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Volume 15
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Behav. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 7 (July 2025) – 107 articles

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26 pages, 819 KiB  
Article
META—Measurement for Evolution, Transformation, and Autorealization: A New Assessment Protocol
by Alessio Gori and Eleonora Topino
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070942 - 11 Jul 2025
Abstract
Self-realization, a multifaceted concept, has long been a subject of interest in the scientific literature. Given its profound impact on overall well-being and work-related satisfaction, the development of instruments capturing its complexity assumes significant relevance. Therefore, this study presents the development and validation [...] Read more.
Self-realization, a multifaceted concept, has long been a subject of interest in the scientific literature. Given its profound impact on overall well-being and work-related satisfaction, the development of instruments capturing its complexity assumes significant relevance. Therefore, this study presents the development and validation of the META—Measurement for Evolution, Transformation, and Autorealization, a self-report measure designed to assess the propensity for self-realization. The study involved a sample of 634 participants, who completed a survey comprising the META, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Career Adapt-Abilities Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Insight Orientation Scale, and 10-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale. The analyses confirmed the statistical solidity of the three hypothesized sections; Part A (Evolutionary Thrust), including Sense of life, Spirit of service, Self-Authorizing, Self-Centering, and Internal Drive for Realization; Part B (Transformative Adaptation), including Propensity for transformation, Distress to change, Adaptability, and Fullness of the Experience; Part C (Work Attitude), including Social Service and Care, Administrative and Office Works, Entrepreneurship, Customer Service and Hospitality, and Manual activities. Factor analyses supported the structural validity of the three hypothesized sections of the META, and all subscales showed good to excellent internal consistency. Significant correlations between the META dimensions/subdimensions and self-realization or well-being outcomes also emerged. The META showed excellent psychometric properties and may be used in various fields, promoting advancements in research and practices supporting well-being and personal fulfilment. Full article
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26 pages, 476 KiB  
Article
The Aggressive Gender Backlash in Intimate Partner Relationships: A Theoretical Framework and Initial Measurement
by Aristides A. Vara-Horna and Noelia Rodríguez-Espartal
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070941 - 11 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study introduces and validates a novel instrument to measure aggressive gender backlash (AGB), a distinct and underexplored dimension of gender backlash (GB) within intimate partner relationships. Based on the General Aggression Model, a multidimensional scale was developed and tested using data from [...] Read more.
This study introduces and validates a novel instrument to measure aggressive gender backlash (AGB), a distinct and underexplored dimension of gender backlash (GB) within intimate partner relationships. Based on the General Aggression Model, a multidimensional scale was developed and tested using data from 513 Peruvian female microentrepreneurs. Results demonstrate solid evidence of reliability, discriminant validity, and predictive validity across five dimensions: hostility, the withdrawal of support, sabotage/coercion, gender stereotyping, and masculine victimization. The findings reveal that AGB is more prevalent than intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) and often precedes it. AGB encompasses covert, non-violent behaviors that aim to resist female empowerment, such as emotional sabotage, manipulation, and disqualification, often normalized within relationships. This construct is significantly associated with lower levels of empowerment, increased subordination, emotional morbidity, and decreased work productivity. This study redefines GB as an interpersonal process measurable at the individual level and provides the first validated tool for its assessment. By conceptualizing AGB as a persistent, harmful, and functionally equivalent mechanism to IPVAW, though not necessarily physically violent, this research fills a key gap in gender violence literature. It offers practical implications for early detection and prevention strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence: A Focus on Emotion Regulation)
15 pages, 764 KiB  
Article
Factors Influencing the Relationship Between Sugar Consumption and Depression Among Women Under Breast Cancer Treatment
by Yu-Chen Liu, Wen-Hung Kuo, Chiao Lo, Chiun-Sheng Huang, Meei-Shyuan Lee, Jen-Ho Chang, Chia-Chen Hsieh and Fei-Hsiu Hsiao
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070940 - 11 Jul 2025
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to examine the mediating and moderating roles of quality of life, mindfulness, and savoring in the relationship between sugar intake and depression among women with breast cancer undergoing active treatment. Methods: This prospective observational study recruited seventy-eight women diagnosed [...] Read more.
Objective: This study aimed to examine the mediating and moderating roles of quality of life, mindfulness, and savoring in the relationship between sugar intake and depression among women with breast cancer undergoing active treatment. Methods: This prospective observational study recruited seventy-eight women diagnosed with breast cancer within six months from a medical center in Taiwan. The participants completed patient-reported health surveys and dietary recalls. Results: Sugar consumption (β = 0.22, p < 0.01) and breast symptoms (β = 0.28, p < 0.01) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Simple mediation analysis indicated that quality of life fully mediated the relationship between sugar intake and depression (indirect effect = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.25), while breast symptoms played a partial mediating role (indirect effect = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.18). Moderated mediation analysis revealed that after-event savoring moderated the path between quality of life and depression (interaction effect = −0.04, 95% CI = −0.08 to −0.01). Furthermore, non-judgment mindfulness significantly attenuated the indirect effect of sugar consumption on depression via quality of life functions (moderated mediation index = −0.03, 95% CI = −0.06 to −0.00). Conclusions: Mindfulness and momentary savoring may act as protective factors, moderating the relationship between sugar consumption and depression. These findings support the proposal to integrate nutrition and mindfulness-based support into clinical care for women receiving active breast cancer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of the Mindfulness-Based and Compassion-Based Therapies on Well-Being: The New Findings of the Neuroscience, the Practices, and the Education)
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22 pages, 1027 KiB  
Article
Revisiting Public Trust and Media Influence During COVID-19 Post-Vaccination Era—Waning of Anxiety and Depression Levels Among Skilled Workers and Students in Serbia
by Miljan Adamovic, Srdjan Nikolovski, Stefan Milojevic, Nebojsa Zdravkovic, Ivan Markovic, Olivera Djokic, Slobodan Tomic, Ivana Burazor, Dragoslava Zivkov Saponja, Jasna Gacic, Jelena Petkovic, Snezana Knezevic, Marko Spiler, Snezana Svetozarevic and Ana Adamovic
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070939 - 11 Jul 2025
Abstract
Infectious disease outbreaks amplify the influence of stressors on psychological conditions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the disturbing influence of COVID-19 outbreak-related information and the influence of trust on the Serbian healthcare system and COVID-19 preventive measures on anxiety and [...] Read more.
