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Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability

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A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2025 | Viewed by 7191

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zhongya Zhang

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
Interests: concrete durability; ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC); composite structure; strengthening
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Minqiang Meng

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Guest Editor

College of Water Conservancy and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
Interests: mechanical behaviors of coarse grains and the reinforcement and improvement technology of special soils

Dr. Xiujiang Shen

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Guest Editor

Sustainable Materials, VITO, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
Interests: (low-carbon) ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced cement-based materials (UHPFRC) and their mechanical properties, especially tensile and fatigue properties

Dr. Abedulgader Baktheer

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Guest Editor

Institute of Structural Concrete, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Interests: material and constitutive modeling of cementitious composites
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With global environmental changes and the development of a green and low-carbon economy, the civil engineering industry, a field with high resource consumption and considerable environmental impacts, is facing an urgent need to transition to low-carbon and green development. Due to the development of remote areas, resource distribution, cost considerations and other aspects of the impact of infrastructure construction have begun to focus on severe environments. In high-temperature, acid and alkali, cold, wet and other harsh environmental conditions, the stability and durability of the engineering structures will be seriously affected, thus creating a higher demand for the innovation and transformation of civil engineering materials and structures. Therefore, the realization of low-carbon emission, high performance and durability is the focus of future civil engineering development.

In recent years, the focus of research in various countries has gradually shifted towards the fields of green building, renewable energy utilization, climate change adaptive planning, disaster risk management, etc., as well as actively developing and utilizing high-performance, high-efficiency, and high-durability materials, exploring new technologies and methods for infrastructure renewal, sustainable structural design, and the construction of intelligent transport systems.

This Special Issue seeks papers on the related fields of research, the application of green and low-carbon building materials, high-performance composite structures and materials, structural safety and durability, new technologies for improving energy efficiency, and intelligent science and technology in engineering projects. It aims to promote comprehensive thinking among researchers and engineers about the future development of the industry under new challenges, stimulate further innovation, and promote the coordinated development of the innovation and sustainability of civil engineering materials and structures.

We welcome papers on the topics listed below and others, including but not limited to the following:

New green building materials;
Engineering protection and reinforcement materials;
High-performance composite material and structures (cement-based, fiber-reinforced, geopolymer based, etc.);
The performance evaluation and life prediction of engineering structures (bridges, tunnels, geotechnical engineering, hydraulic engineering, etc.);
Strong durable steel and lightweight construction;
The durability of engineering structures under extreme environments;
Recycling and solid waste utilization;
The technology and application of efficient carbon sequestration and reduction;
Intelligent science in civil engineering;
Future clean energy and engineering;
Low-energy design and energy-saving technology for infrastructure;
Low-carbon and intelligent concrete.

Dr. Zhongya Zhang
Dr. Minqiang Meng
Dr. Xiujiang Shen
Dr. Abedulgader Baktheer
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

green building material
high-performance composite and structure
ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC)
structural durability and strengthening
sustainable civil engineering
life-cycle evaluation and prediction
engineering construction and service
intelligent construction and clean energy
low carbon and recycling

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 9650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Causes of Cracking in Concrete Components of a High-Pile Beam Plate Wharf

by Chao Yang, Pengjuan He, Shaohua Wang, Jiao Wang and Zuoxiang Zhu

Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081352 - 18 Apr 2025

Viewed by 220

Abstract

The high-pile beam slab structure is a commonly employed design for riverbank wharves; however, the wharf structure may incur damage due to various factors during long-term operation, resulting in potential safety concerns. To illustrate this, an investigation was conducted on a high-pile beam slab wharf, which included on-site examination, testing, and large-scale three-dimensional numerical simulation. The effects of gravity, ship impact, earthquake, lateral impact, water, and crane change were considered to explore the causes of cracking in the wharf concrete components. The results indicated that crane modification significantly augmented loads, precipitating notable deformation (92% increase in maximum vertical displacement), and the maximum tensile stress exceeded concrete tensile strength. The inadequate thickness of the steel reinforcement protective layer caused concrete carbonation, steel exposure, and corrosion, reducing structural capacity. The presence of defects in the pile foundation has been shown to result in high stress concentrations, which can lead to deformation and damage. There was a 58% increase in vertical displacement in the concrete components above the affected area compared to intact piles. Based on analysis of the results, appropriate measures for strengthening and correction have been proposed to ensure the safety and durability of the wharf. A comprehensive multifactor evaluation and 3D simulation of the actual dimensions are recommended to ensure the safety of wharf structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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18 pages, 7757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Prediction Method for Ground Settlement of Reclaimed Airports Based on Grey System Theory

