Nutrients

16 pages, 644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Psychobehavioral Factors and the Increased Eating Rate of Ultra-Processed Versus Non-Ultra-Processed Meals in Individuals with Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial

by Ludmila de Melo Barros, Vanessa Amorim Peixoto, Guilherme César Oliveira de Carvalho, Micnéias Róberth Pereira, Rodrigo Tenório Lins Carnaúba and Nassib Bezerra Bueno

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132236 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: A faster eating rate is associated with increased energy intake and risk of obesity. High consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with a faster eating rate. Psychobehavioral aspects, such as body image self-perception, eating disorders, and anxiety, may modulate this eating [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: A faster eating rate is associated with increased energy intake and risk of obesity. High consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with a faster eating rate. Psychobehavioral aspects, such as body image self-perception, eating disorders, and anxiety, may modulate this eating behavior. Therefore, this study examined the moderating role of psychobehavioral factors in the association between meal type (UPF vs non-UPF) and eating rate among individuals with obesity. Methods: It is a secondary analysis of a randomized, parallel clinical trial conducted with 39 adults who have obesity. Participants were assigned to consume either a UPF-only composed meal or a UPF-free meal, both of which were isoenergetic (~550 kcal). Psychobehavioral variables (food addiction—mYFAS 2.0, body image perception and satisfaction—Silhouette Rating Scale, eating disorders—EAT-26, and anxiety—GAD-7) were assessed. Eating rate was measured in kcal/min. Results: Body image perception and satisfaction significantly interacted with the type of meal. In the UPF group, lower body image dissatisfaction was associated with a higher eating rate (β = 4.79 kcal/min; 95% CI: 1.40; 8.19; p = 0.007), while a higher body image perception score was associated with a lower eating rate (β = −4.61 kcal/min; 95% CI: −8.57; −0.65; p = 0.024). No significant associations were observed for food addiction scores, eating disorders or anxiety. Conclusions: Body image modulates the eating rate in the context of UPF consumption. These findings suggest that interventions against obesity should consider individual psychobehavioral characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Ultra-Processed Foods and Health Outcomes)

17 pages, 2440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Dietary Amino Acid Intake and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Children: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Machine Learning Study

by Lianlong Yu, Xiaodong Zheng, Jilan Li, Changqing Liu, Yiya Liu, Meina Tian, Qianrang Zhu, Zhenchuang Tang and Maoyu Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132235 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a protein that indicates inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The intake of dietary amino acids can influence immune and inflammatory reactions. However, studies on the relationship between dietary amino acids and hs-CRP, especially in children, [...] Read more.

Background High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a protein that indicates inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The intake of dietary amino acids can influence immune and inflammatory reactions. However, studies on the relationship between dietary amino acids and hs-CRP, especially in children, remain scarce. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Nutrition and China Children and Lactating Women Nutrition and Health Survey (2016–2019), focusing on 3514 children (724 with elevated hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/L and 2790 with normal levels). Dietary information was gathered via a food frequency questionnaire, and hs-CRP levels were obtained from blood samples. Boruta algorithm and propensity scores were used to select and match dietary factors and sample sizes. Machine learning (ML) algorithms and logistic regression models assessed the link between amino acid intake and elevated hs-CRP risk, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and lifestyle factors. Results The odds ratios (ORs) for elevated hs-CRP were significant for several amino acids, including Ile, Leu, Lys, Ser, Cys, Tyr, His, Pro, SAA, and AAA, with values ranging from 1.10 to 2.07. The LightGBM algorithm was the most effective in predicting elevated hs-CRP risk, achieving an AUC of 0.927. Tyrosine, methionine, cysteine, and proline were identified as important features by SHAP analysis and logistic regression. The intake of Ser, Cys, Tyr, and Pro showed a linear increase in the risk of elevated hs-CRP, especially in individuals with low protein intake and normal weight (p < 0.1). Conclusions Intake of amino acids like Ser, Cys, Tyr, and Pro significantly impacts hs-CRP levels in children, indicating that regulating these could help prevent inflammation-related diseases. This study supports future dietary and health management strategies. This is first large-scale ML study linking amino acids to pediatric inflammation in China. The main limitations are the cross-section design and the use of self-reported dietary data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Proteins and Amino Acids in Relation to Human Health)

