Water

22 pages, 10335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phase-Field Simulation of Imbibition for the Matrix-Fracture of Tight Oil Reservoirs Considering Temperature Change

by Junjie Shi, Linsong Cheng, Renyi Cao, Zhihao Jia and Gaoling Liu

Water 2021, 13(7), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13071004 - 6 Apr 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3852

Injection water temperature is often different from that of the reservoir during water injection development in the tight reservoir. Temperature change causes different fluid properties and oil-water interface properties, which further affects the imbibition process. In this paper, a matrix-fracture non-isothermal oil-water imbibition [...] Read more.

Injection water temperature is often different from that of the reservoir during water injection development in the tight reservoir. Temperature change causes different fluid properties and oil-water interface properties, which further affects the imbibition process. In this paper, a matrix-fracture non-isothermal oil-water imbibition flow model in tight reservoirs is established and solved by the finite element method based on the phase-field method. The ideal inhomogeneous rock structure model was used to study the influence of a single factor on the imbibition. The actual rock structure model was used to study the influence of temperature. The mechanism of temperature influence in the process of imbibition is studied from the micro-level. It is found that the imbibition of matrix-fracture is a process in which the water enters the matrix along with the small pores, and the oil is driven into the macropores and then into the fractures. Temperature affects the imbibition process by changing the oil-water contact angle, oil-water interfacial tension, and oil-water viscosity ratio. Reducing oil-water contact angle and oil-water viscosity ratio and increasing oil-water interfacial tension are conducive to the imbibition process. The increase in injection water temperature is usually beneficial to the occurrence of the imbibition. Moreover, the actual core structure imbibition degree is often lower than that of the ideal core structure. The inhomogeneous distribution of rock particles has a significant influence on imbibition. This study provides microscale theoretical support for seeking reasonable injection velocity, pressure gradient, injection temperature, and well-shutting time in the field process. It provides a reference for the formulation of field process parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Advances in Modeling for Water Imbibition in Porous Media: A Multiscale Perspective)

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21 pages, 18602 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Assessing the Impact of Partitioning on Optimal Installation of Control Valves for Leakage Minimization in WDNs

by Enrico Creaco, Dario Castagnolo and Giuseppe Pezzinga

Water 2021, 13(7), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13071003 - 6 Apr 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2503

Abstract

This paper aims to assess the impact of partitioning on optimal installation of control valves for leakage minimization in water distribution networks (WDNs). The methodology used includes two main elements. The first element is a deterministic algorithm operating through the sequential addition of [...] Read more.

This paper aims to assess the impact of partitioning on optimal installation of control valves for leakage minimization in water distribution networks (WDNs). The methodology used includes two main elements. The first element is a deterministic algorithm operating through the sequential addition of control valves, producing a Pareto front of optimal solutions in the trade-off between number of control valves installed and daily leakage volume, to be both minimized. The second element is a WDN partitioning algorithm based on the minimization of the transport function, for the partitioning of the WDN into a number of partitions equal to the number of WDN sources. The methodology is applied to two Italian WDNs with different characteristics. Due to variations in flow distribution induced by the partitioning, the valve locations optimally selected in the partitioned WDN prove slightly different from those in the unpartitioned WDN. Furthermore, the number of control valves being the same, better leakage reduction effects (up to 8%) are obtained in the partitioned WDN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches in the Optimization of Water Distribution Networks)

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11 pages, 3498 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperCommunication

Benthic Metabolism in Fluvial Sediments with Larvae of Lampetra sp.

by Nerijus Nika, Mindaugas Zilius, Tomas Ruginis, Gianmarco Giordani, Kasparas Bagdonas, Sara Benelli and Marco Bartoli

Water 2021, 13(7), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13071002 - 6 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2613

Abstract

Lampreys spend their larval stage within fine sand fluvial sediments, where they burrow and act as filter feeders. Lamprey larvae (ammocoetes) can significantly affect benthic-pelagic coupling and nutrient cycling in rivers, due to high densities. However, their bioturbation, feeding and excretion activities are [...] Read more.

Lampreys spend their larval stage within fine sand fluvial sediments, where they burrow and act as filter feeders. Lamprey larvae (ammocoetes) can significantly affect benthic-pelagic coupling and nutrient cycling in rivers, due to high densities. However, their bioturbation, feeding and excretion activities are still poorly explored. These aspects were investigated by means of laboratory incubations of intact sediments added with ammocoetes and of animals alone. Oxygen respiration, nutrient fluxes and excretion rates were determined. Individual ammocoete incubations suggested that biomass-specific oxygen consumption and ammonium, reactive phosphorus and silica excretion were size-dependent, and greater in small compared to large individuals. The comparison of ammocoetes metabolic rates with rates measured in intact sediments revealed that ammocoetes activity decreases significantly when they are burrowed in sediments. Furthermore, results suggest that a major fraction of ammonium excreted by ammocoetes was assimilated by benthic microbes or microalgae to overcome in situ N-limitation. Alternatively, part of the excreted ammonium was oxidized and denitrified within sediments, as nitrate uptake rather increased along with ammocoetes density. Ammocoetes excreted reactive phosphorus and silica but such production was not apparent in bioturbated sediments, likely due to microbial or microalgal uptake or to immobilization in sediments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Macrobiota in Aquatic Nutrient Cycling)

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22 pages, 2861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Enhanced Treatment of Boundary Conditions for 2D RANS Streamwise Velocity Models in Open Channel Flow

by Juan Alfonso Figuérez, Álvaro Galán and Javier González

Water 2021, 13(7), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13071001 - 6 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3271

Abstract

A 2D streamwise velocity model based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) is a useful approach to predict the boundary shear stress and the streamwise velocity in a free surface stream where secondary flows are not relevant. Boundary conditions treatment is a key [...] Read more.

