A Chronological Review of the Expansion of the Museum’s Role in Relation to Spatial Changes
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Background and Purpose of the Study
1.2. Scope of the Study
2. Research Methodology
2.1. Overview
2.2. Analysis of Museum Definitions
2.3. Literature Review
2.4. Analysis of the Number of Spatial Change Projects
3. Theoretical Review
3.1. Expansion and Specialization of the National Museum of Korea
3.2. Classification of the Museum Spaces
4. Examining the Changing Concept and Definition of Museums
4.1. The Changing Definition of Museums by the ICOM
- The first definition, proposed in 1946, defines a museum as a zoo or botanical garden, most of whose collections are open to the public. This definition is significant in that it stipulates that museums have a public nature. “The word ‘museum’ includes all collections, open to the public, of artistic, technical, scientific, historical or archeological material, including zoos and botanical gardens, but excluding libraries, except in so far as they maintain permanent exhibition rooms” (ICOM, 1946) [29].
- The 1974 definition held that a museum is a non-profit, permanent institution with a public nature, aiming to contribute to society and its development. This definition also included the museum’s value of a place of education and leisure, presenting its purpose as rooted in research, education, and enjoyment. A museum is defined as fulfilling its purpose by collecting, preserving, researching, communicating, and exhibiting material evidence related to humanity. “A museum is a non-profit making, permanent institution in the service of the society and its development, and open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates, and exhibits, for purposes of study, education and enjoyment, material evidence of man and his environment” (ICOM, 1974) [29].
- In the ICOM’s 2007 definition, the target of museum collections was changed to be humanity, clarifying what museums should collect. At the same time, a conceptual expansion was seen that included material things, intangible values, and assets. Education was noted first in the statement of the museum’s purpose, confirming its higher priority. “A museum is a non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment” (ICOM, 2007) [29].
- The alternative definition listed in 2019 has not yet been announced. However, the detailed content that is intended to be included in the 2022 definition can be identified. The concepts that are meaningful in their alternative definitions emphasize that the past should be preserved for future generations, that everyone should be guaranteed fair access to and use of museum assets, and that all museum activities should be performed for the benefit of humanity, including the museum’s local community. “Museums are democratizing, inclusive and polyphonic spaces for critical dialog about the past and the future. Acknowledging and addressing the conflicts and challenges of the present, they hold artifacts and specimens in trust for society, safeguard diverse memories for future generations and guarantee equal rights and equal access to heritage for all people. Museums are not for profit. They are participatory and transparent and work in active partnership with and for diverse communities to collect, preserve, research, interpret, exhibit, and enhance understandings of the world, aiming to contribute to human dignity and social justice, global equality and planetary wellbeing” (ICOM, 2019) [29].
- The 2022 definition places greater importance on interpretation (rather than on simple communication) as part of the role and function of museums and, therefore, it places more importance on the study of tangible and intangible assets than on the collection of simple heritage. It likewise states that the latest international trends in ESG, diversity, sustainability, and ethics form the main goals of museum operations and management. It provides various experiences, such as participation, education, enjoyment, reflection, and knowledge sharing in communities with activities at the museum. In addition, it centers the value of reasoning for cultural enjoyment and for the transmission of knowledge (information). “A museum is a not-for-profit, permanent institution serving society that researches, collects, conserves, interprets and exhibits tangible and intangible heritage. Open to the public, accessible and inclusive, museums foster diversity and sustainability. They operate and communicate ethically, professionally and with the participation of communities, offering varied experiences for education, enjoyment, reflection and knowledge sharing” (ICOM, 2022) [30].
4.2. Changes in the Definition of Museums in South Korean Laws and Regulations
- The first definition of the role of museums in South Korea is found in the Social Education Act, defining museums as organized social education facilities for national lifelong education [31]. This definition differs from the primary functions and roles proposed by the ICOM, which recognizes museums as educational facilities primarily focused on social education.
- The Museum Act, enacted in 1984, aligns more closely with the original functions and roles of museums outlined in the ICOM’s 1974 proposal (with the exception of enjoyment) rather than the unidimensional focus of social education proposed in the Social Education Act. Therefore, this concept of museums has been firmly established since the enactment of the Museum Act in 1984. “The term ‘museum’ means a facility established to collect, preserve, and exhibit materials related to the human race, history, archeology, folklore, arts, natural science, and industries, and other things, to contribute to social education of the general public by examining and researching these materials. Among these facilities, local governments, corporation established by the Civil Act or the other corporations established by Presidential Decree, and registered under this Act” (Museum Act, 1984) [32].
