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Micromachines, Volume 9, Issue 8 (August 2018) – 52 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In order to study the abundance and dynamic response of microbial ecosystems in extreme environments such as the deep sea, it is necessary to develop novel techniques in addition to conventional methodologies based on lab experiments followed by sampling missions. In this study, microfluidic technology was applied to realize a miniaturized system for in situ analysis of total ATP (adenosine triphosphate) concentration, whose anomalies are due to biogeochemical events in the marine environment. View this paper
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10 pages, 2331 KiB  
Article
A Simple Imaging Device for Fluorescence-Relevant Applications
by Shih-Jie Lo, Chen-Meng Kuan, Min-Wei Hung, Yun Fu, J. Andrew Yeh, Da-Jeng Yao and Chao-Min Cheng
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080418 - 20 Aug 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5984
Abstract
This article unveiled the development of an inexpensive, lightweight, easy-to-use, and portable fluorescence imaging device for paper-based analytical applications. We used commercial fluorescent dyes, as proof of concept, to verify the feasibility of our fluorescence imaging device for bioanalysis. This approach may provide [...] Read more.
This article unveiled the development of an inexpensive, lightweight, easy-to-use, and portable fluorescence imaging device for paper-based analytical applications. We used commercial fluorescent dyes, as proof of concept, to verify the feasibility of our fluorescence imaging device for bioanalysis. This approach may provide an alternative method for nucleotide detection and semen analysis, using a miniaturized fluorescence reader that is more compact and portable than conventional analytical equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Miniature Mobile Imaging and Sensing Devices)
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10 pages, 6822 KiB  
Article
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) Like Transmission Based on 3 × 3 Cascaded Multimode Interference Resonators
by Trung-Thanh Le
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080417 - 20 Aug 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3980
Abstract
We propose a method for generating the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) like-transmission by using microring resonator based on cascaded 3 × 3 multimode interference (MMI) structures. Based on the Fano resonance unit created from a 3 × 3 MMI coupler with a feedback [...] Read more.
We propose a method for generating the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) like-transmission by using microring resonator based on cascaded 3 × 3 multimode interference (MMI) structures. Based on the Fano resonance unit created from a 3 × 3 MMI coupler with a feedback waveguide, two schemes of two coupled Fano resonator unit (FRU) are investigated to generate the EIT like transmission. The theoretical and numerical analysis based on the coupled mode theory and transfer matrix is used for the designs. Our proposed structure has advantages of compactness and ease of fabrication. We use silicon waveguide for the design of the whole device so it is compatible with the existing Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry foundry. The fabrication tolerance and design parameters are also investigated in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro-Resonators: The Quest for Superior Performance)
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12 pages, 2151 KiB  
Article
Liquid Crystal Elastomer-Based Microelectrode Array for In Vitro Neuronal Recordings
by Rashed T. Rihani, Hyun Kim, Bryan J. Black, Rahul Atmaramani, Mohand O. Saed, Joseph J. Pancrazio and Taylor H. Ware
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080416 - 20 Aug 2018
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6620
Abstract
Polymer-based biomedical electronics provide a tunable platform to interact with nervous tissue both in vitro and in vivo. Ultimately, the ability to control functional properties of neural interfaces may provide important advantages to study the nervous system or to restore function in patients [...] Read more.
Polymer-based biomedical electronics provide a tunable platform to interact with nervous tissue both in vitro and in vivo. Ultimately, the ability to control functional properties of neural interfaces may provide important advantages to study the nervous system or to restore function in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a class of smart materials that reversibly change shape when exposed to a variety of stimuli. Our interest in LCEs is based on leveraging this shape change to deploy electrode sites beyond the tissue regions exhibiting inflammation associated with chronic implantation. As a first step, we demonstrate that LCEs are cellular compatible materials that can be used as substrates for fabricating microelectrode arrays (MEAs) capable of recording single unit activity in vitro. Extracts from LCEs are non-cytotoxic (>70% normalized percent viability), as determined in accordance to ISO protocol 10993-5 using fibroblasts and primary murine cortical neurons. LCEs are also not functionally neurotoxic as determined by exposing cortical neurons cultured on conventional microelectrode arrays to LCE extract for 48 h. Microelectrode arrays fabricated on LCEs are stable, as determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Examination of the impedance and phase at 1 kHz, a frequency associated with single unit recording, showed results well within range of electrophysiological recordings over 30 days of monitoring in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Moreover, the LCE arrays are shown to support viable cortical neuronal cultures over 27 days in vitro and to enable recording of prominent extracellular biopotentials comparable to those achieved with conventional commercially-available microelectrode arrays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neural Microelectrodes: Design and Applications)
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16 pages, 1689 KiB  
Article
Roughness Evolution and Charging in Plasma-Based Surface Engineering of Polymeric Substrates: The Effects of Ion Reflection and Secondary Electron Emission
by George Memos, Elefterios Lidorikis and George Kokkoris
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080415 - 19 Aug 2018
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4403
Abstract
The interaction of plasma with polymeric substrates generates both roughness and charging on the surface of the substrates. This work, toward the comprehension and, finally, the control of plasma-induced surface roughness, delves into the intertwined effects of surface charging, ion reflection, and secondary [...] Read more.
