3D-Printed Biosensor Arrays for Medical Diagnostics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Additive Manufacturing Techniques
2.1. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
2.2. Direct Ink Writing
2.3. Stereolithography
2.4. Photopolymer Inkjet Printing (Multi-Jet Modeling—MJM)
2.5. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
2.6. Direct Laser Writing (DLW) 3D Lithography
2.7. Summary of 3D Printing Techniques
3. Applications of 3D Printing in Diagnostics
3.1. 3D-Printed Microfluidics
3.1.1. Sample Pretreatment
3.1.2. Microfluidic Flow Devices
3.1.3. Microfluidic Mixers
3.1.4. Multifunctional Microfluidics
3.2. 3D-Printed Sensing Electronics
3.3. 3D-Printed Supporting Devices
3.4. 3D-Printed Optics
4. Conclusions and Outlook
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hull, C. Apparatus for Production of Three-Dimensional Objects by Stereolithography. U.S. Patent No 4,575,330, 11 March 1986. [Google Scholar]
- Gross, B.; Lockwood, S.Y.; Spence, D.M. Recent Advances in Analytical Chemistry by 3D Printing. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 57–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chia, H.N.; Wu, B.M. Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials. J. Biol. Eng. 2015, 9, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Diment, L.E.; Thompson, M.S.; Bergmann, J.H. Three-dimensional printed upper-limb prostheses lack randomised controlled trials: A systematic review. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 2018, 42, 7–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bose, S.; Vahabzadeh, S.; Bandyopadhyay, A. Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing. Mater. Today 2013, 16, 496–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waheed, S.; Cabot, J.M.; Macdonald, N.P.; Lewis, T.; Guijt, R.M.; Paull, B.; Breadmore, M.C. 3D printed microfluidic devices: Enablers and barriers. Lab Chip 2016, 16, 1993–2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Why 3D Printing Could Be a Manufacturing and Logistics Game Changer. Available online: https://www.manufacturing.net/blog/2013/10/why-3d-printing-could-be-manufacturing-and-logistics-game-changer (accessed on 30 April 2018).
- Au, A.K.; Lee, W.; Folch, A. Mail-order microfluidics: Evaluation of stereolithography for the production of microfluidic devices. Lab Chip 2014, 14, 1294–1301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kadimisetty, K.; Song, J.; Doto, A.M.; Hwang, Y.; Peng, J.; Mauk, M.G.; Bushman, F.D.; Gross, R.; Jarvis, J.N.; Liu, C. Fully 3D printed integrated reactor array for point-of-care molecular diagnostics. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018, 109, 156–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yazdi, A.A.; Popma, A.; Wong, W.; Nguyen, T.; Pan, Y.; Xu, J. 3D printing: An emerging tool for novel microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip applications. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2016, 20, 50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Xu, J.; Hong, B.; Chen, X. The effects of 3D channel geometry on CTC passing pressure—Towards deformability-based cancer cell separation. Lab Chip 2014, 14, 2576–2584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kadimisetty, K.; Mosa, I.M.; Malla, S.; Satterwhite-Warden, J.E.; Kuhns, T.M.; Faria, R.C.; Lee, N.H.; Rusling, J.F. 3D-printed supercapacitor-powered electrochemiluminescent protein immunoarray. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2016, 77, 188–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Damiati, S.; Peacock, M.; Leonhardt, S.; Damiati, L.; Baghdadi, M.A.; Becker, H.; Kodzius, R.; Schuster, B. Embedded Disposable Functionalized Electrochemical Biosensor with a 3D-Printed Flow Cell for Detection of Hepatic Oval Cells (HOCs). Genes 2018, 9, 89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mulberry, G.; White, K.A.; Vaidya, M.; Sugaya, K.; Kim, B.N. 3D printing and milling a real-time PCR device for infectious disease diagnostics. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0179133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Singh, H.; Shimojima, M.; Shiratori, T.; An, L.V.; Sugamata, M.; Yang, M. Application of 3D Printing Technology in Increasing the Diagnostic Performance of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Infectious Diseases. Sensors 2015, 15, 16503–16515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chudobova, D.; Cihalova, K.; Skalickova, S.; Zitka, J.; Rodrigo, M.A.M.; Milosavljevic, V.; Hynek, D.; Kopel, P.; Vesely, R.; Adam, V.; et al. 3D-printed chip for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus labeled with gold nanoparticles. Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 457–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kadimisetty, K.; Malla, S.; Rusling, J.F. Automated 3-D Printed Arrays to Evaluate Genotoxic Chemistry: E-Cigarettes and Water Samples. ACS Sens. 2017, 2, 670–678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schäfer, M.; Bräuler, V.; Ulber, R. Bio-sensing of metal ions by a novel 3D-printable smartphone spectrometer. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 255, 1902–1910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mendoza-Gallegos, R.A.; Rios, A.; Garcia-Cordero, J.L. An Affordable and Portable Thermocycler for Real-Time PCR Made of 3D-Printed Parts and Off-the-Shelf Electronics. Anal. Chem. 2018, 90, 5563–5568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, L.-J.; Sun, R.; Vasile, T.; Chang, Y.-C.; Li, L. High-Throughput Optical Sensing Immunoassays on Smartphone. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 8302–8308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Y.; Fu, Q.; Li, D.; Xie, J.; Ke, D.; Song, Q.; Tang, Y.; Wang, H. A smartphone colorimetric reader integrated with an ambient light sensor and a 3D printed attachment for on-site detection of zearalenone. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2017, 409, 6567–6574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hinman, S.S.; McKeating, K.S.; Cheng, Q. Plasmonic Sensing with 3D Printed Optics. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 12626–12630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rusling, J.F. Developing Microfluidic Sensing Devices Using 3D Printing. ACS Sens. 2018, 3, 522–526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, K.Y.; Ambrosi, A.; Pumera, M. 3D-printed Metal Electrodes for Heavy Metals Detection by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. Electroanalysis 2017, 29, 2444–2453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rymansaib, Z.; Iravani, P.; Emslie, E.; Medvidović-Kosanović, M.; Sak-Bosnar, M.; Verdejo, R.; Marken, F. All-Polystyrene 3D-Printed Electrochemical Device with Embedded Carbon Nanofiber-Graphite-Polystyrene Composite Conductor. Electroanalysis 2016, 28, 1517–1523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Honeychurch, K.C.; Rymansaib, Z.; Iravani, P. Anodic stripping voltammetric determination of zinc at a 3-D printed carbon nanofiber–graphite–polystyrene electrode using a carbon pseudo-reference electrode. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 267, 476–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheng, T.S.; Nasir, M.Z.M.; Ambrosi, A.; Pumera, M. 3D-printed metal electrodes for electrochemical detection of phenols. Appl. Mater. Today 2017, 9, 212–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tan, C.; Nasir, M.Z.M.; Ambrosi, A.; Pumera, M. 3D printed electrodes for detection of nitroaromatic explosives and nerve agents. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 8995–9001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liyarita, B.R.; Ambrosi, A.; Pumera, M. 3D-printed electrodes for sensing of biologically active molecules. Electroanalysis 2018, 30, 1319–1326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lewis, J.A.; Ahn, B.Y. Device fabrication: Three-dimensional printed electronics. Nature 2015, 518, 42–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Derakhshanfar, S.; Mbeleck, R.; Xu, K.; Zhang, X.; Zhong, W.; Xing, M. 3D bioprinting for biomedical devices and tissue engineering: A review of recent trends and advances. Bioact. Mater. 2018, 3, 144–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, C.S.; Ha, T.H.; Kim, M.; Raja, N.; Yun, H.; Sung, M.J.; Kwon, O.S.; Yoon, H.; Lee, C.-S. Fast and sensitive near-infrared fluorescent probes for ALP detection and 3D printed calcium phosphate scaffold imaging in vivo. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018, 105, 151–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Knowlton, S.; Onal, S.; Yu, C.H.; Zhao, J.J.; Tasoglu, S. Bioprinting for cancer research. Trends Biotechnol. 2015, 33, 504–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, X.; Zhu, W.; Nowicki, M.; Miao, S.; Cui, H.; Holmes, B.; Glazer, R.I.; Zhang, L.G. 3D bioprinting a cell-laden bone matrix for breast cancer metastasis study. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 30017–30026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mohamed, O.A.; Masood, S.H.; Bhowmik, J.L. Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters: A review of current research and future prospects. Adv. Manuf. 