- The Museum Act emphasized the need for museums to register at the national level to manage their establishment and operations. However, this law was later revised into the Museum and Art Gallery Support Act in 1991, which laid the policy foundation for relaxing regulations, such as lifting museums’ registration requirements and expanding the number of museums and art galleries across the country. As a result, the concept of the museum has also evolved. Notable changes include the term “natural science” in the Museum Act being subdivided to include “animals, plants, minerals, science, and technology” and the revision of “social education” to “development of culture and arts, academic development, and cultural education for the general public”, emphasizing the role of cultural facilities over those of social education. “The term ‘museum’ means a facility established to collect, preserve, exhibit, survey and research material related to the human race, history, archeology, folklore, arts, fauna and flora, minerals, science, technology, industries, etc., in order to contribute to developing culture, arts, and learning; enhancing the general public’s education of culture” (Museum and Art Gallery Support Act, 1991) [33].
- The concept and role of the museum evolved with the following four amendments. For example, the Museum and Art Gallery Support Act, which was amended in 1999, revised the primary role of the museum from contributing to the cultural education of the general public to promoting “cultural appreciation”. Additionally, the concept and role of material management began to emerge, prioritizing historical and archeological materials. “The term ‘museum’ means a facility established to collect, manage, preserve, survey, research and exhibit material related to history, archeology, human race, folklore, arts, fauna and flora, minerals, science, technology, industries, etc., in order to contribute to developing culture, arts, and learning; enhancing the general public’s enjoyment of culture” (Museum and Art Gallery Support Act, 1999) [34].
- In the 2007 amendment of the act, the idea of cultural appreciation was replaced with cultural enjoyment. This indicates that visitors passively received cultural benefits from the museum until 2007, but from then on, they can actively choose and enjoy cultural benefits. Therefore, it can be assumed that museum architecture needs to be altered in order to respond to the conception of enjoying museum culture. “The term ‘museum’ means a facility established to collect, manage, preserve, survey, research and exhibit material related to history, archeology, human race, folklore, arts, fauna and flora, minerals, science, technology, industries, etc., in order to contribute to developing culture, arts, and learning; enhancing the general public’s enjoyment of culture” (Museum and Art Gallery Support Act, 2007a) [35].
- Additional amendments in 2007 modified certain sections of the content and included the function of education. ”The term ‘museum’ means a facility established to collect, manage, preserve, survey, research, exhibit, and educate material related to history, archeology, human race, folklore, arts, fauna and flora, minerals, science, technology, industries, etc., in order to contribute to developing culture, arts, and learning; enhancing the general public’s enjoyment of culture” (Museum and Art Gallery Support Act, 2007b) [36].
- In the partial amendment of 2016, the phrase “lifelong education” was included, thereby expanding the role of community-based social education institutions. This resulted in a revival of the role of facilities for social education activities in the 2016 revision of the Lifelong Education Act, although the fundamental meaning of the amendment differed from that of the original text. “The term ‘museum’ means a facility established to collect, manage, preserve, survey, research, exhibit, and educate material related to history, archeology, human race, folklore, arts, fauna and flora, minerals, science, technology, industries, etc., in order to contribute to developing culture, arts, and learning; enhancing the general public’s enjoyment of culture; and facilitating lifelong education” (the Museum and Art Gallery Support Act, 2016) [37].
4.3. Summary of Changes in the Concept and Definition of Museums
5. Spatial Changes, as Shown in the Publications of the National Museum of Korea
5.1. Overview of Publications
5.2. Major Changes in Operations-Related Publications
5.3. Major Changes in Facility-Related Publications
5.4. Summary of Review of the National Museum of Korea’s Publication
6. Analysis of Spatial Change-Related Projects
6.1. Data Collection and Analysis Regarding Spatial Change-In Related Projects
6.2. Number of Projects by Type and Year
6.3. Annual Project Status by Major Function Type
7. Analysis of the Expansion of the Role of Museums and Spatial Changes
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ICOM | International Council of Museums |
NEW | New construction |
ANX | Building annex construction |
EXT | Making extension |
SPL | Changing spatial layout |
EBV | Environmental renovation |
EXH | Exhibition renewal |
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Operation-Related Publications Reviewed in This Study
- Published in 2001, the Study on the Mid- and Long-Term Development Plan of the National Museum of Korea suggested the establishment of a national heritage center, expanding advanced equipment and facilities and operating a research collection reading room to manage the museum’s collection. It also describes the importance of social education through the operation of the Children’s Museum [21].