by Ke Ma, He Weng, Zhaojun Luo, Saeed Sarajpoor and Yumin Chen

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071034 - 24 Mar 2025

Viewed by 187

Abstract

Settlement issues at airports pose a significant threat to operational safety, particularly in coastal regions, where land reclamation introduces unique challenges. The complexities of marine foundations, the difficulties in investigating reclaimed land, and the heightened risks of excessive settlement require timely and accurate monitoring and prediction to effectively identify risks and minimize unnecessary maintenance costs. To address these challenges, this study introduces a dynamic prediction model based on grey system theory, enhanced by a variable-size sliding window mechanism that continuously integrates the latest monitoring data. Validation using datasets from Kansai International Airport and Xiamen Xiang’an International Airport demonstrates that the model improves prediction accuracy by over 20% compared to existing models. Additionally, an exponential forecasting mechanism for long-term settlement prediction is developed and verified with data from Pudong International Airport. The proposed model demonstrates robust predictive capabilities across both long-term and short-term forecasting scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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25 pages, 13064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Underpinning Technology for Fixed Piers of Concrete Box Girder Bridges on Mountainous Expressways

by Honglin Ran, Lin Li, Yi Wei, Penglin Xiao and Hongyun Yang

Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071031 - 24 Mar 2025

Viewed by 293

Abstract

To address the challenge of repairing the damage to concrete box girder bridge piers on mountainous highways caused by falling rocks, this paper proposes an active underpinning technique that integrates a “井”-shaped cap system, graded preloading of the foundation, and synchronized beam body correction. The technique utilizes lateral beam preloading (to eliminate the inelastic deformation of the new pile foundation) and longitudinal beam connections (to form overall stiffness). The method involves building temporary and permanent support systems in stages. Through the two-stage temporary support system transition, the removal and in situ reconstruction of the old piers, a smooth transition from the pier–beam consolidation system to the basin-type bearing system is achieved while simultaneously performing precise correction of beam torsion. The structural safety during the construction process was verified through finite element simulations and dynamic monitoring. Monitoring results show that the beam torsion recovery effect is significant (maximum lift of 5.2 mm/settlement of 7.9 mm), and the pier strain (−54.5~−51.3 με) remains within a controllable range. Before the bridge was opened to traffic, vehicle load and impact load tests were conducted. The actual measured strength and vertical stiffness of the main beam structure meet the design requirements, with relative residual deformation less than 20%, indicating that the structure is in good, elastic working condition. The vehicle running and braking dynamic coefficients (μ = 0.058~0.171 and 0.103~0.163) are both lower than the theoretical value of 0.305. The study shows that this technique enables the rapid and safe repair of bridge piers and provides important references for similar engineering projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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23 pages, 12976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Calculations of the Bottom Void Range of an Underground Pipe Gallery Structure Under the Action of Ground Fissure Dislocations

by Xintao Yu, Baoan Han, Yubo Zhao, Botuan Deng, Kang Du and Haosheng Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060920 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 318

Abstract

Ground fissures are extraordinary urban geological disasters, and their harmful effects on underground structures have been highlighted in many cities. Differential settlements between strata can cause a void phenomenon at the bottom of a pipe gallery structure, significantly threatening the project’s construction and operation. This study analyzes the void phenomenon at the bottom of a pipe gallery structure, and a calculation method for the bottom void range is proposed. Through a model test, the stress and deformation laws of the pipe gallery structure under the conditions of orthogonal (90°) and oblique (45°) ground fissure displacements are analyzed. The results show that, owing to the dislocation of the ground fissure, the bottom void range of the pipe gallery is 2.87–3 times the length of the bottom edge of the pipe gallery section under the orthogonal condition and 3.125–3.5 times the length under the oblique condition. Under the dislocation of the ground fissure, the top plate of the structure is under tension; the bottom plate is under compression, and the strains on the side plates are significantly less than those on the top and bottom plates. The maximum contact pressure between the structure and the surrounding soil is distributed on the top plate of the hanging wall and the bottom plate of the footwall near the ground fissure. This study provides a theoretical basis for the optimal design of pipe gallery structures crossing ground fissures and has theoretical significance and application value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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18 pages, 4588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Retard-Bonded Prestressed UHPC Beams with Different Reinforcement Ratios

by Lingfeng Du, Dongchang Wu, Jun Wang, Shaowei Wang, Boyi Zhao and Xiufeng Tang

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060887 - 12 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 345

