To this end, a total of 578 Chinese graduate students were recruited to participate in the study. Latent profile analysis revealed three distinct writing profiles: unorganized (Profile 1), dissonant (Profile 2), and deep and organized (Profile 3), with the majority of students categorized under the dissonant profile. Additionally, multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that writing self-efficacy positively predicted profile membership, with the strongest effect observed for Profile 3, followed by Profile 2 and then Profile 1. LLM acceptance also positively predicted profile membership, with the strongest effect for Profile 2, followed by Profile 3 and then Profile 1. Full article
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15 pages, 373 KiB  
Article
The Protective Role of Caring Parenting Styles in Adolescent Bullying Victimization: The Effects of Family Function and Constructive Conflict Resolution
by Haoliang Zhu, Haojie Fu, Haiyan Liu, Bin Wang and Xiao Zhong
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070982 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 438
Abstract
Based on attachment theory and the McMaster family functioning model, this study explores the protective role and mechanisms of a caring parenting style in protecting adolescents from bullying, from the perspective of the family environment. Study 1, conducted in Southwest China with middle [...] Read more.
Based on attachment theory and the McMaster family functioning model, this study explores the protective role and mechanisms of a caring parenting style in protecting adolescents from bullying, from the perspective of the family environment. Study 1, conducted in Southwest China with middle school students (n = 4582), investigates the relationship between a caring parenting style and adolescent bullying victimization through a large-scale cross-sectional survey. The results show that both parents’ caring parenting styles are significantly negatively correlated with adolescent bullying victimization. Study 2, a two-wave study (n = 302), explores the protective mechanisms of a caring parenting style in adolescent bullying victimization. We not only observed again that a caring parenting style significantly negatively predicts bullying victimization but also found that family functioning and constructive conflict resolution play a chain-mediating role in this relationship. This finding not only supports the core hypothesis of attachment theory regarding the role of a secure base but also expands the theoretical model of bullying protection from a family ecological perspective by revealing a three-level transmission mechanism of parenting style–family system–individual capability, providing a theoretical anchor for the construction of a “family–school” collaborative intervention framework. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Family Functioning on Adolescent Mental Health)
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9 pages, 230 KiB  
Article
Unwanted Consensual Sex Among College Students: What Makes an Individual More Likely to Consent to Sex They Do Not Want?
by Kathryn J. Barnhart, Katelin E. Leahy and Mikhila N. Wildey
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070981 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 9423
Abstract
Sexual consent is essential, but in some instances an individual may consent to sexual behaviors that are unwanted. The likelihood of unwanted consensual sex may be influenced by multiple social and individual factors. The current study examined engagement in unwanted consensual sex based [...] Read more.
Sexual consent is essential, but in some instances an individual may consent to sexual behaviors that are unwanted. The likelihood of unwanted consensual sex may be influenced by multiple social and individual factors. The current study examined engagement in unwanted consensual sex based on demographics, relationship and/or hookup history, and sexual communication characteristics among college students. This cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing a random sample of college students at one midwestern university. Data was collected via an online survey, including questions about sexual behavior, communication, and sexual consent. Basic frequencies and bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. This random sample included 1263 undergraduate students. Level of comfort communicating about sex was negatively associated with unwanted consensual sex. Gender was significantly associated with the likelihood of unwanted consensual sex and was a significant predictor of unwanted consensual sex among this sample. Unwanted consensual sex may vary based on individual characteristics, like gender. The current findings may help guide future studies on unwanted consensual sex, as well as continued sex education programming on college campuses to increase comfort when communicating about sexual behaviors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Research on Sexual and Social Relationships)
15 pages, 970 KiB  
Article
Ancestry-Specific Hypothetical Genetic Feedback About Lung Cancer Risk in African American Individuals Who Smoke: Cognitive, Emotional, and Motivational Effects on Cessation
by Joel Erblich, Khin Htet, Camille Ragin, Elizabeth Blackman, Isaac Lipkus, Cherie Erkmen and Dina Bitterman
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070980 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 333
Abstract
Genetic factors play an important role in the risk of developing lung cancer, a disease that disproportionately affects African American (AA) individuals who smoke. Accumulating evidence suggests that specific ancestry-informative genetic markers are predictive of lung cancer risk in AA individuals who smoke. [...] Read more.