- Published in 2001, the Study on the Mid- and Long-Term Development Plan of National Regional Museums proposes measures to specialize exhibitions, expand the role of social education through the construction of a social education center, and establish a regional traditional culture reference room to support research. It also describes the strengthening of conservation science capabilities through securing storage space according to different material and expanding conservation treatment equipment and facilities. This can be understood as moving in a clear direction including responding to local cultural enjoyment and increasing the value as a leisure space through strengthening the role of National Regional Museums [22].
- Published in 2006, the report National Museum Vision 2020: A Museum Where the Breath of History and the Power of Culture Come to Life called for the National Museum of Korea’s main role to be expanded beyond lifelong education to reach cultural enjoyment. Following that direction, the establishment of a museum education center for social and cultural education was proposed [39].
- Published in 2012, the report Study on the Mid- to Long-Term Development Plan of the National Museum of Korea proposed significant tasks be undertaken, such as expanding and renovating the Children’s Museum, expanding storage space, and building regional storage facilities to strengthen conservation capacity. It also noted the expansion of diverse, convenient facilities, such as museum shops, to improve visitor satisfaction [40].
- In 2017, the Gyeongju National Museum presented a detailed plan based on the 2012 mid- to long-term development plan. First, it noted the reflection of the nature of the historical sites and relics, as well as the use of storytelling techniques in the permanent exhibition. Furthermore, a new exhibition hall was declared necessary for the effective preservation and display of the Divine Bell of King Seongdeok (unified Shilla, 771) in the museum’s collection. In addition to relocating the Children’s Museum to increase efficiency, the plan to would expand research functions by establishing the Silla Studies Research Center, building a library and study space; the creation of an open archive using the existing exhibition Hall is also proposed. For the public space, the report suggests the need to expand convenient facilities over a long-term perspective and plan a specialized space to intensively cover the entire area by placing information and convenient facilities in the lobby. In particular, the report describes the need to build a connecting exhibition hall to connect the Special Exhibition Hall and the Silla Art Museum to improve viewing flow [41].
- Published in 2020, the Gimhae National Museum’s mid- to long-term development plan report presents the establishment and operation of the Gaya Heritage Storage Center and the Gaya Research Institute as key tasks and also proposes to enhance the efficiency of space and operations with a transfer of functions between buildings. The plan proposes the creation of an experience space, related to the public space, where people will want to spend time, through expanding or relocating convenient rest areas and transforming existing lobby space into an open rest area integrating information, cafes, and convenient facilities [42].
- Finally, published in 2020, The National Museum of Korea: A New Era, 2030 Strategy for Opening the Future presents the following as key strategic tasks: strengthening educational functions through the establishment of a separate children’s museum, selecting representative content and interpreting it in a future-oriented way, establishing a cultural heritage science center to construct a smart museum environment, and expanding the operations of the museum’s reading room. This further emphasizes the concept of cultural enjoyment and calls for the role of cultural infrastructure to be more closely integrated into our lives. In public spaces, the main task is to improve the environment and provide cultural inspiration, relaxation, and healing to visitors and residents as lifestyle infrastructure [43].
Appendix A.2. Facility-Related Publications Reviewed in This Study
- Published in 1994, the Master Plan for Establishment of the Chuncheon National Museum aims to preserve local cultural and historical assets while fostering balanced development across the country. It also seeks to enhance historical and cultural spaces in the region by establishing educational and promotional facilities. Accordingly, it emphasizes that the museum should be developed into complexes with educational functions that promote learning through exhibitions and related activities or programs. The primary aim of land use is to design a layout that aligns with the terrain and cultural facilities based on rest. This approach is consistent with the current context, where the role of museums is expanding to include social education facilities [44].
- Published in 1995, The Master Plan for Relocation of the National Museum of Korea proposed the social education function as the primary function of museums. For this purpose, it suggests the introduction of a resting area, a museum environment designed as a cultural complex, and a museum shop as key components. In particular, museum shops and bookstores can offer public services and function as spaces for cultural enjoyment, providing reference materials and information rather than solely focusing on profits. This direction in the master plan can be seen as an effort to integrate museums into people’s everyday lives [45].
- Published in 1996, the Basic Exhibition Plan of the Chuncheon National Museum outlines a study on exhibition materials, objects, classification, content, and directions based on the planned architecture. This foregrounds the museum as a facility that plays a role in the social education of the region, suggesting that the museum include a rest area within the exhibition flow to provide convenience and relief from fatigue. It also proposes engaging in profit-making activities by utilizing the circular patio, installing a cafeteria, and specializing the museum shop. This suggests that the Chuncheon National Museum is not only a museum that collects, preserves, and exhibits but is also a visitor-friendly space, planned in accordance with collections, rather than a space that is adapted to the collections [46].