Infectious disease outbreaks amplify the influence of stressors on psychological conditions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the disturbing influence of COVID-19 outbreak-related information and the influence of trust on the Serbian healthcare system and COVID-19 preventive measures on anxiety and depression. An anonymous online questionnaire assessing the demographic information, disturbance level and causes, and levels of anxiety and depression has been distributed to the participants, divided into student and non-student groups. The non-student group was further divided into healthcare, military, and education workers. Anxiety and depression levels, as well as the level of decreased trust in COVID-19-related preventive measures, were higher among students compared to non-students (p = 0.011). Higher anxiety and depression levels, and higher influence of the COVID-19 outbreak on those levels, were observed in education and healthcare workers, compared to military personnel. Medical doctors reported a higher level of trust in the healthcare system compared to nurses (p = 0.023). Trust in the healthcare system increased more frequently compared to the pre-vaccination period among medical doctors, compared to nurses (p = 0.040). Higher anxiety and depression and lower public trust levels in students and workers in education and the healthcare sector indicate a need to focus on these important society members during public health emergencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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20 pages, 327 KiB  
Article
Are There Gender Differences in Performance in Competition in China? An Empirical Investigation
by Gerald Wu, Nikita Nikita and Grace Lordan
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070938 - 11 Jul 2025
Abstract
Evidence from the lab suggests that women perform less well than men under competitive conditions, but the majority of this evidence relates to Western countries. Our study explores gender differences in performance in competitive environments among Chinese individuals. Using a five-round online experimental [...] Read more.
Evidence from the lab suggests that women perform less well than men under competitive conditions, but the majority of this evidence relates to Western countries. Our study explores gender differences in performance in competitive environments among Chinese individuals. Using a five-round online experimental design, we recruited undergraduate and postgraduate students from a Shanghai university. Participants completed a series of word memory games under varying incentive schemes, including baseline, piece-rate, risk-based, and tournament-style competition. The results of this study suggest that there are no differences in performance under competitive conditions between Chinese men and women. However, women perform slightly better than men when the element of risk is added in a competitive environment. This study underscores the importance of examining cultural nuances when evaluating gender dynamics in competition and contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of these dynamics in the Chinese context. Full article
21 pages, 1260 KiB  
Article
The Moderating Role of Psychological Ownership in Job Crafting, Organizational Commitment, and Innovative Behavior: A Comparison Between AI and Non-AI Departments
by Yuli Wang, Xia Liu and Suheyong Choi
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070937 - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Innovative behavior is essential for maintaining an organization’s competitive edge. This study aimed to investigate the impact of job crafting on innovative behavior, focusing on the mediating role of organizational commitment and the moderating effect of psychological ownership. It also explored how the [...] Read more.
Innovative behavior is essential for maintaining an organization’s competitive edge. This study aimed to investigate the impact of job crafting on innovative behavior, focusing on the mediating role of organizational commitment and the moderating effect of psychological ownership. It also explored how the moderating effect of psychological ownership varied between artificial intelligence (AI) and non-AI departments. Data were collected from 457 employees in China’s Internet industry. The results reveal that organizational commitment mediates the relationship between job crafting and innovative behavior. Furthermore, psychological ownership significantly moderates this relationship, with notable differences between AI and non-AI departments. Notably, the mediating role of organizational commitment in the connection between job crafting and innovative behavior is influenced by psychological ownership. These findings underscore the key roles of job crafting, organizational commitment, and psychological ownership in fostering innovative behavior and supporting organizational growth. They also highlight the importance of strategically managing psychological ownership across different departmental contexts to enhance organizational commitment and promote employee innovation. Full article
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13 pages, 463 KiB  
Article
Bidirectional Relationship Between Insomnia and Depressive Symptoms in Family Caregivers of People with Dementia: A Longitudinal Study
by Lucía Jiménez-Gonzalo, María Márquez-González, Carlos Vara-García, Rosa Romero-Moreno, Javier Olazarán, Roland von Känel, Brent T. Mausbach and Andrés Losada-Baltar
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070936 - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Bidirectionality between insomnia and depression is well documented in general and clinical populations but remains under-researched in family caregivers of people with dementia. This study aimed to explore this relationship using a longitudinal design with 155 family caregivers assessed annually over three years. [...] Read more.
Bidirectionality between insomnia and depression is well documented in general and clinical populations but remains under-researched in family caregivers of people with dementia. This study aimed to explore this relationship using a longitudinal design with 155 family caregivers assessed annually over three years. Data collected included sociodemographic information, health behaviors, medical data, caregiving stressors, and depressive and insomnia symptoms. Two linear mixed models were tested: Model 1 considered insomnia symptoms as the independent variable and depressive symptoms as the outcome; Model 2 considered depressive symptoms as the independent variable and insomnia symptoms as the outcome. The results showed that caregivers with more insomnia symptoms over time had significantly higher depressive symptoms, even after adjusting for covariates. Insomnia accounted for an additional 7.47% of the variance, with a total explained variance of 57.93%. Conversely, higher depressive symptoms over time were associated with increased insomnia. Depressive symptoms explained an additional 7.28% of the variance, with a total explained variance of 25.74%. These results were consistent with previous studies on non-caregiving populations, adding empirical evidence to the notion that both insomnia and depression may operate as a risk factor for the other disorder. Caregiver support interventions could improve their psychological well-being if they incorporate sleep-focused strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychosocial Care and Support in Dementia)
13 pages, 688 KiB  
Article
Syntactic Information Extraction in the Parafovea: Evidence from Two-Character Phrases in Chinese
by Zijia Lu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070935 - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study investigates syntactic parafoveal processing in Chinese reading using a boundary paradigm with two-character verb–object phrases. Participants (N = 120 undergraduates) viewed sentences with manipulated previews (identity, syntactically consistent, and inconsistent previews). Results showed a selective syntactic preview effect: syntactical violations reduced [...] Read more.