26 pages, 1293 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microbiota-Modulating Strategies in Neonates Undergoing Surgery for Congenital Gastrointestinal Conditions: A Narrative Review

by Nunzia Decembrino, Maria Grazia Scuderi, Pasqua Maria Betta, Roberta Leonardi, Agnese Bartolone, Riccardo Marsiglia, Chiara Marangelo, Stefania Pane, Domenico Umberto De Rose, Guglielmo Salvatori, Giuseppe Grosso, Federica Martina Di Domenico, Andrea Dotta, Lorenza Putignani, Irma Capolupo and Vincenzo Di Benedetto

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2234; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132234 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The gut microbiota (GM) is pivotal for immune regulation, metabolism, and neurodevelopment. Infants undergoing surgery for congenital gastrointestinal anomalies are especially prone to microbial imbalances, with a paucity of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides) and diminished short-chain fatty acid production. Dysbiosis [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The gut microbiota (GM) is pivotal for immune regulation, metabolism, and neurodevelopment. Infants undergoing surgery for congenital gastrointestinal anomalies are especially prone to microbial imbalances, with a paucity of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides) and diminished short-chain fatty acid production. Dysbiosis has been associated with severe complications, including necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and feeding intolerance. This narrative review aims to critically examine strategies for microbiota modulation in this high-risk cohort. Methods: An extensive literature analysis was performed to compare the evolution of GM in healthy neonates versus those requiring gastrointestinal surgery, synthetizing strategies to maintain eubiosis, such as early nutritional interventions—particularly the use of human milk—along with antibiotic management and supplementary treatments including probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and lactoferrin. Emerging techniques in metagenomic and metabolomic analysis were also evaluated for their potential to elucidate microbial dynamics in these patients. Results: Neonates undergoing gastrointestinal surgery exhibit significant alterations in microbial communities, characterized by reduced levels of eubiotic bacteria and an overrepresentation of opportunistic pathogens. Early initiation of enteral feeding with human milk and careful antibiotic stewardship are linked to improved microbial balance. Adjunctive therapies, such as the administration of probiotics and lactoferrin, show potential in enhancing gut barrier function and immune modulation, although confirmation through larger-scale studies remains necessary. Conclusions: Modulating the GM emerges as a promising strategy to ameliorate outcome in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions. Future research should focus on the development of standardized therapeutic protocols and the execution of rigorous multicenter trials to validate the efficacy and safety of these interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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25 pages, 4008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dysregulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism Drives Inflammatory Lipid Production in Localized Provoked Vulvodynia

by Sarah A. Fischer, Oluwademilade Oladele, Zahra Mahamed, Emanuelle Chrysilla, Anna Baumer, Tamari Bekauri, Krishna Rao Maddipati, Tanzy Love, Mitchell Linder and Megan Falsetta

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2233; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132233 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Localized provoked vulvodynia (LPV) is characterized by chronic vulvar pain upon light touch to the vestibule, a specialized ring of tissue immediately surrounding the vaginal opening. LPV affects about 14 million people in the US, yet the etiopathology of the disease [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Localized provoked vulvodynia (LPV) is characterized by chronic vulvar pain upon light touch to the vestibule, a specialized ring of tissue immediately surrounding the vaginal opening. LPV affects about 14 million people in the US, yet the etiopathology of the disease is unknown. In LPV, the vestibule expresses elevated levels of the pro-nociceptive pro-inflammatory mediators prostaglandin E₂(PGE2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which corresponds to lower pain thresholds. Previous studies have shown reduced amounts of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived pro-resolving lipid mediators in tissue biopsies from LPV patients that might impede the resolution of inflammation. AA is obtained from dietary linoleic acid, pointing to a defect in the metabolism of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in LPV. We aimed to further explore the involvement of AA metabolism in LPV, which appears dysregulated in the vestibule of LPV patients and culminates in chronic inflammation and chronic pain. Methods: Vestibular and vulvar tissue biopsies obtained from LPV and non-LPV patients were used to generate fibroblast strains and assessed for COX/LOX expression using qRT-PCR. Fibroblast strains were treated with inflammatory stimuli, and then COX-1 and COX-2 expression was assessed using Western blot analysis. Pro-inflammatory mediator production was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). ALOX5 and ALOX12 expression was assessed using qRT-PCR. Finally, lipidomic analysis was carried out to screen for 143 lipid metabolites following inflammatory challenge. Results: Tissue and fibroblasts from LPV patients exhibited altered expression of COX/LOX enzymes and production of AA-derived lipid mediators compared to non-LPV patients. Conclusions: Lipid profiles of tissue and vestibular fibroblasts from LPV patients differed from non-LPV patients, and this difference was attributed to differential COX/LOX expression and activity, which metabolizes AA derived from dietary linoleic acid. This dysregulation fosters chronic inflammation and reduced resolution capacity in LPV patients, causing chronic pain. While further work is needed, these findings suggest that dietary modifications could impact the LPV mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids as Modulators of Immune Function: Implications on Human Health)