- In 2012, the Establishment of the Master Plan for the Renovation of the Jeonju National Museum mentioned the role of the museum as a place for leisure, a comprehensive cultural and artistic space, and an educational institution. Therefore, it emphasized the need for a shift in perception toward “developing programs for social contribution” and creating “a complex cultural space where various experiences and events can be held.” It presents the lobby as a complex space where visitors can have various experiences by building a rest area, a museum shop, and an archive space [47].
- Published in 2015, the Study on the Master Plan for the Establishment of the Iksan National Museum proposes “expanding opportunities for people to enjoy culture by overcoming existing limitations of exhibition halls and becoming a lifelong education facility and a complex cultural space, in line with the trends of modern museums” and “becoming a museum that provides specialized experiences for children (students).” This report proposed the renovation of the existing Miraksaji Temple Heritage Exhibition Hall to serve as a lifelong education and cultural complex, with a new main building focused on exhibitions. This direction aimed to implement programs aligned with the life cycle, reflecting the growing importance of lifelong education and leisure use of museums [48].
- Published in 2015, the Master Plan for the Establishment of Complex Cultural Building indicates the need for facility expansion, mentioning the justification for establishing a complex cultural center, including a children’s museum. This can be seen as an attempt to include and streamline new functional spaces, in line with various spatial issues that have arisen since the initial establishment, changes in visitor characteristics, expansion of the museum’s role, and changes in environment [49].
- Published in 2016, The Master Plan Study for Establishment of Museum Complex at National Regional Museums proposes a facility complex idea that suggests the combination of various types of cultural infrastructure facilities using the site, expanded exchanges with other museums through content expansion and enhanced operations. Detailed plans for pilot regional museums (Chuncheon, Daegu, Jeonju) were established to present the concept of a complex museum with different content, roles, and functions according to regional characteristics and needs [50].
- Published in 2020, the Study on the Master Plan for the Establishment of the Chungju National Museum examines the concepts of regionality, tourism, and cultural enjoyment, along with the topic of infectious diseases (among the most aspects of 2020). It proposes a flexible spatial plan that can accommodate changes in museum facilities and spaces, minimizing the crowding of visitors using connecting spaces, such as corridor spaces and small halls. This shows that changes are taking place in response to the conditions of the times [51].
- Published in 2021, the Basic Establishment Plan for the Museum Archive seeks to establish an archive center within the unused space in the Department of Conservation Science, which can be a step towards the establishment of the Cultural Heritage Conservation Center. The optimal volume of an archive is suggested to be at least 13% of the museum’s total area, but only 3.72% is actually proposed, and a basic spatial concept is also presented. This includes shelving, digital workspaces, reading spaces, conservation workspaces, unique exhibition spaces, and libraries [52].
- Published in 2021, the Study on the Establishment of the Master Plan for the Relocation of the Jinju National Museum proposed the relocation of the museum to the site of the former Jinju Station to cope with the spatial limitations on its expansion resulting from its historic location. It is also significant in that it is in line with the changing role of international museums, as it seeks to minimize the decrease in visitor demand through securing close connections with local communities, transforming itself into a digital museum and becoming a content producing museum [53].
- Published in 2021, the Master Plan for the Establishment of Baekje Conservation-education Center calls for an expansion of the infrastructure for the conservation and management of relics, the museum’s primary role, to build a professional educational and research facility. This is very different from the National Museum of Korea Conservation Science Center, which is currently under construction, in that it is building an educational facility for the training of professionals in conservation science, where the overall space and operation plan are also focused on education [54].
- Published in 2022, the “Study on the Establishment of the Master Plan for the Museum Archive Center” report contains detailed plans, spatial schemes, and budget documents for the operation of the Archive Center based on fundamental research undertaken in 2021. For the spatial aspect, the difference from the 2021 study is that the space allotted to external users has been expanded, and the space plan has been developed following the planned equipment. This is a way of securing as much space for use by external users as possible, an amount that was previously insufficient due to physical limitations in the existing plan, and to present a realistic plan that could be actually used through the optimization of the existing planned space [55].