Genetic factors play an important role in the risk of developing lung cancer, a disease that disproportionately affects African American (AA) individuals who smoke. Accumulating evidence suggests that specific ancestry-informative genetic markers are predictive of lung cancer risk in AA individuals who smoke. Although testing for, and communication of, genetic risk to patients should impact health and screening, results are mixed. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of genetic risk communication that also included ancestry-specific risk information among African American individuals who smoke. Using an experimental design, African American individuals who smoke (n = 166) were assigned randomly to receive hypothetical genetic test results that indicated (1) low vs. high genetic risk for lung cancer (“Risk”) and (2) European vs. African Ancestry (“Ancestry”). We hypothesized that participants who had been told that they were both at high risk for lung cancer based on genetic markers prominent in African persons at risk of lung cancer, and that they have African ancestry, would exhibit increases in cognitive (perceived lung cancer risk), emotional (cancer worry and psychological distress), and motivational (motivation to quit smoking) factors shown to predict longer-term health behavior change. Results revealed significant and moderate-to-large effects of Risk for all outcomes. There was also a significant Ancestry effect on perceived lung cancer risk: increased risk perceptions among participants who learned that they have high African genetic heritage. Path analytic modeling revealed that cognitive and emotional factors mediated the effects of both Risk and Ancestry feedback on motivation to quit smoking. Findings further highlight the importance of incorporating ancestry-specific genetic risk information into genetic counseling sessions, especially in underserved populations, as doing so may impact key cognitive, emotional, and motivational factors critical to behavior change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Psychosocial Factors on Health Behaviors)
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24 pages, 893 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Job Insecurity on Psychological Well-Being and Work Engagement: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model
by Maria Leonor Pires
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070979 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 828
Abstract
In recent decades, there have been significant changes in employment relationships, leading to more precarious forms of employment and heightened perceptions of job insecurity. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of job insecurity on perceived psychological well-being and work [...] Read more.
In recent decades, there have been significant changes in employment relationships, leading to more precarious forms of employment and heightened perceptions of job insecurity. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of job insecurity on perceived psychological well-being and work engagement, with self-efficacy at work acting as a mediator and perceived supervisor support acting as a moderator. This study analyzed a sample of 938 individuals from Portugal who participated in the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS). The results show that job insecurity has a negative impact on both psychological well-being and work engagement. Furthermore, the study found that self-efficacy at work acts as a mediator in the relationship between job insecurity, psychological well-being, and work engagement, with a buffering effect. Our results also show evidence of a moderation effect of perceived supervisor support, which works in two ways: perceived supervisor support amplifies the positive effect of self-efficacy at work on psychological well-being, as well as the indirect negative effect of job insecurity. However, this moderation effect was not observed in the relationship with work engagement. These results emphasize the significance of job insecurity regarding individual mental health and job-related attitudes, taking into consideration individual and organizational resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Burnout, Mental Health and Work-Family Interface in Today’s Workplaces)
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12 pages, 359 KiB  
Article
Relationship Between Regular Exercise and Quality of Life Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Japan
by Dongshou Yu, Masako Shimura and Masashi Kawanishi
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070978 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 373
Abstract
This paper clarified the correlation among quality of life (QoL) indicators, exercise implementation level, and exercise habits in middle-aged and older adults under identical exercise intervention conditions. The survey items were anthropometric and physiologic measurements, physical strength measurements, and exercise habits. During the [...] Read more.