A 2D streamwise velocity model based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) is a useful approach to predict the boundary shear stress and the streamwise velocity in a free surface stream where secondary flows are not relevant. Boundary conditions treatment is a key aspect implementing these models. A low computational cost and fully predictive numerical model with a novel treatment of boundary conditions is presented. The main features of the modified model are the employment of a modified law of the wall valid for any roughness condition, the estimation of the boundary shear stress is done only focusing on the near-contour region, the use of a full-predictive physical based model for the eddy viscosity distribution and the incorporation of the free surface shear stress due to water–air interface. The validation of the proposed changes was performed with a substantial number of experimental cases available in the literature using different cross-section shapes (circular, rectangular, trapezoidal and compound section) and roughness condition with quite good agreement. Preliminary results suggest that the influence of the free surface boundary layer has a significant impact on the results for both the streamwise velocity and boundary shear stress in windy conditions. The proposed approach allows its considerations in practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Modelling Strategies for Hydraulic Engineering and River Research)

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18 pages, 3738 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modeling and Optimization of Biochar Based Adsorbent Derived from Kenaf Using Response Surface Methodology on Adsorption of Cd²⁺

by Anwar Ameen Hezam Saeed, Noorfidza Yub Harun, Suriati Sufian, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Baiq Asma Nufida, Noor Maizura Ismail, Zaki Yamani Zakaria, Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba, Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb and Baker Nasser Saleh Al-Dhawi

Water 2021, 13(7), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070999 - 5 Apr 2021

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 5183

Abstract

Cadmium is one of the most hazardous metals in the environment, even when present at very low concentrations. This study reports the systematic development of Kenaf fiber biochar as an adsorbent for the removal of cadmium (Cd) (II) ions from water. The adsorbent [...] Read more.

Cadmium is one of the most hazardous metals in the environment, even when present at very low concentrations. This study reports the systematic development of Kenaf fiber biochar as an adsorbent for the removal of cadmium (Cd) (II) ions from water. The adsorbent development was aided by an optimization tool. Activated biochar was prepared using the physicochemical activation method, consisting of pre-impregnation with NaOH and nitrogen (N₂) pyrolysis. The influence of the preparation parameters—namely, chemical impregnation (NaOH: KF), pyrolysis temperature, and pyrolysis time on biochar yield, removal rate, and the adsorption capacity of Cd (II) ions—was investigated. From the experimental data, some quadratic correlation models were developed according to the central composite design. All models demonstrated a good fit with the experimental data. The experimental results revealed that the pyrolysis temperature and heating time were the main factors that affected the yield of biochar and had a positive effect on the Cd (II) ions’ removal rate and adsorption capacity. The impregnation ratio also showed a positive effect on the specific surface area of the biochar, removal rate, and adsorption capacity of cadmium, with a negligible effect on the biochar yield. The optimal biochar-based adsorbent was obtained under the following conditions: 550 °C of pyrolysis temperature, 180 min of heating time, and a 1:1 NaOH impregnation ratio. The optimum adsorbent showed 28.60% biochar yield, 69.82% Cd (II) ions removal, 23.48 mg/g of adsorption capacity, and 160.44 m²/g of biochar-specific area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Pollution Detection and Environmental Remediation)

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15 pages, 2635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Structure from Motion Technique for Measurement of Bed Morphology in Physical Model Studies

by Sanat Kumar Karmacharya, Nils Ruther, Ujjwal Shrestha and Meg Bahadur Bishwakarma

Water 2021, 13(7), 998; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070998 - 5 Apr 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3424

Abstract

The selection of instrumentation for data acquisition in physical model studies depends on type and resolution of data to be recorded, time frame of the model study, available instrumentation alternatives, availability of skilled personnel and overall budget of the model study. The available [...] Read more.

The selection of instrumentation for data acquisition in physical model studies depends on type and resolution of data to be recorded, time frame of the model study, available instrumentation alternatives, availability of skilled personnel and overall budget of the model study. The available instrumentation for recording bed levels or three-dimensional information on geometry of a physical model range from simple manual gauges to sophisticated laser or acoustic sensors. In this study, Structure from Motion (SfM) technique was applied, on three physical model studies of different scales and study objectives, as a cheap, quicker, easy to use and satisfactorily precise alternative for recording 3D point data in form of colour coded dense point cloud representing the model geometry especially the river bed levels in the model. The accuracy of 3D point cloud generated with SfM technique were also assessed by comparing with data obtained from manual measurement using conventional surveying technique in the models and the results were found to be very promising. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Challenges in Hydropower)

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20 pages, 7299 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nexus Thinking at River Basin Scale: Food, Water and Welfare

by Roberto D. Ponce Oliva, Francisco J. Fernández, Felipe Vasquez-Lavín, Esteban Arias Montevechio, Natalia Julio and Alejandra Stehr

Water 2021, 13(7), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13071000 - 5 Apr 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4188

Abstract

Water resources face an unparalleled confluence of pressures, with agriculture and urban growth as the most relevant human-related stressors. In this context, methodologies using a Nexus framework seem to be suitable to address these challenges. However, the urban sector has been commonly ignored [...] Read more.

Water resources face an unparalleled confluence of pressures, with agriculture and urban growth as the most relevant human-related stressors. In this context, methodologies using a Nexus framework seem to be suitable to address these challenges. However, the urban sector has been commonly ignored in the Nexus literature. We propose a Nexus framework approach, considering the economic dimensions of the interdependencies and interconnections among agriculture (food production) and the urban sector as water users within a common basin. Then, we assess the responses of both sectors to climatic and demographic stressors. In this setting, the urban sector is represented through an economic water demand at the household level, from which economic welfare is derived. Our results show that the Nexus components here considered (food, water, and welfare) will be negatively affected under the simulated scenarios. However, when these components are decomposed to their particular elements, we found that the less water-intensive sector—the urban sector—will be better off since food production will leave significant amounts of water available. Moreover, when addressing uncertainty related to climate-induced shocks, we could identify the basin resilience threshold. Our approach shows the compatibilities and divergences between food production and the urban sector under the Nexus framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Sustainable Development)

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15 pages, 1513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Importance of Food Pulses in Benthic-Pelagic Coupling Processes of Passive Suspension Feeders

by Sergio Rossi and Lucia Rizzo

Water 2021, 13(7), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070997 - 4 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3115

Abstract

Benthic-pelagic coupling processes and the quantity of carbon transferred from the water column to the benthic suspension feeders need multiple intensive sampling approaches where several environmental variables and benthos performance are quantified. Here, activity, dietary composition, and capture rates of three Mediterranean gorgonians [...] Read more.

