Buildings

43 pages, 46730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Multi-Sensory Experience Design of Interior Spaces from the Perspective of Spatial Perception: A Case Study of Suzhou Coffee Roasting Factory

by Haochen Xu, Jinxiang Zhao, Changjiang Jin, Ning Zhu and Ye Chai

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1393; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081393 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 204

Abstract

With globalization and the transformation of socio-cultural structures, the focus of spatial design has shifted from functionality to perceptual experience and atmospheric creation. This study draws on the spatial perception theory and the phenomenology of perception to examine how sensory subjects perceive and [...] Read more.

With globalization and the transformation of socio-cultural structures, the focus of spatial design has shifted from functionality to perceptual experience and atmospheric creation. This study draws on the spatial perception theory and the phenomenology of perception to examine how sensory subjects perceive and respond to the physical attributes of space. It explores key elements that shape spatial experiences, including lighting, color, spatial form, sound, material, and scent, all of which contribute to the construction of emotional ambiance and the perceptual character of interior environments. Based on this foundation, this study proposes multi-sensory design strategies for interior spaces, including the following: (1) visual perception: modifying color and lighting to establish emotional ambiance and enhance spatial depth; (2) auditory perception: crafting soundscapes that deepen immersion; (3) tactile perception: designing both direct and indirect tactile experiences; and (4) olfactory and gustatory perception: incorporating scent design to evoke memory and forge emotional connections. To demonstrate the practical potential of these strategies, this study presents a conceptual design case of a coffee roasting factory in Suzhou. The design integrates visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory elements to enhance users’ overall spatial perception through multi-sensory coordination. This study ultimately seeks to provide theoretical insights into practical design strategies, highlighting the importance of perceptual experience in improving spatial quality and guiding future interior design practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Art and Design for Healing and Wellness in the Built Environment)

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26 pages, 9932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolutionary Game Analysis on the Promotion of Green Buildings in China Under the “Dual Carbon” Goals: A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective

by Yongbo Su and Zhichao Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1392; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081392 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 116

Abstract

The promotion of green buildings offers an effective solution to climate change and resource scarcity. This study employs game theory to study the evolutionary decision-making processes and stable strategies among three principal stakeholders in the green building sector: the government, construction enterprises, and [...] Read more.

The promotion of green buildings offers an effective solution to climate change and resource scarcity. This study employs game theory to study the evolutionary decision-making processes and stable strategies among three principal stakeholders in the green building sector: the government, construction enterprises, and consumers. By analyzing the primary factors that shape these stakeholders’ strategies, we propose a tripartite evolutionary game model. We utilize MATLAB R2016a to simulate the evolutionary decision-making processes and stable strategies of the three stakeholders, verifying the effectiveness of our approach. Our findings indicate that the government, in its regulatory capacity, plays a critical role in influencing the green building market. Government subsidies and penalties significantly affect the decision-making behavior of enterprises and consumers; in addition, dynamic rewards and punishments can effectively restrain the fluctuation of the game process. The development of the green building market correlates with increased consumer willingness and capacity to purchase green buildings, coupled with significantly reduced construction costs. Throughout this progression, the government gradually withdraws its incentives and shifts toward a more relaxed regulatory stance. Our research also indicates that the cooperative behavior and evolution of the three stakeholders are heavily influenced by key parameters, regardless of their initial states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Large-Scale AI Models Across the Construction Lifecycle)

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21 pages, 13496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Interior Design with AI: Controllable Stable Diffusion for Panoramic Image Generation

by Wanggong Yang, Congcong Wang, Luxiang Liu, Shuying Dong and Yifei Zhao

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081391 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 195

Abstract

AI-driven technologies have significantly advanced panoramic image generation in interior design; however, existing methods often lack controllability and consistency in rendering high-quality, coherent panoramas. To address these limitations, the study proposes CSD-Pano, a controllable and stable diffusion framework tailored for panoramic interior design [...] Read more.

AI-driven technologies have significantly advanced panoramic image generation in interior design; however, existing methods often lack controllability and consistency in rendering high-quality, coherent panoramas. To address these limitations, the study proposes CSD-Pano, a controllable and stable diffusion framework tailored for panoramic interior design generation. The study also introduces PSD-4, a curated dataset of panoramic scenes covering diverse interior decoration styles to support training and evaluation. CSD-Pano enables fine-grained control over aesthetic attributes, layout coherence, and stylistic consistency. Furthermore, the study designs a panoramic loss function that enhances spatial coherence, geometric alignment, and perceptual fidelity. Extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments demonstrate that CSD-Pano achieves superior performance compared to existing baselines, with significant improvements in SSIM and LPIPS metrics. These results validate the effectiveness of our approach in advancing automated panoramic interior design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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24 pages, 9799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Denoising of Bridge Dynamic Load Signal Based on Hippopotamus Optimization Algorithm–Variational Mode Decomposition–Singular Spectrum Analysis Method

by Zhengqiang Zhong, Zhen Li, Jinlong Wang, Cong Tang, Yu Liu and Kaijun Guo

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081390 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 184

Abstract

Bridge dynamic load test signals are readily contaminated by environmental noise. This reduces the accuracy of bridge structure state assessment. To address this issue, this research proposes a denoising method that combines the hippopotamus optimization algorithm (HOA), variational mode decomposition (VMD), and singular [...] Read more.

Bridge dynamic load test signals are readily contaminated by environmental noise. This reduces the accuracy of bridge structure state assessment. To address this issue, this research proposes a denoising method that combines the hippopotamus optimization algorithm (HOA), variational mode decomposition (VMD), and singular spectrum analysis (SSA). The methodology follows three key phases: First, the HOA optimizes the critical parameters of VMD. Then, the optimized VMD decomposes raw signals into several intrinsic mode components (IMFs). The IMFs below the threshold are removed by calculating the correlation coefficient between each IMF and the original signal. Finally, SSA is introduced for secondary denoising, which helps reorganize bridge signals and eliminate local low-frequency oscillations. The simulation results show that compared with other methods, the root mean square error (RMSE), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), mean square error (MSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) of the denoised signals achieve on average 16.22% reduction, 2.51% improvement, 62.02% diminution, and 43.74% decrease, respectively, across varying noise levels. Practical validation reveals superior performance metrics: a mean 12.81% lower normalization Shannon entropy ratio (NSER) and a mean 8.44% higher noise suppression ratio (NSR) compared to other techniques. This comprehensive approach effectively addresses noise components in bridge dynamic load test signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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20 pages, 39543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Management of Pile End Sediment and Its Influence on the Bearing Characteristics of Bored Pile

by Weibin Song, Zhengzhen Wang, Wentao Zhu, Junping Yang and Jianming Zeng

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081389 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 196

Abstract

In order to study the influence of pile end sediment on the bearing characteristics of bored piles, the on-site bearing capacity test was conducted on a single pile. A mathematical model of bearing capacity and the settlement response of a single pile considering [...] Read more.

