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Climate-Responsive Architectural and Urban Design
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Climate-Responsive Architectural and Urban Design

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2025 | Viewed by 5604

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Jose-Manuel Almodovar-Melendo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Architecture, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain
Interests: passive solar design; daylighting in architecture; indoor environmental quality; built environment; low-energy buildings
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The European Union's commitment to achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050 is a critical initiative aimed at mitigating climate change. Since the building sector is responsible for one-third of the global energy consumption and a significant portion of carbon emissions, its transformation is essential for reaching this ambitious target of the EU. Architectural design is pivotal in this context, as it fundamentally influences the energy efficiency and carbon emissions of buildings throughout their life cycle. This Special Issue aims to compile cutting-edge research and technologies that address climate-responsive design, showcasing innovative solutions that can help the building sector to meet net zero carbon emissions. All kinds of integrated approaches and research, both experimental and theoretical, dealing with climate-responsive design at both urban and building scales are welcome: innovative passive systems, net zero carbon emissions, energy efficient buildings, indoor environmental quality, environmental analysis of vernacular architecture, retrofitting of existing buildings, numerical modeling and simulation techniques, environmental measurements and monitoring, and case studies. Innovation and scientific soundness are the basic criteria for the admission of original research papers.

Prof. Dr. Jose-Manuel Almodovar-Melendo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • climate-responsive design
  • net zero carbon emissions
  • building energy efficiency
  • passive design
  • architectural simulation
  • monitoring
  • vernacular architecture
  • thermal comfort

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 9405 KiB  
Article
Microclimate Analysis of Tree Canopies and Green Surface Combinations for Urban Heat Island Mitigation in Los Angeles and Phoenix
by Shaobo Yang and Pablo La Roche
Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1573; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091573 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 205
Abstract
This research addresses the critical issue of urban heat islands (UHI), in which urban areas experience significantly higher temperatures than their surroundings, adversely affecting human comfort and well-being. Focusing on Inglewood, a city neighboring Los Angeles, California, and Phoenix, Arizona, this study uses [...] Read more.
This research addresses the critical issue of urban heat islands (UHI), in which urban areas experience significantly higher temperatures than their surroundings, adversely affecting human comfort and well-being. Focusing on Inglewood, a city neighboring Los Angeles, California, and Phoenix, Arizona, this study uses a comprehensive methodology involving microclimate analysis-based Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) calculations to assess the impact of horizontal green surfaces and different levels of tree canopies on outdoor thermal stress mitigation. Phoenix was selected due to its hyper-arid desert climate, providing a contrasting context to assess the effectiveness of green infrastructure under extreme heat conditions. The results demonstrate that these interventions effectively reduce strong and moderate heat stress levels (32 °C < UTCI < 38 °C and 26 °C < UTCI < 32 °C); the model with maximum tree canopy achieved an 18.48% reduction in strong heat stress in Inglewood, while combined interventions led to a maximum reduction of 18.92%. However, the findings also reveal that under extreme heat conditions, particularly in hyper-arid environments such as Phoenix, the interventions may have a limited effect, with localized increases in extreme heat stress attributed to microclimate dynamics, reduced vegetation cooling efficiency, and modeling limitations. Despite these challenges, the overall reduction in average UTCI values underscores the potential of integrated green infrastructure strategies for mitigating urban heat stress. This study provides urban planning strategies for integrating these interventions to create more sustainable and resilient urban environments, supporting policymakers and urban planners in their efforts to reduce the effects of UHI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate-Responsive Architectural and Urban Design)
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31 pages, 6255 KiB  
Article
Influence of Water Temperature on Mist Spray Effectiveness for Thermal Comfort in Semi-Outdoor Spaces in Extremely Hot and Arid Climates
by Ashraf Mohamed Soliman, Dilshan Remaz Ossen, Abbas Alwarafi and Amir Goli
Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1410; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091410 - 22 Apr 2025
Viewed by 321
Abstract
The escalating summer heat in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region, particularly in Bahrain, poses a significant threat to human health, prompting the use of water mist systems for immediate heat stress relief and heat stroke treatment. Although these systems are [...] Read more.