Benthic-pelagic coupling processes and the quantity of carbon transferred from the water column to the benthic suspension feeders need multiple intensive sampling approaches where several environmental variables and benthos performance are quantified. Here, activity, dietary composition, and capture rates of three Mediterranean gorgonians (Paramuricea clavata, Eunicella singularis, and Leptogorgia sarmentosa) were assessed in an intensive cycle considering different variables such as the seston concentration and quality (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, and zooplankton), the colony branch patterns, and the energetic input of the single species (i.e., mixotrophic and heterotrophic). The three species showed clear differences in their impact on the seston concentration. Paramuricea clavata, the most densely distributed, showed a greater impact on the near bottom water column seston. The lowest impact of E. singularis on the seston could be explained by its mixotrophy and colony branching pattern. Leptogorgia sarmentosa had a similar impact as E. singularis, having a much more complex branching pattern and more than an order of magnitude smaller number of colonies per meter square than the other two octocorals. The amount of carbon ingested in the peaks of the capture rates in the three species may cover a non-neglectable proportion of the potential carbon fluxes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Marine Ecosystem Management)

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14 pages, 2655 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Invertebrate Responses to Restoration across Benthic and Hyporheic Stream Compartments

by Anne L. Robertson, Daniel M. Perkins, Judy England and Tim Johns

Water 2021, 13(7), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070996 - 4 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3785

Abstract

River restoration is a multi-billion-dollar business, yet it is unclear whether benthic community health, which is routinely monitored, can be used as a proxy for the health of the hyporheos. Applying a Before-After-Control-Impact approach to a UK case study, we compared the effects [...] Read more.

River restoration is a multi-billion-dollar business, yet it is unclear whether benthic community health, which is routinely monitored, can be used as a proxy for the health of the hyporheos. Applying a Before-After-Control-Impact approach to a UK case study, we compared the effects of removing an impoundment on the hyporheos with effects on the benthos. We compared invertebrate biological traits that we expected to respond to the restoration. We constructed sample-size based diversity curves and determined β-diversity between compartments and reaches. Two years post-restoration, hyporheic taxon richness was significantly lower in the restored reach compared to the control. However, three years post-restoration taxon richness was significantly higher in the impact reach. The composition of the control and impact reach hyporheos was most dissimilar at the first sampling time point post-restoration and at this time there was a universal decrease in the relative abundance of burrowing organisms respiring through gills. We did not detect a signal of restoration on benthic assemblage diversity and composition, perhaps because reach-scale restorations can be overwhelmed by catchment-scale disturbances. Thus, the hyporheos and the benthos responded differently to restoration. Given the importance of the hyporheic zone in the provision of ecosystem function and services, it is clear that it should be included in future monitoring protocols that aim to assess river restoration success. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue River Restoration: Monitoring, Appraisal and Management)

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18 pages, 6292 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analytical Solution of Saltwater Intrusion in Costal Aquifers Considering Climate Changes and Different Boundary Conditions

by Ismail Abd-Elaty, Martina Zeleňáková, Katarína Krajníková and Hany F. Abd-Elhamid

Water 2021, 13(7), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070995 - 4 Apr 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4813

Abstract

Groundwater contamination due to saltwater intrusion (SWI) has an extreme effect on freshwater quality. Analytical and numerical models could be used to investigate SWI. This study aims to develop an analytical solution to investigate SWI into coastal aquifers which was applied to a [...] Read more.

Groundwater contamination due to saltwater intrusion (SWI) has an extreme effect on freshwater quality. Analytical and numerical models could be used to investigate SWI. This study aims to develop an analytical solution to investigate SWI into coastal aquifers which was applied to a real case study at the Middle Nile Delta aquifer (MNDA). The study presented a new formula to predict the difference in depth of freshwater to seawater interface due to a change in boundary conditions. A Computer Program for Simulation of Three-Dimensional Variable-Density Ground-Water Flow and Transport (SEAWAT) is used for groundwater flow simulation and SWI and the results compared with the developed analytical solution. Four scenarios are considered in the study, including; the sea-level rise (SLR), reduction in recharge, over abstraction, and combination after 50 years (2070). The analytical solution gave good results compared to the numerical one where Equiline 1 intruded to 103 and 101.66 km respectively at the base case. The results also gave a good agreement between numerical and the analytical solution for SLR due to climate changes by 52.80 cm where the Equiline 1 reached to 105 and 103.45 km. However, the reduction in aquifer recharge by 18.50% resulted in an intrusion for the Equiline-1 to 111 and 108.25 km from the shoreline. Over pumping due to the increase in population by 89% has increased the SWI to reach 121,110.31 km, while it reached 131 and 111.32 km at a combination of the three scenarios, which represents the highest threatening scenario. Also, the difference between the two solutions reached 1.30%, 1.48%, 2.48%, 8.84%, and 15.02%, respectively for the base case and four scenarios. For the current case study, the analytical model gave good results compared to the numerical one, so that the analytical solution is recommended for similar studies, which could save the time and capabilities of computer required for the numerical solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Management of Flood Risk in Urban Areas)

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17 pages, 4496 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Assessment of Critical Shear Stress and Threshold Velocity in Shallow Flow with Sand Particles

by Reza Shahmohammadi, Hossein Afzalimehr and Jueyi Sui

Water 2021, 13(7), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070994 - 4 Apr 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6872

Abstract

In this study, the incipient motion of four groups of sand, ranging from medium to very coarse particles, was experimentally examined using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in different water depths under the hydraulically transitional flow condition. The transport criterion of the Kramer [...] Read more.