This paper clarified the correlation among quality of life (QoL) indicators, exercise implementation level, and exercise habits in middle-aged and older adults under identical exercise intervention conditions. The survey items were anthropometric and physiologic measurements, physical strength measurements, and exercise habits. During the 3-month experimental period, a weekly “health exercise course” served as the primary intervention. For all participants, anthropometric and physiologic measurements, physical strength tests, questionnaire surveys, and other surveys were conducted before and after the experiment; then, the pre- and post-intervention effects were compared. After the exercise intervention, significant differences were observed among middle-aged and older adults in terms of various parameters, such as weight, fat rate, diastolic pressure, systolic pressure, sit-up, standing on one foot, lower limb extension force, activity of daily living (ADL), and subjective well-being (PGC). ADL and PGC changed significantly in the participants who engaged in exercise more than twice a week. However, the participants who engaged in exercise for less than twice a week showed no significant differences in any parameters except the life satisfaction (LSI) mean; the LSI increased in the “Less than twice a week” exercise group but decreased in the “More than twice a week” group. In terms of average walking time per session, the “More than 30 min” exercise group showed significant differences in ADL and PGC, whereas the “Less than 30 min” group showed significant differences only in the LSI. The influence of exercise on QoL indicators of middle-aged and older adults, under the same exercise intervention conditions, is related to their exercise habits. This study highlights the benefits of physical exercise in middle-aged and older adults, emphasizing the importance of regular and sustained exercise for this population. Furthermore, the study provides a scientific basis for improving QoL in middle-aged and older adults, thus, to some extent, addressing the concerns related to the growing population of older adults. Full article
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18 pages, 1016 KiB  
Article
The Relationship Between the Phonological Processing Network and the Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon: Evidence from Large-Scale DTI Data
by Xiaoyan Gong, Ziyi He, Jun Wang and Cheng Wang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070977 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 512
Abstract
The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve a word despite a strong sense of familiarity. While extensive research has linked phonological processing to TOT, the exact nature of this relationship remains debated. The “blocking hypothesis” suggests that the [...] Read more.
The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve a word despite a strong sense of familiarity. While extensive research has linked phonological processing to TOT, the exact nature of this relationship remains debated. The “blocking hypothesis” suggests that the retrieval of target words is interfered with by phonological neighbors, whereas the “transmission deficit hypothesis” posits that TOT arises from insufficient phonological activation of the target words. This study revisited this issue by examining the relationship between the microstructural integrity of the phonological processing brain network and TOT, utilizing graph-theoretical analyses of neuroimaging data from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN), which included diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data from 576 participants aged 18–87. The results revealed that global efficiency and mean degree centrality of the phonological processing network positively predicted TOT rates. At the nodal level, the nodal efficiency of the bilateral posterior superior temporal gyrus and the clustering coefficient of the left premotor cortex positively predicted TOT rates, while the degree centrality of the left dorsal superior temporal gyrus (dSTG) and the clustering coefficient of the left posterior supramarginal gyrus (pSMG) negatively predicted TOT rates. Overall, these findings suggest that individuals with a more enriched network of phonological representations tend to experience more TOTs, supporting the blocking hypothesis. Additionally, this study highlights the roles of the left dSTG and pSMG in facilitating word retrieval, potentially reducing the occurrence of TOTs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)
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18 pages, 546 KiB  
Article
Negotiating Meaning via Communication Strategies: EFL Learners’ Behavior in Peer Interaction
by Changying Li
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070976 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 364
Abstract
This study examines how Chinese EFL learners behave in peer interactions by negotiating meaning through communication strategies. This is a small-scale study with both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Sixteen Chinese EFL students and one native English teacher were observed in an intensive English [...] Read more.