2015, 3, 42–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dul, S.; Fambri, L.; Pegoretti, A. Fused deposition modelling with ABS–graphene nanocomposites. Compos. Part Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2016, 85, 181–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Jiang, M.; Zhou, Z.; Gou, J.; Hui, D. 3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective. Compos. Part B Eng. 2017, 110, 442–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leigh, S.J.; Bradley, R.J.; Purssell, C.P.; Billson, D.R.; Hutchins, D.A. A Simple, Low-Cost Conductive Composite Material for 3D Printing of Electronic Sensors. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e49365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cruz, M.A.; Ye, S.; Kim, M.J.; Reyes, C.; Yang, F.; Flowers, P.F.; Wiley, B.J. Multigram synthesis of cu-ag core–shell nanowires enables the production of a highly conductive polymer filament for 3D printing electronics. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 2018, 25, 1700385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.-Y.; An, J.; Chua, C.K. Fundamentals and applications of 3D printing for novel materials. Appl. Mater. Today 2017, 7, 120–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rimington, R.P.; Capel, A.J.; Christie, S.D.; Lewis, M.P. Biocompatible 3D printed polymers via fused deposition modelling direct C 2 C 12 cellular phenotype in vitro. Lab Chip 2017, 17, 2982–2993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rosenzweig, D.H.; Carelli, E.; Steffen, T.; Jarzem, P.; Haglund, L. 3D-Printed ABS and PLA Scaffolds for Cartilage and Nucleus Pulposus Tissue Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 15118–15135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Skliutas, E.; Kasetaite, S.; Jonušauskas, L.; Ostrauskaite, J.; Malinauskas, M. Photosensitive naturally derived resins toward optical 3-D printing. Opt. Eng. 2018, 57, 041412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voet, V.S.D.; Strating, T.; Schnelting, G.H.M.; Dijkstra, P.; Tietema, M.; Xu, J.; Woortman, A.J.J.; Loos, K.; Jager, J.; Folkersma, R. Biobased acrylate photocurable resin formulation for stereolithography 3D printing. ACS Omega 2018, 3, 1403–1408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malek, S.; Raney, J.R.; Lewis, J.A.; Gibson, L.J. Lightweight 3D cellular composites inspired by balsa. Bioinspir. Biomim. 2017, 12, 026014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smith, P.T.; Basu, A.; Saha, A.; Nelson, A. Chemical modification and printability of shear-thinning hydrogel inks for direct-write 3D printing. Polymer 2018, in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, Y.; Yang, F.; Zhao, H.; Gao, Q.; Xia, B.; Fu, J. Research on the printability of hydrogels in 3D bioprinting. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 29977. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Compton, B.G.; Lewis, J.A. 3D-printing of lightweight cellular composites. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 5930–5935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loebel, C.; Rodell, C.B.; Chen, M.H.; Burdick, J.A. Shear-thinning and self-healing hydrogels as injectable therapeutics and for 3D-printing. Nat. Protoc. 2017, 12, 1521–1541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fedorovich, N.E.; Schuurman, W.; Wijnberg, H.M.; Prins, H.-J.; van Weeren, P.R.; Malda, J.; Alblas, J.; Dhert, W.J.A. Biofabrication of osteochondral tissue equivalents by printing topologically defined, cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods 2011, 18, 33–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Billiet, T.; Gevaert, E.; De Schryver, T.; Cornelissen, M.; Dubruel, P. The 3D printing of gelatin methacrylamide cell-laden tissue-engineered constructs with high cell viability. Biomaterials 2014, 35, 49–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ifkovits, J.L.; Burdick, J.A. Review: Photopolymerizable and degradable biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Tissue Eng. 2007, 13, 2369–2385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hong, S.; Sycks, D.; Chan, H.F.; Lin, S.; Lopez, G.P.; Guilak, F.; Leong, K.W.; Zhao, X. 3D printing of highly stretchable and tough hydrogels into complex, cellularized structures. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27, 4035–4040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gross, B.C.; Erkal, J.L.; Lockwood, S.Y.; Chen, C.; Spence, D.M. Evaluation of 3D Printing and Its Potential Impact on Biotechnology and the Chemical Sciences. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 3240–3253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gauvin, R.; Chen, Y.-C.; Lee, J.W.; Soman, P.; Zorlutuna, P.; Nichol, J.W.; Bae, H.; Chen, S.; Khademhosseini, A. Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography. Biomaterials 2012, 33, 3824–3834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, A.P.; Qu, X.; Soman, P.; Hribar, K.C.; Lee, J.W.; Chen, S.; He, S. Rapid Fabrication of Complex 3D Extracellular Microenvironments by Dynamic Optical Projection Stereolithography. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 4266–4270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Macdonald, N.P.; Cabot, J.M.; Smejkal, P.; Guijt, R.M.; Paull, B.; Breadmore, M.C. Comparing Microfluidic Performance of Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing Platforms. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 3858–3866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, H.; Zhang, D.; Alexander, P.G.; Yang, G.; Tan, J.; Cheng, A.W.-M.; Tuan, R.S. Application of visible light-based projection stereolithography for live cell-scaffold fabrication with designed architecture. Biomaterials 2013, 34, 331–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hofmann, M. 3D printing gets a boost and opportunities with polymer materials. ACS Macro Lett. 2014, 3, 382–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamyshny, A.; Steinke, J.; Magdassi, S. Metal-based inkjet inks for printed electronics. Open Appl. Phys. J. 2011, 4, 19–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zocca, A.; Gomes, C.M.; Staude, A.; Bernardo, E.; Günster, J.; Colombo, P. SiOC ceramics with ordered porosity by 3D-printing of a preceramic polymer. J. Mater. Res. 2013, 28, 2243–2252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bucella, S.G.; Nava, G.; Vishunubhatla, K.C.; Caironi, M. High-resolution direct-writing of metallic electrodes on flexible substrates for high performance organic field effect transistors. Org. Electron. 2013, 14, 2249–2256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Munshi, A.S.; Martin, R.S. Microchip-based electrochemical detection using a 3-D printed wall-jet electrode device. Analyst 2016, 141, 862–869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Anderson, K.B.; Lockwood, S.Y.; Martin, R.S.; Spence, D.M. A 3D printed fluidic device that enables integrated features. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 5622–5626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bhattacharjee, N.; Urrios, A.; Kang, S.; Folch, A. The upcoming 3D-printing revolution in microfluidics. Lab Chip 2016, 16, 1720–1742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Williams, J.M.; Adewunmi, A.; Schek, R.M.; Flanagan, C.L.; Krebsbach, P.H.; Feinberg, S.E.; Hollister, S.J.; Das, S. Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 4817–4827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shirazi, S.F.S.; Gharehkhani, S.; Mehrali, M.; Yarmand, H.; Metselaar, H.S.C.; Kadri, N.A.; Osman, N.A.A. A review on powder-based additive manufacturing for tissue engineering: Selective laser sintering and inkjet 3D printing. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2015, 16, 033502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kolan, K.C.R.; Leu, M.C.; Hilmas, G.E.; Velez, M. Effect of material, process parameters, and simulated body fluids on mechanical properties of 13-93 bioactive glass porous constructs made by selective laser sintering. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 2012, 13, 14–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yeong, W.Y.; Sudarmadji, N.; Yu, H.Y.; Chua, C.K.; Leong, K.F.; Venkatraman, S.S.; Boey, Y.C.F.; Tan, L.P. Porous polycaprolactone scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering fabricated by selective laser sintering. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6, 2028–2034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, G.-H.; Hsu, S. Review: Polymeric-based 3D printing for tissue engineering. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 2015, 35, 285–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olakanmi, E.O.; Cochrane, R.F.; Dalgarno, K.W. A review on selective laser sintering/melting (SLS/SLM) of aluminium alloy powders: Processing, microstructure, and properties. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2015, 74, 401–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fuse 1: Benchtop Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 3D Printer. Available online: https://formlabs.com/3d-printers/fuse-1/ (accessed on 10 July 2018).