In this study, the incipient motion of four groups of sand, ranging from medium to very coarse particles, was experimentally examined using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in different water depths under the hydraulically transitional flow condition. The transport criterion of the Kramer visual observation method was used to determine threshold conditions. Some equations for calculating threshold average and near-bed velocities were derived. Results showed that the threshold velocity was directly proportional to both sediment particle size and water depth. The vertical distributions of the Reynolds shear stress showed an increase from the bed to about 0.1 of the water’s depth, after performing a damping area, then a decrease toward the water surface. By extending the linear portion of the Reynolds shear stress in the upper zone of the damping area to the bed, the critical shear stress, particle shear Reynolds number, and critical Shields parameter were calculated. Results showed that the critical Shields parameter was located under the Shields curve, showing no sediment motion. This indicates that the incipient motion of sediment particles occurred with smaller bed shear stress than that estimated using the Shields diagram in the hydraulically transitional flow region. The reason could be related to differences between the features of the present experiment and those of the experiments used in the development of the Shields diagram, including the approaches to determine and define threshold conditions, the accuracy of experimental tools to estimate critical shear stress, and sediment particle characteristics. Therefore, the change in the specifications of experiments from those on which the Shields diagram has been based led to the deviation between the estimation using the Shields diagram and that of real threshold conditions, at least in the hydraulically transitional flow region with sand particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluvial Hydraulics Affected by River Ice and Hydraulic Structures)

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11 pages, 4654 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Bypass-Flow on Leaching of Salts in a Cracking Soil in the Nile Delta

by Haruyuki Fujimaki and Hassan Mohamed Fahmy Abd El Baki

Water 2021, 13(7), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070993 - 4 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2715

Abstract

Salinity is a major threat to the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. Leaching is the primary measure for removing excess salts from the root zone, but not all water applied to the soil surface contributes to the removal of [...] Read more.

Salinity is a major threat to the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. Leaching is the primary measure for removing excess salts from the root zone, but not all water applied to the soil surface contributes to the removal of salts. In clayey soils, bypass flow along cracks can occur without being mixed with saline pore water in the matrix. To present a field dataset to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of bypass flow to the leaching of salts, soil sampling and monitoring of groundwater and discharge from a tile drain were carried out in farmland having a cracking soil in the Nile Delta. The electrical conductivities of 1:2 extracts were measured to evaluate the salinity of the soil. The first evidence for the occurrence of significant bypass flow through cracks was the salinity of the pore water, which was nearly triple that of the shallow groundwater and outflow from drainage. Second, the difference in root zone salinity before and after paddy rice cultivation was not significant. Third, the gradient of the groundwater table was very small. in spite of the low saturated hydraulic conductivity. Fourth, the salinity of the outflow from the tile drain dropped just after irrigation or rain. These results indicated that bypass flow through cracks played a significant role in the drainage process in the soil, and that nearly half of the water bypasses through cracks in the field with a cracking soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subsurface Drainage and Water-Saving Irrigation in Sustainable Agriculture)

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13 pages, 1813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decay of Free Residual Chlorine in Wells Water of Northern Brazil

by Taise Ferreira Vargas, Célia Ceolin Baía, Tatiana Lemos da Silva Machado, Caetano Chang Dórea and Wanderley Rodrigues Bastos

Water 2021, 13(7), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070992 - 4 Apr 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4012

Abstract

The concentration of chlorine in water declines as it reacts with various substances, causing decay of the residual free chlorine until its total consumption. In light of the typical characteristics of the water from protected dug wells and tube wells, this study aimed [...] Read more.

The concentration of chlorine in water declines as it reacts with various substances, causing decay of the residual free chlorine until its total consumption. In light of the typical characteristics of the water from protected dug wells and tube wells, this study aimed to evaluate the decay kinetics of free chlorine in the water of alternative individual supply (AIS) solutions used in the city of Porto Velho in the Brazilian Amazon region. The free chlorine decay constant in the water was evaluated by “bottle tests,” applying a first-order model. According to the results, the type of well and initial chlorine concentration significantly influences the free chlorine decay speed. The water samples from the tubular wells had lower chlorine demand levels, attributed to their better water quality. The simulation of the residual chlorine decay in the different supply sources is an important tool to support safe disinfection processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Water Networks Modelling and Monitoring)

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16 pages, 972 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Aquaculture and Restoration: Perspectives from Mediterranean Sea Experiences

by Adriana Giangrande, Maria Flavia Gravina, Sergio Rossi, Caterina Longo and Cataldo Pierri

Water 2021, 13(7), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070991 - 4 Apr 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5614

Abstract

In this paper, the different possibilities and innovations related to sustainable aquaculture in the Mediterranean area are discussed, while different maricultural methods, and the role of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in supporting the exploitation of the ocean’s resources, are also reviewed. IMTA, and [...] Read more.

In this paper, the different possibilities and innovations related to sustainable aquaculture in the Mediterranean area are discussed, while different maricultural methods, and the role of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in supporting the exploitation of the ocean’s resources, are also reviewed. IMTA, and mariculture in general, when carefully planned, can be suitable for environmental restoration and conservation purposes. Aquaculture, especially mariculture, is a sector that is progressively increasing in parallel with the increase in human needs; however, several problems still affect its development, mainly in relation to the choice of suitable sites, fodder production, and the impact on the surrounding environment. A current challenge that requires suitable solutions is the implementation of IMTA. Unfortunately, some criticisms still affect this approach, mostly concerning the commercialization of new products such as invertebrates and seaweeds, notwithstanding their environmentally friendly character. Regarding the location of a suitable site, mariculture plans are currently displaced from inshore to offshore, with the aim of reducing the competition for space with other human activities carried out within coastal waters. Moreover, in open water, waste loading does not appear to be a problem, but high-energy waters increase maintenance costs. Some suggestions are given for developing sustainable mariculture in the Mediterranean area, where IMTA is in its infancy and where the scarce nutrients that characterize offshore waters are not suitable for the farming of both filter feeder invertebrates and macroalgae. From the perspective of coupling mariculture activity with restoration ecology, the practices suggested in this review concern the implementation of inshore IMTA, creating artificially controlled gardens, as well as offshore mussel farming coupled with artificial reefs, while also hypothesizing the possibility of the use of artificially eutrophized areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Marine Ecosystem Management)

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14 pages, 4068 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Thermal Characteristics of a Beaver Dam Analogues Equipped Spring-Fed Creek in the Canadian Rockies

by Tariq M. Munir and Cherie J. Westbrook

Water 2021, 13(7), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070990 - 3 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3939

Abstract

Beaver dam analogues (BDAs) are becoming an increasingly popular stream restoration technique. One ecological function BDAs might help restore is suitable habitat conditions for fish in streams where loss of beaver dams and channel incision has led to their decline. A critical physical [...] Read more.