20 pages, 1343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Gut Microbiome in Patients with Coexisting Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

by Marcin Chojnacki, Aleksandra Błońska, Aleksandra Kaczka, Jan Chojnacki, Ewa Walecka-Kapica, Natalia Romanowska, Karolina Przybylowska-Sygut and Tomasz Popławski

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2232; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132232 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: The gut microbiome is a key modulator of the gut–brain axis and may contribute to the pathophysiology of both gastrointestinal and systemic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate gut microbiota composition and tryptophan/phenylalanine metabolism in women with unclassified irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-U), [...] Read more.

Background: The gut microbiome is a key modulator of the gut–brain axis and may contribute to the pathophysiology of both gastrointestinal and systemic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate gut microbiota composition and tryptophan/phenylalanine metabolism in women with unclassified irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-U), with or without coexisting chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Methods: Eighty women were enrolled and divided into two groups: IBS-U without CFS (Group I, n = 40) and IBS-U with coexisting CFS (Group II, n = 40). Microbial composition and diversity were assessed using the GA-map™ Dysbiosis Test, including the dysbiosis index (DI) and Shannon Diversity Index (SDI). Hydrogen and methane levels were measured in breath samples. Urinary concentrations of selected microbial and neuroactive metabolites—homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), xanthurenic acid (XA), quinolinic acid (QA), hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA), and 3-indoxyl sulfate (3-IS)—were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Fatigue severity was assessed using the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ-11) and the fatigue severity scale (FSS). Results: Compared to Group I, patients with IBS-CFS showed significantly greater microbial diversity, higher breath methane levels, and elevated urinary concentrations of QA, XA, 3-IS, and HVA, alongside lower concentrations of 5-HIAA and KYN. Fatigue severity was positively correlated with urinary XA and QA levels. Conclusions: Women with IBS and coexisting CFS exhibit distinct gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolite profiles compared to those without fatigue. The observed metabolite–symptom associations, particularly involving neuroactive kynurenine derivatives, warrant further investigation. These preliminary findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating and require validation through high-resolution microbiome analyses, functional pathway profiling, and longitudinal or interventional studies to clarify causality and clinical significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Evaluation and Treatment of Extraintestinal Disease Symptoms in Patients with Gut Dysbiosis)

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32 pages, 2568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Dietary Patterns and Health Behaviours of Centenarians in Ourense (Spain): Adherence to the Southern European Atlantic Diet

by Pablo García-Vivanco, Roberto Fernandez, Rosa Meijide-Faílde, Esperanza Navarro-Pardo, Cristina Conde, Ricardo de la Fuente, Cristina Margusinos, Alberto Rodríguez, Ana Canelada, Pablo Taboada, Alberto Cepeda and Alberto Coelho

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2231; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132231 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Understanding the multifactorial determinants of human longevity remains a major scientific challenge. Certain regions of the world—so-called “longevity hotspots”—exhibit a notably high prevalence of centenarians; one such region is the province of Ourense, in north-western Spain. Objectives: This study aimed to analyse, [...] Read more.

Background: Understanding the multifactorial determinants of human longevity remains a major scientific challenge. Certain regions of the world—so-called “longevity hotspots”—exhibit a notably high prevalence of centenarians; one such region is the province of Ourense, in north-western Spain. Objectives: This study aimed to analyse, for the first time, the nutritional factors associated with healthy longevity among centenarians, as well as those linked to longevity irrespective of health status, in the province of Ourense. Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective, observational, mixed-methods study was conducted. A population of 261 individuals aged 100 or over residing in Ourense was identified. A sample of 156 participants was included in the quantitative analysis; from this sample, 25 centenarians were selected for in-depth qualitative analysis through personal interviews. Results: Dietary patterns aligned with the Southern European Atlantic Diet (SEAD), combined with strong social bonds and a culture of self-sufficiency, appear to be key contributors to exceptional longevity in this population. Conclusions: Remarkable longevity in Ourense is associated with a combination of factors: adherence to an SEAD-style dietary pattern, an active and uncomplicated lifestyle, and strong social support networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

