This research describes a wearable skin hydration sensor based on cotton textile to determine the state of hydration within the skin via impedance analysis. The sensor structure comprises a textile substrate, thermoplastic over-layer, conductive patt...
This article introduces a microwave sensor tailored for skin hydration monitoring. The design enables wireless operation by separating the sensing component from the reader, making it ideal for wearable devices like wristbands. The sensor consists of...
Soft biomimetic electronic devices primarily comprise an electronic skin (e-skin) capable of implementing various wearable/implantable applications such as soft human–machine interfaces, epidermal healthcare systems, and neuroprosthetics owing to its...
Capacitive humidity sensors typically consist of interdigitated electrodes coated with a dielectric layer sensitive to varying relative humidity levels. Previous studies have investigated different polymeric materials that exhibit changes in conducti...
An infrared (IR) absorbance sensor has been designed, realized and tested with the aim of detecting malignant melanomas in human skin biopsies. The sensor has been designed to obtain fast measurements (80 s) of a biopsy using a small light spot (0.5...
In this work, a respiratory sensor is studied, measuring the capacitance constructed by attached electrodes on the abdomen. Based on previous findings, that skin thickness changes caused by respiration provides the signal, the fitting condition of th...
The aim of our work was to analyze the influence of changes in humidity and temperature on temporal features of sensed photoplethysmography (PPG) waves. This paper describes a special prototype of a wearable PPG multi-sensor with an integrated I2C hu...
The development of a bio-hybrid tactile sensor array that incorporates a skin analogue comprised of alginate encapsulated fibroblasts is described. The electrical properties are modulated by mechanical stress induced during contact, and changes are d...
The detection of aircraft skin is an important part of the process of aircraft design, manufacturing, and application. This paper proposes a metamaterial sensor for non-destructive detection of aircraft composite skin damage. Firstly, Using the pertu...
MEMS-based skin friction sensors are used to measure and validate skin friction and its distribution, and their advantages of small volume, high reliability, and low cost make them very important for vehicle design. Aiming at addressing the accuracy...
This paper presents major improvements to a multimodal, adjustable sensitivity skin sensor module. It employs a geomagnetic 3-axis Hall effect sensor to measure changes in the position of a magnetic field generated by an electromagnet. The electromag...
Micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) skin friction sensors are considered to be promising sensors in hypersonic wind tunnel experiments owing to their miniature size, high sensitivity, and stability. Aiming at the problem of short test duration (a f...
We propose a new body sensor for extracting the respiration rate based on the amplitude changes in the body surface potential differences between two proximal body electrodes. The sensor could be designed as a plaster-like reusable unit that can be e...
This study presents a flexible wireless electronic skin (e-skin) sensor system that includes a multi-functional sensor device, a triple-mode reconfigurable readout integrated circuit (ROIC), and a mobile monitoring interface. The e-skin device’s mult...
Many factors affect photoplethysmography (PPG) signal quality, one of them being the actual temperature of the skin surface. This paper describes the process of design, realization, and testing of a special wearable PPG sensor prototype with the cont...
The skin friction of a hypersonic vehicle surface can account for up to 50% of the total resistance, directly affecting the vehicle’s effective range and load. A wind tunnel experiment is an important and effective method to optimize the aerody...
The transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the skin wettedness factor (SWF) are considered parts of a key perspective related to skincare. The former is used to determine the loss of water content from the stratum corneum (SC), while the latter is used...
In recent years, with the rapid development of flexible electronic devices, researchers have a great interest in the research of electronic skin (e-skin). Traditional e-skin, which is made of rigid integrated circuit chips, not only limits the overal...
This paper describes the design, realization, and application of a wearable sensor based on the photoplethysmography (PPG) principle supplemented with a force-sensitive resistor and a thermometer for the measurement of contact pressure force and the...
The increasing number of IoT devices has led to more electronic waste production, which harms the environment and human health. Self-powered sensor systems are a solution, but they often use toxic materials. We propose using biocompatible peanut skin...
Flexible electronics, which can be distributed on any surface we need, are highly demanded in the development of Internet of Things (IoT), robot technology and electronic skins. Temperature is a fundamental physical parameter, and it is an important...
Touch is a crucial sense for advanced organisms, particularly humans, as it provides essential information about the shape, size, and texture of contacting objects. In robotics and automation, the integration of tactile sensors has become increasingl...
This paper presents an easy means to produce a 3-axis Hall effect–based skin sensor for robotic applications. It uses an off-the-shelf chip and is physically small and provides digital output. Furthermore, the sensor has a soft exterior for safe inte...
It is difficult to accurately measure the volume of transdermally extracted interstitial fluid (ISF), which is important for improving blood glucose prediction accuracy. Skin resistance, which is a good indicator of skin permeability, can be used to...