In order to study the influence of pile end sediment on the bearing characteristics of bored piles, the on-site bearing capacity test was conducted on a single pile. A mathematical model of bearing capacity and the settlement response of a single pile considering sediment effects and a finite element model of a single pile with pile end sediment were established. In addition, the influence of sediment thickness on the bearing capacity of bored piles was systematically analyzed. The results show that the compaction of sediment at the pile end could significantly improve the ultimate bearing capacity of the single pile. Compared with the single pile that did not consider the compaction of the sediment at the pile end, the load required to reach the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile after compaction of the sediment increases by 900 KN. The settlement of the pile under a maximum vertical load increases with an increase in the thickness of the sediment. The influence of sediment thickness on axial force transmission is mainly reflected in the linear to nonlinear transformation of axial force distribution from low to high during the process of load. The slight decrease in axial force at the bottom of the pile could also be caused by the increase in the thickness of sediment. The increase in sediment layer thickness means that the transfer efficiency of the pile end resistance decreases. However, with an increase in load, the compression effect of the pile end sediment becomes obvious, which will further change the distribution of load between the pile side resistance and the pile end resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling of Waste in Material Science and Building Engineering)

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28 pages, 11121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Ecological Network in Mountainous Resource-Based Cities: Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis Approach

by Liyun Zeng, Rita Yi Man Li and Hongzhou Du

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081388 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 117

Abstract

Landscape fragmentation in mountainous resource-based cities has become increasingly serious, particularly in blue-green spaces. This study aims to establish a quantitative theoretical foundation for constructing an ecological network using the integrated morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA)–Conefor–minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model. It employs multiple [...] Read more.

Landscape fragmentation in mountainous resource-based cities has become increasingly serious, particularly in blue-green spaces. This study aims to establish a quantitative theoretical foundation for constructing an ecological network using the integrated morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA)–Conefor–minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model. It employs multiple data sets, including land use data, remote sensing images, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation, vegetation coverage data, etc., to conduct the quantitative analysis. Five groups of spatial resolution datasets (i.e., 30 m, 60 m, 90 m, 150 m, and 300 m) are employed for comparison and selection through MSPA to identify and analyze core landscape types. Connectivity analysis uses Conefor 2.6 software, and ecological sources are selected accordingly. Subsequently, the MCR model is applied to construct ecological corridors. Moreover, 153 ecological corridors are delineated, comprising 78 primary and 58 secondary corridors. The results show that most ecological core patches are fragmented and dispersed, while ecological corridors are vulnerable to disruption by external interference. This study also identifies 470 ecological breakpoints, mainly concentrated in the northeast, central, and southwestern areas characterized by high corridor density and intense anthropogenic activity. Additionally, 39 biological resting points are primarily located in the central urban area, and peripheral areas show few or no such points. This suggests establishing additional biological resting points to facilitate species migration and diffusion and complement the ecological network. This research addresses a significant gap in ecological network modeling within mountainous resource-based cities by developing a blue-green ecological network model. The findings encourage ecological governance bodies and technical professionals to recognize the interdependent relationship between blue and green spaces. This study supports the formulation of targeted planning strategies and helps maintain the potential connectivity essential for ecological balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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19 pages, 3366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Improvement Using Plastic Waste–Cement Mixture to Control Swelling and Compressibility of Clay Soils

by Mousa Attom, Sameer Al-Asheh, Mohammad Yamin, Ramesh Vandanapu, Naser Al-Lozi, Ahmed Khalil and Ahmed Eltayeb

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081387 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 200

Abstract

Clay soils are known to have a high swelling pressure with an increase in water content. This behavior is considered a serious hazard to structures built upon them. Various mechanical and chemical treatments have historically been used to stabilize the swelling behavior of [...] Read more.

Clay soils are known to have a high swelling pressure with an increase in water content. This behavior is considered a serious hazard to structures built upon them. Various mechanical and chemical treatments have historically been used to stabilize the swelling behavior of clay soils. This work investigates the potential use of shredded plastic waste to reduce the swelling pressure and compressibility of clay soils. Two types of highly plastic clay (CH) soils were selected. Three different dimensions of plastic waste pieces were used, namely lengths of 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, and 1.5 cm, with a width of 1 mm. A blend of plastic–cement waste with a ratio of 1:5 by weight was prepared. Different fractions of the plastic–cement waste blend with a 2 wt.% increment were added to the clay soil, which was then remolded in a consolidometer ring at 95% relative compaction and 3.0% below the optimum. The zero swell test, as per ASTM D4546, was conducted on the remolded soil samples after three curing periods: 1, 2, and 7 days. This method ensures the accurate evaluation of swell potential and stabilization efficiency over time. The experimental results showed that the addition of 6.0–8.0% of the blend significantly reduced the swelling pressure, demonstrating the mixture’s effectiveness in soil stabilization. It also reduced the swell potential of the expansive clay soil and had a substantial effect on the reduction in its compressibility, especially with a higher aspect ratio. The compression index decreased, while the maximum past pressure increased with a higher plastic–cement ratio. The 7-day curing time is the optimum time to stabilize expansive clay soils with the plastic–cement waste mixture. This study provides strong evidence that plastic waste can enhance soil mechanical properties, making it a viable geotechnical solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Building Materials)

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23 pages, 1401 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Use of Digital Technologies in Construction Safety: A Systematic Review

by Emmanuel Itodo Daniel, Olalekan S. Oshodi, Nnaemeka Idawarifa Nwankwo, Fidelis A. Emuze and Ezekiel Chinyio

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081386 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 609

Abstract

The global construction industry faces serious safety challenges, characterised by high rates of accidents and fatalities. A systematic review that analysed 95 academic articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases investigated the current use of digital technologies (DTs) in construction safety [...] Read more.