The interaction of plasma with polymeric substrates generates both roughness and charging on the surface of the substrates. This work, toward the comprehension and, finally, the control of plasma-induced surface roughness, delves into the intertwined effects of surface charging, ion reflection, and secondary electron-electron emission (SEEE) on roughness evolution during plasma etching of polymeric substrates. For this purpose, a modeling framework consisting of a surface charging module, a surface etching model, and a profile evolution module is utilized. The case study is etching of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrate by argon plasma. Starting from an initial surface profile with microscale roughness, the results show that the surface charging contributes to a faster elimination of the roughness compared to the case without charging, especially when ion reflection is taken into account. Ion reflection sustains roughness; without ion reflection, roughness is eliminated. Either with or without ion reflection, the effect of SEEE on the evolution of the rms roughness over etching time is marginal. The mutual interaction of the roughness and the charging potential is revealed through the correlation of the charging potential with a parameter combining rms roughness and skewness of the surface profile. A practical implication of the current study is that the elimination or the reduction of surface charging will result in greater surface roughness of polymeric, and generally dielectric, substrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasma-Based Surface Engineering)
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33 pages, 751 KiB  
Review
Spray Pyrolysis Technique; High-K Dielectric Films and Luminescent Materials: A Review
by Ciro Falcony, Miguel Angel Aguilar-Frutis and Manuel García-Hipólito
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080414 - 19 Aug 2018
Cited by 72 | Viewed by 7033
Abstract
The spray pyrolysis technique has been extensively used to synthesize materials for a wide variety of applications such as micro and sub-micrometer dimension MOSFET´s for integrated circuits technology, light emitting devices for displays, and solid-state lighting, planar waveguides and other multilayer structure devices [...] Read more.
The spray pyrolysis technique has been extensively used to synthesize materials for a wide variety of applications such as micro and sub-micrometer dimension MOSFET´s for integrated circuits technology, light emitting devices for displays, and solid-state lighting, planar waveguides and other multilayer structure devices for photonics. This technique is an atmospheric pressure chemical synthesis of materials, in which a precursor solution of chemical compounds in the proper solvent is sprayed and converted into powders or films through a pyrolysis process. The most common ways to generate the aerosol for the spraying process are by pneumatic and ultrasonic systems. The synthesis parameters are usually optimized for the materials optical, structural, electric and mechanical characteristics required. There are several reviews of the research efforts in which spray pyrolysis and the processes involved have been described in detail. This review is intended to focus on research work developed with this technique in relation to high-K dielectric and luminescent materials in the form of coatings and powders as well as multiple layered structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glassy Materials Based Microdevices)
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12 pages, 16325 KiB  
Article
Wide Acoustic Bandgap Solid Disk-Shaped Phononic Crystal Anchoring Boundaries for Enhancing Quality Factor in AlN-on-Si MEMS Resonators
by Muhammad Wajih Ullah Siddiqi and Joshua E.-Y. Lee
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080413 - 18 Aug 2018
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5873
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the four fold enhancement in quality factor (Q) of a very high frequency (VHF) band piezoelectric Aluminum Nitride (AlN) on Silicon (Si) Lamb mode resonator by applying a unique wide acoustic bandgap (ABG) phononic crystal (PnC) at the anchoring boundaries [...] Read more.
This paper demonstrates the four fold enhancement in quality factor (Q) of a very high frequency (VHF) band piezoelectric Aluminum Nitride (AlN) on Silicon (Si) Lamb mode resonator by applying a unique wide acoustic bandgap (ABG) phononic crystal (PnC) at the anchoring boundaries of the resonator. The PnC unit cell topology, based on a solid disk, is characterized by a wide ABG of 120 MHz around a center frequency of 144.7 MHz from the experiments. The resulting wide ABG described in this work allows for greater enhancement in Q compared to previously reported PnC cell topologies characterized by narrower ABGs. The effect of geometrical variations to the proposed PnC cells on their corresponding ABGs are described through simulations and validated by transmission measurements of fabricated delay lines that incorporate these solid disk PnCs. Experiments demonstrate that widening the ABG associated with the PnC described herein provides for higher Q. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro-Resonators: The Quest for Superior Performance)
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18 pages, 1718 KiB  
Article
Demonstration of a Robust All-Silicon-Carbide Intracortical Neural Interface
by Evans K. Bernardin, Christopher L. Frewin, Richard Everly, Jawad Ul Hassan and Stephen E. Saddow
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080412 - 18 Aug 2018
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5168 | Correction
Abstract
Intracortical neural interfaces (INI) have made impressive progress in recent years but still display questionable long-term reliability. Here, we report on the development and characterization of highly resilient monolithic silicon carbide (SiC) neural devices. SiC is a physically robust, biocompatible, and chemically inert [...] Read more.
Intracortical neural interfaces (INI) have made impressive progress in recent years but still display questionable long-term reliability. Here, we report on the development and characterization of highly resilient monolithic silicon carbide (SiC) neural devices. SiC is a physically robust, biocompatible, and chemically inert semiconductor. The device support was micromachined from p-type SiC with conductors created from n-type SiC, simultaneously providing electrical isolation through the resulting p-n junction. Electrodes possessed geometric surface area (GSA) varying from 496 to 500 K μm2. Electrical characterization showed high-performance p-n diode behavior, with typical turn-on voltages of ~2.3 V and reverse bias leakage below 1 nArms. Current leakage between adjacent electrodes was ~7.5 nArms over a voltage range of −50 V to 50 V. The devices interacted electrochemically with a purely capacitive relationship at frequencies less than 10 kHz. Electrode impedance ranged from 675 ± 130 kΩ (GSA = 496 µm2) to 46.5 ± 4.80 kΩ (GSA = 500 K µm2). Since the all-SiC devices rely on the integration of only robust and highly compatible SiC material, they offer a promising solution to probe delamination and biological rejection associated with the use of multiple materials used in many current INI devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neural Microelectrodes: Design and Applications)
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17 pages, 4488 KiB  
Article
Design of Ensemble Stacked Auto-Encoder for Classification of Horse Gaits with MEMS Inertial Sensor Technology
by Jae-Neung Lee, Yeong-Hyeon Byeon and Keun-Chang Kwak
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080411 - 17 Aug 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3732
Abstract
This paper discusses the classification of horse gaits for self-coaching using an ensemble stacked auto-encoder (ESAE) based on wavelet packets from the motion data of the horse rider. For this purpose, we built an ESAE and used probability values at the end of [...] Read more.