This study investigates syntactic parafoveal processing in Chinese reading using a boundary paradigm with two-character verb–object phrases. Participants (N = 120 undergraduates) viewed sentences with manipulated previews (identity, syntactically consistent, and inconsistent previews). Results showed a selective syntactic preview effect: syntactical violations reduced target word skipping rates, but fixation durations remained unaffected. This dissociation contrasts with robust syntactic preview benefits observed in alphabetic languages, highlighting how Chinese’s lack of morphological markers constrains parafoveal processing. The findings challenge parallel processing models while supporting language-specific modulation of universal cognitive mechanisms. Our results advance understanding of hierarchical information extraction in reading, with implications for developing cross-linguistic reading models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)
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18 pages, 2369 KiB  
Review
A Quantitative Review of Brain Activation Maps for Mentalizing, Empathy, and Social Interactions: Specifying Commonalities and Differences
by Bela Kranewitter and Matthias Schurz
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070934 - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Humans are inherently social beings, and the quality of their interactions is essential for maintaining physical and mental health. Effective social interaction involves understanding not just people’s visible behavior but also the underlying factors like thoughts and emotions. This review investigates the convergence [...] Read more.
Humans are inherently social beings, and the quality of their interactions is essential for maintaining physical and mental health. Effective social interaction involves understanding not just people’s visible behavior but also the underlying factors like thoughts and emotions. This review investigates the convergence and divergence of meta-analytic brain activation for mentalizing, empathy, and social interaction engagement. To achieve this, we re-analyzed data from our prior meta-analysis on mentalizing and empathy using the same methodology as an existing meta-analysis on social interaction engagement. The comparison of brain activation maps focused on the question of whether the co-activation of cognitive and affective brain systems is an overarching characteristic of intermediate mentalizing/empathy tasks and social interaction engagement. Our findings support the general assumption that social interaction engagement co-recruits cognitive and affective brain systems also implicated in mentalizing and empathy. However, we found little direct overlap of brain activation for intermediate mentalizing/empathy tasks and social interaction engagement. Finally, applying a network neuroscience perspective, we suggest that social interaction engagement, affective/empathy, and intermediate mentalizing/empathy tasks are collectively characterized by co-recruitment of the default mode network and control networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Other Intentions: Merging Evidence on Theory of Mind across Various Research Areas)
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22 pages, 414 KiB  
Article
School Climate and Black Adolescents’ Psychological Functioning: The Roles of Parental Self-Efficacy and Parenting Practices
by Fatima A. Varner, Sophia J. Lamb, Hin Wing Tse, Ahniah R. Charles, Naila A. Smith and Sheretta T. Butler-Barnes
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070933 - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Based on ecological systems theory, adolescents’ school climates can influence family interactions. In this study, it was tested whether associations between adolescents’ and parents’ perceptions of school climate in 7th grade (Wave 1) and adolescents’ later psychological functioning in 11th grade (Wave 4) [...] Read more.
Based on ecological systems theory, adolescents’ school climates can influence family interactions. In this study, it was tested whether associations between adolescents’ and parents’ perceptions of school climate in 7th grade (Wave 1) and adolescents’ later psychological functioning in 11th grade (Wave 4) were partially mediated by parental self-efficacy and parenting practices when the adolescents were in 8th grade (Wave 3). Path analyses were conducted in MPlus v. 7.4. Among 660 Black American families from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study, adolescents’ positive perceptions of school climate were directly related to fewer internalizing and externalizing symptoms, higher resourcefulness, and higher self-esteem. Adolescents’ perceptions of school climate were also indirectly related to their externalizing symptoms through parent–adolescent communication and conflict. Adolescents who reported more positive school climates reported higher parent–adolescent communication and lower parent–adolescent conflict. Adolescents’ reports of school climate were also indirectly associated with self-esteem. Parents’ perceptions of school climate were not directly related to adolescents’ psychological functioning but were directly related to parental self-efficacy and parent–adolescent communication. They were also indirectly related to adolescents’ externalizing symptoms through parental self-efficacy. Parental self-efficacy was positively related to parent–adolescent communication and parents’ home-based school involvement. Overall, the findings highlight the role of school context in adolescents’ psychological functioning and family processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of the Interaction of Parenting Practices and Environment on Children’s Outcomes)
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13 pages, 513 KiB  
Article
Media Representations of Aging and Their Psychological Impact: Age Anxiety Among Older Korean Adults
by Soondool Chung, Miri Kim, Yuri Jang, Nan Sook Park and Hyunwoo Yoon
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070932 - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the association between media representation, perceived age stereotypes, and aging anxiety among Korean older adults. A total of 600 older adults aged 65 years and older were analyzed via structural equation modelling and the bootstrapping method using a cross-sectional, secondary [...] Read more.
This study investigates the association between media representation, perceived age stereotypes, and aging anxiety among Korean older adults. A total of 600 older adults aged 65 years and older were analyzed via structural equation modelling and the bootstrapping method using a cross-sectional, secondary dataset. Regarding the direct effects, media representation was positively associated with perceived age stereotypes, aging anxiety related to financial matters, and aging anxiety in relation to psychosocial factors. In addition, perceived age stereotypes were positively associated with aging anxiety in regard to psychosocial factors. In terms of indirect effects, perceived age stereotypes only mediated the relationship between media representation and aging-anxiety-related psychosocial factors. This study’s findings are significant for alleviating aging anxiety in an aging society, offering practical strategies for mitigating such concerns. Full article
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19 pages, 326 KiB  
Article
Motivational Dynamics in a Multilingual Context: University Students’ Perspectives on LOTE Learning
by Ali Göksu and Vincent Louis
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070931 - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Interest in language-learning motivation has been growing recently, particularly in multilingual contexts where individuals acquire additional languages beyond English. Despite increasing the focus on multilingualism within second-language acquisition (SLA) research, less research focuses on the motivational dynamics of multilingual learners in learning languages [...] Read more.