Beaver dam analogues (BDAs) are becoming an increasingly popular stream restoration technique. One ecological function BDAs might help restore is suitable habitat conditions for fish in streams where loss of beaver dams and channel incision has led to their decline. A critical physical characteristic for fish is stream temperature. We examined the thermal regime of a spring-fed Canadian Rocky Mountain stream in relation to different numbers of BDAs installed in series over three study periods (April–October; 2017–2019). While all BDA configurations significantly influenced stream and pond temperatures, single- and double-configuration BDAs incrementally increased stream temperatures. Single and double configuration BDAs warmed the downstream waters of mean maxima of 9.9, 9.3 °C by respective mean maxima of 0.9 and 1.0 °C. Higher pond and stream temperatures occurred when ponding and discharge decreased, and vice versa. In 2019, variation in stream temperature below double-configuration BDAs was lower than the single-configuration BDA. The triple-configuration BDA, in contrast, cooled the stream, although the mean maximum stream temperature was the highest below these structures. Ponding upstream of BDAs increased discharge and resulted in cooling of the stream. Rainfall events sharply and transiently reduced stream temperatures, leading to a three-way interaction between BDA configuration, rainfall and stream discharge as factors co-influencing the stream temperature regime. Our results have implications for optimal growth of regionally important and threatened bull and cutthroat trout fish species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem Functioning in Rivers and Riparian Zones)

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10 pages, 1057 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Tracking the Causes of a Mass Fish Kill at a Mediterranean River within a Protected Area

by Olga Petriki, Athina Patsia, Anthoula Vafeiadou, Ilias Tekidis, Panagiota Michalopoulou, Stella Samartzi, Dimitrios Mallinis and Dimitra C. Bobori

Water 2021, 13(7), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070989 - 3 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3208

Abstract

In this study, an extreme event observed at the intermittent Mediterranean Bogdanas River within the territory of the protected area of the National Park of Lakes Koronia-Volvi and Macedonian Temp that led to a mass fish kill was investigated. We aimed to define [...] Read more.

In this study, an extreme event observed at the intermittent Mediterranean Bogdanas River within the territory of the protected area of the National Park of Lakes Koronia-Volvi and Macedonian Temp that led to a mass fish kill was investigated. We aimed to define the main pressures affecting water quality and biota, specifically fish. No organic poisons, pesticides or heavy metal concentrations were detected in fish tissue, while high values of BOD₅, COD, TN and conductivity were measured in water samples. These results, combined with the prevailing hydroclimatic factors (high temperatures and low water flow), lead to the assumption that mass fish mortality was triggered by high organic loads discharged from an upstream point source of pollution, and in particular an active landfill. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The WFD 20 Years After—Ecological Status Assessment and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems)

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26 pages, 5396 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Quantifying the Effects of Residential Infill Redevelopment on Urban Stormwater Quality in Denver, Colorado

by Kyle R. Gustafson, Pablo A. Garcia-Chevesich, Kimberly M. Slinski, Jonathan O. Sharp and John E. McCray

Water 2021, 13(7), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070988 - 3 Apr 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4048

Abstract

Stormwater quality in three urban watersheds in Denver that have been undergoing rapid infill redevelopment for about a decade was evaluated. Sampling was conducted over 18 months, considering 15 storms. Results: (1) The first-flush effect was observed for nutrients and total suspended solids [...] Read more.

Stormwater quality in three urban watersheds in Denver that have been undergoing rapid infill redevelopment for about a decade was evaluated. Sampling was conducted over 18 months, considering 15 storms. Results: (1) The first-flush effect was observed for nutrients and total suspended solids (TSS) but not for total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, pH, and fecal indicator bacteria; (2) though no significant differences on event mean concentration (EMC) values were found among the three basins, local-scale EMCs were higher than traditional city-wide standards, particularly some metals and nutrients, most likely because of the significantly higher imperviousness of the studied urban basins compared to city averages; (3) peak rainfall intensity and total rainfall depth showed significant but weak correlations with some nutrients and metals, and TDS; (4) antecedent dry period were not correlated with water quality, except for phosphorus and lead; (5) contrary to what was expected, total coliforms and Escherichia coli were not correlated with TSS; and (6) no significant correlations between water quality and land-use or zoning categories were found. It was concluded that locally focused stormwater monitoring can aid data-driven decision-making by city planners where redevelopment is occurring at local “neighborhood scales”, particularly for the implementation and management related to green infrastructure and water-quality regulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cross-Sector Green Infrastructure for Improving Urban Storm Water Quality)

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14 pages, 570 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Health Education Intervention on Water Sanitation and Hygiene Practice among Adolescent Girls in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria: A Cluster Randomised Control Trial

by Ruth Charles Shapu, Suriani Ismail, Poh Ying Lim, Norliza Ahmad and Ibrahim Abubakar Njodi

Water 2021, 13(7), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070987 - 3 Apr 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5983

Abstract

Poor water sanitation and hygiene practice can be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of health education intervention using information, motivation and a behavioural skill model on water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practice among adolescent girls [...] Read more.

Poor water sanitation and hygiene practice can be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of health education intervention using information, motivation and a behavioural skill model on water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practice among adolescent girls in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria. A school-based cluster randomized control trial was conducted among 417 adolescent girls (10 to 19 years old) in four schools. The KoBo collect toolbox was used for data collection from October 2019 to March 2020. The chi-squared test was used to compare the baseline differences between intervention and control groups for WASH practice. A generalized estimating equation was used to assess changes from baseline, post intervention and follow up. There was significant interaction for WASH practice during follow up. Religion, place of residence, monthly income and occupation of mother had a statistically significant effect on WASH practice among adolescent girls. Findings revealed that this health education intervention was effective in improving water sanitation and hygiene practice among adolescent girls. Furthermore, religion, place of residence, monthly income and occupation of mother were found to be associated with water sanitation and hygiene practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water and One Health)

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10 pages, 1715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Radiocarbon Dating of Marine Samples: Methodological Aspects, Applications and Case Studies

by Gianluca Quarta, Lucio Maruccio, Marisa D’Elia and Lucio Calcagnile

Water 2021, 13(7), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070986 - 3 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4776

Abstract

Radiocarbon dating by AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) is a well-established absolute dating technique widely used in different areas of research for the analysis of a wide range of organic materials. Precision levels of the order of 0.2–0.3% in the measured age are nowadays [...] Read more.