This paper discusses the classification of horse gaits for self-coaching using an ensemble stacked auto-encoder (ESAE) based on wavelet packets from the motion data of the horse rider. For this purpose, we built an ESAE and used probability values at the end of the softmax classifier. First, we initialized variables such as hidden nodes, weight, and max epoch using the options of the auto-encoder (AE). Second, the ESAE model is trained by feedforward, back propagation, and gradient calculation. Next, the parameters are updated by a gradient descent mechanism as new parameters. Finally, once the error value is satisfied, the algorithm terminates. The experiments were performed to classify horse gaits for self-coaching. We constructed the motion data of a horse rider. For the experiment, an expert horse rider of the national team wore a suit containing 16 inertial sensors based on a wireless network. To improve and quantify the performance of the classification, we used three methods (wavelet packet, statistical value, and ensemble model), as well as cross entropy with mean squared error. The experimental results revealed that the proposed method showed good performance when compared with conventional algorithms such as the support vector machine (SVM). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MEMS Accelerometers)
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9 pages, 2653 KiB  
Article
Design and Fabrication of a Visible-Light-Compatible, Polymer-Based Photonic Crystal Resonator and Waveguide for Sensing Applications
by Jiayi Sun, Kenichi Maeno, Shoma Aki, Kenji Sueyoshi, Hideaki Hisamoto and Tatsuro Endo
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080410 - 17 Aug 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3536
Abstract
In this paper, we have proposed a polymer-based photonic crystal (PhC) resonator, with multiple sizes of cavities, and a waveguide to be used as highly sensitive optical sensor components. Properties of the proposed PhC were simulated by the finite-difference time-domain method, and the [...] Read more.
In this paper, we have proposed a polymer-based photonic crystal (PhC) resonator, with multiple sizes of cavities, and a waveguide to be used as highly sensitive optical sensor components. Properties of the proposed PhC were simulated by the finite-difference time-domain method, and the polymer-based PhC resonator and waveguide were fabricated on a photoresist (polymer) by electron beam lithography, which was prepared on an Au-layer-deposited Si substrate. We detected the resonant light that penetrated through the waveguide and was trapped in the PhC resonator. Optical characteristics of the fabricated PhC were evaluated by detecting the polymer layer deposition process by using the layer-by-layer (LbL) method to deposit polymer layers. As a result, by using an optimized design of a polymer-based PhC resonator with a long cavity (equivalent to a defect of three holes), the PhC structure changes caused by LbL deposition lead to changes in resonant light wavelength (peak shift: 5.26 nm/layer). Therefore, we suggest that a PhC resonator and a waveguide is applicable as an optical sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Lab-on-a-Chip Technology in Japan)
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14 pages, 4602 KiB  
Article
Rapid Laser Manufacturing of Microfluidic Devices from Glass Substrates
by Krystian L. Wlodarczyk, Richard M. Carter, Amir Jahanbakhsh, Amiel A. Lopes, Mark D. Mackenzie, Robert R. J. Maier, Duncan P. Hand and M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080409 - 17 Aug 2018
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 6902
Abstract
Conventional manufacturing of microfluidic devices from glass substrates is a complex, multi-step process that involves different fabrication techniques and tools. Hence, it is time-consuming and expensive, in particular for the prototyping of microfluidic devices in low quantities. This article describes a laser-based process [...] Read more.
Conventional manufacturing of microfluidic devices from glass substrates is a complex, multi-step process that involves different fabrication techniques and tools. Hence, it is time-consuming and expensive, in particular for the prototyping of microfluidic devices in low quantities. This article describes a laser-based process that enables the rapid manufacturing of enclosed micro-structures by laser micromachining and microwelding of two 1.1-mm-thick borosilicate glass plates. The fabrication process was carried out only with a picosecond laser (Trumpf TruMicro 5×50) that was used for: (a) the generation of microfluidic patterns on glass, (b) the drilling of inlet/outlet ports into the material, and (c) the bonding of two glass plates together in order to enclose the laser-generated microstructures. Using this manufacturing approach, a fully-functional microfluidic device can be fabricated in less than two hours. Initial fluid flow experiments proved that the laser-generated microstructures are completely sealed; thus, they show a potential use in many industrial and scientific areas. This includes geological and petroleum engineering research, where such microfluidic devices can be used to investigate single-phase and multi-phase flow of various fluids (such as brine, oil, and CO2) in porous media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glassy Materials Based Microdevices)
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7 pages, 1418 KiB  
Article
A Mini-System Integrated with Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Sensor and Micro-Packed Gas Chromatographic Column
by Jianhai Sun, Zhaoxin Geng, Ning Xue, Chunxiu Liu and Tianjun Ma
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080408 - 17 Aug 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4621
Abstract
In this work, a mini monitoring system integrated with a microfabricated metal oxide array sensor and a micro packed gas chromatographic (GC) column was developed for monitoring environmental gases. The microfabricated packed GC column with a 1.6 m length was used to separate [...] Read more.
In this work, a mini monitoring system integrated with a microfabricated metal oxide array sensor and a micro packed gas chromatographic (GC) column was developed for monitoring environmental gases. The microfabricated packed GC column with a 1.6 m length was used to separate the environmental gas, and the metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) array sensor, fabricated with nano-sized SnO-SnO2 sensitive materials, was able to effectively detect each component separated by GC column. The results demonstrate that the monitoring system can detect environmental gas with high precision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructure Based Sensors for Gas Sensing: from Devices to Systems)
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10 pages, 4262 KiB  
Article
Effects of Embedded TiO2−x Nanoparticles on Triboelectric Nanogenerator Performance
by Hyun-Woo Park, Nghia Dinh Huynh, Wook Kim, Hee Jae Hwang, Hyunmin Hong, KyuHyeon Choi, Aeran Song, Kwun-Bum Chung and Dukhyun Choi
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080407 - 17 Aug 2018
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7174
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are used as self-power sources for various types of devices by converting external waves, wind, or other mechanical energies into electric power. However, obtaining a high-output performance is still of major concern for many applications. In this study, to enhance [...] Read more.