- Malinauskas, M.; Žukauskas, A.; Hasegawa, S.; Hayasaki, Y.; Mizeikis, V.; Buividas, R.; Juodkazis, S. Ultrafast laser processing of materials: From science to industry. Light Sci. Appl. 2016, 5, e16133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marino, A.; Barsotti, J.; de Vito, G.; Filippeschi, C.; Mazzolai, B.; Piazza, V.; Labardi, M.; Mattoli, V.; Ciofani, G. Two-photon lithography of 3D nanocomposite piezoelectric scaffolds for cell stimulation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 25574–25579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mačiulaitis, J.; Deveikytė, M.; Rekštytė, S.; Bratchikov, M.; Darinskas, A.; Šimbelytė, A.; Daunoras, G.; Laurinavičienė, A.; Laurinavičius, A.; Gudas, R.; et al. Preclinical study of SZ2080 material 3D microstructured scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering made by femtosecond direct laser writing lithography. Biofabrication 2015, 7, 015015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ovsianikov, A.; Mühleder, S.; Torgersen, J.; Li, Z.; Qin, X.-H.; Van Vlierberghe, S.; Dubruel, P.; Holnthoner, W.; Redl, H.; Liska, R.; et al. Laser photofabrication of cell-containing hydrogel constructs. Langmuir 2014, 30, 3787–3794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Torgersen, J.; Ovsianikov, A.; Mironov, V.; Pucher, N.; Qin, X.; Li, Z.; Cicha, K.; Machacek, T.; Liska, R.; Jantsch, V.; et al. Photo-sensitive hydrogels for three-dimensional laser microfabrication in the presence of whole organisms. J. Biomed. Opt. 2012, 17, 105008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gruene, M.; Deiwick, A.; Koch, L.; Schlie, S.; Unger, C.; Hofmann, N.; Bernemann, I.; Glasmacher, B.; Chichkov, B. Laser printing of stem cells for biofabrication of scaffold-free autologous grafts. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods 2011, 17, 79–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schizas, C.; Melissinaki, V.; Gaidukeviciute, A.; Reinhardt, C.; Ohrt, C.; Dedoussis, V.; Chichkov, B.N.; Fotakis, C.; Farsari, M.; Karalekas, D. On the design and fabrication by two-photon polymerization of a readily assembled micro-valve. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2010, 48, 435–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qu, J.; Kadic, M.; Naber, A.; Wegener, M. Micro-structured two-component 3D metamaterials with negative thermal-expansion coefficient from positive constituents. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 40643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jonušauskas, L.; Skliutas, E.; Butkus, S.; Malinauskas, M. Custom on demand 3D printing of functional microstructures. Lith. J. Phys. 2015, 55, 227–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amato, L.; Gu, Y.; Bellini, N.; Eaton, S.M.; Cerullo, G.; Osellame, R. Integrated three-dimensional filter separates nanoscale from microscale elements in a microfluidic chip. Lab Chip 2012, 12, 1135–1142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Paiè, P.; Bragheri, F.; Carlo, D.D.; Osellame, R. Particle focusing by 3D inertial microfluidics. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 2017, 3, 17027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rogers, C.I.; Qaderi, K.; Woolley, A.T.; Nordin, G.P. 3D printed microfluidic devices with integrated valves. Biomicrofluidics 2015, 9, 016501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Su, C.-K.; Hsia, S.-C.; Sun, Y.-C. Three-dimensional printed sample load/inject valves enabling online monitoring of extracellular calcium and zinc ions in living rat brains. Anal. Chim. Acta 2014, 838, 58–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Su, C.-K.; Peng, P.-J.; Sun, Y.-C. Fully 3D-printed preconcentrator for selective extraction of trace elements in seawater. Anal. Chem. 2015, 87, 6945–6950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Su, C.-K.; Yen, S.-C.; Li, T.-W.; Sun, Y.-C. Enzyme-Immobilized 3D-Printed Reactors for Online Monitoring of Rat Brain Extracellular Glucose and Lactate. Anal. Chem. 2016, 88, 6265–6273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rafeie, M.; Zhang, J.; Asadnia, M.; Li, W.; Warkiani, M.E. Multiplexing slanted spiral microchannels for ultra-fast blood plasma separation. Lab Chip 2016, 16, 2791–2802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, W.; Kwon, D.; Choi, W.; Jung, G.Y.; Au, A.K.; Folch, A.; Jeon, S. 3D-printed microfluidic device for the detection of pathogenic bacteria using size-based separation in helical channel with trapezoid cross-section. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 7717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yan, S.; Tan, S.H.; Li, Y.; Tang, S.; Teo, A.J.T.