Radiocarbon dating by AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) is a well-established absolute dating technique widely used in different areas of research for the analysis of a wide range of organic materials. Precision levels of the order of 0.2–0.3% in the measured age are nowadays achieved while several international intercomparison exercises have shown the high degree of reproducibility of the results. This paper discusses the applications of ¹⁴C dating related to the analysis of samples up-taking carbon from marine carbon pools such as the sea and the oceans. For this kind of samples relevant methodological issues have to be properly addressed in order to correctly interpret ¹⁴C data and then obtain reliable chronological frameworks. These issues are mainly related to the so-called “marine reservoirs effects” which make radiocarbon ages obtained on marine organisms apparently older than coeval organisms fixing carbon directly from the atmosphere. We present the strategies used to correct for these effects also referring to the last internationally accepted and recently released calibration curve. Applications will be also reviewed discussing case studies such as the analysis of marine biogenic speleothems and for applications in sea level studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Marine Ecosystem Management)

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17 pages, 2408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectivity and Efficiency of Best Management Practices Based on a Survey and SWAPP Model of the Xiangxi River Basin

by Ruimin Liu, Yuexi Miao, Qingrui Wang, Lijun Jiao, Yifan Wang, Lin Li and Leiping Cao

Water 2021, 13(7), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070985 - 3 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2642

Abstract

A questionnaire survey was conducted among farmers in the Xiangxi River Basin to investigate the local livestock situation and the farmers’ understanding of and attitude towards pollution. The results showed that local farmers lacked environmental awareness and few livestock and poultry pollution treatment [...] Read more.

A questionnaire survey was conducted among farmers in the Xiangxi River Basin to investigate the local livestock situation and the farmers’ understanding of and attitude towards pollution. The results showed that local farmers lacked environmental awareness and few livestock and poultry pollution treatment measures had been implemented. However, once farmers understood that livestock pollution would greatly influence their lives and interests, they would act to prevent Agricultural non–point source (ANPS) pollution. The farmers’ education level and satisfaction with the environment were the main factors affecting their awareness regarding ANPS pollution. The “Comprehensive Environmental Optimization Tool SWAT–APEX Interface” model (SWAPP) was used to simulate the reduction of ANPS by different best management practices (BMPs) and the construction cost was calculated. The results showed that compound bedding and piping systems and ponds were the most effective and economic measures for reducing ANPS pollution. Spatially, implementing BMPs in the upstream region was better for improving water quality. The nitrate reduction rate in upstream sub–basins reached 90%, which is 30% larger than that in downstream sub–basins with combined bedding and piping systems. Combining the farmers’ awareness of and engagement in livestock pollution with cost–effective BMPs can improve the BMPs’ effectivity and efficiency. Full article

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16 pages, 1846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influent with Particulate Substrate, Clean, Innocuous and Sustainable Solution for Bulking Control and Mitigation in Activated Sludge Process

by Pedro Cisterna-Osorio, Claudia Calabran-Caceres, Giannina Tiznado-Bustamante and Nataly Bastias-Toro

Water 2021, 13(7), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070984 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2956

Abstract

This research studies the incidence of the type of substrate, soluble or particulate, in the emergence, development, and inhibition of bulking in activated sludge systems. It was evaluated using the sludge volume index (SVI), mixing liquor-suspended solids (MLSS), microscopic analysis of biomass, and [...] Read more.

This research studies the incidence of the type of substrate, soluble or particulate, in the emergence, development, and inhibition of bulking in activated sludge systems. It was evaluated using the sludge volume index (SVI), mixing liquor-suspended solids (MLSS), microscopic analysis of biomass, and effluent suspended solids (ESS). In the first experiment, four sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were fed with soluble substrate at a fixed mass, while the mass of the particulate substrate varied, as those (saccharose mass/flour mass) ratios were 3:1, 3:2, 3:3 and 3:4., with a deficit ranging from 20 to 30% compared to the ratio recommended. The four SBRs have similar MLSS, IVL, and ESS. From day 30, with a deficit from 80 to 90%, the influents have ratios 1/1 and 1/2 until 48 days. The SBRs present IVL between 600 and 730 mL/g and ESS from 370 to 440 mg/L; unlike influents with ratios 1/3 and 1/4, they present IVL between 170 and 185 mL/g, and ESS from 260 to 270 mg/L. The favorable effect of particulate matter is categorical. In the second set of experiments, two SBRs were studied: SBR 1 fed with saccharose, and SBR 2 with flour; there is a lack of nutrients causing bulking in SBRs. Once the nutrient deficiency condition is changed in day 11 to excess, after 22 days, the SVI was 190 mL/g, ESS was 360 mg/L, and MLSS was 2000 mg/L for influents with saccharose; the influent with flour, with an SVI of 80 mL/g, ESS of 100 mg/L, and MLSS of 4000 mg/L, shows faster and more consistent recovery with the particulate substrate. Therefore, the proposal is to add particulate substrate-like flour to active sludge plants facing bulking. It is a clean, innocuous and sustainable alternative to processes that use chemical reagents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Technologies for Wastewater and Water Treatment)

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30 pages, 6780 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Characterizing Groundwater Interaction with Lakes and Wetlands Using GIS Modeling and Natural Water Quality Measurements

by Brianna Speldrich, Philip Gerla and Emma Tschann

Water 2021, 13(7), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070983 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5501

Abstract

Wetlands provide many benefits, including flood attenuation, groundwater recharge, water-quality improvement, and habitat for wildlife. As their structure and functions are sensitive to changes in hydrology, characterizing the water budgets of wetlands is crucial to effective management and conservation. The groundwater component of [...] Read more.