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are used as self-power sources for various types of devices by converting external waves, wind, or other mechanical energies into electric power. However, obtaining a high-output performance is still of major concern for many applications. In this study, to enhance the output performance of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based TENGs, highly dielectric TiO2−x nanoparticles (NPs) were embedded as a function of weight ratio. TiO2−x NPs embedded in PDMS at 5% showed the highest output voltage and current. The improved output performance at 5% is strongly related to the change of oxygen vacancies on the PDMS surface, as well as the increased dielectric constant. Specifically, oxygen vacancies in the oxide nanoparticles are electrically positive charges, which is an important factor that can contribute to the exchange and trapping of electrons when driving a TENG. However, in TiO2−x NPs containing over 5%, the output performance was significantly degraded because of the increased leakage characteristics of the PDMS layer due to TiO2−x NPs aggregation, which formed an electron path. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanogenerators in Korea)
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11 pages, 2498 KiB  
Article
Fluorosilicone as an Omnimold for Microreplication
by Teng Zhang, Xiaokui Yue and Dan Sameoto
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080406 - 16 Aug 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4846
Abstract
Soft lithography and replica molding have been an integral part of polymer basic microfabrication for over 20 years. The use of silicone rubber materials as either molds or directly molded parts are well described in the literature and have provided researchers with an [...] Read more.
Soft lithography and replica molding have been an integral part of polymer basic microfabrication for over 20 years. The use of silicone rubber materials as either molds or directly molded parts are well described in the literature and have provided researchers with an easily accessible technique to reproduce complex micro and nanostructures with minimal costs and technical challenges. Yet, for many applications, the use of standard silicones may not necessarily be the best choice, either as a mold material or as a replicated surface. For those instances where a mold is required that is high temperature tolerant, flexible, durable and capable of being used as a mold for multiple materials including silicone rubber, the most commonly used silicone rubber, Sylgard-184, has substantial deficiencies. In this work, we introduce a new material, Fluorosilicone that has not been described in the microfabrication field in detail and determine it is capable of reproducing micro structures via soft lithography techniques and being used as a mold for thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, including silicone rubbers. Material compatibility, appropriate processing conditions for quality replicas and demonstration of extremely fast production of silicone microstructures are reported. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Based MEMS and Microfabrication)
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11 pages, 3732 KiB  
Article
Alkali Vapor MEMS Cells Technology toward High-Vacuum Self-Pumping MEMS Cell for Atomic Spectroscopy
by Pawel Knapkiewicz
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080405 - 16 Aug 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5732
Abstract
The high-vacuum self-pumping MEMS cell for atomic spectroscopy presented here is the result of the technological achievements of the author and the research group in which he works. A high-temperature anodic bonding process in vacuum or buffer gas atmosphere and the influence of [...] Read more.
The high-vacuum self-pumping MEMS cell for atomic spectroscopy presented here is the result of the technological achievements of the author and the research group in which he works. A high-temperature anodic bonding process in vacuum or buffer gas atmosphere and the influence of the process on the inner gas composition inside a MEMS structure were studied. A laser-induced alkali vapor introduction method from solid-state pill-like dispenser is presented as well. The technologies mentioned above are groundbreaking achievements that have allowed the building of the first European miniature atomic clock, and they are the basis for other solutions, including high-vacuum optical MEMS. Following description of the key technologies, high-vacuum self-pumping MEMS cell construction and preliminary measurement results are reported. This unique solution makes it possible to achieve a 10−6 Torr vacuum level inside the cell in the presence of saturated rubidium vapor, paving the way to building a new class of optical reference cells for atomic spectroscopy. Because the level of vacuum is high enough, experiments with cold atoms are potentially feasible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glassy Materials Based Microdevices)
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22 pages, 3697 KiB  
Article
Acoustofluidic Measurements on Polymer-Coated Microbubbles: Primary and Secondary Bjerknes Forces
by Gianluca Memoli, Kate O. Baxter, Helen G. Jones, Ken P. Mingard and Bajram Zeqiri
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080404 - 15 Aug 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4488
Abstract
The acoustically-driven dynamics of isolated particle-like objects in microfluidic environments is a well-characterised phenomenon, which has been the subject of many studies. Conversely, very few acoustofluidic researchers looked at coated microbubbles, despite their widespread use in diagnostic imaging and the need for a [...] Read more.
The acoustically-driven dynamics of isolated particle-like objects in microfluidic environments is a well-characterised phenomenon, which has been the subject of many studies. Conversely, very few acoustofluidic researchers looked at coated microbubbles, despite their widespread use in diagnostic imaging and the need for a precise characterisation of their acoustically-driven behaviour, underpinning therapeutic applications. The main reason is that microbubbles behave differently, due to their larger compressibility, exhibiting much stronger interactions with the unperturbed acoustic field (primary Bjerknes forces) or with other bubbles (secondary Bjerknes forces). In this paper, we study the translational dynamics of commercially-available polymer-coated microbubbles in a standing-wave acoustofluidic device. At increasing acoustic driving pressures, we measure acoustic forces on isolated bubbles, quantify bubble-bubble interaction forces during doublet formation and study the occurrence of sub-wavelength structures during aggregation. We present a dynamic characterisation of microbubble compressibility with acoustic pressure, highlighting a threshold pressure below which bubbles can be treated as uncoated. Thanks to benchmarking measurements under a scanning electron microscope, we interpret this threshold as the onset of buckling, providing a quantitative measurement of this parameter at the single-bubble level. For acoustofluidic applications, our results highlight the limitations of treating microbubbles as a special case of solid particles. Our findings will impact applications where knowing the buckling pressure of coated microbubbles has a key role, like diagnostics and drug delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acoustofluidics in Medicine and Biology)
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12 pages, 4923 KiB  
Opinion
From Lab on a Chip to Point of Care Devices: The Role of Open Source Microcontrollers
by Trieu Nguyen, Sune Zoëga Andreasen, Anders Wolff and Dang Duong Bang
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080403 - 14 Aug 2018
Cited by 66 | Viewed by 12556
Abstract
Microcontrollers are programmable, integrated circuit chips. In the last two decades, their applications to industrial instruments, vehicles, and household appliances have reached the extent that microcontrollers are now the number-one selling electronic chip of all kinds. Simultaneously, the field of lab-on-a-chip research and [...] Read more.