The global construction industry faces serious safety challenges, characterised by high rates of accidents and fatalities. A systematic review that analysed 95 academic articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases investigated the current use of digital technologies (DTs) in construction safety management across developed and developing countries. The research discovered that digital technology applications in construction safety primarily focus on developing models and simulations. These technologies are making significant contributions by enhancing worker training, improving risk prediction capabilities, enabling real-time monitoring, facilitating better communication, and supporting more proactive safety interventions. The most frequently utilised digital technologies in this domain include virtual reality (VR), building information modelling (BIM), machine learning, and artificial intelligence (AI). Despite the promising potential of these technologies, their actual implementation remains somewhat limited, especially in developing countries. This study identified critical knowledge gaps, specifically the limited understanding of digital technology trends in construction safety management across different economic contexts, the insufficient research on strategies to increase digital technology adoption in the construction sector, and the need for more comprehensive investigations into how the technology adoption divide can be bridged. This research aimed to facilitate future empirical studies that can advance the understanding of digital technologies and the development of strategies to integrate them more comprehensively into construction safety practices. By providing a detailed overview of current digital technology applications, highlighting research limitations, and suggesting future research directions, this review seeks to contribute to both academic understanding and practical improvements in global construction industry safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Successful and Sustainable Construction and Maintenance Projects—2nd Edition)

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31 pages, 7521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Vehicle–Bridge Coupled Vibration and Driving Comfort of a PC Beam–Steel Box Arch Composite System for Autonomous Vehicles

by Weiwen Lei, Lingbo Wang, Hao Shu, Xiaoguang Liu, Yixiang Liu and Kefan Chen

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081385 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 122

Abstract

To investigate the dynamic characteristics of a PC beam–steel box arch composite bridge when the number of loading lanes for autonomous vehicles changes, the vehicle–bridge coupling motion equation was derived and solved iteratively via the Newmark-β method. Joint simulation software based on ANSYS [...] Read more.

To investigate the dynamic characteristics of a PC beam–steel box arch composite bridge when the number of loading lanes for autonomous vehicles changes, the vehicle–bridge coupling motion equation was derived and solved iteratively via the Newmark-β method. Joint simulation software based on ANSYS 17.0 and Easy Language was developed to analyze vehicle–bridge coupling and driving comfort. The results showed that the dynamic response is the largest under single-lane conditions, with suspected vehicle–bridge resonance. For multilane conditions, eccentricity is the main factor when the vehicle weight is low, whereas the vehicle weight dominates when it is large. The dynamic response is positively correlated with eccentricity and vehicle weight. With respect to the dynamic amplification factor (DAF), single-lane conditions yield high DAF values for the main beam, main arch, and boom, whereas the main pier has a greater DAF under multilane conditions. Driving comfort is best under single-lane conditions, followed by dual-lane conditions, and worst under three-lane conditions. Speed is the primary influencer of comfort under single-lane conditions, with comfort reduced at higher speeds. Under multilane conditions, both speed and eccentricity affect comfort, with speed being the dominant factor. The calculated impact coefficient significantly exceeds the standard values, suggesting that separate impact coefficients should be set for each load-bearing component. These findings, combined with driving comfort analysis, provide valuable references for the setting of speed limits and the design and maintenance of such bridges under autonomous vehicle loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Cementitious Composites for Construction)

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20 pages, 4777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Leakage Diagnosis of a Chilled Water Pipeline Network System Based on Pressure Variation Rate Analysis for Climate Change Mitigation

by Xuan Zhou, Fei Liu, Lisheng Luo, Shiman Peng and Junlong Xie

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1384; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081384 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 96

Abstract

In the context of increasing climate variability and extreme weather, chilled water systems face mounting challenges due to amplified heating and cooling demands and prevalent pipe leakages. Such leakages reduce system lifespan, raise maintenance costs, and degrade operational efficiency. To overcome the limitations [...] Read more.

In the context of increasing climate variability and extreme weather, chilled water systems face mounting challenges due to amplified heating and cooling demands and prevalent pipe leakages. Such leakages reduce system lifespan, raise maintenance costs, and degrade operational efficiency. To overcome the limitations of current methods, such as insufficient interpretability and computational complexity in leak localization, this paper proposes a novel leakage diagnosis and localization scheme based on pressure variation rate analysis in closed chilled water pipeline networks. Hydraulic models under both normal and leakage conditions are established and experimentally validated. Work conditions under various leakage points and flow rates were simulated, and the results reveal that pressure variation rates systematically increase with the leakage flow rate and vary with the distance from the leakage point. Specifically, when a leakage flow rate reaches 20% of the total rated flow, the pressure variation rate is 12.27% at the water supply side of the leaking branch and 20.27% at the return side. Furthermore, other monitoring points can be categorized into three distinct levels with variation rates ranging from approximately 3.36% to 19.65%. Overall, as the leakage flow increases from 2% to 20% of the design flow, the maximum pressure variation rate rises from 0.411% to 20.27%. A threshold of 3% for this novel leakage diagnosis and localization scheme is used for prompt leakage detection. This scheme not only enhances leak localization accuracy but also contributes to more efficient and reliable system operation under the pressure imposed by climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Building Resilience Under Climate Change)

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20 pages, 14671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Field Pumping and Recharge Test Study for Confined Aquifers in Super-Large Deep Foundation Pit Group Sites

by Shuo Wang, Weidong Wang, Zhonghua Xu, Qingjun Song and Jiangu Qian

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081383 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 101

Abstract

To ensure the stability of deep foundation pits in confined aquifers, dewatering is often required. However, pumping from confined aquifers in large deep foundation pit groups may lead to significant environmental deformations. Therefore, field pumping and recharge tests are required to guide design [...] Read more.