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, Q.; Yuan, D.; Sluyter, R.; Nguyen, N.T.; et al. A portable, hand-powered microfluidic device for sorting of biological particles. Microfluid. Nanofluid. 2018, 22, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, C.; Lee, J.; Kim, Y.; Kim, J.; Lee, J.; Park, S. 3D-printed microfluidic magnetic preconcentrator for the detection of bacterial pathogen using an ATP luminometer and antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles. J. Microbiol. Methods 2017, 132, 128–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oh, S.; Kim, B.; Lee, J.K.; Choi, S. 3D-printed capillary circuits for rapid, low-cost, portable analysis of blood viscosity. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 259, 106–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santangelo, M.F.; Libertino, S.; Turner, A.P.F.; Filippini, D.; Mak, W.C. Integrating printed microfluidics with silicon photomultipliers for miniaturised and highly sensitive ATP bioluminescence detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018, 99, 464–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tang, C.K.; Vaze, A.; Rusling, J.F. Automated 3D-printed unibody immunoarray for chemiluminescence detection of cancer biomarker proteins. Lab Chip 2017, 17, 484–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nie, J.; Gao, Q.; Qiu, J.; Sun, M.; Liu, A.; Shao, L.; Fu, J.; Zhao, P.; He, Y. 3D printed Lego®-like modular microfluidic devices based on capillary driving. Biofabrication 2018, 10, 035001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Symes, M.D.; Kitson, P.J.; Yan, J.; Richmond, C.J.; Cooper, G.J.T.; Bowman, R.W.; Vilbrandt, T.; Cronin, L. Integrated 3D-printed reactionware for chemical synthesis and analysis. Nat. Chem. 2012, 4, 349–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chen, C.; Wang, Y.; Lockwood, S.Y.; Spence, D.M. 3D-printed fluidic devices enable quantitative evaluation of blood components in modified storage solutions for use in transfusion medicine. Analyst 2014, 139, 3219–3226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bishop, G.W.; Satterwhite-Warden, J.E.; Bist, I.; Chen, E.; Rusling, J.F. Electrochemiluminescence at bare and dna-coated graphite electrodes in 3D-printed fluidic devices. ACS Sens. 2016, 1, 197–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zangheri, M.; Cevenini, L.; Anfossi, L.; Baggiani, C.; Simoni, P.; Di Nardo, F.; Roda, A. A simple and compact smartphone accessory for quantitative chemiluminescence-based lateral flow immunoassay for salivary cortisol detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2015, 64, 63–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Suh, Y.K.; Kang, S. A review on mixing in microfluidics. Micromachines 2010, 1, 82–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shallan, A.I.; Smejkal, P.; Corban, M.; Guijt, R.M.; Breadmore, M.C. Cost-effective three-dimensional printing of visibly transparent microchips within minutes. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 3124–3130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bishop, G.W.; Satterwhite, J.E.; Bhakta, S.; Kadimisetty, K.; Gillette, K.M.; Chen, E.; Rusling, J.F. 3D-printed fluidic devices for nanoparticle preparation and flow-injection amperometry using integrated prussian blue nanoparticle-modified electrodes. Anal. Chem. 2015, 87, 5437–5443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Patrick, W.G.; Nielsen, A.A.K.; Keating, S.J.; Levy, T.J.; Wang, C.-W.; Rivera, J.J.; Mondragón-Palomino, O.; Carr, P.A.; Voigt, C.A.; Oxman, N.; et al. DNA assembly in 3D printed fluidics. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0143636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kise, D.P.; Reddish, M.J.; Dyer, R.B. Sandwich-format 3D printed microfluidic mixers: A flexible platform for multi-probe analysis. J. Micromech. Microeng. 2015, 25, 124002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Plevniak, K.; Campbell, M.; Myers, T.; Hodges, A.; He, M. 3D printed auto-mixing chip enables rapid smartphone diagnosis of anemia. Biomicrofluidics 2016, 10, 054113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mattio, E.; Robert-Peillard, F.; Vassalo, L.; Branger, C.; Margaillan, A.; Brach-Papa, C.; Knoery, J.; Boudenne, J.-L.; Coulomb, B. 3D-printed lab-on-valve for fluorescent determination of cadmium and lead in water. Talanta 2018, 183, 201–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guo, T.; Patnaik, R.; Kuhlmann, K.; Rai, A.J.; Sia, S.K. Smartphone dongle for simultaneous measurement of hemoglobin concentration and detection of HIV antibodies. Lab Chip 2015, 15, 3514–3520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chan, K.; Weaver, S.C.; Wong, P.