Abstract

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), functioning as a next-generation cementitious engineering material, demonstrates marked superiority over conventional concrete in critical performance metrics, with its groundbreaking characteristics primarily manifested through exceptional strength and enhanced durability parameters. To address structural demands for reduced self-weight, material efficiency, and simplified construction processes in large-span durable structures, this study proposes a retard-bonded prestressed UHPC (RBPU) beam combining UHPC with retard-bonded prestressing tendons (RBPTs). Three RBPU beam specimens, with varying reinforcement ratios, underwent flexural testing to quantitatively assess their bending performance characteristics, providing foundational references for design optimization. The test results show that the failure mode of RBPU beams is typical flexural failure, demonstrating good load-bearing capacity and excellent ductility. As the reinforcement ratio increases, the cracking moment (M_cr) is improved to some extent, while the ultimate moment (M_u) and ductility are significantly enhanced. The plastic influence coefficient of the section modulus (γ) in the calculation of the M_cr was revised, and the ultimate moment M_u was subsequently calculated. The comparison demonstrates good agreement between the experimental values and computational results. This study provides both experimental and theoretical references for further in-depth research and practical applications of RBPU beams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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27 pages, 10876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexural Performance of RC Beams Strengthened with High-Strength Steel Wire Mesh and UHPC

by Chao Zhu, Chunlin Du, Yanxin Qi, Zhimei Jiang, Zhongya Zhang, Jun Yang, Yinbin Li and Jun Cheng

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040589 - 14 Feb 2025

Viewed by 462

Abstract

This study proposes a strengthening technique comprising a combination of high-strength steel wire mesh and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) to address the challenge of the insufficient bearing capacity of existing structures. The tensile performance of high-strength wire mesh and the crack resistance of UHPC were comprehensively considered in this technique. To evaluate the influence of the steel fiber volume ratio and the high-strength steel mesh strengthening ratio on the axial tensile performance, uniaxial tensile tests were carried out on two sets of dumbbell-shaped specimens. A constitutive model of the wire mesh UHPC that matched the experimental results was established. The finite element analysis of RC beams strengthened with high-strength wire mesh and UHPC was carried out, based on this constitutive model. The experimental results indicated the following: (a) The crack resistance and ultimate strength of the specimen reinforced with the high-strength steel wire mesh were effectively enhanced, with enhancement ratios of 97.8% and 124.8%, respectively. (b) The embedded interactions between the steel wire mesh and UHPC were simulated by considering the material nonlinearity. The finite element modeling of RC beams strengthened with wire mesh UHPC was achieved. (c) Positive correlations were observed between the thickness of the UHPC layer, the steel fiber volume ratio, and the high-strength wire mesh layer with the flexural capacity of the strengthened beams. The cracking and ultimate moments were maximally enhanced by 96.2% and 99.4%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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22 pages, 8949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexural Response of UHPC Wet Joints Subjected to Vibration Load: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation

by Bin Zhao, Jun Yang, Dingsong Qin, Yang Zou, Zhongya Zhang, Kaijie Zhang and Jingchen Leng

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030496 - 5 Feb 2025

Viewed by 582

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the flexural performance of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) wet joints subjected to vibration load during the early curing period. The parameters investigated included vibration amplitude (1 mm, 3 mm, and 5 mm) and vibration stage (pouring—final setting, pouring—initial setting, and initial setting—final setting). A novel simulated vibration test set-up was developed to reproduce the actual vibration conditions of the joints. The actuator’s reaction force time-history curves for the UHPC joint indicate that the reaction force is stable during the initial setting stage, and it increases linearly with time from the initial setting to the final setting, trending toward stability after 16 h of casting. Under the vibration of 3 Hz-5 mm, cracks measuring 14 cm × 0.2 mm emerge in the UHPC joint. It occurs during the stage from the initial setting to the final setting. The flexural performance of wet joint specimens after vibration was evaluated by the four-point flexural test, focusing on failure modes, load-deflection curves, and the interface opening. The results show that all specimens with joints exhibited bending failure, with cracks predominantly concentrated at the interfaces and the sides of the NC precast segment. The interfacial bond strength was reduced by vibrations of higher amplitude and frequency. Compared with the specimens without vibration, the flexural strength of specimens subjected to the vibration at 3 Hz-3 mm and 3 Hz-5 mm were decreased by 8% and 19%, respectively. However, as the amplitude and frequency decreased, the flexural strength of the specimens showed an increasing trend, as this type of vibration enhanced the compactness of the concrete. Additionally, the calculation model for the flexural strength of UHPC joints has been established, taking into account the impact of live-load vibration. The average ratio of theoretical calculation values to experimental values is 1.01, and the standard deviation is 0.04, the theoretical calculation value is relatively precise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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21 pages, 5900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of Infrared Detection of Debonding in Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes via Cooling-Based Excitation

by Haonan Cai and Chongsheng Cheng

Buildings 2025, 15(3), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15030465 - 2 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 626