To ensure the stability of deep foundation pits in confined aquifers, dewatering is often required. However, pumping from confined aquifers in large deep foundation pit groups may lead to significant environmental deformations. Therefore, field pumping and recharge tests are required to guide design of groundwater and environmental deformation control scheme. Focusing on a super-large deep foundation pit group in Shanghai, single-well pumping, multi-well pumping, and recharge tests were conducted in distinct geological zones (normally consolidated area and paleochannel zone). The hydraulic connectivity and spatiotemporal patterns of groundwater drawdown and soil settlement were systematically analyzed. The results show that: (1) There exists a certain hydraulic connection between the first and second confined aquifers. In the paleochannel area, the aquitard between the micro-confined and the first confined aquifer is insufficient to completely block hydraulic connectivity. (2) The ratio of ground surface settlement to groundwater drawdown is about 3.4 mm/m, and the deep soil settlement is significantly or even greater than the surface settlement, so it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of deep settlement. (3) Recharge can elevate the groundwater and reduce settlement; however, it is difficult to eliminate the variation in settlement along the vertical direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geoinfrastructure: A Comprehensive Review of Current Trends, Challenges and Future Perspectives)

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15 pages, 5764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Reinforcement Design of Concrete Deep Beams with Openings Based on the Strut-and-Tie Model

by Haitao Chen, Yanze Sun and Meixu Deng

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081382 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 171

Abstract

This study investigates the issues of non-unique model configurations and insufficient guidance for reinforcement design encountered when applying the strut-and-tie model (STM) method to reinforced concrete deep beams with openings. Using concrete deep beam specimens with three openings as a case study, the [...] Read more.

This study investigates the issues of non-unique model configurations and insufficient guidance for reinforcement design encountered when applying the strut-and-tie model (STM) method to reinforced concrete deep beams with openings. Using concrete deep beam specimens with three openings as a case study, the topology optimization method was employed to establish the initial STM, which was subsequently refined through crack propagation simulation technology to develop the final optimized STM for guiding reinforcement design. Experimental investigations and comparative analyses with existing literature demonstrate that the proposed approach offers significant advantages in controlling initial concrete cracking, improving structural load-bearing capacity, and reducing steel reinforcement consumption for such perforated deep beams designed with this optimized STM methodology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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24 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Construction Waste Transportation Management Using Internet of Things (IoT): An Evaluation Framework Based on AHP–FCE Method

by Muhammad Ateeq, Nan Zhang, Wenbo Zhao, Yaoqian Gu, Ziying Wen, Caimiao Zheng and Jianli Hao

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081381 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 116

Abstract

The transportation of construction waste involves various complexities, including logistics, monitoring, and resource management. Nevertheless, conventional transportation methods struggle to meet the combined requirements of environmental sustainability and efficiency in modern urban development due to problems such as high idle rates and insufficient [...] Read more.

The transportation of construction waste involves various complexities, including logistics, monitoring, and resource management. Nevertheless, conventional transportation methods struggle to meet the combined requirements of environmental sustainability and efficiency in modern urban development due to problems such as high idle rates and insufficient management. The swift advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology offers an innovative solution for the intelligent and effective management of construction waste transportation in response to these issues. This study explores how IoT technology can enhance construction waste transportation management by developing an evaluation framework using the Delphi method, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE). This research focuses on the application of IoT to optimize the transportation and logistics process through real-time monitoring and data analysis. The capability of IoT technology to analyze real-time data facilitates the modification of routes to minimize empty mileage and transportation time, thus improving transport efficiency. Ultimately, the potential and challenges of IoT in construction waste transportation management have been discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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20 pages, 13584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Ventilation and Energy Efficiency of an Optimized Double-Channel Solar Chimney

by Chenle Ye, Yanfei Zhang, Qinming Lv, Shaoyang Lou, Xiaojun Luo, Zhonggou Chen and Guoyi Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081380 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 182

Abstract

This study explores the use of solar chimneys to harness solar radiation, generating a chimney effect that promotes natural ventilation in buildings. However, the performance of double-channel solar chimneys is heavily influenced by their installation conditions. We propose an optimized double-channel solar chimney [...] Read more.

This study explores the use of solar chimneys to harness solar radiation, generating a chimney effect that promotes natural ventilation in buildings. However, the performance of double-channel solar chimneys is heavily influenced by their installation conditions. We propose an optimized double-channel solar chimney with a deflector placed at the base of the collector. Through numerical simulations, we analyze how different deflector installation conditions affect the ventilation performance of the optimized system. Key parameters for the deflector installation include its angle and length. Our findings reveal that the optimal configuration for the double-channel solar chimney occurs when the deflector has a horizontal angle of γ = 35° and a length-to-diameter ratio (l/D) of 0.3. Under a solar radiation intensity of 800 W/m², the optimized system achieved a ventilation rate of 0.185 kg/s and a thermal efficiency of 41.2%. Compared with conventional double-channel solar chimneys, this configuration enhanced ventilation performance by 8.2% and increased thermal efficiency by 7.4%. In the calculations, the optimized system resulted in a 13.6% reduction in energy consumption, underscoring its potential for sustainable architectural design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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14 pages, 10765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Pre-Tensioned Polygonal Prestressed T-Beam Under Combined Loading Condition

by Zengbo Yao, Mingguang Wei, Hai Yan, Dinghao Yu, Gang Li, Chunlei Zhang, Jinglin Tao and Huiteng Pei

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1379; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081379 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 162

Abstract

In order to investigate the mechanical behavior of a novel pre-tensioned polygonal prestressed T-beam subject to combined bending, shear, and torsion, this study meticulously designed and fabricated a full-scale specimen with a calculated span of 28.28 m, a beam height of 1.8 m, [...] Read more.