Microcontrollers are programmable, integrated circuit chips. In the last two decades, their applications to industrial instruments, vehicles, and household appliances have reached the extent that microcontrollers are now the number-one selling electronic chip of all kinds. Simultaneously, the field of lab-on-a-chip research and technology has seen major technological leaps towards sample handling, sample preparation, and sensing for use in molecular diagnostic devices. Yet, the transformation from a laboratory based lab-on-a-chip technology to actual point-of-care device products has largely been limited to a fraction of the foreseen potential. We believe that increased knowledge of the vast possibilities that becomes available with open source microcontrollers, especially when embedded in easy-to-use development environments, such as the Arduino or Raspberry Pi, could potentially solve and even bridge the gap between lab-on-a-chip technology and real-life point of care applications. The profuse availability and extraordinary capabilities of microcontrollers, namely within computation, communication, and networking, combined with easy-to-use development environments, as well as a very active and fast moving community of makers, who are eager to share their knowledge, could potentially be the difference between a dreadful “chip-in-a-lab”-situation, and the next successful start-up. Here follows a brief insight into how open source microcontrollers could potentially have a transformative effect on the field of lab-on-a-chip research and technology. Details in some specific areas of application are briefly treated before addressing challenges and future perspectives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Devices for Biomedical Applications)
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15 pages, 14525 KiB  
Article
Experimental Research on Machining Localization and Surface Quality in Micro Electrochemical Milling of Nickel-Based Superalloy
by Yong Liu, Yong Jiang, Chunsheng Guo, Shihui Deng and Huanghai Kong
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080402 - 14 Aug 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3698
Abstract
Micro electrochemical machining is becoming increasingly important in the microfabrication of metal parts. In this paper, the machining characteristics of micro electrochemical milling with nanosecond pulse were studied. Firstly, a mathematical model for the localization control of micro electrochemical milling with nanosecond pulse [...] Read more.
Micro electrochemical machining is becoming increasingly important in the microfabrication of metal parts. In this paper, the machining characteristics of micro electrochemical milling with nanosecond pulse were studied. Firstly, a mathematical model for the localization control of micro electrochemical milling with nanosecond pulse was established. Secondly, groups of experiments were conducted on nickel-based superalloy and the effects of parameters such as applied voltage, pulse on time, pulse period, electrolyte concentration and electrode diameter on machining localization and surface roughness were analyzed. Finally, by using the optimized machining parameters, some 2D complex shapes and 3D square cavity structures with good shape precision and good surface quality were successfully obtained. It was proved that the micro electrochemical milling with nanosecond pulse technique is an effective machining method to fabricate metal microstructures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A:Physics)
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21 pages, 7246 KiB  
Article
Array of Resonant Electromechanical Nanosystems: A Technological Breakthrough for Uncooled Infrared Imaging
by Laurent Duraffourg, Ludovic Laurent, Jean-Sébastien Moulet, Julien Arcamone and Jean-Jacques Yon
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080401 - 14 Aug 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5011
Abstract
Microbolometers arethe most common uncooled infrared techniques that allow 50 mK-temperature resolution to be achieved on-scene. However, this approach struggles with both self-heating, which is inherent to the resistive readout principle, and 1/f noise. We present an alternative approach that consists of using [...] Read more.
Microbolometers arethe most common uncooled infrared techniques that allow 50 mK-temperature resolution to be achieved on-scene. However, this approach struggles with both self-heating, which is inherent to the resistive readout principle, and 1/f noise. We present an alternative approach that consists of using micro/nanoresonators vibrating according to a torsional mode, and whose resonant frequency changes with the incident IR-radiation. Dense arrays of such electromechanical structures were fabricated with a 12 µm pitch at low temperature, allowing their integration on complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits according to a post-processing method. H-shape pixels with 9 µm-long nanorods and a cross-section of 250 nm × 30 nm were fabricated to provide large thermal responses, whose experimental measurements reached up to 1024 Hz/nW. These electromechanical resonators featured a noise equivalent power of 140 pW for a response time of less than 1 ms. To our knowledge, these performances are unrivaled with such small dimensions. We also showed that a temperature sensitivity of 20 mK within a 100 ms integration time is conceivable at a 12 µm pitch by co-integrating the resonators with their readout electronics, and suggesting a new readout scheme. This sensitivity could be reached short-term by depositing on top of the nanorods a vanadium oxide layer that had a phase-transition that could possibly enhance the thermal response by one order of magnitude. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of CMOS-MEMS/NEMS Devices)
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12 pages, 3593 KiB  
Article
Core-Shell Structures of Upconversion Nanocrystals Coated with Silica for Near Infrared Light Enabled Optical Imaging of Cancer Cells
by Kumbam Lingeshwar Reddy, Neeraj Prabhakar, Jessica M. Rosenholm and Venkata Krishnan
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080400 - 14 Aug 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4153
Abstract
Optical imaging of cancer cells using near infrared (NIR) light is currently an active area of research, as this spectral region directly corresponds to the therapeutic window of biological tissues. Upconversion nanocrystals are photostable alternatives to conventional fluorophores. In our work, we have [...] Read more.