This study examines how Chinese EFL learners behave in peer interactions by negotiating meaning through communication strategies. This is a small-scale study with both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Sixteen Chinese EFL students and one native English teacher were observed in an intensive English program. The students were asked to interact with their peers in a decision-making task and an information-gap task. Video-recorded data were collected, transcribed and analyzed. The results showed that negotiation occur more frequently in information-gap tasks than decision-making tasks and students primarily employed confirmation checks. For communication strategies used to negotiate, direct strategies were employed most frequently, in which students mainly used code-switch and mime. Indirect strategies followed, with repetition occurring as the most frequently employed strategy. Interactional strategies, including co-construction and appeal for help, were less frequently used. The findings highlight the influence of cultural factors and students’ motivation on their behaviors. Full article
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17 pages, 1237 KiB  
Article
Addressing Emotional Dysregulation Within NDBI for Young Autistic Children: Outcomes and Factors Related to Change
by Elizabeth H. Kushner, Chloe B. Holbrook, Nicole M. Hendrix, Josie Dylan Douglas-Brown and Katherine E. Pickard
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070975 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 479
Abstract
Despite high rates of emotional dysregulation among autistic children, few studies have explored interventions addressing dysregulation. Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions (NDBIs) are a class of interventions focused on supporting social communication. As social communication and emotion regulation skills emerge from similar developmental processes, [...] Read more.
Despite high rates of emotional dysregulation among autistic children, few studies have explored interventions addressing dysregulation. Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions (NDBIs) are a class of interventions focused on supporting social communication. As social communication and emotion regulation skills emerge from similar developmental processes, NDBIs may be one approach for addressing dysregulation among autistic children. The present study sought to characterize change in dysregulation among one-hundred and eleven caregiver–child dyads completing Project ImPACT, a caregiver-mediated NDBI. Caregivers reported on child communication and social engagement using the Social Communication Checklist and emotion regulation using the Emotional Dysregulation Inventory-Young Child at the beginning and end of services. Clinicians reported on caregiver fidelity at each intervention session. Children showed reductions in emotional dysregulation throughout Project ImPACT, though reductions were specific to children who began the program with elevated dysregulation. Child social engagement at baseline and caregivers’ fidelity to specific strategies within Project ImPACT were associated with reductions in emotional dysregulation. Very few studies have tested interventions aimed at supporting emotion regulation among young autistic children. These findings demonstrate that NDBIs may support emotion regulation as well as social communication skills. Further incorporating support for emotion regulation in NDBI may address this critical gap without increasing service coordination for families. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Identification and Intervention of Autism)
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29 pages, 452 KiB  
Review
The Use of Retrieval Practice in the Health Professions: A State-of-the-Art Review
by Michael J. Serra, Althea N. Kaminske, Cynthia Nebel and Kristen M. Coppola
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070974 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1634
Abstract
Retrieval practice, or the active recall of information from memory, is a highly effective learning strategy that strengthens memory and comprehension. This effect is robust and strongly backed by research in cognitive psychology. The health professions—including medicine, nursing, and dentistry—have widely embraced retrieval [...] Read more.
Retrieval practice, or the active recall of information from memory, is a highly effective learning strategy that strengthens memory and comprehension. This effect is robust and strongly backed by research in cognitive psychology. The health professions—including medicine, nursing, and dentistry—have widely embraced retrieval practice as a learning and study tool, particularly for course exams and high-stakes licensing exams. This state-of-the-art review examines the historical development, current applications, and future directions for the use of retrieval practice in health professions education. While retrieval-based learning has long been used informally in these fields, its formal recognition as a scientifically supported study method gained momentum in the early 2000s and then saw a surge in both research interest and curricular adoption between 2010 and 2025. This historical review explores the key factors driving this growth, such as its alignment with assessment-driven education and the increasing availability of third-party study resources that rely on retrieval practice as a guiding principle. Despite its proven benefits for learning, however, barriers persist to its adoption by students, including in the health professions. This article discusses strategies for overcoming these challenges and for enhancing retrieval practice integration into health professions curricula. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educational Applications of Cognitive Psychology)
21 pages, 1374 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Journeys: Accelerating Cross-Cultural Adaptation Through Study Tours
by Ziye Huang, Anmin Huang and Ziyan Yin
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070973 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 459
Abstract
With the rise in short-term intercultural mobility programs, enhancing students’ adaptive capacity through structured experiential learning has become a key concern. Using constructivist grounded theory, this study draws on extending the situated learning and embodied cognition theories as analytical frameworks to explore international [...] Read more.