In order to investigate the mechanical behavior of a novel pre-tensioned polygonal prestressed T-beam subject to combined bending, shear, and torsion, this study meticulously designed and fabricated a full-scale specimen with a calculated span of 28.28 m, a beam height of 1.8 m, and a top flange width of 1.75 m. A systematic static loading test was conducted. A multi-source data acquisition methodology was employed throughout the experiment. A variety of embedded and external sensors were strategically arranged, in conjunction with non-contact digital image correlation (VIC-3D) technology, to thoroughly monitor and analyze key mechanical performance indicators, including deformation capacity, strain distribution characteristics, cracking resistance, and crack propagation behavior. This study provides valuable insights into the damage evolution process of novel polygonal pre-tensioned T-beams under complex loading conditions. The experimental results indicate that the loading process of the specimen when subjected to combined bending, shear, and torsion, can be divided into two distinct stages: the elastic stage and the crack development stage. Cracks initially manifested at the junction of the upper flange and web at the extremities of the beam and at the bottom flange of the loaded segment. Subsequently, numerous diagonal and flexural–shear cracks developed within the web, while diagonal cracks also commenced to form on the top surface, exhibiting a propensity to propagate toward the support section. Following the appearance of diagonal cracks in the web concrete, both stirrup strain and concrete strain demonstrated abrupt changes. The peak strain observed within the upper stirrups was markedly greater than that measured in the middle and lower regions. On the front elevation of the web, the principal strain peak was concentrated near the connection line between the loading bottom and the upper support. In contrast, on the back elevation of the web, the principal tensile strain was more pronounced near the connection line between the loading top and the lower support. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Vibration Analysis and Control in Civil Engineering)

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14 pages, 3992 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible Control of Urban Development Intensity in Response to Population Shrinkage: A Case Study of Shantou City

by Peng Zhang and Hui Pu

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081378 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 166

Abstract

This study proposes replacing traditional single-value urban development intensity control with an elastic interval-based approach to address urban development challenges under population shrinkage. It constructs a Floor Area Ratio (FAR) assignment framework guided by “ideal value determination—interval value demarcation—specific value agreement”. The northern [...] Read more.

This study proposes replacing traditional single-value urban development intensity control with an elastic interval-based approach to address urban development challenges under population shrinkage. It constructs a Floor Area Ratio (FAR) assignment framework guided by “ideal value determination—interval value demarcation—specific value agreement”. The northern central urban area of Shantou City serves as an empirical case. The study, focusing on the conflict between inefficient expansion and population loss, delineates elastic development intensity intervals through multi-dimensional factor analysis: a baseline FAR is determined based on master plan objectives and resource carrying capacity; upper limits are calculated considering transportation and ecological constraints; and lower limits are set according to economic feasibility and social demands, forming a gradient-based control framework. Practically, the study area is divided into differentiated density units, with optimized pathways designed for newly developed, under-construction, and existing plots across multiple scenarios. A multi-stakeholder negotiation mechanism is established to dynamically adapt elastic intervals. Results demonstrate that this method maintains the regulatory authority of master plans while significantly enhancing the adaptability of spatial governance. It provides a theoretical and practical paradigm for balancing regulatory rigidity and flexibility in shrinking cities, offering actionable solutions for vacancy risk mitigation and land-use intensification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewal Design and Challenge of Urban and Rural Livable Environments in the Age of Population Shrinkage)

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22 pages, 2964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Efficient Dynamic Street Lighting Optimization: Balancing Pedestrian Safety and Energy Conservation

by Zhide Wang, Qing Fan, Zhuoyuan Du and Mingyu Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1377; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081377 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 130

Abstract

Residential street lighting plays a crucial role in enhancing the reassurance for pedestrians returning home late at night. However, street lighting is sometimes recommended and required to be kept at lower levels at night, due to problems such as light pollution, energy consumption, [...] Read more.

Residential street lighting plays a crucial role in enhancing the reassurance for pedestrians returning home late at night. However, street lighting is sometimes recommended and required to be kept at lower levels at night, due to problems such as light pollution, energy consumption, and negative economics. To solve these problems, this study designed a new Dynamic tracking lighting control mode capable of greater interactivity. Our study aimed to determine whether this new interactive lighting model can balance pedestrian safety with energy savings, compared with other lighting approaches used in low-light environments. In this experiment, 30 participants explored four lighting conditions in a simulated nighttime street environment through virtual reality (VR) and completed their assessment of each lighting mode. The statistical analysis of the results using the Friedman ANOVA test revealed that the Dynamic tracking lighting mode had advantages in improving the pedestrians’ reassurance compared with the other three lighting modes. Moreover, an additional recognition test experiment recorded the distance between each other whenever a participant recognized a stranger agent. The experimental results showed that this Dynamic tracking lighting mode can improve pedestrians’ ability to recognize others in low-light environments. These findings provide new strategies and ideas for urban energy conservation and environmental protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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27 pages, 12280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shear Performance of Assembled Bamboo–Concrete Composite Structures Featuring Perforated Steel Plate Connectors

by Lingling Chen, Zhiyuan Wang and Huihui Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1376; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081376 - 21 Apr 2025

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Abstract

To reduce the cast in place work of concrete and realize the industrial production of a bamboo–concrete composite (BCC), innovative connection systems composed of an assembled bamboo–lightweight concrete composite (ABLCC) structure featuring perforated steel plate connectors are presented for use in engineering structures. [...] Read more.

To reduce the cast in place work of concrete and realize the industrial production of a bamboo–concrete composite (BCC), innovative connection systems composed of an assembled bamboo–lightweight concrete composite (ABLCC) structure featuring perforated steel plate connectors are presented for use in engineering structures. This study examined the shear performance of connection systems composed of an assembled BCC structure featuring perforated steel plate connectors based on the design and fabrication of three groups of shear connectors with nine different parameters using bamboo scrimber, lightweight concrete, perforated steel plates, and grout. Push-out tests were conducted on these shear connectors. A linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) and digital image correlation (DIC) were utilized for measurements. The test parameters comprised fabrication techniques (assembled and cast-in-place/CIP) and connector size (steel plate thickness). This study investigated mechanical performance indicators, including the failure mode, load–slip relationship, shear stiffness, and shear capacity of the shear connectors. The experimental results showed that the shear connector failure modes involved concrete spalling near the connectors and deformation of the perforated steel plates. The load–slip curves generally included three stages: high slope linear increase, low slope nonlinear increase, and rapid decrease. The shear capacity and stiffness of the assembled shear connectors were 0.84 times and 2.46 times those of the CIP connectors, respectively. The stiffness of the 4 mm steel plate connectors increased by 42% compared to the 2 mm steel plate connectors. Analysis showed that the shear capacity of the BBC primarily consisted of four aspects: the end bearing force of the steel plate, contact friction, and forces due to the influence of tenon columns and the reinforcing impact of through-rebars. This study proposes a simple and suitable formula for obtaining the shear capacity of perforated steel plate connectors in the BCC structure, with the analytical values being in good agreement with the test results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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18 pages, 5092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Engineering Characteristics of Alluvial Silty Sand Embankment Under Vehicle Loads

by Tangtang Qiu, Junwen Chen, Ying Zhang, Jiang Shen and Xiabing Yue

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1375; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081375 - 21 Apr 2025

Viewed by 178

Abstract

This article takes alluvial silty sand in the alluvial plain area as the research object. Through a combination of theoretical analysis, finite element simulation, and on-site testing, the engineering characteristics of alluvial silty sand under traffic loads, as well as the feasibility of [...] Read more.

