Research on Timber and Timber–Concrete Buildings

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2025 | Viewed by 1452

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Departamento de Construcións e Estruturas Arquitectónicas, Civís e Aeronáuticas, 15001 A Coruña, Spain
Interests: timber structures; timber–concrete composites; sustainable structures; timber robotics; industrialization; deployable structures; seismic performance; connections; affordable construction

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Guest Editor
Departamento de Ingeniería Estructural y Geotécnica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
Interests: wooden buildings; analysis and design of structures with seismic isolation and passive energy dissipators; torsional balance of asymmetric structures; design and implementation of small-scale tests on a vibrating table; experimental identification of dynamic parameters in structures

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Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
Interests: timber structures; timber floor vibrations; vibration-based monitoring of timber buildings; finite element model calibration

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Ingeniería Estructural y Geotécnica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
Interests: wooden buildings; seismic analysis and design of reinforced concrete and masonry structures; seismic rehabilitation of structures; reinforcement and repair of structures with FRP; fragility and seismic vulnerability of buildings and bridges

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
1. Departamento de Ingeniería y Gestión de la Construccion, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
2. Departamento de Ingeniería Estructural y Geotécnica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
Interests: timber engineering; earthquake engineering; wind engineering; hybrid structural systems; community resilience; multi-hazard analysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Despite the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry having been one of the last remaining strongholds against change and innovation, today’s needs are forcing this industry to finally undergo paradigmatic changes. The time has come for the AEC industry to substantially change its major role in promoting energy consumption, gas emissions, waste generation, and artisan working. This is enforced not only by our personal views regarding climate change, but also by the fact that natural disasters caused by extreme weather are more frequent and are causing enormous loses and that, especially in developed countries, there is a substantial shortage of skilled construction workers. This shortage is happening in the context of substantial economic changes as well as the remarkable technological changes caused by AI and digitalization.

In this context, a few questions arise when stating that timber—obtained from sustainable and strictly managed forests—and timber mixed with sustainable concrete are two of the best options for adapting the AEC industry to the needs of humankind. The point is that we need sustainable, easily industrializable, digitalizable and resilient structures that still are affordable. This goal poses a huge research challenge in the investigation of timber and timber–concrete buildings; we do not need them just as niche structures but as a real viable option for humankind. To achieve this, we do not just need to “change the materials” we are using for buildings, but achieve much better industrialization, sustainability, compensated structural beheviour, non-structural performance, etc. Only through this can timber and timber–concrete buildings become a real option for the general public and cause a real paradigmatic change.

We therefore aim to include the following research topics regarding pioneering investigations into timber and timber–concrete buildings in this Special Issue:

  • Research on timber structures to be used as medium- and high-rise buildings.
  • Research on connections, components or entire structures that combine timber and concrete.
  • The structural (gravitational and lateral) performance of timber and timber–concrete structures).
  • The non-structural (thermal, moisture, acoustic, fire, durability, life-cycle) performance of timber and timber–concrete buildings.
  • The resilience of timber and timber–concrete buildings.
  • The use of innovative bioproducts within timber elements, or in addition to them, or used in concrete that is to be mixed with timber.
  • Innovative connections and assemblies of timber and timber–concrete structures.
  • Parametric design, timber robotics, timber and 3D-printed concrete, design for assembly and disassembly, prefabrication, industrialization, and deployable timber and timber–concrete structures.
  • The design and construction of affordable timber and timber–concrete structures.