With the rise in short-term intercultural mobility programs, enhancing students’ adaptive capacity through structured experiential learning has become a key concern. Using constructivist grounded theory, this study draws on extending the situated learning and embodied cognition theories as analytical frameworks to explore international students’ cross-cultural adaptation within the context of study tours. It develops a three-phase framework (pre-departure, on-site immersion, and post-tour reflection) to trace their transition from cultural distance to adaptation. The findings reveal that the process through which international students shift from cross-cultural distance to multidimensional adaptation can be further accelerated by environmental settings, situational behaviors, and short-term emotional responses within study tour contexts. Moreover, culture-led and nature-led environments evoke distinct patterns of participation and emotional responses, facilitating varying degrees and dimensions of adaptation across psychological, social, and cultural domains. The study extends situated and embodied learning perspectives by conceptualizing study tours as dynamic, context-sensitive learning sites. By considering adaptation processes context-dependent, this study deepens the understanding of how learning, emotion, and environment interact to shape intercultural development and offers practical insights for designing responsive, stage-sensitive study tour programs. Full article
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15 pages, 395 KiB  
Article
Empower-Grief for Relatives of Cancer Patients: Implementation and Findings from an Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial
by David Dias Neto, Alexandra Coelho, Ana Nunes da Silva, Teresa Garcia Marques and Sara Albuquerque
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070972 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 903
Abstract
Grief reactions among relatives of palliative care patients are often overlooked, with most interventions targeting Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) rather than its prevention. Few interventions have been developed for individuals at risk. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Empower-Grief, a selective [...] Read more.
Grief reactions among relatives of palliative care patients are often overlooked, with most interventions targeting Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) rather than its prevention. Few interventions have been developed for individuals at risk. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Empower-Grief, a selective intervention designed to address early problematic grief reactions and to explore predictors of its effectiveness. This exploratory randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared Empower-Grief with Treatment as Usual (TAU) among relatives or caregivers of palliative and oncological patients at risk of developing PGD. A total of 46 participants were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and six months later. The primary outcome was PGD symptoms, with additional measures including anxiety, depression, coping strategies, attachment style, psychological flexibility, post-traumatic growth, social support, and therapeutic alliance. The final analyses indicate equivalence between Empower-Grief and TAU, suggesting that both interventions yielded comparable outcomes in reducing PGD symptoms and associated psychological distress. The initial symptoms and therapeutic alliance were predictors of the results in both post- and follow-up moments. This study contributes to the evidence on grief interventions in palliative care, highlighting the importance of structured support for bereaved caregivers. While Empower-Grief demonstrated comparable effectiveness to TAU, its lower intensity, ease of training, and application make it a promising treatment option. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Clinical Interventions on Grief)
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20 pages, 1928 KiB  
Article
Do “Flops” Enhance Authenticity? The Impact of Influencers’ Proactive Disclosures of Failures on Product Recommendations
by Xinge Ye and Chunqing Li
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070971 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 561
Abstract
In reality, some influencers who publicly share failures can gain more attention, which defies common sense. Existing research primarily focuses on the depth of self-disclosure by influencers, which fails to explain the current phenomena. Here, we focus on negative self-disclosure and explore whether [...] Read more.