Interest in language-learning motivation has been growing recently, particularly in multilingual contexts where individuals acquire additional languages beyond English. Despite increasing the focus on multilingualism within second-language acquisition (SLA) research, less research focuses on the motivational dynamics of multilingual learners in learning languages other than English (LOTE). Addressing this gap, the present study investigates the complex motivational factors influencing multilingual university students in learning French as an additional language and LOTE within the Belgian context. The participants consisted of 121 multilingual university students who were learning French as an additional language and LOTE. Data were collected through questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, and analyzed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of learners’ motivational profile. Findings revealed that multilingual learners’ motivation is multifaceted and dynamic, shaped by a combination of intrinsic interests (e.g., cultural appreciation and personal growth), extrinsic goals (e.g., academic and career aspirations), integrative motives, and prior language-learning experiences. The study also sheds light on the overlapping and evolving nature of motivational patterns and provides nuanced insights into LOTE learning motivation within multilingual settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Motivation and Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies in Learning across the Lifespan)
17 pages, 605 KiB  
Article
Losing Track of Time on TikTok? An Experimental Study of Short Video Users’ Time Distortion
by Yaqi Jiang, Zhihao Yan and Zeyang Yang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070930 - 10 Jul 2025
Abstract
Short videos’ increasing popularity and increased user engagement have sparked concerns about time perception. While studies have linked gaming or watching TV series to time loss, research on short videos’ temporal impact is scarce. This study aims to investigate the impact of short [...] Read more.
Short videos’ increasing popularity and increased user engagement have sparked concerns about time perception. While studies have linked gaming or watching TV series to time loss, research on short videos’ temporal impact is scarce. This study aims to investigate the impact of short video use on time distortion (including perceptions of time for experimental tasks and weekly usage) through an experimental design. Fifty-six college students were randomly assigned to two time duration conditions (long-duration for 16 min 9 s or short-duration for 5 min 23 s). Participants in both conditions were instructed to watch short videos and read public articles for the same duration and then estimate the time duration of the tasks. Subsequently, participants completed a questionnaire about their estimated and actual weekly short video use and problematic short watching levels. The results showed that the impact of task duration on time perception was significant. Task type had no significant impact on time perception, with no notable difference in time estimation between conditions involving watching short videos and reading. The interaction between time duration and task type was not significant. Additionally, problematic short video watching and the estimated weekly short video use were not significantly related to time distortion. This study contributes to empirical research on time distortion while watching short videos, providing insights for expanding theoretical models of addictive behaviors and interventions for problematic short video use. Full article
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17 pages, 412 KiB  
Article
Emotion Regulation Strategies and Psychological Well-Being in Emerging Adulthood: Mediating Role of Optimism and Self-Esteem in a University Student Sample
by Hugo Sanchez-Sanchez, Konstanze Schoeps and Inmaculada Montoya-Castilla
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070929 - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Emerging adulthood is a critical phase for emotional development and mental health. Psychological well-being has been associated with using emotion regulation strategies as well as high self-esteem and high optimism. The objective of this study was to examine the mediating role of self-esteem [...] Read more.
Emerging adulthood is a critical phase for emotional development and mental health. Psychological well-being has been associated with using emotion regulation strategies as well as high self-esteem and high optimism. The objective of this study was to examine the mediating role of self-esteem and optimism in the relationship between emotion regulation and psychological well-being in the context of the challenges associated with emerging adulthood. The study was conducted with the participation of 771 university students (M = 20.38, SD = 2.01, 73.3% female), who completed questionnaires, including the Psychological Well-Being Scales (PWBS), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-18), Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale and the Optimism Questionnaire (COP). The results indicate a positive correlation between the adaptive strategies of emotion regulation and the dimensions of psychological well-being, as well as a positive correlation with self-esteem and optimism. A mediation model was tested with an adequate model fit, examining both direct and indirect effects. The model identifies planning, positive reappraisal, and catastrophizing as the most significant emotion regulation strategies, while also emphasizing the importance of some dimensions of well-being, such as self-acceptance, mastery of the environment, and life purpose. Furthermore, the findings illustrate the role of self-esteem and optimism as mediators in these relationships. The study concludes with an analysis of the theoretical and practical implications of the findings in the context of the difficulties associated with emerging adulthood where individuals define their identity, goals and purposes in life and their personality becomes more consistent. Full article
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29 pages, 896 KiB  
Systematic Review
Unveiling the Layers of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review of Clinical Subtypes
by Alexandra Triantafyllou, Pentagiotissa Stefanatou, George Konstantakopoulos, Eleni Giannoulis and Ioannis Malogiannis
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070928 - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterised by significant clinical heterogeneity. Classifying subtypes of BPD may offer deeper insights into the disorder’s complexity and inform more tailored therapeutic strategies. The exploration of data-driven subtyping using cluster-analytic approaches represents a promising avenue for capturing [...] Read more.
Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterised by significant clinical heterogeneity. Classifying subtypes of BPD may offer deeper insights into the disorder’s complexity and inform more tailored therapeutic strategies. The exploration of data-driven subtyping using cluster-analytic approaches represents a promising avenue for capturing variability in symptomatology and comorbidity profiles. Aim: This systematic review aims to synthesise and critically evaluate the empirical studies that have applied cluster-analytic methods to identify subtypes of BPD in adult populations. It further assesses the consistency of findings and their alignment with theoretical models of the disorder. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and PsycNet was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies employed either traditional or probabilistic clustering techniques to classify adult individuals diagnosed with BPD based on the DSM criteria. A total of 29 studies, encompassing 24,345 participants, met the inclusion criteria. The study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the AXIS tool. Results: Most studies identified clinically meaningful BPD subtypes based on dimensions such as affective regulation, effortful control, interpersonal style, and impulsivity or aggression. Several findings supported the existence of internalizing and externalizing profiles, which converge with long-standing theoretical conceptualisations of BPD. However, substantial heterogeneity was observed in subtyping bases, sample characteristics, and analytic procedures. Discussion: Although this review highlights the recurring subtype patterns, the methodological inconsistencies and a lack of longitudinal and treatment-outcome data limit the strength of the conclusions. The future research should prioritise standardised subtyping frameworks and explore the prognostic and therapeutic utility of BPD subtypes in clinical settings. Full article
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20 pages, 1415 KiB  
Review
Career Adaptability in Special Educational Needs Populations: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Evidence and Emerging Research Directions
by Cheng Li, Lan Yang, Kuen Fung Sin, Fengzhan Gao and Alessandra Romano
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070927 - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Despite robust evidence linking career adaptability (CA) to positive vocational and psychosocial outcomes in general populations, research on the CA among individuals with special educational needs (SEN) remains limited. Prior reviews have largely overlooked the distinct challenges faced by SEN populations. To address [...] Read more.
Despite robust evidence linking career adaptability (CA) to positive vocational and psychosocial outcomes in general populations, research on the CA among individuals with special educational needs (SEN) remains limited. Prior reviews have largely overlooked the distinct challenges faced by SEN populations. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review across five major databases, yielding an initial pool of 81 studies. Following rigorous screening, only eight quantitative studies met the inclusion criteria, reflecting the early stage of the research in this area. The included studies span diverse SEN groups, including individuals with visual impairments, intellectual disabilities, and mental health conditions. CA was consistently found to be associated with adaptive outcomes such as self-esteem, self-efficacy, hope, and career satisfaction. However, the literature is characterized by methodological limitations, notably the predominance of cross-sectional designs, the underrepresentation of neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g., ASD, ADHD), and a lack of cross-cultural perspectives and standardized instruments specifically adapted to SEN learners. Future studies should focus on the need for longitudinal and mixed-method designs, contextually cross-cultural research, and inclusive measurement tools. Furthermore, exploring the ecological and emotional predictors of CA; expanding to underrepresented SEN subgroups; and evaluating diverse interventions beyond mentoring are essential to informing tailored educational and vocational support for individuals with SEN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)
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16 pages, 388 KiB  
Article
Too Close to Speak Up? How Group Network Density and Status Conflict Affect Group Voice
by Yumi Ko, Myung-Ho Chung and Dongwon Choi
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070926 - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Although group network characteristics significantly influence a group’s ability to exchange and absorb knowledge by listening to group members’ opinions, previous research on voice behavior has not yet fully addressed the social and relational factors in work groups that affect group-level voice. Specifically, [...] Read more.
Although group network characteristics significantly influence a group’s ability to exchange and absorb knowledge by listening to group members’ opinions, previous research on voice behavior has not yet fully addressed the social and relational factors in work groups that affect group-level voice. Specifically, in line with the “dark side of social capital” argument, this study examined the effects of group network density on group voice. In addition, drawing on the notion of status conflict, we further examined the moderating role of status conflict on the relationship between group network density and group voice. Using data from 55 work groups, we found an inverted U-shaped relationship between group network density and group voice. Moreover, we found that status conflict moderated the inverted-U effect of group density on group voice, such that when status conflict was high, (1) the overall level of group voice was reduced and (2) group voice decreased faster on the downward side of the inverted-U curve. Herein, we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these results with relation to effective group management. Full article
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12 pages, 465 KiB  
Article
Knowledge and Education on Physical Activity Health Benefits and Prescription Principles Among Greek Medical Students
by Eirini Kyriakoulakou, Apostolos Z. Skouras, Charilaos Tsolakis, Panagiotis Koulouvaris and Anastassios Philippou
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070925 - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is widely recognized as a therapeutic intervention for numerous non-communicable diseases. This study assessed Greek medical students’ knowledge and education on PA across seven medical schools. A structured questionnaire was distributed electronically to all medical schools across Greece, with 135 [...] Read more.
Physical activity (PA) is widely recognized as a therapeutic intervention for numerous non-communicable diseases. This study assessed Greek medical students’ knowledge and education on PA across seven medical schools. A structured questionnaire was distributed electronically to all medical schools across Greece, with 135 students responding (67.4% female). Among respondents, 78.5% reported being taught about PA benefits, and 77.8% felt prepared to discuss them with patients. However, 30.2% had received less than two hours of formal PA education. Only 25.2% were aware of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Greek Central Board of Health (KESY) recommendations, while 81.5% expressed the need for additional education on PA and its role in health. Students who were taught about PA were more likely to address exercise physiology (42.5% vs. 17.2%, p = 0.013, OR = 16.4), cardiopulmonary exercise testing (52.8% vs. 24.1%; p = 0.006, OR = 3.5), and PA benefits (89.6% vs. 34.5%; p < 0.001, OR = 3.5). Although most medical students have been taught about PA’s health benefits, only a small proportion have sufficient knowledge for effective prescription. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviors in Educational Settings—2nd Edition)
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15 pages, 1758 KiB  
Article
Why Empirical Forgetting Curves Deviate from Actual Forgetting Rates: A Distribution Model of Forgetting
by Nate Kornell and Robert A. Bjork
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070924 - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
For over a century, forgetting research has shown that recall decreases along a power or exponential function over time. It is tempting to assume that empirical forgetting curves are equivalent to the rate at which individual memories are forgotten. This assumption would be [...] Read more.