Wetlands provide many benefits, including flood attenuation, groundwater recharge, water-quality improvement, and habitat for wildlife. As their structure and functions are sensitive to changes in hydrology, characterizing the water budgets of wetlands is crucial to effective management and conservation. The groundwater component of a budget, which often controls resiliency and water quality, is difficult to estimate and can be costly, time-consuming, and invasive. This study used a GIS approach using a digital elevation model (DEM) and the elevations of lakes, wetlands, streams, and hydric soils to produce a water-table surface raster for a portion of the Itasca Moraine, Minnesota, U.S. The water-table surface was used to delineate groundwatersheds and groundwater flow paths for lakes and wetlands, and map recharge and discharge rates across the landscape. Specific conductance and pH, which depend on the hydrological processes that dominate a wetlands water budget, were measured in the field to verify this modeling technique. While the pH of surface waters varied in the study area, specific conductance increased from 16.7 to 357.5 μS/cm downgradient along groundwater flow paths, suggesting increased groundwater interaction. Our results indicate that basic GIS tools and often freely available public-domain elevation datasets can be used to map and characterize the interaction of groundwater in the water budgets of lakes and wetlands, as exemplified by the Itasca Moraine region. Combining this with grid cell-by-cell water balance provides a means to estimate recharge and discharge, thereby affording a way to quantify groundwater contribution to and from lakes and wetlands. Applied elsewhere, this cost-efficient technique can be used to assess the vulnerability of lakes and wetlands to changes in land use, groundwater development, and climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterizing Groundwater - Surface Water Interaction Using GIS)

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23 pages, 10376 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Time Series Analysis of Monthly and Annual Precipitation in The State of Texas Using High-Resolution Radar Products

by Dawit Ghebreyesus and Hatim O. Sharif

Water 2021, 13(7), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070982 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3153

Abstract

Precipitation is the main source for replenishing groundwater stored in aquifers for a myriad of beneficial purposes, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. A significant portion of the municipal and agricultural water demand is satisfied through groundwater withdrawals in Texas. These withdrawals have [...] Read more.

Precipitation is the main source for replenishing groundwater stored in aquifers for a myriad of beneficial purposes, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. A significant portion of the municipal and agricultural water demand is satisfied through groundwater withdrawals in Texas. These withdrawals have to be monitored and regulated to be in balance with the recharge amount from precipitation in order to ensure water security. The main goal of this study is to understand the spatio-temporal variability of precipitation in the 21st century using high spatial resolution stage-IV radar data over the state of Texas and examine some climatic controls behind this variability. The results will shed light on the trends of precipitation and hence will contribute to improving water resources management strategies and policies. Pettit’s test and Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT), tools for detecting change-point in the monthly precipitation, suggested change-points have occurred across the state around the years 2013 and 2014. The test for the homogeneity of the data before and after 2013 revealed that, in over 64% of the state, the precipitation means were significantly different. The Panhandle region (northern part) is the only part of the state that did not show a significant difference in the mean precipitation before and after 2013. Theil-Sen’s slope test, Correlated Seasonal Mann-Kendall Test, and Cox and Stuart Trend Test all indicated that there were no significant trends in the monthly precipitation after 2013 in over 98% of the area of the state. Texas precipitation was found to be influenced significantly by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). A significant correlation in more than 82% and 60% of the state was found with ENSO at two-month and with PDO at four-month lag, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrology)

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11 pages, 960 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Model Parameters for Aerobic Biological Sulfide Oxidation in Sewer Wastewater

by Asbjørn Haaning Nielsen and Jes Vollertsen

Water 2021, 13(7), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070981 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3660

Abstract

Sulfide related odor and corrosion are two of the major problems associated with the operation and maintenance of sewer networks. The extent of the problems is governed by several complex and interrelated processes. Sulfide oxidation is typically the most important process for sulfide [...] Read more.

Sulfide related odor and corrosion are two of the major problems associated with the operation and maintenance of sewer networks. The extent of the problems is governed by several complex and interrelated processes. Sulfide oxidation is typically the most important process for sulfide removal in wastewater from aerobic gravity sewers. Despite the significance of the process, little is known about the significance of the growth of sulfide oxidizing bacteria (SOB) during the transport of wastewater. Biological sulfide oxidation in wastewater from sewers was investigated in a series of oxygen uptake rate (OUR) experiments. The experiments showed that, for oxygen nonlimiting conditions, sulfate was produced, with elemental sulfur as an intermediate. During each experiment, the activity of the sulfide oxidizing bacteria increased significantly. This was interpreted as the result of bacterial growth related to the oxidation of intermediately stored elemental sulfur. A model concept describing biological sulfide oxidation, with intermediary storage of elemental sulfur and associated growth, was developed. The model was calibrated against the experimental results. The observed average growth rate and yield constant for the SOB were determined at 1.98 d⁻¹ and 0.17 g Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) per g sulfur, respectively. These values correspond to reported values for mixed cultures of autotrophic SOB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial and Chemical Sewer Processes)

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35 pages, 3903 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Oily Wastewater Treatment: Overview of Conventional and Modern Methods, Challenges, and Future Opportunities

by Khaled Abuhasel, Mohamed Kchaou, Mohammed Alquraish, Yamuna Munusamy and Yong Tzyy Jeng

Water 2021, 13(7), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070980 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 192 | Viewed by 29557

Abstract

Industrial developments in the oil and gas, petrochemical, pharmaceutical and food sector have contributed to the large production of oily wastewater worldwide. Oily wastewater pollution affects drinking water and groundwater resources, endangers aquatic life and human health, causes atmospheric pollution, and affects crop [...] Read more.

Industrial developments in the oil and gas, petrochemical, pharmaceutical and food sector have contributed to the large production of oily wastewater worldwide. Oily wastewater pollution affects drinking water and groundwater resources, endangers aquatic life and human health, causes atmospheric pollution, and affects crop production. Several traditional and conventional methods were widely reported, and the advantages and limitations were discussed. However, with the technology innovation, new trends of coupling between techniques, use of new materials, optimization of the cleaning process, and multiphysical approach present new paths for improvement. Despite these trends of improvement and the encouraging laboratory results of modern and green methods, many challenges remain to be raised, particularly the commercialization and the global aspect of these solutions and the reliability to reduce the system’s maintenance and operational cost. In this review, the well-known oily wastewater cleaning methods and approaches are being highlighted, and the obstacles faced in the practical use of these technologies are discussed. A critical review on the technologies and future direction as the road to commercialization is also presented to persevere water resources for the benefit of mankind and all living things. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)

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4 pages, 203 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Impact of Natural Hazards on Forest Ecosystems and Their Surrounding Landscape under Climate Change

by Jaroslav Vido and Paulína Nalevanková

Water 2021, 13(7), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070979 - 2 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2428

Abstract

In the last decades, the increasing frequency of natural hazards has impacted forest ecosystems and their surroundings [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Natural Hazards on Forest Ecosystems and Their Surrounding Landscape under Climate Change)

19 pages, 56016 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Concurrent Changes in Extreme Hydroclimate Events in the Colorado River Basin

by Katrina E. Bennett, Carl Talsma and Riccardo Boero

Water 2021, 13(7), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070978 - 1 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6668

Abstract

Extreme events resulting in catastrophic damage have more than doubled in the last five years, costing hundreds of lives and thousands of homes, and heavily undermining regional economic stability. At present, most of these hydroclimatic extreme events are documented by the media as [...] Read more.