In reality, some influencers who publicly share failures can gain more attention, which defies common sense. Existing research primarily focuses on the depth of self-disclosure by influencers, which fails to explain the current phenomena. Here, we focus on negative self-disclosure and explore whether an influencer’s proactive disclosure of failures can enhance purchase intentions, along with the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions of this strategy. We conducted three online experiments on the Credamo platform. Study 1 (N = 94) explored the main and mediating effect, whereas Study 2 (N = 238) and Study 3 (N = 238) investigated the moderating effects of observer and influencer characteristics, respectively. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Influencers’ proactive disclosures of failures can boost purchase intentions when recommending products; (2) perceived authenticity plays a mediating role in this process; (3) the degree of viewers’ self-discrepancy moderates the mediating effect of perceived authenticity; and (4) influencers’ follower scale moderates the impact on purchase intentions. This study offers practical implications for influencers on how to enhance marketing effectiveness through self-disclosure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Interactive Marketing in the Digital Era)
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21 pages, 1245 KiB  
Article
Does Control-Related Information Attenuate Biased Self-Control and Moral Perceptions Based on Weight?
by Casey L. Timbs and Heather M. Maranges
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070970 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 370
Abstract
Negative weight-based attitudes are pervasive and difficult to change. One reason may be the moralization of weight: if people use higher weight as a cue for lower self-control, they may infer lower moral character, given the strong link between self-control and morality. Moralized [...] Read more.
Negative weight-based attitudes are pervasive and difficult to change. One reason may be the moralization of weight: if people use higher weight as a cue for lower self-control, they may infer lower moral character, given the strong link between self-control and morality. Moralized attitudes tend to be resistant to change. Accordingly, we tested whether (1) people perceived others with higher (vs. lower) weight as having lower self-control and, in turn, morality and (2) whether targeting control-related perceptions attenuated the weight → self-control → morality links. To that end, in two preregistered experiments (see OSF), we employed intervention strategies targeting control-related perceptions to increase moral evaluations of higher-weight individuals. Specifically, we provided evidence of a higher-weight person’s (a) weight uncontrollability (Study 1) and (b) high self-control (Study 2). People perceived higher-weight targets as having lower self-control, and this predicted perceptions of lower moral character. However, as with extant weight-based attitude interventions, neither experimental intervention strategy attenuated less positive (i.e., made more positive) moral character perceptions. These findings suggest that it is not enough to intervene on control-related beliefs to reduce the moralization of weight. We suggest intervening on moral perceptions directly and the possibility that moralization of weight may be automatic, requiring interventions targeting automatic attitudes. Full article
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16 pages, 532 KiB  
Article
Online Sexual Harassment Perpetration Among Peer Adolescents: A Cross-National and Cross-Gender Study
by Estrella Durán-Guerrero, Annalaura Nocentini, Ersilia Menesini and Virginia Sánchez-Jiménez
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070969 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 678
Abstract
This study aims to validate the Online Sexual Harassment Perpetration among Peers (OSHP-P) instrument for assessing online sexual harassment among adolescents in two different countries, Spain and Italy, considering both new forms of online sexual harassment and gender differences. The instrument was validated [...] Read more.
This study aims to validate the Online Sexual Harassment Perpetration among Peers (OSHP-P) instrument for assessing online sexual harassment among adolescents in two different countries, Spain and Italy, considering both new forms of online sexual harassment and gender differences. The instrument was validated by means of a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with a sample of 1041 Spanish (Mage = 15.0, SD = 0.88) and 1385 Italian (Mage = 14.8, SD = 0.87) adolescents, demonstrating factorial invariance across both country and gender. The best-fitting model was two-dimensional, with ambiguous and direct Sexual Cyber Perpetration (SCP) and Non-Consensual Sharing Perpetration (NCSP) factors. Co-involvement (i.e., involvement in both types of aggression) rates were 10.3% in Spain and 7.8% in Italy. No significant gender differences were found for involvement in either the overall scale (46.4% for girls, 44.1% for boys) or the NCSP subscale (3.0% girls vs. 2.2% boys), although significantly higher co-involvement was found among boys (7.7% girls vs. 10.1% boys). This study contributes to the existing body of research on online sexual harassment among peers in adolescence by presenting a new assessment tool that has been shown to be invariant between Spanish and Italian adolescents, as well as between boys and girls. Full article
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29 pages, 430 KiB  
Article
How Will I Evaluate Others? The Influence of “Versailles Literature” Language Style on Social Media on Consumer Attitudes Towards Evaluating Green Consumption Behavior
by Huilong Zhang, Huiming Liu, Yudong Zhang and Hui He
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070968 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 435
Abstract
The dissemination and practice of green consumption behavior is an important issue in promoting sustainable development. With the advent of the digital age, social media platforms have become an important channel for promoting green consumption. The expression of language style has become an [...] Read more.