Dr. Pablo Guindos
Dr. José Luis Almazán Campillay
Dr. Alexander Opazo-Vega
Dr. Hernán Santa María Oyanedel
Guest Editors

Dr. Diego Valdivieso Cascante
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • timber structure
  • timber-concrete
  • timber design
  • wood building
  • structural performance
  • non-structural performance
  • industrialization
  • sustainable construction
  • resilience
  • bioproduct

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 5198 KiB  
Article
Identifying Urban Wood Construction Trends, Global Tall Timber Building Development, and the Role of Wood Promotion Policies
by Felipe Victorero and Waldo Bustamante
Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1502; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091502 - 29 Apr 2025
Abstract
This work studies the presence and evolution of wood construction in urban environments, using Santiago province in Chile as a relevant comparative case. The first part of the study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of wood-based structures in Santiago, showing that although [...] Read more.
This work studies the presence and evolution of wood construction in urban environments, using Santiago province in Chile as a relevant comparative case. The first part of the study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of wood-based structures in Santiago, showing that although wood has historically been used in low-rise housing, its presence has declined significantly due to increasing urban densification and the widespread adoption of materials like concrete for taller buildings. Currently, only 5.4% of Santiago’s buildings use wood structures, with their presence notably decreasing in the high-density municipalities of the city. Recent construction trends in Santiago show that the average building height is 12 stories, with timber buildings not exceeding 6 stories, despite the absence of specific restrictions in the building code for tall timber structures. The second part of this study contrasts these trends with the global development of tall timber buildings (six stories or more), which total approximately 300 worldwide as of 2024. The leading cities include Paris (with over 35 buildings) and London (over 17), followed by Zürich, Vancouver, and Portland. This study highlights the pivotal role of wood promotion policies in enabling this global expansion. Finally, a five-phase classification is proposed to evaluate the evolution of tall timber construction in a given city, emphasizing the role of public policy in enabling large-scale adoption, especially for cities such as Santiago. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Timber and Timber–Concrete Buildings)
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13 pages, 1078 KiB  
Article
Global Analysis of WELL Certification: Influence, Types of Spaces and Level Achieved
by Mónica J. Condezo-Solano, Andrews Erazo-Rondinel, Lorena Milagros Barrozo-Bojorquez, Coraima Chantal Rivera-Nalvarte and Zulay Giménez
Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081321 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 259
Abstract
The built environment directly impacts human health and well-being, yet most green certification systems prioritize energy efficiency over occupant health. The WELL Building Standard (WELL), launched in 2014, addresses this gap by focusing on the health and comfort of building users. Despite its [...] Read more.
The built environment directly impacts human health and well-being, yet most green certification systems prioritize energy efficiency over occupant health. The WELL Building Standard (WELL), launched in 2014, addresses this gap by focusing on the health and comfort of building users. Despite its growing importance, limited academic research systematically examines its global implementation. This study will fill this research gap by analyzing 1559 WELL-certified projects worldwide using the WELL database. The results reveal that 50% of certifications are concentrated in China and the United States, while regions such as Africa and Latin America show minimal adoption. Most projects are office buildings (83%), with fewer in education, healthcare and residential sectors. Additionally, most certified projects have achieved Gold or Platinum levels, and there has been a notable increase in certifications since the COVID-19 pandemic. By identifying geographic and typological disparities, this research provides a global overview of WELL adoption and offers insights for practitioners and policymakers seeking to promote health-focused building practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Timber and Timber–Concrete Buildings)
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15 pages, 9206 KiB  
Article
Enhancement of Thermal–Acoustic Properties of Pinus radiata by Impregnation of Bio-Phase-Change Materials
by Paulo Molina, Mamié Sancy, Gabrielle Sève, Deborah Córdova, Ignacio Erazo, Carlos Sepúlveda-Vásquez, David Di Mambro, Kesiya George, Ignacio A. Urzúa-Parra, Diego A. Vasco and Gonzalo Rodríguez-Grau
Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1320; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081320 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 264
Abstract
Using fatty acids has generated significant interest in the building sector for improving energy storage in the form of latent heat. In this work, using vacuum impregnation, we analyzed the properties of a capric acid and myristic acid eutectic (83-17%) as a bio-based [...] Read more.