This article takes alluvial silty sand in the alluvial plain area as the research object. Through a combination of theoretical analysis, finite element simulation, and on-site testing, the engineering characteristics of alluvial silty sand under traffic loads, as well as the feasibility of using alluvial silty sand as roadbed filling material in practical engineering, are systematically expounded on for the first time. The research results indicate that the influence of vehicle speed on the distribution and depth of dynamic stress is relatively small, while the moisture content (optimal 7.8%) and compaction degree (>94%) are the key factors determining the performance of the roadbed. Specifically, the displacement at the top of the roadbed varies with changes in moisture content. An increase in compaction degree is beneficial for reducing settlement and enhancing the stability of the roadbed. Through comparative analysis of finite element simulation and on-site testing, it was found that although the initial settlement of alluvial silt filling is large, the settlement rate is fast and can stabilize in a short period of time. Its long-term performance can still meet engineering requirements. Research has shown that alluvial silt can be used as an economical and reasonable roadbed filling material, but in practical applications, strict control of moisture content and compaction degree is required to optimize roadbed performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foundation Treatment and Building Structural Performance Enhancement)

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21 pages, 6022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Performance Analysis of Steel–Concrete Composite Beams Based on Finite Element Model Updating

by Yanan Wu, Yunchong Chen, Jice Zeng, Yu Jiang and Zhibin Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081374 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 182

Abstract

This study introduces a Bayesian model updating approach for analyzing the long-term performance of steel–concrete composite beams (SCBs). Two nominally identical SCBs (SCB-1 and SCB-2) were designed, fabricated, and subjected to modal testing. Despite their identical design parameters, notable differences were observed in [...] Read more.

This study introduces a Bayesian model updating approach for analyzing the long-term performance of steel–concrete composite beams (SCBs). Two nominally identical SCBs (SCB-1 and SCB-2) were designed, fabricated, and subjected to modal testing. Despite their identical design parameters, notable differences were observed in their frequencies and mode shapes during testing. Initial finite element model (FEM) analyses, developed under testing conditions, revealed notable discrepancies between theoretically computed values and the results of modal testing. To resolve these differences, the FEM was updated using the Bayesian approach, integrating the dynamic test data to enhance model accuracy. The updated FEM was subsequently employed to assess the long-term performance of the SCBs, with a particular focus on the time-dependent effects of concrete shrinkage and creep in deflection calculations. The findings reveal substantial differences in the long-term deflection predictions between the updated and initial FEM. Specifically, the long-term deflection of SCB-1 increased by 13.1%, whereas that of SCB-2 decreased by 9.8%, leading to an overall difference of 25.3% between the two beams. These findings underscore the considerable impact of fabrication errors and material inhomogeneities on structural performance, highlighting the limitations of initial FEM based solely on test parameters in accurately capturing actual behavior. Consequently, the study emphasizes the critical role of model updating in accurately predicting the long-term performance of SCBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Safety Assessment in Civil Engineering)

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25 pages, 33381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Evolution and Socio-Cultural Transformation in Historic Urban Areas: A Historic Urban Landscape Approach from Luoyang, China

by Xiaozhen Zhang, Yunying Ren, Jing Lv, Yonghao Geng, Changxi Su and Ruiqu Ma

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1373; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081373 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 231

Abstract

The historical authenticity of historic urban areas has been compromised, and community cohesion has declined, necessitating comprehensive methods to systematically identify spatial textures and socio-cultural transformation characteristics. This study investigates the Jianxi Historic Urban Area in Luoyang from a Historic Urban Landscape perspective, [...] Read more.

The historical authenticity of historic urban areas has been compromised, and community cohesion has declined, necessitating comprehensive methods to systematically identify spatial textures and socio-cultural transformation characteristics. This study investigates the Jianxi Historic Urban Area in Luoyang from a Historic Urban Landscape perspective, integrating GIS, sDNA tools, and semi-structured interviews to analyze material spatial evolution and socio-cultural shifts. The findings reveal stable street network structures enhanced by road expansions, functional intensification marked by rising residential density and tertiary sector growth, and high replacement rates of 1950s–1960s buildings that improved the area’s physical quality but disrupted historical continuity and heritage integrity. Material transformations fragmented collective memory and reshaped residents’ sense of place identity. This research proposes sustainable renewal strategies, emphasizing refined gradient control models, community identity revitalization, and participatory decision-making, offering actionable insights for regenerating historic urban areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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28 pages, 11756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Complex Effects and Their Spatial Associations of the Built Environment on the Vitality of Community Life Circles Using an eXtreme Gradient Boosting–SHapley Additive exPlanations Approach: A Case Study of Xi’an

by Keju Liu, Dian Zhou, Yingtao Qi, Mingzhi Zhang, Yulin Ren, Yupeng Wei and Jinghan Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1372; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081372 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 134

Abstract

Disentangling the effects of the built environment on urban vitality at the scale of community life circles is crucial for informing precise urban planning and design, particularly in the context of urban renewal. However, studies examining the complex relationships and spatial heterogeneity in [...] Read more.