The dissemination and practice of green consumption behavior is an important issue in promoting sustainable development. With the advent of the digital age, social media platforms have become an important channel for promoting green consumption. The expression of language style has become an increasingly important factor influencing consumer attitudes. From the perspective of consumer perception, this study used three situational simulation experiments (n total = 304) to explore the mechanism by which the “Versailles Literature” language style impacts the feelings and behaviors of audiences of the green consumption behavior of the poster, and to examine the mediating roles of ostentation perception and hypocrisy perception. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS. The research findings showed that, compared with “non-Versailles Literature”, this style significantly reduces positive attitudes toward green consumption while increasing perceptions of bragging and hypocrisy. Furthermore, the strength of social ties between the consumer and the poster plays a moderating role in the effect of language style; specifically, when posts come from strangers, consumers perceive a stronger sense of bragging and hypocrisy. The research results will provide practical guidance for individuals and enterprises to effectively promote the concept of green consumption on social media, helping enterprises avoid the negative reactions brought about by conspicuous green consumption behaviors and exaggerated or false promotion of environmental behaviors, such as “greenwashing”. Full article
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18 pages, 1119 KiB  
Article
Affect, Disordered Eating Attitudes and Behaviors, and Orthorexia Nervosa Among Women: Mediation Through Intuitive Eating
by Mehri Khoshzad, Christophe Maïano, Alexandre J. S. Morin and Annie Aimé
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070967 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 435
Abstract
Intuitive eating is an adaptive eating style that could help explain part of the relation between affect and eating behaviors. However, research in this area remains limited. The objectives of this study are twofold. First, we examine the relation between affect, disordered eating [...] Read more.
Intuitive eating is an adaptive eating style that could help explain part of the relation between affect and eating behaviors. However, research in this area remains limited. The objectives of this study are twofold. First, we examine the relation between affect, disordered eating attitudes and behaviors (DEABs), and orthorexia nervosa (ON). Second, we investigate the mediating role of intuitive eating regarding these relations. A sample of 197 French-speaking Canadian women, aged from 18 to 69, participated in the study. The results showed that negative affect was related to DEABs and ON, but not positive affect. Statistically significant associations were also found between affect (negative and positive) and the four dimensions of intuitive eating. Additionally, negative relations were found between intuitive eating dimensions and most types of eating behaviors (encompassing DEABs and ON), except for dieting. Finally, our results revealed that the relations between affect (positive and negative) and most types of eating behaviors were indirect (i.e., suggesting mediation) via intuitive eating. Based on these results, it seems that interventions addressing affect regulation and eating behaviors could benefit from including a focus on intuitive eating. Full article
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19 pages, 1196 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Landmark Salience on Drivers’ Spatial Cognition and Takeover Performance in Autonomous Driving Scenarios
by Xianyun Liu, Yongdong Zhou and Yunhong Zhang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070966 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 302
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of autonomous vehicles (AVs), drivers’ spatial cognition and takeover performance have become critical to traffic safety. This study investigates the effects of landmark salience—specifically visual and structural salience—on drivers’ spatial cognition and takeover behavior in autonomous driving scenarios. Two [...] Read more.