Using fatty acids has generated significant interest in the building sector for improving energy storage in the form of latent heat. In this work, using vacuum impregnation, we analyzed the properties of a capric acid and myristic acid eutectic (83-17%) as a bio-based phase change material in Pinus radiata. The delignification of Pinus radiata samples facilitated the impregnation process, which was carried out using the Kraft pulping method. Morphological, chemical, mechanical, thermal, and acoustic impedance analyses were performed. The results revealed that impregnating PCM in Pinus radiata samples increases the thermal inertia of the impregnated samples, which is comparable to that of delignified samples. Additionally, the analyses showed no significant difference between natural and delignified samples after treatment with PCM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Timber and Timber–Concrete Buildings)
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35 pages, 12447 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Ductility Capacity on the Seismic Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber Structures Equipped with Frictional Isolators
by Gaspar Auad, Bastián Valdés, Víctor Contreras, José Colombo and José Almazán
Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081208 - 8 Apr 2025
Viewed by 220
Abstract
In developing countries with high seismic activity, a need exists to construct resilient infrastructure and reduce the housing deficit. Industrialized timber construction and the implementation of seismic isolation interfaces may represent a good alternative to respond to these demands. This paper studies the [...] Read more.
In developing countries with high seismic activity, a need exists to construct resilient infrastructure and reduce the housing deficit. Industrialized timber construction and the implementation of seismic isolation interfaces may represent a good alternative to respond to these demands. This paper studies the feasibility of constructing cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings equipped with frictional pendulum bearings in Chile or similar highly seismic regions. The first part of this study shows a first-order approach for modeling the highly nonlinear behavior of CLT walls using a Smooth Hysteretic Model (SHM). An equivalent model of a base-isolated building was developed using the SHM as well as a physical model of the Friction Pendulum System in order to assess the seismic performance of CLT buildings with frictional isolators. The second part of this research presents and discusses the results of a broad parametric analysis concerning the seismic performance of base-isolated CLT buildings. The seismic assessment was carried out by deriving fragility curves and including the uncertainty linked to the seismic input and the friction coefficient of the isolation system. Constructing lateral resistant systems based on CLT walls presents a feasible alternative for buildings in high seismic hazard areas. Excellent seismic performance is achieved if the superstructure’s is designed with a reduction factor of 1, or if the superstructure’s fundamental period ranges from 0.6 to 0.9 s and is designed with a reduction factor of 2 and ductility capacity of 6 or more. An excellent seismic performance can be obtained for larger reduction factor values if the superstructure has middle to high maximum ductility capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Timber and Timber–Concrete Buildings)
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22 pages, 6784 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Initial Damage State on the Seismic Behavior of A Five-Story CLT Building
by Franco Benedetti, Julieta Álvarez M., Alan Jara-Cisterna, Alexander Opazo-Vega and Víctor Rosales
Buildings 2025, 15(5), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050727 - 24 Feb 2025
Viewed by 440
Abstract
Timber construction experiences a growing trend in different countries due to its inherent environmental benefits and proven lateral load performance. However, most of the previous studies on structural and seismic performance have focused on undamaged structures without any signs of deterioration. This paper [...] Read more.
Timber construction experiences a growing trend in different countries due to its inherent environmental benefits and proven lateral load performance. However, most of the previous studies on structural and seismic performance have focused on undamaged structures without any signs of deterioration. This paper focuses on the analysis of the effects of the initial damage state on the seismic response and fragility of a five-story CLT building designed under a force-based approach. A detailed 3D finite element model was developed and validated through experimental data in order to perform incremental dynamic analyses that considered different arbitrarily imposed initial damage states. The residual response and the fragility functions are analyzed to characterize the impact of the initial state on seismic behavior. The results of this work highlight the need to properly consider the effect of previous load actions for the seismic performance evaluation during the operating life of CLT structures. Findings suggest that the initial state can significantly modify the probability of reaching a given limit state. Moreover, it was found that if the initial damage is defined as severe, the collapse margin ratio is reduced by 58.8% compared to the case in which the initial state is undamaged. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Timber and Timber–Concrete Buildings)
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