Optical imaging of cancer cells using near infrared (NIR) light is currently an active area of research, as this spectral region directly corresponds to the therapeutic window of biological tissues. Upconversion nanocrystals are photostable alternatives to conventional fluorophores. In our work, we have prepared upconversion nanocrystals of NaYF4:Yb/Er and encapsulated them in silica to form core-shell structures. The as-prepared core-shell nanostructures have been characterized for their structure, morphology, and optical properties using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy coupled with elemental mapping, and upconversion luminescence spectroscopy, respectively. The cytotoxicity examined using cell viability assay indicated a low level of toxicity of these core-shell nanostructures. Finally, these core-shell nanostructures have been utilized as photostable probes for NIR light enabled optical imaging of human breast cancer cells. This work paves the way for the development of advanced photostable, biocompatible, low-toxic core-shell nanostructures for potential optical imaging of biological cells and tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructures for Bioimaging)
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14 pages, 4772 KiB  
Article
On-Chip Asymmetric Microsupercapacitors Combining Reduced Graphene Oxide and Manganese Oxide for High Energy-Power Tradeoff
by Richa Agrawal and Chunlei Wang
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080399 - 12 Aug 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5377
Abstract
Given the rapid miniaturization of technology, it is of interest to produce viable on-chip micro-electrochemical energy storage systems. In this study, interdigitated asymmetric microsupercapacitors were fabricated using photolithography, lift-off and electrodeposition methods. Manganese oxide (MnOx) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) comprised [...] Read more.
Given the rapid miniaturization of technology, it is of interest to produce viable on-chip micro-electrochemical energy storage systems. In this study, interdigitated asymmetric microsupercapacitors were fabricated using photolithography, lift-off and electrodeposition methods. Manganese oxide (MnOx) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) comprised the pseudocapacitive and the double layer component, respectively. Symmetric MnOx//MnOx, rGO//rGO as well as asymmetric rGO//MnOx microsupercapacitors with three different MnOx thicknesses were constructed and characterized in aqueous media. The asymmetric microsupercapacitor with the intermediate MnOx film thickness displayed the optimal energy-power trade-off superior to that of both the symmetric and well as the other asymmetric configurations. The optimal microsupercapacitor exhibited a high stack energy density of 1.02 mWh·cm−3 and a maximal power density of 3.44 W·cm−3. The high energy-power trade-off of the device is attributed to the synergistic effects of utilizing double layer and pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanisms along with in-plane interdigital microelectrode design within one optimized micro-device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic Scale Materials for Electronic and Photonic Devices)
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11 pages, 4441 KiB  
Article
Detection of Particulate Matter of Size 2.5 μm with a Surface-Acoustic-Wave Sensor Combined with a Cyclone Separator
by Fung-Yu Kuo, Ying-Chen Lin, Ling-Yi Ke, Chuen-Jinn Tsai and Da-Jeng Yao
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080398 - 12 Aug 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4496
Abstract
A device to monitor particulate matter of size 2.5 μm (PM2.5) that has been designed and developed includes a surface-acoustic-wave sensor operating in a shear horizontal mode (SH-SAW) combined with a cyclone separator. In our tests, aerosols generated as incense smoke were first [...] Read more.
A device to monitor particulate matter of size 2.5 μm (PM2.5) that has been designed and developed includes a surface-acoustic-wave sensor operating in a shear horizontal mode (SH-SAW) combined with a cyclone separator. In our tests, aerosols generated as incense smoke were first separated and sampled inside a designed cyclone separator; the sampled PM2.5 was then introduced into the sensing area of an SH-SAW sensor for detection. The use of microcentrifuge tubes as a cyclone separator effectively decreases the size and power consumption of the device; the SAW sensor in a well design and operating at 122 MHz was fabricated with MEMS techniques. After an explanation of the design of the cyclone separator, a simulation of the efficiency and the SAW sensor detection are discussed. A microcentrifuge tube (volume 0.2 mL, inlet and outlet diameters 0.5 mm) as a separator has separation cutoff diameters 50% (d50) at 2.5 μm; the required rate of volumetric flow at the inlet is 0.125 LPM, according to simulation with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software; the surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) sensor exhibits sensitivity approximately 9 Hz/ng; an experiment for PM2.5 detection conducted with the combined device shows a strong positive linear correlation with a commercial aerosol monitor. The limit of detection (LOD) is 11 μg/m3 with sample time 160 s and total detection duration about 5 min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced MEMS/NEMS Technology)
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22 pages, 2304 KiB  
Review
The Use of Microfluidic Technology for Cancer Applications and Liquid Biopsy
by Arutha Kulasinghe, Hanjie Wu, Chamindie Punyadeera and Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080397 - 10 Aug 2018
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 16325
Abstract
There is growing awareness for the need of early diagnostic tools to aid in point-of-care testing in cancer. Tumor biopsy remains the conventional means in which to sample a tumor and often presents with challenges and associated risks. Therefore, alternative sources of tumor [...] Read more.
There is growing awareness for the need of early diagnostic tools to aid in point-of-care testing in cancer. Tumor biopsy remains the conventional means in which to sample a tumor and often presents with challenges and associated risks. Therefore, alternative sources of tumor biomarkers is needed. Liquid biopsy has gained attention due to its non-invasive sampling of tumor tissue and ability to serially assess disease via a simple blood draw over the course of treatment. Among the leading technologies developing liquid biopsy solutions, microfluidics has recently come to the fore. Microfluidic platforms offer cellular separation and analysis platforms that allow for high throughout, high sensitivity and specificity, low sample volumes and reagent costs and precise liquid controlling capabilities. These characteristics make microfluidic technology a promising tool in separating and analyzing circulating tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring. In this review, the characteristics of three kinds of circulating tumor markers will be described in the context of cancer, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). The review will focus on how the introduction of microfluidic technologies has improved the separation and analysis of these circulating tumor markers. Full article
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12 pages, 9218 KiB  
Article
An Improved Large Signal Model for 0.1 μm AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) Process and Its Applications in Practical Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) Design in W band
by Junfeng Li, Shuman Mao, Yuehang Xu, Xiaodong Zhao, Weibo Wang, Fangjing Guo, Qingfeng Zhang, Yunqiu Wu, Bing Zhang, Tangsheng Chen, Bo Yan, Ruimin Xu and Yanrong Li
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080396 - 10 Aug 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5916
Abstract
An improved empirical large signal model for 0.1 µm AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) process is proposed in this paper. The short channel effect including the drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effect and channel length modulation has been considered for the accurate [...] Read more.