With the increasing prevalence of autonomous vehicles (AVs), drivers’ spatial cognition and takeover performance have become critical to traffic safety. This study investigates the effects of landmark salience—specifically visual and structural salience—on drivers’ spatial cognition and takeover behavior in autonomous driving scenarios. Two simulator-based experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 examined the impact of landmark salience on spatial cognition tasks, including route re-cruise, scene recognition, and sequence recognition. Experiment 2 assessed the effects of landmark salience on takeover performance. Results indicated that salient landmarks generally enhance spatial cognition; the effects of visual and structural salience differ in scope and function in autonomous driving scenarios. Landmarks with high visual salience not only improved drivers’ accuracy in making intersection decisions but also significantly reduced the time it took to react to a takeover. In contrast, structurally salient landmarks had a more pronounced effect on memory-based tasks, such as scene recognition and sequence recognition, but showed a limited influence on dynamic decision-making tasks like takeover response. These findings underscore the differentiated roles of visual and structural landmark features, highlighting the critical importance of visually salient landmarks in supporting both navigation and timely takeover during autonomous driving. The results provide practical insights for urban road design, advocating for the strategic placement of visually prominent landmarks at key decision points. This approach has the potential to enhance both navigational efficiency and traffic safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)
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22 pages, 811 KiB  
Article
Jurymen Seldom Rule Against a Person That They Like: The Relationship Between Emotions Towards a Defendant, the Understanding of Case Facts, and Juror Judgments in Civil Trials
by Hannah J. Phalen, Taylor C. Bettis, Samantha R. Bean and Jessica M. Salerno
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070965 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 348
Abstract
Legal actors often discuss emotion-based decisions and reasoned evaluation of the facts as distinct and opposite methods through which jurors can reach conclusions. However, research suggests that emotion can have an indirect effect on juror decisions by changing the way that jurors evaluate [...] Read more.
Legal actors often discuss emotion-based decisions and reasoned evaluation of the facts as distinct and opposite methods through which jurors can reach conclusions. However, research suggests that emotion can have an indirect effect on juror decisions by changing the way that jurors evaluate the facts of the case. In three studies (N = 713, N = 677, N = 651), we tested whether mock jurors’ negative moral emotions towards the defendant predicted their evaluations of unrelated case evidence and in turn their case judgments and whether judicial rehabilitation could reduce this effect. Participants read a civil case and were randomly assigned to either receive judicial rehabilitation or not. Then, they completed measures relating to their negative moral emotions towards the defendant, their agreement with plaintiff and defense evidence, and case judgments. When participants reported increased negative emotions towards the defendant, they agreed more with unrelated plaintiff evidence and less with unrelated defense evidence. In turn, they voted liable more often and awarded more in damages. Judicial rehabilitation did not reduce this effect. This research provides support for the idea that there is a more complicated relationship between emotion and decisions than legal actors suggest. Specifically, negative emotions towards the defendant are associated with a pro-plaintiff evaluation of evidence and pro-plaintiff judgments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Cognitive Processes in Legal Decision Making)
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19 pages, 916 KiB  
Article
Can Self-Esteem Protect the Subjective Well-Being of Women in Their 20s from the Effects of Social Media Use? The Moderating Role of Self-Esteem
by Yesolran Kim and Mina Lee
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070964 - 16 Jul 2025
Viewed by 415
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between social media use and subjective well-being among South Korean women in their 20s, with a particular emphasis on the moderating role of self-esteem. Cross-sectional data from 611 women in their 20s who had experience using social media [...] Read more.
This study investigates the relationship between social media use and subjective well-being among South Korean women in their 20s, with a particular emphasis on the moderating role of self-esteem. Cross-sectional data from 611 women in their 20s who had experience using social media platforms was drawn from the Korean Media Panel Survey 2021. A regression analysis revealed that increased social media use was associated with lower subjective well-being. Self-esteem acted as a moderator in the relationship between social media use and subjective well-being. Among individuals with low or medium levels of self-esteem, higher social media use was linked to decreased subjective well-being; however, for those with high self-esteem, social media use did not significantly impact subjective well-being. These findings underscore the significance of self-esteem as a protective factor in the context of social media use and its influence on the subjective well-being among women in their 20s. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)
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