For over a century, forgetting research has shown that recall decreases along a power or exponential function over time. It is tempting to assume that empirical forgetting curves are equivalent to the rate at which individual memories are forgotten. This assumption would be erroneous, because forgetting curves are influenced by an often-neglected factor: the distribution of memory strengths relative to a recall threshold. For example, if memories with normally distributed initial strengths were forgotten at a linear rate, percent correct would not be linear, it would decrease rapidly when the peak of the distribution was crossing the recall threshold and slowly when one of the tails was crossing the threshold. We describe a distribution model of memory that explains the divergence between forgetting curves and item forgetting rates. The model predicts that forgetting curves can be approximately linear (or even concave, like the right side of a frown) when percent correct is high. This prediction was supported by previous evidence and an experiment where participants learned word pairs to a criterion. Beyond its theoretical implications, the distribution model also has implications for education: Creating memories that are just above the threshold helps on short-term tests but does not form lasting memories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educational Applications of Cognitive Psychology)
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15 pages, 271 KiB  
Review
Understanding Selective Mutism in Very Young Children
by Kimberly Renk, Kaitlyn Daleandro, Madison Verdone, Haifa Al-Bassam and Quiyara Murphy
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070923 - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Although professionals who work with children and adolescents are well aware of psychological symptom presentations once children and adolescents are in school, such symptom presentations in very young children are less understood. Diagnoses like selective mutism may promote further complications for professionals, as [...] Read more.
Although professionals who work with children and adolescents are well aware of psychological symptom presentations once children and adolescents are in school, such symptom presentations in very young children are less understood. Diagnoses like selective mutism may promote further complications for professionals, as the symptom presentation of anxiety and failure to speak in this diagnosis may overlap with the acquisition of speech and language milestones and problems in very young children. Thus, providing professionals who work with very young children a way to adapt their thinking about selective mutism symptom presentations and interventions is of utmost importance. As a result, this clinically oriented paper will compare DSM-5-TR criteria to DC:0-5 criteria, consider the occurrence of selective mutism symptoms in the context of young children’s speech and language milestones and problems, and reflect upon how intervention adaptations meant to incorporate parents into treatment and account for the capacities of very young children can be helpful in facilitating successful outcomes. It is hoped that having this constellation of clinical information in one place will help providers gain clarity regarding selective mutism symptom presentation and relevant intervention considerations for very young children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches to Overcoming Selective Mutism in Children and Youths)
13 pages, 260 KiB  
Article
Humor Styles Predict Self-Reported Sarcasm Use in Interpersonal Communication
by Liberty McAuley and Melanie Glenwright
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070922 - 8 Jul 2025
Abstract
We investigated how participants’ humor styles impact their sarcasm use. English-speaking participants (N = 179) completed online self-report measures of humor styles and sarcasm use. We conducted linear regressions to test whether their humor style scores could predict their sarcasm use scores. Participants [...] Read more.
We investigated how participants’ humor styles impact their sarcasm use. English-speaking participants (N = 179) completed online self-report measures of humor styles and sarcasm use. We conducted linear regressions to test whether their humor style scores could predict their sarcasm use scores. Participants with higher affiliative humor scores reported a greater tendency to use sarcasm in general and to use face-saving sarcasm to protect the social images of the speaker and addressee. People use face-saving sarcasm to enhance their relationships, to tease others, and to self-deprecate. Surprisingly, participants who scored high on aggressive humor reported using face-saving sarcasm often. We suspect this occurred because the aggressive humor and the face-saving scales contain conceptually similar items. Participants with high aggressive humor scores also reported frequently using sarcasm to diffuse frustration. Participants who scored high on self-defeating humor reported often using both face-saving sarcasm and sarcasm to diffuse embarrassment. Given that face-saving sarcasm use was uniquely predicted by affiliative humor, aggressive humor, and self-defeating humor scores, we suggest that face-saving sarcasm use has utility for people with a wide range of humor styles. Our findings highlight how an individual’s humor style shapes their flexible use of sarcasm in interpersonal relationships. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Humor Use in Interpersonal Relationships)
20 pages, 624 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Developmental Characteristics of Adolescents’ Perceived Social Support on Social–Emotional Competence from a Cumulative Ecological Resources Theory Perspective
by Chao Ma, Chanjuan Zhang, Wenyin Zhao and Haibo Yu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070921 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 95
Abstract
Cumulative Ecological Resources Theory offers an integrative perspective for social–emotional interventions by overcoming the traditional dichotomy between internal and external resources. As a crucial ecological resource, perceived social support is known to be heterogeneous, yet its mechanism of influence on social–emotional competence remains [...] Read more.