In the present study, novel dry-contact sensors for measuring electro-encephalography (EEG) signals without any skin preparation are designed, fabricated by an injection molding manufacturing process and experimentally validated. Conventional wet ele...
Flexible pressure sensors play a significant role in wearable electronics, human–machine interfaces, and health monitoring, and improving their performance has always been a major focus of research. Various microstructures have been proposed to...
The application of a Bluetooth skin resistance sensor in assisting people with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), in their day-to-day work, is presented in this paper. The design and construction of the device are discussed. The authors have considered...
With the development of technology, people’s demand for pressure sensors with high sensitivity and a wide working range is increasing. An effective way to achieve this goal is simulating human skin. Herein, we propose a facile, low-cost, and re...
Self-healing materials can prolong the lifetime of structures and products by enabling the repairing of damage. However, detecting the damage and the progress of the healing process remains an important issue. In this study, self-healing, piezoresist...
Different skin pigments among various ethnic group people have an impact on spectrometric illumination on skin surface. To effectively capture photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals, a multi-wavelength opto-electronic patch sensor (OEPS) together with a...
Epidermal electronic sensors (EESs) possess great advantages in the real-time and enduring monitoring of human vital information compared to the traditional medical device for intimately making contact with human skin. Skin strain is a significant an...
Resilience pads provide elastic behavior and reduce impact and vibration loads in sleeper floating tracks, but their long-term degradation affects critical track components. Their performance is currently measured using labor-intensive, expensive res...
MXene materials have the metallic conductivity of transition metal carbides. Among them, Ti3C2TX with an accordion structure has great application prospects in the field of wearable devices. However, flexible wearable electronic devices face the prob...
This study describes the developed special prototype of a wearable measuring device based on a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor. It contains also a humidity sensor and a thermometer to measure skin moisture and temperature, and a force-sensitive (FS...
Skin-inspired flexible tactile sensors, with interfacial microstructure, are developed on cellulose fiber substrates for subtle pressure applications. Our device is made of two cellulose fiber substrates with conductive microscale structures, which e...
Currently, old-style personal Medicare techniques rely mostly on traditional methods, such as cumbersome tools and complicated processes, which can be time consuming and inconvenient in some circumstances. Furthermore, such old methods need the use o...
Multi-functional electronic skin is of paramount significance for wearable electronics in health monitoring, medical analysis, and human-machine interfacing systems. In order to achieve the function of natural skin, mechanical sensing with high sensi...
Wrist-worn devices enable new paradigms of implicit and continuous user authentication; however, identifying biometric modalities that combine reliability with practical integrability remains challenging. Inner-wrist skin texture represents a relativ...
Electromagnetic eddy current sensors are commonly used to identify and quantify the surface notches of metals. However, the unintentional tilt of eddy current sensors affects results of size profiling, particularly for the depth profiling. In this pa...
This paper proposes a validation method of the fabrication technology of a screen-printed electronic skin based on polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene P(VDF-TrFE) piezoelectric polymer sensors. This required researchers to insure, through non-d...
To improve the measurement and subsequent use of human skin temperature (Tsk) data, there is a need for practical methods to compare Tsk sensors and to quantify and better understand measurement error. We sought to develop, evaluate, and utilize a sk...
Wearable technology has attracted significant public attention and has generated huge societal and economic impact, leading to changes of both personal lifestyles and formats of healthcare. An important type of devices in wearable technology is flexi...
This review summarizes the latest developments in the field of skin chemical sensors, in particular wearable ones. Five major applications are covered in the present work: (i) sweat analysis, (ii) skin hydration, (iii) skin wounds, (iv) perspiration...
Self-powered skin sensors have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their great potential in medical care, robotics, prosthetics, and sports. More importantly, self-powered skin sensors do not need any energy-supply components like...
Developing flexible sensors that combine high sensitivity, a wide detection range, and comfortable wearability remains a key challenge in the development of electronic skin. This study presents a breathable, highly sensitive, and wearable piezoresist...
Background: A nanomaterial-based electronic-skin (E-Skin) wearable sensor has been successfully used for detecting and measuring body movements such as finger movement and foot pressure. The ultrathin and highly sensitive characteristics of E-Skin se...
Skin is the largest sensory organ and receives information from external stimuli. Human body signals have been monitored using wearable devices, which are gradually being replaced by electronic skin (E-skin). We assessed the basic technologies from t...
Melanin is one of the key light absorbers in skin and is responsible for the colour of the skin. This study evaluates the responsivity of different skin tones to white light within the visible spectral range of 300–700 nm on 12 participants. Th...
The rapid advances in human-friendly and wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors have facilitated the continuous and real-time monitoring of physiological conditions, enabling self-health care without being restricted by location. In this paper,...
In order to replace nonrenewable resources and decrease electronic waste disposal, there is a rapidly rising demand for the utilization of reproducible and degradable biopolymers in flexible electronics. Natural biopolymers have many remarkable chara...
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