Viral Proteins as Emerging Cancer Therapeutics
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Human Viral Proteins as Anticancer Agents
2.1. Parvovirus NS1
Mechanism of Action
2.2. Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAV) Rep78
Mechanism of Action
2.3. Human Herpesvirus Type 6 (HHV-6) Rep6/U94
2.3.1. Mechanism of Action
2.3.2. Role of U94 in Blocking Angiogenesis
3. Why Avian Viral Proteins as Anticancer Therapeutics?
3.1. Chicken Anemia Virus (CAV) Apoptin
3.1.1. Mechanism of Action
3.1.2. AdP
3.2. Avian Reovirus (ARV) p17
3.2.1. Role in Cell Cycle
3.2.2. Role in Angiogenesis
3.3. Muscovy Duck Reovirus (MDRV) p10.8
Cell Cycle Arrest
3.4. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) F Protein
4. Old World (OW) Alphaviruses
4.1. Mechanism of Action
4.2. SINV E1 and E2
5. Administration Tools
6. Conclusions and Future Directions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protein | Host | Function | Mode of Action | Binding Partners | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NS1 | Rat | Endonuclease, Helicase, ATPase | DDR, cell cycle arrest, intrinsic apoptosis | PKC, CKII | [10,15] |
Rep78 | Human | Endonuclease, Helicase, ATPase | Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis | PKA, p53, c-jun, cdc25A | [19,21,22,23] |
U94 | Human | Exonuclease, Helicase, ATPase | Intrinsic apoptosis, sHLA-G release, src downregulation | TATA-binding protein | [25] |
Apoptin | Chicken | Apoptosis | Intrinsic apoptosis | PML, APC/C, PKC, Akt, Nur77, BCR-Abl1 | [42,47,55,63] |
AdP | Apoptosis | MMP-9 inhibition | HSE-SH3 | [62,64] | |
P17 | Chicken | Autophagy? (?—unconfirmed) | Autophagy, cell cycle arrest, sDPP4 release | hnRNPA1, lamin A/C, Tpr, CDK1, cyclin A/D/E | [74,77] |
P10.8 | Duck | Apoptosis | Extrinsic apoptosis, cell cycle arrest | CCT2/5 | [88] |
F | Birds | Fusion, Virulence | Autophagy? (?—unconfirmed) | α-2,6 Sialic acid receptor | [92] |
nsP2 | Birds, Horses, Cattle | Nucleoside triphosphatase, helicase | Apoptosis, ER stress response, cell cycle arrest | RBP1 (RNA polymerase II) | [99] |
E1/E2 | Birds, Horses, Cattle | Receptor binding/ Fusion | Apoptosis | bcl-2 | [111] |
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Manocha, E.; Caruso, A.; Caccuri, F. Viral Proteins as Emerging Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers 2021, 13, 2199. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092199
Manocha E, Caruso A, Caccuri F. Viral Proteins as Emerging Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers. 2021; 13(9):2199. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092199
Chicago/Turabian StyleManocha, Ekta, Arnaldo Caruso, and Francesca Caccuri. 2021. "Viral Proteins as Emerging Cancer Therapeutics" Cancers 13, no. 9: 2199. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092199