The escalating summer heat in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region, particularly in Bahrain, poses a significant threat to human health, prompting the use of water mist systems for immediate heat stress relief and heat stroke treatment. Although these systems are known for their rapid cooling effects, the impact of varying water temperatures on their efficiency is not well understood. This research addressed this gap by investigating the effects of different water temperatures on cooling performance and user comfort in a semi-outdoor environment in Bahrain. Field experiments, comparing mist fan system (MFS) zones with non-misted areas, were conducted alongside user surveys to assess perceived thermal comfort. The findings revealed that lower water temperatures significantly enhanced cooling, with a 7.7 °C water temperature achieving a 4 °C temperature reduction and improving perceived comfort. The MFS effectively shifted participant perceptions from “Hot” or “Slightly Warm” to “Natural” or “Slightly Cool”, confirming its rapid heat mitigation capabilities. Notably, 54.5% of participants preferred the system using the coldest water, citing immediate relief. Despite the substantial cooling benefits, achieving standard thermal comfort during peak heat remained challenging. Future research should explore nozzle optimization, wind effects, water usage, solar-powered system efficiency, and the impact of clothing on thermal comfort. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate-Responsive Architectural and Urban Design)
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20 pages, 7737 KiB  
Article
Thermal Evaluation of a Water-to-Air Heat Exchanger Combined with Different Roof Configurations for Passive Cooling
by José-Manuel Almodóvar-Melendo and Pablo La Roche
Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071098 - 27 Mar 2025
Viewed by 265
Abstract
Traditional conservation strategies often prioritize minimizing water use; nevertheless, water can also enhance thermal comfort by incorporating a water-to-air heat exchanger (WAHE) alongside non-direct evaporative and radiant cooling techniques. A WAHE can be installed in features such as ponds, water tanks, or rainwater [...] Read more.
Traditional conservation strategies often prioritize minimizing water use; nevertheless, water can also enhance thermal comfort by incorporating a water-to-air heat exchanger (WAHE) alongside non-direct evaporative and radiant cooling techniques. A WAHE can be installed in features such as ponds, water tanks, or rainwater cisterns. This article assesses the cooling potential of two prototypes of roof ponds and a green roof connected to a WAHE, and the results are compared to a baseline unit featuring a roof that meets California’s energy code standards. Several testing units, measuring 1.35 × 1.35 × 1.35 m, with identical heat characteristics, excluding the roof, were constructed and tested. In the first system, the heat that the green roof could not absorb was transferred to a water reservoir and then dissipated to the outside. The first roof pond prototype features a 0.35 m deep water pond topped with a 0.03 m thick insulating panel and a spray system. The second roof pond variant has an aluminum sheet with a 0.10 m air gap above a 0.25 m deep water pond. The results suggest that combining a WAHE with different roof configurations offers promising benefits while keeping water consumption limited. Notably, when the WAHE is operating, the green roof increase its performance by 47%, the insulated roof pond by 22%, and the roof pond with an aluminum sheet by 13%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate-Responsive Architectural and Urban Design)
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28 pages, 12150 KiB  
Article
Cooling Heritage Scenarios: Transforming Historic Squares for Thermal Comfort
by Pegah Rezaie, Victoria Patricia Lopez-Cabeza, Javier Sola-Caraballo and Carmen Galan-Marin
Buildings 2025, 15(4), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040564 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 759
Abstract
Urban squares in historic neighborhoods are vital public spaces, often the only nearby option available for an aging population. However, these spaces face increasing thermal discomfort exacerbated by urban heat island (UHI) effects. This research focuses on improving thermal comfort for two case [...] Read more.