Abstract

Debonding in concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs) is a common defect that often occurs during the construction phase of CFST structures, significantly reducing their load-bearing capacity. Current methods for detecting debonding in CFSTs using infrared thermography primarily rely on heat excitation. However, applying this method during the exothermic hydration phase presents considerable challenges. This paper proposes the innovative use of spray cooling as an excitation method during the exothermic hydration phase, providing quantitative insights into the heat conduction dynamics on steel plates for infrared debonding detection in CFSTs. The effects of atomization level, excitation distance, excitation duration, and water temperature in the tank on infrared debonding detection performance were examined. The timing of the maximum temperature difference under cooling excitation was analyzed, and the heat conduction characteristics on the surface of the steel plate during the cooling process were explored. A highly efficient and stable cooling excitation method, suitable for practical engineering detection, is proposed, providing a foundation for quantitative infrared debonding detection in CFSTs. This method does not require additional energy sources, features a simple excitation process, and results in a five-times increase in temperature difference in the debonded region after excitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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25 pages, 9362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical and Theoretical Investigation of the Flexural Behavior of Steel–Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Composite Slabs

by Changshui Li, Boyi Zhao, Dawei Hao, Xiaolong Gao, Hao Bian and Xuanzheng Zhang

Buildings 2025, 15(2), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020166 - 8 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1495

Abstract

The steel–Ultra-High-Performance concrete (UHPC) composite slab is a new type of structure made of steel and UHPC connected by pegs, and its flexural mechanical properties and related design methods need to be further investigated. Firstly, a detailed numerical model of the steel UHPC composite slab is established and validated based on previous flexural behavior experimental research. Secondly, the flexural failure mechanisms of steel–UHPC composite slabs are clarified through finite element analysis. Under positive bending moments, when the degree of shear connection is lower than 100%, the ultimate load capacity of the composite slabs is determined by the shear capacity of the pegs. On the contrary, there are no significant changes in the load-carrying capacity of all the specimens, but there is a slight increase in stiffness. Under negative bending moments, the load-bearing capacity, stiffness, and crack resistance of the composite slab are improved as the degree of shear connection and reinforcement ratio increase. Finally, the method used to calculate the flexural capacity of steel–UHPC composite plates under positive and negative bending moments with high accuracy is proposed based on the analytical results. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the design of flexural performance of steel–UHPC composite slab. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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20 pages, 7001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visualization Analysis of Construction Robots Based on Knowledge Graph

by Runrun Dong, Cuixia Chen and Zihan Wang

Buildings 2025, 15(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15010006 - 24 Dec 2024

Viewed by 780

Abstract

Construction robots are pivotal in advancing the construction industry towards intelligent upgrades. To further explore the current research landscape in this domain, the CNKI Chinese database and the Web of Science core database were employed as data sources. CiteSpace software (version 6.2R4) was utilized to visualize and the analyze relevant literature on construction robots from 2007 to 2024, generating pertinent maps. The findings reveal an annual increase in the number of publications concerning construction robots. An analysis of institutions and authors indicates closer collaboration among English institutions, while Chinese authors exhibit stronger cooperation. However, overall institutional and author collaboration remains limited and fragmented, with no prominent core group of authors emerging. Research hotspots in both the Chinese and English literature are largely aligned, focusing on intelligent construction, human-robot collaboration, and path planning. Notably, the Chinese literature emphasizes technical aspects, whereas the English literature is more application-oriented. Future trends in the field are likely to include human-robot collaboration, intelligent construction, robot vision technology, and the cultivation of specialized talent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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22 pages, 8554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revealing the Impact of Depth and Surface Property Variations on Infrared Detection of Delamination in Concrete Structures Under Natural Environmental Conditions

by Chongsheng Cheng, Dequan Chen, Shuai Shao, Ri Na, Haonan Cai, Hongwen Zhou and Bo Wu

Buildings 2025, 15(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15010010 - 24 Dec 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 803

Abstract

Infrared thermography (IRT) is an effective nondestructive testing method for detecting delamination in concrete structures. However, erroneous data interpretation often diminishes its practical utility due to surface irregularities (e.g., color variations) during inspection. These “noisy conditions” alter the temperature distribution of the structure under solar heating cycles, making it challenging to quantify delamination based on the developed thermal contrast (ΔT). This study experimentally investigates the impact of different surface conditions (bare concrete vs. painted surfaces) on ΔT. Artificial delamination at varying depths was simulated and tested under natural environmental conditions, where the maximum ΔT values for shallow delamination were 9.40 °C (bare concrete), 7.35 °C (yellow paint), and 5.15 °C (white paint), respectively. This study measured and analyzed the absorptivity (bare concrete: 0.652, yellow paint: 0.538, and white paint: 0.369), emissivity, and the temperature difference (δT) between non-delaminated areas and air, revealing their correlation with ΔT variation. Based on the results, three typical scenarios are proposed to correlate δT with delamination detection. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the optimal detection window and present a new approach to quantifying delamination at different time windows. The conclusion also discusses the limitations of this study and future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Civil Engineering: Low-Carbon, High Performance and Strong Durability)

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