Extreme events resulting in catastrophic damage have more than doubled in the last five years, costing hundreds of lives and thousands of homes, and heavily undermining regional economic stability. At present, most of these hydroclimatic extreme events are documented by the media as individual events; however, in scientific terms, many are better understood as concurrent events—concurrent extremes of both temperature and precipitation (e.g., drought, floods). This paper considers concurrent changes in hydroclimate extremes, including heatwaves, drought, flooding, and low flows, in six historical-to-future (1970–1999, 2070–2099) Earth System Model (ESM) climate scenarios for the Colorado River basin. Results indicate that temperature-driven Impacts (heatwaves, drought) have the strongest responses while precipitation-driven Impacts have weaker responses. All Impacts exhibit an increase in magnitude from synoptic to annual time scales, with heatwaves increasing in strength about three times at the annual time scale versus the synoptic, while low flows only increase slightly. Critical watersheds in the Colorado were identified, highlighting the Blue River basin, Uncompahgre, East Taylor, Salt/Verde watersheds, locations of important water infrastructures, water resources, and hydrological research. Our results indicate that concurrent extreme hydroclimate events are projected to increase in the future and intensify within critical regions of the Colorado River basin. Considering extreme hydroclimate events concurrently is an important step towards linking economic and social effects of these events and their associated instabilities on a regional scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrological Extremes in a Warming Climate: Nonstationarity, Uncertainties and Impacts)

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15 pages, 14935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Variation and Discharge Mechanism of the Futamata Hot Spring Estimated by Continuous Monitoring Data

by Yota Suzuki and Hiroshi Asanuma

Water 2021, 13(7), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070977 - 1 Apr 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2614

Abstract

Japan has abundant hot spring resources, which, if used appropriately, could contribute to CO₂ emission reduction and socioeconomic development. Thus, for the appropriate use of hot spring resources, it is necessary to estimate the detailed discharge mechanism and its surrounding hydraulic characteristics. [...] Read more.

Japan has abundant hot spring resources, which, if used appropriately, could contribute to CO₂ emission reduction and socioeconomic development. Thus, for the appropriate use of hot spring resources, it is necessary to estimate the detailed discharge mechanism and its surrounding hydraulic characteristics. In our study, a hot spring monitoring device was developed and installed in the Futamata hot spring to evaluate its discharge mechanism. Comparison between the measured values of the monitoring device and the amount of precipitation indicated that this hot spring shows two types of water quality change trends depending on the intensity of precipitation. However, this was a short-term variation that could not be detected by conventional methods. To address this limitation, we created a new discharge mechanism model for the Futamata hot spring based on these observations, which allowed for the continuous observation of hot spring water using a monitoring device and was effective in detecting short-term variations. As such observations contribute to estimating the hydraulic structure around the hot spring, they are important for appropriate use of hot spring resources. Full article

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5 pages, 195 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nature-Based Solutions for Coastal Engineering and Management

by Jill Slinger, Marcel Stive and Arjen Luijendijk

Water 2021, 13(7), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070976 - 1 Apr 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6150

Abstract

There is a growing scientific and engineering interest in exploring how natural processes can provide management solutions to resolve the degradation and vulnerability of coastal environments [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions for Coastal Engineering and Management)

11 pages, 1272 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Combined Effects of Summer Water Temperature and Current Velocity on the Distribution of a Cold-Water-Adapted Sculpin (Cottus nozawae)

by Kaiji Suzuki, Nobuo Ishiyama, Itsuro Koizumi and Futoshi Nakamura

Water 2021, 13(7), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070975 - 1 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3031

Abstract

Clarifying the combined effects of water temperature and other environmental factors on the species distributions of cold-water fishes is the first step toward obtaining a better understanding of the complex impacts of climate warming on these species. In the present study, we examined [...] Read more.

Clarifying the combined effects of water temperature and other environmental factors on the species distributions of cold-water fishes is the first step toward obtaining a better understanding of the complex impacts of climate warming on these species. In the present study, we examined the abundance and occurrence of the fluvial sculpin, Cottus nozawae, in response to water temperature along environmental gradients in northern Japan. The abundance survey was conducted in the Sorachi River catchment with two-pass electrofishing with a backpack electrofisher. For the occurrence survey, we carried out one-pass electrofishing in the Sorachi, Chitose, and Tokachi River catchments. Fish sampling was conducted once from July to August 2018 in the Sorachi River catchment, from May to June 2011 in the Chitose River catchment, and from July to September 2012 in the Tokachi River catchment. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and generalized linear models (GLMs) were used for the abundance and occurrence analyses, respectively. We found that the mean summer water temperature was the most influential factor on the distribution of C. nozawae; the abundance and occurrence were both negatively affected by increased water temperatures. In the occurrence model, occurrence probabilities of 0.9 and 0.5 for C. nozawae corresponded to mean summer temperatures of 12.0 and 16.1 °C, respectively. Furthermore, we identified a combined effect of water temperature and current velocity on the abundance of C. nozawae. The increased mean summer water temperature had a stronger negative effect on C. nozawae abundance under gentle flow conditions. While the precise mechanisms of this combined effect could not be determined in this study, stressors associated with low current velocities may increase their vulnerability to higher water temperatures. Our findings indicate that flow disturbances caused by human activities such as excessive water abstraction may exacerbate the negative impacts of climate warming on populations of C. nozawae in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endangered Freshwater Ecosystems: Threats and Conservation Needs)

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