An improved empirical large signal model for 0.1 µm AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) process is proposed in this paper. The short channel effect including the drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effect and channel length modulation has been considered for the accurate description of DC characteristics. In-house AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with a gate-length of 0.1 μm and different dimensions have been employed to validate the accuracy of the large signal model. Good agreement has been achieved between the simulated and measured S parameters, I-V characteristics and large signal performance at 28 GHz. Furthermore, a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) power amplifier from 92 GHz to 96 GHz has been designed for validation of the proposed model. Results show that the improved large signal model can be used up to W band. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Based Micro/Nano Devices)
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10 pages, 7949 KiB  
Article
Development of a Thermoelectric and Electromagnetic Hybrid Energy Harvester from Water Flow in an Irrigation System
by Huicong Liu, Jiankang Zhang, Qiongfeng Shi, Tianyiyi He, Tao Chen, Lining Sun, Jan A Dziuban and Chengkuo Lee
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080395 - 9 Aug 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4899
Abstract
A hybrid energy harvester is presented in this paper to harvest energy from water flow motion and temperature difference in an irrigating pipe at the same time. The harvester is based on the integration of thermoelectric and electromagnetic mechanisms. To harvest the water [...] Read more.
A hybrid energy harvester is presented in this paper to harvest energy from water flow motion and temperature difference in an irrigating pipe at the same time. The harvester is based on the integration of thermoelectric and electromagnetic mechanisms. To harvest the water flow motion, a turbine fan with magnets that are attached on the blades is placed inside of the water pipe. Multiple coils turn the water flow energy into electricity with the rotation of the turbine. The thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are attached around the pipe, so as to harvest energy due to temperature difference. For a maximum temperature difference of 55 °C (hot side 80 °C and room temperature 25 °C), twelve serial-connected TEGs can generate voltage up to 0.346 V. Under a load resistance of 20 Ώ, the power output of 1.264 mW can be achieved. For a maximum water flow rate of 49.9 L/min, the electromagnetic generator (EMG) can produce an open circuit voltage of 0.911 V. The EMG can be potentially used as a water flow meter due to the linear relationship between water flow rate and output voltage. Under the joint action of TEG and EMG, the maximum terminal voltage for TEG is 66 mV and for EMG is 241 mV at load resistances of 10 and 100 Ώ, respectively, resulting in a corresponding power output of 0.435 and 0.584 mW. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced MEMS/NEMS Technology)
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22 pages, 7337 KiB  
Review
3D-Printed Biosensor Arrays for Medical Diagnostics
by Mohamed Sharafeldin, Abby Jones and James F. Rusling
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080394 - 7 Aug 2018
Cited by 83 | Viewed by 11471
Abstract
While the technology is relatively new, low-cost 3D printing has impacted many aspects of human life. 3D printers are being used as manufacturing tools for a wide variety of devices in a spectrum of applications ranging from diagnosis to implants to external prostheses. [...] Read more.
While the technology is relatively new, low-cost 3D printing has impacted many aspects of human life. 3D printers are being used as manufacturing tools for a wide variety of devices in a spectrum of applications ranging from diagnosis to implants to external prostheses. The ease of use, availability of 3D-design software and low cost has made 3D printing an accessible manufacturing and fabrication tool in many bioanalytical research laboratories. 3D printers can print materials with varying density, optical character, strength and chemical properties that provide the user with a vast array of strategic options. In this review, we focus on applications in biomedical diagnostics and how this revolutionary technique is facilitating the development of low-cost, sensitive, and often geometrically complex tools. 3D printing in the fabrication of microfluidics, supporting equipment, and optical and electronic components of diagnostic devices is presented. Emerging diagnostics systems using 3D bioprinting as a tool to incorporate living cells or biomaterials into 3D printing is also reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printed Microfluidic Devices)
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11 pages, 3542 KiB  
Article
Micro Magnetic Field Sensors Manufactured Using a Standard 0.18-μm CMOS Process
by Yen-Nan Lin and Ching-Liang Dai
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080393 - 7 Aug 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3713
Abstract
Micro magnetic field (MMF) sensors developed employing complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology are investigated. The MMF sensors, which are a three-axis sensing type, include a magnetotransistor and four Hall elements. The magnetotransistor is utilized to detect the magnetic field (MF) in the [...] Read more.
Micro magnetic field (MMF) sensors developed employing complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology are investigated. The MMF sensors, which are a three-axis sensing type, include a magnetotransistor and four Hall elements. The magnetotransistor is utilized to detect the magnetic field (MF) in the x-axis and y-axis, and four Hall elements are used to sense MF in the z-axis. In addition to emitter, bases and collectors, additional collectors are added to the magnetotransistor. The additional collectors enhance bias current and carrier number, so that the sensor sensitivity is enlarged. The MMF sensor fabrication is easy because it does not require post-CMOS processing. Experiments depict that the MMF sensor sensitivity is 0.69 V/T in the x-axis MF and its sensitivity is 0.55 V/T in the y-axis MF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of CMOS-MEMS/NEMS Devices)
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16 pages, 2934 KiB  
Article
The Conformal Design of an Island-Bridge Structure on a Non-Developable Surface for Stretchable Electronics
by Lin Xiao, Chen Zhu, Wennan Xiong, YongAn Huang and Zhouping Yin
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080392 - 7 Aug 2018
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6984
Abstract
Conformal design of the island-bridge structure is the key to construct high-performance inorganic stretchable electronics that can be conformally transferred to non-developable surfaces. Former studies in conformal problems of epidermal electronics are mainly focused on soft surfaces that can adapt to the deformation [...] Read more.