Disentangling the effects of the built environment on urban vitality at the scale of community life circles is crucial for informing precise urban planning and design, particularly in the context of urban renewal. However, studies examining the complex relationships and spatial heterogeneity in these effects remain limited, hindering the identification of built environment characteristics that may generate sustainable benefits. Therefore, this study took Xi’an, a typical high-density city in Northwest China, as an example. The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model and the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method were utilized to reveal threshold effects and spatial correlations between the built environment and community life circles’ vitality across varying buffer zones. The results show that (1) there is a significant spatial correlation between the built environment and the core–periphery structure of community life circles’ vitality. (2) Indicators, such as facility accessibility, the floor area ratio, intersection density, and the residential land use ratio, contribute significantly to community life circles’ vitality. (3) While the micro-built environment and socio-economic factors show limited contributions, their collaboration with the macro-built environment can enhance their individual effects, highlighting the necessity of taking them into account together. These findings provide new insights into supporting community life circles’ vitality through urban planning and design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewal Design and Challenge of Urban and Rural Livable Environments in the Age of Population Shrinkage)

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12 pages, 4005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Neural Network Model for Evaluating Load Capacity of RC Deep Beams

by Majid Al-Gburi, A. A. Alhayani and Asaad Almssad

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1371; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081371 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 92

Abstract

Using artificial neural networks (ANN), numerous models were developed for predicting the ultimate shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams. Many experimental result databases from earlier research were carefully gathered for this study. Two hundred fifty-three findings from experiments were included in this [...] Read more.

Using artificial neural networks (ANN), numerous models were developed for predicting the ultimate shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams. Many experimental result databases from earlier research were carefully gathered for this study. Two hundred fifty-three findings from experiments were included in this database. The ultimate shear strength was the output parameter, while ten factors were determined as input parameters for the ANN model based on the completed literature research. The required model was constructed using a back propagation neural network. The model of the neural networks was determined using the trial-and-error method. It was discovered that, inside the range of the input boundaries considered, the ANN model could accurately estimate the ultimate shear strength of deep beams. The measured shear strength and the shear strength predicted by the ANN model have a high correlation coefficient of 0.97, indicating a strong relationship between the predicted and actual values. The results show that, given the range of input parameters, ANN offers an excellent agreement of interest as a practical technique for estimating the ultimate shear strength. A parametric investigation was performed using the trained neural network model to assess how the input parameters affected the shear strength capacity of deep beams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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18 pages, 1256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Barriers of BIM and Blockchain Integration: A Hybrid ISM-DEMATEL Approach

by Qi An, Xinhua Bi, Yongshun Xu, Heap-Yih Chong and Xiaofeng Liao

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1370; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081370 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 192

Abstract

Building information modeling (BIM) and blockchain are reshaping construction business processes. This is particularly important for efficient information management and collaboration, especially in the current environment of complexity and fragmentation in construction business processes. However, due to the limits of practical experience and [...] Read more.

Building information modeling (BIM) and blockchain are reshaping construction business processes. This is particularly important for efficient information management and collaboration, especially in the current environment of complexity and fragmentation in construction business processes. However, due to the limits of practical experience and exploration, construction organizations continue to face significant challenges in adopting integrated BIM and blockchain. This study concentrates on exploring the integration of BIM and blockchain by identifying and analyzing key barriers. Through a systematic literature review and expert consultation, 13 major barriers have been identified. Relationships among barriers have been established using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) approaches. The analysis shows that high initial costs and legal and regulatory limits are the root causes that affect the adoption of BIM and blockchain integration. Additionally, investment and return risk, stakeholder attitudes and unclear value proposition have a great impact on the overall system. These findings can help construction practitioners in developing and planning strategies for the effective implementation of BIM and blockchain integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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24 pages, 6243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis of Phase-Change Material Integration in Building Envelopes: A Case Study in Lebanon

by Nadine Yehya, Chantal Maatouk and Hussein Charaf

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1369; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081369 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 161

Abstract

The building sector is a major global energy consumer, particularly in Lebanon, where heating and air conditioning demand remains high. Integrating Phase Change Material (PCM) into building envelopes presents a promising solution for latent heat storage and enhanced energy efficiency. This study investigates [...] Read more.

The building sector is a major global energy consumer, particularly in Lebanon, where heating and air conditioning demand remains high. Integrating Phase Change Material (PCM) into building envelopes presents a promising solution for latent heat storage and enhanced energy efficiency. This study investigates the optimal wall configurations for improved thermal performance using PCM in two Lebanese regions: Beirut and Bekaa. Using ANSYS Fluent, various wall configurations were analyzed to determine the most effective placement of PCM. The optimal configurations were then evaluated in DesignBuilder to estimate energy savings. Results indicate that in Bekaa, external PCM and insulation provide the best performance due to strong dependence on external conditions, whereas in Beirut, internal PCM and insulation are more effective. PCM implementation in both regions significantly reduces energy consumption, with Bekaa proving more advantageous as it does not require additional cooling mechanisms. This research underscores the potential of PCM as a viable strategy for enhancing energy efficiency in building envelopes, with relevance to the climatic conditions of Beirut and Bekaa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage in Buildings)

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24 pages, 2863 KiB

Open AccessReview

Shaking Table Test Research on Novel Frame Structures: A Review

by Yiwen Kan, Xian Rong and Jianxin Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081368 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 162

Abstract

Frame structures are among the most widely used building forms. The advent of innovative materials, technologies, and structural configurations has led to the emergence of new frame structures. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the dynamic performance of these new frame structures under [...] Read more.

Frame structures are among the most widely used building forms. The advent of innovative materials, technologies, and structural configurations has led to the emergence of new frame structures. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the dynamic performance of these new frame structures under actual earthquakes. Shaking table tests of frame structures allow researchers to directly investigate their dynamic behavior. This study discusses scaling theories and seismic wave input methodologies adapted for shaking table tests. By analyzing data and conclusions from various experiments, this study details the performance of new frame structures under simulated seismic conditions, providing substantial empirical evidence for understanding their seismic performance. Based on the research, several rational recommendations are proposed to enhance the stability and safety of frame structures during seismic events. These recommendations, supported by both experimental and analytical results, offer practical guidance for design and engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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29 pages, 20458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization of Envelope Structures for Rural Dwellings in Qianbei Region, China: Synergistic Enhancement of Energy Efficiency, Thermal Comfort, and Economic Viability

by Yan Chu, Junjun Li and Pengfei Zhao

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081367 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 169

Abstract

In China, retrofitting rural dwellings is a crucial step toward enhancing living conditions and lowering energy waste. One of the most important ways to enhance building performance is to retrofit the building envelope. The Qianbei Region’s (Northern Guizhou Province, China) rural dwellings are [...] Read more.