Cumulative Ecological Resources Theory offers an integrative perspective for social–emotional interventions by overcoming the traditional dichotomy between internal and external resources. As a crucial ecological resource, perceived social support is known to be heterogeneous, yet its mechanism of influence on social–emotional competence remains to be clarified. This study investigates the effect of developmental characteristics of adolescents’ perceived social support on social–emotional competence. A six-month longitudinal study tracked 995 adolescents using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Delaware Social and Emotional Competency Scale. Based on the results, (1) the adolescents’ perceived social support could be categorized into four types: Poor, Moderate, Rich, and Separated; (2) the Poor type exhibited greater category mobility, whereas the Moderate and Rich types demonstrated higher stability; some adolescents in the Poor, Moderate, and Rich types transitioned to the Separated type; and adolescents in the Separated type were more likely to transition to the Moderate type; (3) gender, age, and boarding status influenced the transition in perceived social support categories; (4) the transition pattern of transitioning to or remaining within the Rich type positively predicted social–emotional competence at T2. The findings support the Cumulative Ecological Resource Theory by revealing heterogeneity in adolescents’ perceived social support and demonstrating that trajectories toward higher resource accumulation significantly enhance social–emotional competence. Full article
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16 pages, 307 KiB  
Article
Psychometric Validation of the Romanian Version of the Adult Hope Scale (AHS)
by Adriana Camelia Neagu, Sorin Ursoniu, Ion Papava, Iuliana-Anamaria Trăilă, Lavinia Palaghian, Catalina Giurgi-Oncu and Ana-Cristina Bredicean
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070920 - 8 Jul 2025
Viewed by 107
Abstract
The present study aimed to adapt and validate the Adult Hope Scale (AHS) for the Romanian population, addressing a gap in culturally appropriate instruments for measuring dispositional hope. Based on Snyder’s theoretical model, the AHS was translated, culturally adapted, and administered to 663 [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to adapt and validate the Adult Hope Scale (AHS) for the Romanian population, addressing a gap in culturally appropriate instruments for measuring dispositional hope. Based on Snyder’s theoretical model, the AHS was translated, culturally adapted, and administered to 663 Romanian adults. Psychometric evaluation included internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.84 for the eight positively worded items), test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.39 for the full scale), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and assessments of convergent and discriminant validity. The two-factor model of the scale (agency and pathways) was confirmed, with significant item loadings and a strong correlation between the two latent factors (r = 0.717). Convergent validity was supported by moderate correlations with the Brief Resilience Scale (r = 0.36–0.45), while discriminant validity was indicated by low correlations with the Trait Anxiety Inventory (r = 0.18–0.20). Demographic analyses revealed higher hope levels in women and engineers, with significant differences by gender (p = 0.00018), education (p = 0.031), and profession (p = 0.008). Despite moderate temporal stability and one weakly performing item, the Romanian AHS demonstrates strong psychometric properties, making it a valid and reliable tool for assessing hope in research and clinical settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches That Enable Analytical Generalization in Psychological and Sociological Research)
14 pages, 701 KiB  
Article
Early Access to Sign Language Boosts the Development of Serial Working Memory in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
by Brennan P. Terhune-Cotter and Matthew W. G. Dye
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070919 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 88
Abstract
Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children are often reported to show deficits on working memory (WM) tasks. These deficits are often characterized as contributing to their struggles to acquire spoken language. Here we report a longitudinal study of a large (N = 103) sample [...] Read more.
Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children are often reported to show deficits on working memory (WM) tasks. These deficits are often characterized as contributing to their struggles to acquire spoken language. Here we report a longitudinal study of a large (N = 103) sample of DHH children who acquired American Sign Language (ASL) as their first language. Using an n-back working memory task, we show significant growth in WM performance across the 7–13-year-old age range. Furthermore, we show that children with early access to ASL from their DHH parents demonstrate faster WM growth and that this group difference is mediated by ASL receptive skills. The data suggest the important role of early access to perceivable natural language in promoting typical WM growth during the middle school years. We conclude that the acquisition of a natural visual–gestural language is sufficient to support the development of WM in DHH children. Further research is required to determine how the timing and quality of ASL exposure may play a role, or whether the effects are driven by acquisition-related corollaries, such as parent–child interactions and maternal stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language and Cognitive Development in Deaf Children)
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18 pages, 422 KiB  
Article
Typology of Health-Related Behavior: Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Among University Students
by Joca Zurc and Matej Majerič
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 918; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070918 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 134
Abstract
Physical and mental health show strong associations with health-related behavior. University students are one of the at-risk groups who are in a vulnerable transition phase from adolescence to adulthood, significantly affecting their health-related lifestyle. This study aims to identify different groups of university [...] Read more.
Physical and mental health show strong associations with health-related behavior. University students are one of the at-risk groups who are in a vulnerable transition phase from adolescence to adulthood, significantly affecting their health-related lifestyle. This study aims to identify different groups of university students with homogeneous health-related behavior, considering their dietary habits, physical activity, alcohol and tobacco consumption, mental well-being and lifestyle change motives. For data collection, an anonymous, closed-ended paper-and-pencil questionnaire was administered to a sample of 171 university students. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, a t-test for independent samples, a chi-square test, Spearman correlation and hierarchical cluster analyses (Ward’s method, Dendrogram). On average, students reported good health (M = 4.84), including daily physical activity (M = 31.35 min) and regular consumption of fruits (M = 4.02) and vegetables (M = 4.19). The hierarchical cluster analysis revealed two distinct patterns among the students: “Caring for a healthy lifestyle” (N = 69) and “Physically inactive with poor mental well-being” (N = 62). Better health-related behavior was found among male students enrolled in higher study years (p ≤ 0.01). These findings provide new insights into the different patterns of health-related behavior among university students that require targeted health promotion actions. Universities should develop and implement courses in healthy lifestyles and sustain them in the curricula. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Influence of Physical Activity, Nutrition, Educators and Parents on Children's Health Development)
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31 pages, 1367 KiB  
Review
Embodied Learning Through Immersive Virtual Reality: Theoretical Perspectives for Art and Design Education
by Albert L. Lehrman
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 917; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070917 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 145
Abstract
A significant development in pedagogical strategies which make use of the principles of embodied cognition can be found within the implementation of Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) into art and design education. This theoretical study investigates how IVR-mediated embodiment enhances spatial thinking and creative [...] Read more.
A significant development in pedagogical strategies which make use of the principles of embodied cognition can be found within the implementation of Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) into art and design education. This theoretical study investigates how IVR-mediated embodiment enhances spatial thinking and creative problem-solving in art and design education by examining the taxonomy of embodied learning and principles of embodied cognition. The pedagogical affordances and limitations of IVR for creative learning are analyzed through a combination of empirical research and case studies, such as the Tangible and Embodied Spatial Cognition (TASC) system and Tilt Brush studies. Through gesture, spatial navigation, and environmental manipulation, IVR provides numerous possibilities for externalizing creative ideation; however, its implementation requires negotiating contradictions between virtual and physical materiality. IVR-based educational technologies have the potential to revolutionize teaching and learning. The goal of this paper is to provide educators with a theoretically grounded framework for applying embodied practices in IVR-based learning environments, while also acknowledging the current limitations of this technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurocognitive Foundations of Embodied Learning)
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14 pages, 255 KiB  
Article
Building Resilience: The Critical Role of Multicultural Education to Cope with the Psychological Trauma of Migrant and Refugee Youth
by Lito Nantsou, Zoe Karanikola and Nektaria Palaiologou
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070916 - 7 Jul 2025
Viewed by 155
Abstract
Enhancing and developing multicultural education is essential in today’s interconnected world, characterized by significant migration and refugee movements, as it serves as a fundamental element for effectively integrating migrant and refugee students within host nations. In Greece, which has long dealt with the [...] Read more.