Conformal design of the island-bridge structure is the key to construct high-performance inorganic stretchable electronics that can be conformally transferred to non-developable surfaces. Former studies in conformal problems of epidermal electronics are mainly focused on soft surfaces that can adapt to the deformation of the electronics, which are not suitable for applications in hard, non-developable surfaces because of their loose surface constraints. In this paper, the conformal design problem for the island-bridge structure on a hard, non-developable surface was studied, including the critical size for island and stiffness and the demand for stretchability for the bridge. Firstly, the conformal model for an island on a part of torus surface was established to determine the relationship between the maximum size of the island and the curvatures of the surface. By combining the principle of energy minimization and the limit of material failure, a critical non-dimensional width for conformability was given for the island as a function of its thickness and interfacial adhesion energy, and the ratio of two principal curvatures of the surface. Then, the dependency of the tensile stiffness of the bridge on its geometric parameters was studied by finite element analysis (FEA) to guide the deterministic assembly of the islands on the surface. Finally, the location-dependent demands for the stretchability of the bridges were given by geometric mapping. This work will provide a design rule for stretchable electronics that fully conforms to the non-developable surface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flexible Electronics: Fabrication and Ubiquitous Integration)
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16 pages, 3796 KiB  
Article
Asymmetrical Induced Charge Electroosmotic Flow on a Herringbone Floating Electrode and Its Application in a Micromixer
by Qingming Hu, Jianhua Guo, Zhongliang Cao and Hongyuan Jiang
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080391 - 7 Aug 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3715
Abstract
Enhancing mixing is of significant importance in microfluidic devices characterized by laminar flows and low Reynolds numbers. An asymmetrical induced charge electroosmotic (ICEO) vortex pair generated on the herringbone floating electrode can disturb the interface of two-phase fluids and deliver the fluid transversely, [...] Read more.
Enhancing mixing is of significant importance in microfluidic devices characterized by laminar flows and low Reynolds numbers. An asymmetrical induced charge electroosmotic (ICEO) vortex pair generated on the herringbone floating electrode can disturb the interface of two-phase fluids and deliver the fluid transversely, which could be exploited to accomplish fluid mixing between two neighbouring fluids in a microscale system. Herein we present a micromixer based on an asymmetrical ICEO flow induced above the herringbone floating electrode array surface. We investigate the average transverse ICEO slip velocity on the Ridge/Vee/herringbone floating electrode and find that the microvortex generated on the herringbone electrode surface has good potential for mixing the miscible liquids in microfluidic systems. In addition, we explore the effect of applied frequencies and bulk conductivity on the slip velocity above the herringbone floating electrode surface. The high dependence of mixing performance on the floating electrode pair numbers is analysed simultaneously. Finally, we investigate systematically voltage intensity, applied frequencies, inlet fluid velocity and liquid conductivity on the mixing performance of the proposed device. The microfluidic micromixer put forward herein offers great opportunity for fluid mixing in the field of micro total analysis systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AC Electrokinetics in Microfluidic Devices)
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11 pages, 4899 KiB  
Article
Novel High-Capacitance-Ratio MEMS Switch: Design, Analysis and Performance Verification
by Ke Han, Xubing Guo, Stewart Smith, Zhongliang Deng and Wuyu Li
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080390 - 6 Aug 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3577
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel high-capacitance-ratio radio frequency micro-electromechanical systems (RF MEMS) switch. The proposed RF MEMS mainly consists of serpentine flexure MEMS metallic beam, comprised of coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line, dielectric and metal-insulator-metal (MIM) floating metallic membrane. Comparing the proposed high-capacitance-ratio [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a novel high-capacitance-ratio radio frequency micro-electromechanical systems (RF MEMS) switch. The proposed RF MEMS mainly consists of serpentine flexure MEMS metallic beam, comprised of coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line, dielectric and metal-insulator-metal (MIM) floating metallic membrane. Comparing the proposed high-capacitance-ratio MEMS switch with the ones in available literature, an acceptable insertion loss insulation, acceptable response time and high capacitance ratio (383.8) are achieved. Full article
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14 pages, 3524 KiB  
Article
Glancing Angle Deposition Effect on Structure and Light-Induced Wettability of RF-Sputtered TiO2 Thin Films
by Vasiliki E. Vrakatseli, Alexandros N. Kalarakis, Angelos G. Kalampounias, Eleftherios K. Amanatides and Dimitrios S. Mataras
Micromachines 2018, 9(8), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080389 - 4 Aug 2018
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4615
Abstract
Crystalline TiO2 films were prepared on unheated glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering at normal angle of incidence (a = 0°) and at glancing angle (a = 87°). The effect of the glancing angle on the structure, [...] Read more.
Crystalline TiO2 films were prepared on unheated glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering at normal angle of incidence (a = 0°) and at glancing angle (a = 87°). The effect of the glancing angle on the structure, microstructure, and wetting properties of the films was investigated. The inclination of the substrate led to phase transformation of the deposited films from rutile to either rutile/anatase or anatase, depending on the working pressure. Extreme shadowing at 87° results in a remarkable increase of the films’ porosity and surface roughness. The mechanism of the glancing-angle-induced crystalline phase formation is thoroughly discussed based on the thermodynamic, kinetic, and geometrical aspects of the nucleation and is related with the microstructural changes. Both crystalline phase and microstructure significantly affect the wetting properties of the TiO2 films. Glancing-angle-deposited anatase TiO2 exhibits a high degree of porosity and roughness, a high rate of UV-induced wettability conversion, and a long-term highly hydrophilic nature in dark. Therefore, anatase TiO2 is potentially a good candidate for applications as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)/perovskite solar cells, microfluidic devices, and self-cleaning surfaces prepared on thermosensitive substrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasma-Based Surface Engineering)
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