Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites that originated millions of years ago. Viral elements cover almost half of the human genome sequence and have evolved as genetic blueprints in humans. They have existed as endosymbionts as they are large...
Ribosomal proteins (RPs), in conjunction with rRNA, are major components of ribosomes involved in the cellular process of protein biosynthesis, known as “translation”. The viruses, as the small infectious pathogens with limited genomes, m...
Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is responsible for the formation of so-called membrane-less organelles (MLOs) that are essential for the spatio-temporal organization of the cell. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) or regions (IDRs),...
Most viruses have small genomes that encode proteins needed to perform essential enzymatic functions. Across virus families, primary enzyme functions are under functional constraint; however, secondary functions mediated by exposed protein surfaces t...
The fusion of viral and cell membranes is one of the basic processes in the life cycles of viruses. A number of enveloped viruses confer fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane using surface viral fusion proteins. Their conformational rear...
Host defense mechanisms against viral infections have been extensively studied over the past few decades and continue to be a crucial area of research in understanding human diseases caused by acute and chronic viral infections. Among various host me...
A severe course of acute respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus (IAV) infection is often linked with subsequent bacterial superinfection, which is difficult to cure. Thus, synergistic influenza–bacterial co-infection represents a serio...
Viral fusion proteins are indispensable mediators of viral entry that orchestrate the fusion of viral and host membranes, making them primary targets for antiviral interventions. Class I fusion proteins, displayed on the surface of enveloped viruses...
Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is a multifunctional protein and belongs to the small HSP family. It has been shown that HSP27 is involved in viral replication as a cellular chaperone, but the function of HSP27 during porcine reproductive and respirato...
Early innate viral recognition by the host is critical for the rapid response and subsequent clearance of an infection. Innate immune cells patrol sites of infection to detect and respond to invading microorganisms including viruses. Surface Toll-lik...
Plant viruses are important pathogens that cause significant crop losses. A plant protein extraction protocol that combines crushing the tissue by a pestle in liquid nitrogen with subsequent crushing by a roller-ball crusher in urea solution, followe...
Secreted viral proteins are crucial in virus–host interactions, as they modify the host microenvironment to promote infection. These secreted proteins could alter immune and inflammatory responses, allowing viruses to evade defense mechanisms s...
Background/Objectives: This review discusses the development and application of targeted protein degradation strategies, particularly focusing on the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway and PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimeras (PROTAC) technology, for antiv...
The Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses encompasses more than 70 members, many of which cause significant disease in humans and livestock. Packaging and assembly of the flavivirus RNA genome is essenti...
The membrane surface of enveloped viruses contains dedicated proteins enabling the fusion of the viral with the host cell membrane. Working with these proteins is almost always challenging because they are membrane-embedded and naturally metastable....
Canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV) is an alphacoronavirus infecting dogs that is closely related to enteric coronaviruses of cats and pigs. While CCoV has traditionally caused mild gastro-intestinal clinical signs, there are increasing reports of leth...
The MARCH family of RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligases comprise 11 members that have been reported to play a variety of roles in the downregulation of cell-surface proteins involved in adaptive immunity. The RING-CH domain of MARCH proteins is thought...
The family Arenaviridae, genus Arenavirus, consists of two phylogenetically independent groups: Old World (OW) and New World (NW) complexes. The Lassa and Lujo viruses in the OW complex and the Guanarito, Junin, Machupo, Sabia, and Chapare viruses in...
Enteroviruses are members of the Picornaviridae family consisting of human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as nonhuman enteroviruses. Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71) has emerged as a major cause of viral encephalitis, known as hand, foot,...
Rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is an important agent causing maize rough dwarf disease, whereas the host factors responding to RBSDV infection are poorly understood. To uncover the molecular interactions between RBSDV and maize, a yeast two-...
A de novo assembly algorithm is provided to propose the assembly of bitopic transmembrane domains (TMDs) of membrane proteins. The algorithm is probed using, in particular, viral channel forming proteins (VCPs) such as M2 of influenza A virus, E prot...
Focusing on the transmembrane domains (TMDs) of viral fusion and channel-forming proteins (VCPs), experimentally available and newly generated peptides in an ideal conformation of the S and E proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus...
Bacterial viruses (or bacteriophages) have developed formidable ways to deliver their genetic information inside bacteria, overcoming the complexity of the bacterial-cell envelope. In short-tailed phages of the Podoviridae superfamily, genome ejectio...
The Arenaviridae family includes widely distributed pathogens that cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Replication and packaging of their single-stranded RNA genome involve RNA recognition by viral proteins and a number of key protein-protein i...