In China, retrofitting rural dwellings is a crucial step toward enhancing living conditions and lowering energy waste. One of the most important ways to enhance building performance is to retrofit the building envelope. The Qianbei Region’s (Northern Guizhou Province, China) rural dwellings are the subject of this study. It identifies the persistent issue of inadequate thermal comfort in local rural dwellings through indoor thermal environment measurements and questionnaire surveys. Using a parametric modelling tool (Rhino-Grasshopper-Ladybug Tools), multi-objective optimization was performed using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), with the types of external windows, walls, and roof insulation as optimization variables, and building energy consumption (E), annual thermal discomfort hours (TDT), and life cycle cost increment (ΔLCC) as optimization objectives. After the retrofitting, the building’s energy consumption was reduced from the baseline value of 96.41 kWh/m² to 42.40 kWh/m² (a 56% reduction), and the annual duration of thermal discomfort decreased from 6173 h to 5078 h (a 17.7% decrease). This resulted in a positive economic return, with a cost saving of ΔLCC = −56,329.87 CNY. The research proposes a scientific method for the energy-saving retrofitting of rural dwellings in the Qianbei Region, which also serves as a guide for the optimization of building performance in comparable climate zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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27 pages, 8118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Winter Indoor Humiture and Spatial Optimization of Rural Residential Buildings in Mengda National Nature Reserve, China

by Yuan Kang, Yingying Cang, Jingru Zhang and Shiyuan Zhou

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1366; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081366 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 142

Abstract

The development of global nature reserves is currently in a rapid growth phase. One of the key challenges in establishing nature reserves is balancing environmental protection with rural residential development within these areas, where housing plays a crucial role in the built environment. [...] Read more.

The development of global nature reserves is currently in a rapid growth phase. One of the key challenges in establishing nature reserves is balancing environmental protection with rural residential development within these areas, where housing plays a crucial role in the built environment. Successful residential architecture in nature reserves typically meets residents’ diverse needs and environmental protection requirements by considering regional ecology, culture, economic conditions, natural environment, indoor thermal comfort, and energy consumption. This study examines rural residential buildings in the Mengda National Nature Reserve (MNNR) under cold climate conditions in Western China. Through surveys, architectural mapping, and thermal–humidity environment assessment of typical residential buildings across multiple rural communities within the nature reserve, this research explores possibilities for improving indoor thermal comfort in nature reserve residential buildings. Combined with local climate adaptability and architectural design characteristics, this study proposes rational spatial improvement strategies. This study explores climate-adaptive design in the MNNR, integrating passive solar energy and sustainable heating. It proposes spatial strategies to reduce energy use and enhance thermal comfort. The research findings provide a valuable reference for the spatial optimisation of rural residential construction in nature reserves under similar climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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17 pages, 29455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation Analysis of Nuclear Power Shield Tunnel by Longitudinal Response Displacement Method Considering Fluid–Solid Coupling

by Yijiang Fan, Jie Zhao, Xiaodong Yu, Cheng Fan and Bo Qian

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081365 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 198

Abstract

The joint of a shield tunnel segment is the weak part of tunnel, and the opening amount of the joint seriously affects the watertightness of the internal structure of the tunnel. In this experiment, a model was created with ANSYS, the fluid–solid coupling [...] Read more.

The joint of a shield tunnel segment is the weak part of tunnel, and the opening amount of the joint seriously affects the watertightness of the internal structure of the tunnel. In this experiment, a model was created with ANSYS, the fluid–solid coupling effect of the seawater and seabed was considered using the SuperFLUSH/2D 6.0 software, and the local site effect was considered by free-field seismic response analysis. Considering the structure and stress characteristics of the shield tunnel in conjunction with the marine area, earthquake research on shield tunnel culverts was conducted using lateral and longitudinal beam–spring models. The main focus of this article is to study the earthquake resistance of shield tunnel joints under extreme seismic excitation (SL-2) in complex marine environments. The results indicated that in the lateral analysis, under varying soil layer conditions, the diameter deformation rates for sections 1 and 2 using high-strength bolts were 1.752% and 1.334%, respectively, while the joint-opening amounts were 0.515 mm and 0.387 mm, respectively. This suggests that locations with thicker silt layers exhibit larger joint-opening amounts and are more susceptible to deformation. In the longitudinal analysis, when bolt strength varied, the maximum joint-opening ranged from 4.706 mm to 6.507 mm, and the maximum dislocation ranged from 0.625 mm to 1.326 mm. The deformation rule of the joint bolts followed the pattern that higher stiffness led to smaller deformation, whereas poorer geological conditions resulted in larger deformation. Therefore, the interface between soft and hard strata is a weak point in the longitudinal seismic resistance of the shield tunnel structure. The conclusions of this study can supplement the seismic research on shield tunnels in the marine areas of nuclear power plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Development of Underground Space for Engineering Application)

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21 pages, 7963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Analysis of Model-Based Control for Thermoelectric Window Frames

by Zhineng He, César Martín-Gómez and Amaia Zuazua-Ros

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081364 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 170

Abstract

The Thermoelectric Window Frame (TEWF) can be adjusted by regulating the operating current to achieve the desired indoor temperature. However, indoor and outdoor ambient disturbances are inevitable, causing indoor temperature fluctuations and preventing them from reaching the set point. To solve the problem, [...] Read more.

The Thermoelectric Window Frame (TEWF) can be adjusted by regulating the operating current to achieve the desired indoor temperature. However, indoor and outdoor ambient disturbances are inevitable, causing indoor temperature fluctuations and preventing them from reaching the set point. To solve the problem, a model-based control method is proposed to maintain the indoor temperature at the set point in this work. This method relies on a computational model for determining the operating current and a transient model for tracking variations in indoor temperature. Experimental results under various working conditions validate the two models. Moreover, indoor interference (e.g., changes in set point or air leaks due to occupants’ behavior) and outdoor interference (e.g., changes in the outdoor temperature) are incorporated into stable-state experiments. When these interferences occur, new operating currents are calculated for the new working conditions and applied to the TEWF. The results show that the indoor temperature significantly deviates from the desired values if the operating currents are not adjusted when disturbances occur. However, the indoor temperature can reach the set point by regulating the new operating currents in time, even during disturbances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

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