Urban squares in historic neighborhoods are vital public spaces, often the only nearby option available for an aging population. However, these spaces face increasing thermal discomfort exacerbated by urban heat island (UHI) effects. This research focuses on improving thermal comfort for two case studies located in Seville’s high-density and historically rich Casco Antiguo neighborhood. Although their significance and social value make them central meeting points for locals and visitors, these squares face major challenges regarding thermal comfort, mainly due to a lack of greenery or adequate shading. This study examines the conditions by conducting in-person monitoring and simulations, identifying factors contributing to discomfort. On the basis of this, the research proposes mitigation strategies to address these issues. These solutions include the installation of green walls, the addition of canopies, and the application of specific surface materials to improve the conditions of these squares. Canopies provided the most significant cooling, reducing universal thermal climate index (UTCI) values by up to 6.5 °C. Green walls delivered localized cooling, lowering the mean radiant temperature (MRT) by up to 5 °C. The results reveal how these approaches can bring about changes in thermal comfort in a way that benefits historic city environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate-Responsive Architectural and Urban Design)
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18 pages, 3499 KiB  
Article
The Artificial Tree: Integrating Microalgae into Sustainable Architecture for CO2 Capture and Urban Efficiency—A Comprehensive Analysis
by Rosa Cervera, María Rosa Villalba and Javier Sánchez
Buildings 2024, 14(12), 4045; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14124045 - 20 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2229
Abstract
The Artificial Tree project, developed by the authors, presents an innovative approach to urban sustainability by integrating microalgae cultivation systems for CO2 capture, biomass production, and urban cooling. This study evaluates the project’s feasibility and effectiveness in transforming urban furniture into functional [...] Read more.
The Artificial Tree project, developed by the authors, presents an innovative approach to urban sustainability by integrating microalgae cultivation systems for CO2 capture, biomass production, and urban cooling. This study evaluates the project’s feasibility and effectiveness in transforming urban furniture into functional photobioreactors that enhance environmental quality. Inspired by natural aesthetics, the Artificial Tree functions as both a CO2 sink and a biofertilizer producer. Using Scenedesmus microalgae, the system captures 50 kg of CO2 annually per unit and generates 28 kg of biomass, which further reduces emissions when utilized as a biofertilizer. To assess its impact, a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method was employed, considering factors such as CO2 capture, biomass production, social engagement, visual appeal, and scalability. This methodology incorporated a three-level qualitative scale and criteria tailored to compare similar projects with at least three months of operation and available data on microalgae productivity. Results highlight that the Artificial Tree achieves up to 2.5 times more CO2 fixation than a mature tree while combining environmental benefits with public engagement. Its modular and aesthetic design supports educational outreach and inspires larger-scale implementation. This project demonstrates significant potential to redefine urban spaces sustainably by seamlessly integrating functionality, artistic expression, and public interaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate-Responsive Architectural and Urban Design)
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26 pages, 7435 KiB  
Article
An Integrated Planning Methodology for a Just Climatic Transition in Rural Settlements
by Jorge Rodríguez-Álvarez, María Amparo Casares-Gallego, Emma López-Bahut, María de los Ángeles Santos Vázquez, Henrique Seoane Prado and Javier Rocamonde-Lourido
Buildings 2024, 14(12), 4036; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14124036 - 19 Dec 2024
Viewed by 938
Abstract
The article presents the findings of a research project that focuses on the role of rural areas as key players in addressing the current climate emergency. The article addresses the challenge of a just energy transition by examining the obstacles to the implementation [...] Read more.
The article presents the findings of a research project that focuses on the role of rural areas as key players in addressing the current climate emergency. The article addresses the challenge of a just energy transition by examining the obstacles to the implementation of renewable energy infrastructure. The investigation is situated within the context of Galicia, a rural region in the northwest of Spain. The study conducted an extensive review of the literature, surveys, and interviews, which revealed a significant gap between local communities and planning decisions to be one of the primary obstacles to a just transition. In light of these findings, the research puts forth an integrated planning methodology founded on social and metabolic principles. This methodology investigates the communal management of energy resources with the objective of improving local welfare and integrating this into the planning process. This methodology proposes a series of steps and associated tools for the analysis of the potential for local energy generation using biomass, hydropower, solar, and wind infrastructures. Landscape and social considerations are articulated through continuous community engagement. The energy generation capacity will be used as a catalyst to address the most pressing issues and to improve living conditions in rural areas. The article confirms the need for a holistic approach to energy infrastructures, paying particular attention to landscape integration and endogenous development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate-Responsive Architectural and Urban Design)
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