Vaccination is still the most efficient way to prevent an infection with influenza viruses. Nevertheless, existing commercial vaccines face serious limitations such as availability during epidemic outbreaks and their efficacy. Existing seasonal influ...
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of proteins which inhibit infections of various enveloped viruses. While their general mechanism of inhibition seems to be non-specific, involving the tightening of membrane structures t...
Human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) are the causative agents of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). While both viruses share a similar structural and genomic organization, a difference in replication dynamics and...
The interactions between human and viral proteins are pivotal in viral infection and host immune responses. These interactions traverse different stages of the viral life cycle, encompassing initial entry into host cells, replication, and the eventua...
Pellino proteins are a family of evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin ligases involved in intracellular signaling in a wide range of cell types. They are essential for microbe detection and the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Some v...
Jingmen viruses are newly described segmented flavi-like viruses that have a worldwide distribution in ticks and have been associated with febrile illnesses in humans. Computational analyses were used to predict that Jingmen flavi-like virus glycopro...
Abstract: Autophagy-related (Atg) gene-encoded proteins were originally described for their crucial role in macroautophagy, a catabolic pathway for cytoplasmic constituent degradation in lysosomes. Recently it has become clear that modules of this ma...
Zika virus (ZIKV) was first discovered in Uganda’s Zika Forest in 1947. The early African viruses posed little or no health risk to humans. Since then, ZIKV has undergone extensive genetic evolution and adapted to humans, and it now causes a ra...
The double-stranded RNA-binding protein Staufen1 (Stau1) has multiple functions during RNA virus infection. In this study, we investigated the role of Stau1 in viral translation by using a combination of enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) infection, RNA reporte...
Proteins of the bromodomain and exterminal domain (BET) family mediate critical host functions such as cell proliferation, transcriptional regulation, and the innate immune response, which makes them preferred targets for viruses. These multidomain p...
The papers published in this Special Issue include various essential steps and regulatory mechanisms involved in viral protein synthesis, protein processing, glycosylation, and assembly [...]
C-terminal binding protein (CtBP), a transcriptional co-repressor, significantly influences cellular signaling, impacting various biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune responses. The CtBP family com...
Several protein expression platforms exist for a wide variety of biopharmaceutical needs. A substantial proportion of research and development into protein expression platforms and their optimization since the mid-1900s is a result of the production...
We examined acute phase protein (APP) concentrations in viral infections of dairy ruminants and assessed the potential role of characteristic patterns of APP changes in auxiliary diagnosing viral diseases. All viruses reviewed are common causes of fa...
The innate immune pathway serves as the first line of defense against viral infections and plays a crucial role in the host’s immune response in clearing viruses. Prior research has indicated that the influenza A virus has developed various str...
Viruses exploit the host cell machinery to enable infection and propagation. This review discusses the complex landscape of DNA virus–host interactions, focusing primarily on herpesviruses and adenoviruses, which replicate in the nucleus of inf...
The non-structural protein (NSs) and nucleoprotein (NP) of the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) encoded by the S segment are crucial for viral pathogenesis. They reside in viroplasm-like structures (VLS), but their interactio...
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has now become one of the greatest causes of infectious death and morbidity since the 1918 flu pandemic. Substantial and unprecedented progress has been made in the elucidation of the viral infection process in a short time; howe...
Nuclear bodies are structures in eukaryotic cells that lack a plasma membrane and are considered protein condensates, DNA, or RNA molecules. Known nuclear bodies include the nucleolus, Cajal bodies, and promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies. These bo...
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a large group of chaperones found in most eukaryotes and bacteria. They are responsible for the correct protein folding, protection of the cell against stressors, presenting immune and inflammatory cytokines; furthermor...
An unprecedented effort to tackle the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has characterized the activity of the global scientific community over the last two years. Hundreds of published studies have focused on the comprehension of the immune response to the v...
Globally, over 170 million people (ca. 3% of the World’s population) are infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), which can cause serious liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis, evolving into subsequent health problems. Driven by the need to dete...
NOP53 is a tumor suppressor protein located in the nucleolus and is translocated to the cytoplasm during infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), as shown in our previous study. Cytoplasmic NOP53 interact...
The negative strand of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) proviral genome contains an antisense open reading frame encoding a protein (ASP) with no known homologs. The presence of immune responses to ASP in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) dem...
The 14-3-3 proteins are a family of ubiquitous and exclusively eukaryotic proteins with an astoundingly significant number of binding partners. Their binding alters the activity, stability, localization, and phosphorylation state of a target protein....
The seasonal patterns of viral diseases in farm animals present significant challenges to global livestock productivity, with cold stress emerging as a potential modulator of host–pathogen interactions. This review synthesizes current knowledge...
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