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Photonics
Volume 12
Issue 8
10.3390/photonics12080820
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Review

Recent Advances in C-Band High-Power and High-Speed Radio Frequency Photodiodes: Review, Theory and Applications

by
Saeed Haydhah
1,
Fabien Ferrero
2,
Xiupu Zhang
1,* and
Ahmed A. Kishk
1
1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
2
Laboratoire Electronnique Antennes et Telecommunications (LEAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universit’e Cote d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, 06903 Antibes, France
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Photonics 2025, 12(8), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080820 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 April 2025 / Revised: 27 July 2025 / Accepted: 12 August 2025 / Published: 17 August 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

A review of the recent research work on high-power and high-speed (HPHS) Ge-on-Si photodiode design is presented, using Silicon Photonics (SiPh) technology, suitable for Radio-over-Fiber base station schemes. The Photodiode (PD) principle of operation, its structure for high RF photogenerated power, and the achieved PD wide bandwidth are presented. Then, the PD equivalent circuit models are introduced to obtain the PD S-parameters and operating bandwidth, such that efficient power coupling to mmWave loads is realized. Then, the PD theoretical transit-time and RC-time bandwidths are presented, and the PD photocurrent behavior against input optical power, and the optical signal manipulation techniques to improve the PD performance are also presented. After that, the impedance matching techniques between the PD output impedance and antenna input impedance are presented. Finally, recent photonic mmWave antenna designs are introduced.
Keywords: Ge-on-Si photodiode; high-power and high-speed photodiode; silicon photonics; C-band optical signal; radio-over-fiber; wireless 5G communications; mmWave antenna Ge-on-Si photodiode; high-power and high-speed photodiode; silicon photonics; C-band optical signal; radio-over-fiber; wireless 5G communications; mmWave antenna

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MDPI and ACS Style

Haydhah, S.; Ferrero, F.; Zhang, X.; Kishk, A.A. Recent Advances in C-Band High-Power and High-Speed Radio Frequency Photodiodes: Review, Theory and Applications. Photonics 2025, 12, 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080820

AMA Style

Haydhah S, Ferrero F, Zhang X, Kishk AA. Recent Advances in C-Band High-Power and High-Speed Radio Frequency Photodiodes: Review, Theory and Applications. Photonics. 2025; 12(8):820. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080820

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haydhah, Saeed, Fabien Ferrero, Xiupu Zhang, and Ahmed A. Kishk. 2025. "Recent Advances in C-Band High-Power and High-Speed Radio Frequency Photodiodes: Review, Theory and Applications" Photonics 12, no. 8: 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080820

APA Style

Haydhah, S., Ferrero, F., Zhang, X., & Kishk, A. A. (2025). Recent Advances in C-Band High-Power and High-Speed Radio Frequency Photodiodes: Review, Theory and Applications. Photonics, 12(8), 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080820

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