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Year | Significant Keyword Changed |
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1946 |
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1974 |
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2007 |
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2022 |
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Year | Significant Keyword Changed |
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1983.12.31. |
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1984.12.31. |
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1991.11.30. |
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1999.2.8. |
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2007.7.27. |
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2016.2.3. |
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Name | Year | Publisher | Note |
---|---|---|---|
A Study on the Mid- to Long-term Development plan of National Museum of Korea | 2001 | Korea Cultural Policy Institute | |
A Study on the Mid- to Long-term Development plan of National Regional Museums | 2001 | Korea Cultural Policy Institute | |
A Study on the Mid- to Long-term Development plan of Museum and Art Gallery | 2002 | Korea Cultural and Tourism Policy Institute | Excluded from the study |
Five-year Development plan for the National Museum of Korea (proposal) | 2004 | National Museum of Korea | Excluded from the study |
National Museum of Korea Vision 2020 | 2006 | National Museum of Korea | |
The Mid- to Long-term Development Plan for National Museum of Korea | 2012 | National Museum of Korea | |
The Master Plan Study for Establishment of Museum Complex at National Regional Museums | 2016 | Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism; National Museum of Korea | Excluded from this section |
The Mid- to Long-term Development Plan for Gyeongju National Museum | 2017 | Gyeongju National Museum | |
The Mid- to Long-term Promotions Plan for Museum and Art Gallery (2019–2023) | 2019 | Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism | Excluded from the study |
The Mid- to Long-term Development Plan for Gimhae National Museum | 2020 | Gimhae National Museum | |
2030 National Museum of Korea Strategic Plan | 2020 | National Museum of Korea |
Name | Year | Publisher | Note |
---|---|---|---|
The Master Plan for Establishment of the Chuncheon National Museum | 1994 | National Museum of Korea | |
The Master Plan for Relocation of the National Museum of Korea | 1995 | National Museum of Korea | |
The Basic Exhibition Plan of the Chuncheon National Museum | 1996 | National Museum of Korea | |
The Exhibition Renovation Plan of the National Museum of Korea Children’s Museum | 2007 | National Museum of Korea | Excluded from the study |
The Establishment Plan of Regional Comprehensive Storages | 2011 | Korea Culture and Tourism Institute | Excluded from the study |
The Master Plan for Renovation of the Jeonju National Museum | 2012 | Jeonju National Museum | |
The Master Plan for Establishment of the Iksan National Museum | 2015 | National Museum of Korea | |
The Master Plan for Establishment of Cultural Complex Building | 2015 | Jeju National Museum | |
The Master Plan Study for Establishment of Museum Complex at National Regional Museums | 2016 | Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism; National Museum of Korea | |
The Master Plan for Establishment of Regional Comprehensive Storage at the Gongju National Museum | 2017 | Gongju National Museum | Excluded from the study |
The Master Plan for Establishment of the Gongju National Museum Children’s Museum | 2020 | Gongju National Museum | Excluded from the study |
The Master Plan for Establishment of the Chungju National Museum | 2020 | National Museum of Korea | |
The Basic Establishment Plan for the Museum Archive | 2021 | National Museum of Korea | |
The Master Plan for Relocation of the Jinju National Museum | 2021 | National Museum of Korea | |
The Master Plan for Establishment of Beakje Conservation-education Center | 2021 | Buyeo National Museum | |
The Master Plan for Establishment of the Museum Archive | 2022 | National Museum of Korea |
Year | Total | ’95 | ’96 | ’97 | ’98 | ’99 | ’00 | ’01 | ’02 | ’03 | ’04 | ’05 | ’06 | ’07 | ’08 | ’09 | ’10 | ’11 | ’12 | ’13 | ’14 | ’15 | ’16 | ’17 | ’18 | ’19 | ’20 | ’21 | ’22 | ’23 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 104 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 1 | |||||
ANX | 32 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | ||||||||
EXT | 14 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
SPL | 58 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 3 |
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Heo, J.-Y.; Lee, J.H. A Chronological Review of the Expansion of the Museum’s Role in Relation to Spatial Changes. Buildings 2025, 15, 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111952
Heo J-Y, Lee JH. A Chronological Review of the Expansion of the Museum’s Role in Relation to Spatial Changes. Buildings. 2025; 15(11):1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111952
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeo, Jun-Young, and Jae Hong Lee. 2025. "A Chronological Review of the Expansion of the Museum’s Role in Relation to Spatial Changes" Buildings 15, no. 11: 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111952
APA StyleHeo, J.-Y., & Lee, J. H. (2025). A Chronological Review of the Expansion of the Museum’s Role in Relation to Spatial Changes. Buildings, 15(11), 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15111952