Enhancing and developing multicultural education is essential in today’s interconnected world, characterized by significant migration and refugee movements, as it serves as a fundamental element for effectively integrating migrant and refugee students within host nations. In Greece, which has long dealt with the challenge of integrating thousands of individuals fleeing conflict and disasters, there is a pressing need to evolve and modernize this educational approach. This qualitative study, based on semi-structured interviews with nine multicultural educators in Greece, seeks to explore how teachers foster a sense of belonging and inclusion in their diverse classrooms. Despite facing systemic challenges, the findings reveal that educators strive to highlight students’ cultural heritages through collaborative group activities that encourage trust, respect, and appreciation for diversity. Additionally, the research delves into how teachers cope with the psychological trauma often experienced by these students. Participants expressed that the inconsistent availability of specialists and monitoring for students dealing with severe psychological issues complicates their teaching efforts. Full article
20 pages, 306 KiB  
Article
Impact of Socio-Demographic Factors, Financial Burden, and Social Support on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Puerto Rican Women with Breast Cancer
by Paulette Ayala-Rodríguez, Dayaneira Rivera-Alers, Manuel Rivera-Vélez, Jovanny Díaz-Rodríguez, Mercedes Ramirez-Ruiz, Carolina Quiles-Bengochea, Cristina I. Peña-Vargas, Zindie Rodriguez-Castro, Cynthia Cortes-Castro, Guillermo N. Armaiz-Pena and Eida M. Castro-Figueroa
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070915 - 5 Jul 2025
Viewed by 183
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cancer diagnosis among women in Puerto Rico. Psychological distress is prevalent in this population, and social determinants may exacerbate this risk. This study examines whether sociodemographic characteristics, financial burden, and social support levels are associated with symptoms [...] Read more.
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cancer diagnosis among women in Puerto Rico. Psychological distress is prevalent in this population, and social determinants may exacerbate this risk. This study examines whether sociodemographic characteristics, financial burden, and social support levels are associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in Puerto Rican women with BC. A quantitative secondary analysis was conducted on a sample of 208 Hispanic women with BC, utilizing the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire. These scores were compared with sociodemographic values and Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL-12) scores, establishing statistical significance through association, parametric, and non-parametric tests, and regression models. 38.5% and 26.4% of participants showed clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively. Age and perceived income showed significant associations with psychological outcomes. However, regression analysis revealed perceived income as the only significant predictor for both depression and anxiety. Tangible and belonging support were significantly lower in participants with symptoms of depression, while appraisal support was significantly lower in participants with symptoms of anxiety. Findings highlight the influence of perceived financial stress on mental health and the need for psychosocial interventions tailored to the patients’ economic context. Full article
25 pages, 1602 KiB  
Article
Microeconomic Losses Due to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women (IPVAW): Three Scenarios Based on Accounting Methodology Approach
by Elena Mañas-Alcón, María-Teresa Gallo-Rivera, Luis-Felipe Rivera-Galicia and Óscar Montes-Pineda
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 914; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070914 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 101
Abstract
This article thoroughly examines the multidimensional consequences of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) and estimates the monetary costs associated with this kind of violence in Spain for 2022. Based on the accounting model approach, three alternative scenarios are proposed to quantify the [...] Read more.
This article thoroughly examines the multidimensional consequences of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) and estimates the monetary costs associated with this kind of violence in Spain for 2022. Based on the accounting model approach, three alternative scenarios are proposed to quantify the direct tangible costs of IPVAW from a microeconomic perspective. Each scenario considers the out-of-pocket expenditures and the opportunity cost of lost income due to IPVAW, borne by the survivor women, their families and relatives, the public sector, and the private organizations. The study utilizes microdata from the latest Spanish Macro-survey on Violence Against Women, conducted in 2019 by the Government Office against Gender-Based Violence (Spanish Government). Results show the costs ranging from EUR 1.38 billion (the most conservative estimate) to EUR 3.01 billion (the highest estimate). Further research is needed to deepen understanding of the mechanisms by which violence affects the various domains and agents of society. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intimate Partner Violence Against Women)
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20 pages, 3187 KiB  
Article
Scarcity and Cooperation: The Modulation of Social Norms
by Qiuling Luo, Changjin Qiu, Sihan Dong, Ronghui Tang and Chunhua Kang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070913 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 114
Abstract
Given the continued relevance of perceived scarcity, understanding how a scarcity mindset influences human cooperation remains critical. However, previous research has yielded mixed results regarding this relationship. To clarify these inconsistencies, this study examined the impact of a scarcity mindset on cooperation within [...] Read more.
Given the continued relevance of perceived scarcity, understanding how a scarcity mindset influences human cooperation remains critical. However, previous research has yielded mixed results regarding this relationship. To clarify these inconsistencies, this study examined the impact of a scarcity mindset on cooperation within various social normative contexts. Participants were randomly assigned to either a scarcity or abundance mindset and engaged in a Public Goods Game under descriptive or injunctive normative conditions, each with high or low prosocial expectations. The results revealed that in both normative contexts, individuals with a scarcity mindset exhibited greater cooperation than those with an abundance mindset. Individuals also cooperated more under high prosocial norms compared to low ones. Importantly, the interaction effect revealed that while cooperation did not differ between the two mindsets under low prosocial norms, the scarcity mindset led to significantly greater cooperation under high prosocial norms. These findings provide new insights into the scarcity–cooperation dynamic and suggest that robust prosocial norms can amplify the cooperative tendencies associated with a scarcity mindset, highlighting the importance of leveraging social norms to enhance cooperation in resource-scarce situations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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