-Y.; Lie, S.; Wang, E.; Guerbois, M.; Vayugundla, S.P.; Wong, S. Rapid, affordable and portable medium-throughput molecular device for zika virus. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 38223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fernandes, A.C.; Semenova, D.; Panjan, P.; Sesay, A.M.; Gernaey, K.V.; Krühne, U. Multi-function microfluidic platform for sensor integration. New Biotechnol. 2018, in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, K.; Wei, H.; Liu, W.; Meng, H.; Zhang, P.; Yan, C. 3D printed stretchable capacitive sensors for highly sensitive tactile and electrochemical sensing. Nanotechnology 2018, 29, 185501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Manzanares Palenzuela, C.L.; Novotný, F.; Krupička, P.; Sofer, Z.; Pumera, M. 3D-printed graphene/polylactic acid electrodes promise high sensitivity in electroanalysis. Anal. Chem. 2018, 90, 5753–5757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lind, J.U.; Busbee, T.A.; Valentine, A.D.; Pasqualini, F.S.; Yuan, H.; Yadid, M.; Park, S.-J.; Kotikian, A.; Nesmith, A.P.; Campbell, P.H.; et al. Instrumented cardiac microphysiological devices via multimaterial three-dimensional printing. Nat. Mater. 2017, 16, 303–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Muth, J.T.; Vogt, D.M.; Truby, R.L.; Mengüç, Y.; Kolesky, D.B.; Wood, R.J.; Lewis, J.A. Embedded 3D printing of strain sensors within highly stretchable elastomers. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 6307–6312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lei, Z.; Wang, Q.; Wu, P. A multifunctional skin-like sensor based on a 3D printed thermo-responsive hydrogel. Mater. Horiz. 2017, 4, 694–700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Skin to E-Skin. Available online: https://www.nature.com/articles/nnano.2017.228 (accessed on 3 August 2018).
- Shanmugam, A.; Usmani, M.; Mayberry, A.; Perkins, D.L.; Holcomb, D.E. Imaging systems and algorithms to analyze biological samples in real-time using mobile phone microscopy. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0193797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scordo, G.; Moscone, D.; Palleschi, G.; Arduini, F. A reagent-free paper-based sensor embedded in a 3D printing device for cholinesterase activity measurement in serum. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 258, 1015–1021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, W.; Huang, C.; Xu, F.; Yan, J.; Bian, H.; Fu, Q.; Xie, K.; Wang, L.; Tang, Y. A simple and compact smartphone-based device for the quantitative readout of colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassay strips. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018, 266, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knowlton, S.; Joshi, A.; Syrrist, P.; Coskun, A.F.; Tasoglu, S. 3D-printed smartphone-based point of care tool for fluorescence- and magnetophoresis-based cytometry. Lab Chip 2017, 17, 2839–2851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kühnemund, M.; Wei, Q.; Darai, E.; Wang, Y.; Hernández-Neuta, I.; Yang, Z.; Tseng, D.; Ahlford, A.; Mathot, L.; Sjöblom, T.; et al. Targeted DNA sequencing and in situ mutation analysis using mobile phone microscopy. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 13913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Park, J.; Park, H. Thermal cycling characteristics of a 3D-printed serpentine microchannel for DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Sens. Actuators Phys. 2017, 268, 183–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mulberry, G.; White, K.A.; Kim, B.N. 3D printed real-time PCR machine for infectious disease diagnostics. Biophys. J. 2017, 112, 462a. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bianchi, S.; Rajamanickam, V.P.; Ferrara, L.; Fabrizio, E.D.; Liberale, C.; Leonardo, R.D. Focusing and imaging with increased numerical apertures through multimode fibers with micro-fabricated optics. Opt. Lett. 2013, 38, 4935–4938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malinauskas, M.; Žukauskas, A.; Belazaras, K.; Tikuišis, K.; Purlys, V.; Gadonas, R.; Piskarskas, A. Laser fabrication of various polymer microoptical components. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 58, 20501. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liberale, C.; Cojoc, G.; Bragheri, F.; Minzioni, P.; Perozziello, G.; Rocca, R.L.; Ferrara, L.; Rajamanickam, V.; Fabrizio, E.D.; Cristiani, I. Integrated microfluidic device for single-cell trapping and spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3, 1258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kirchner, R.; Chidambaram, N.; Schift, H. Benchmarking surface selective vacuum ultraviolet and thermal postprocessing of thermoplastics for ultrasmooth 3-D-printed micro-optics. Opt. Eng. 2018, 57, 041403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thiele, S.; Arzenbacher, K.; Gissibl, T.; Giessen, H.; Herkommer, A.M. 3D-printed eagle eye: Compound microlens system for foveated imaging. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1602655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhu, H.; Isikman, S.O.; Mudanyali, O.; Greenbaum, A.; Ozcan, A. Optical imaging techniques for point-of-care diagnostics. Lab Chip 2013, 13, 51–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Singh, M.; Tong, Y.; Webster, K.; Cesewski, E.; Haring, A.P.; Laheri, S.; Carswell, B.; O’Brien, T.J.; Aardema, C.H.; Senger, R.S.; et al. 3D printed conformal microfluidics for isolation and profiling of biomarkers from whole organs. Lab Chip 2017, 17, 2561–2571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jang, J.; Park, J.Y.; Gao, G.; Cho, D.-W. Biomaterials-based 3D cell printing for next-generation therapeutics and diagnostics. Biomaterials 2018, 156, 88–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chatzipetrou, M.; Massaouti, M.; Tsekenis, G.; Trilling, A.K.; van Andel, E.; Scheres, L.; Smulders, M.M.J.; Zuilhof, H.; Zergioti, I. Direct Creation of Biopatterns via a combination of laser-based techniques and click chemistry. Langmuir 2017, 33, 848–853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chatzipetrou, M.; Milano, F.; Giotta, L.; Chirizzi, D.; Trotta, M.; Massaouti, M.; Guascito, M.R.; Zergioti, I. Functionalization of gold screen printed electrodes with bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers by laser printing technology for mediatorless herbicide biosensing. Electrochem. Commun. 2016, 64, 46–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schaffner, M.; Rühs, P.A.; Coulter, F.; Kilcher, S.; Studart, A.R. 3D printing of bacteria into functional complex materials. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, eaao6804. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Alam, M.N.H.Z.; Hossain, F.; Vale, A.; Kouzani, A. Design and fabrication of a 3D printed miniature pump for integrated microfluidic applications. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 2017, 18, 1287–1296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- 3D Printing: A New Era for Valve Manufacturing? Available online: http://www.valvemagazine.com/web-only/categories/trends-forecasts/7689-3d-printing-a-new-era-for-valve-manufacturing.html (accessed on 8 May 2018).
- Building Atomic Force Microscope with 3D Printing, Electronics and LEGO. Available online: http://www.robaid.com/tech/building-atomic-force-microscope-with-3d-printing-electronics-and-lego.htm (accessed on 8 May 2018).
- Meloni, G.N.; Bertotti, M. 3D printing scanning electron microscopy sample holders: A quick and cost effective alternative for custom holder fabrication. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0182000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
3D Printing Technique | Principle | Materials | Pros | Cons | Commercially Available Printers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FDM [35,36] | Filament Extrusion | PLA, ABS, PC, Acrylates | Inexpensive, Fast, Multiple Materials | Low resolution, Roughness, Leakage | Makerbot, Ultimaker Prusa |
DIW [46,47,48] | Ink Extrusion | Alginates, Gelatin, Hyaluronates, Epoxy resin | Biocompatible, High Resolution | Extensive Optimization Required | 3D-Bioplotter, BioAssemblyBot |
SLA [54,55] | Light Assisted Polymerization | Acrylates | Good Resolution, Flexibility | Single Material | Form2, FabPro, Nobel |
MJM [59,64,65] | Printable Photocurable Resin on Support | Multiple Materials | Multiple Materials, High Resolution | Expensive | ProJet, Multijet |
SLS [67,68] | IR Beam to Sinter Powdered Polymer | Ceramics, Metals, Polymers | Good Resolution, Variety of Substartes | Expensive, Special handling | Fuse 1, Sintratec |
DLW [73,74] | Two-Photonn Absorption and Polymerization | Polymeric Resin | Exceptional Resolution, Biocompatible | Bulky Instrument | Femtowriter, Tungsten-LAM |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sharafeldin, M.; Jones, A.; Rusling, J.F. 3D-Printed Biosensor Arrays for Medical Diagnostics. Micromachines 2018, 9, 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080394
Sharafeldin M, Jones A, Rusling JF. 3D-Printed Biosensor Arrays for Medical Diagnostics. Micromachines. 2018; 9(8):394. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080394
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharafeldin, Mohamed, Abby Jones, and James F. Rusling. 2018. "3D-Printed Biosensor Arrays for Medical Diagnostics" Micromachines 9, no. 8: 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9080394