11 pages, 2544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Fat Diet with Normal Caloric Intake Elevates TMA and TMAO Production and Reduces Microbial Diversity in Rats

by Mateusz Szudzik, Mikołaj Zajdel, Emilia Samborowska, Karol Perlejewski, Marek Radkowski and Marcin Ufnal

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2230; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132230 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Trimethylamine (TMA), produced by gut microbiota, and its derivative trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are both associated with cardiometabolic diseases. While the effects of high-fat diets (HFDs) and high-disaccharide diets (HDDs) on gut microbiota in the context of obesity have been well studied, their [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Trimethylamine (TMA), produced by gut microbiota, and its derivative trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are both associated with cardiometabolic diseases. While the effects of high-fat diets (HFDs) and high-disaccharide diets (HDDs) on gut microbiota in the context of obesity have been well studied, their impact on TMA/TMAO production, particularly alongside physiological caloric intake, remains obscure. This study investigates how standard HFDs and HDDs alongside physiological caloric intake influence gut microbiota composition and TMA/TMAO production in rats. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were fed one of three diets a standard diet, an HFD, or an HDD for 12 weeks, with chow availability adjusted by age to maintain physiological caloric intake. Gut bacterial diversity was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metabolites were quantified via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS) in urine and plasma. Results: The HFD group had significantly higher urinary levels of TMA and TMAO compared to the control and HDD groups. Gut bacterial diversity in the HFD group was markedly reduced, displaying the lowest species richness and phylogenetic diversity among all the groups. Notably, Pasteurellaceae (within the order Pasteurellales) and S24-7 (within the order Bacteroidales) were positively correlated with TMAO levels. The demonstrated HDD group increased microbial diversity compared to both the control and HFD groups. Conclusions: A high-fat diet during controlled and physiological caloric intake increases TMA/TMAO production and reduces gut microbial diversity. This underscores the role of diet composition, beyond caloric excess, in shaping gut microbiota and the related cardiometabolic biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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27 pages, 3169 KiB

Open AccessReview

Alcohol Consumption and Liver Metabolism in the Era of MASLD: Integrating Nutritional and Pathophysiological Insights

by Carlo Acierno, Fannia Barletta, Alfredo Caturano, Riccardo Nevola, Ferdinando Carlo Sasso, Luigi Elio Adinolfi and Luca Rinaldi

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2229; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132229 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged as the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, driven by the global epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this evolving nosological landscape, alcohol consumption—traditionally excluded from the diagnostic criteria of [...] Read more.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged as the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, driven by the global epidemics of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this evolving nosological landscape, alcohol consumption—traditionally excluded from the diagnostic criteria of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—has regained central clinical importance. The recently defined MetALD phenotype acknowledges the co-existence of metabolic dysfunction and a significant alcohol intake, highlighting the synergistic nature of their pathogenic interactions. This narrative review provides a comprehensive analysis of the biochemical, mitochondrial, immunometabolic, and nutritional mechanisms through which alcohol exacerbates liver injury in MASLD. Central to this interaction is cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), whose induction by both ethanol and insulin resistance enhances oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and fibrogenesis. Alcohol also promotes mitochondrial dysfunction, intestinal barrier disruption, and micronutrient depletion, thereby aggravating metabolic and inflammatory derangements. Furthermore, alcohol contributes to sarcopenia and insulin resistance, establishing a bidirectional link between hepatic and muscular impairment. While some observational studies have suggested a cardiometabolic benefit of a moderate alcohol intake, emerging evidence challenges the safety of any threshold in patients with MASLD. Accordingly, current international guidelines recommend alcohol restriction or abstinence in all individuals with steatotic liver disease and metabolic risk. The review concludes by proposing an integrative clinical model and a visual cascade framework for the assessment and management of alcohol consumption in MASLD, integrating counseling, non-invasive fibrosis screening, and personalized lifestyle interventions. Future research should aim to define safe thresholds, validate MetALD-specific biomarkers, and explore the efficacy of multidisciplinary interventions targeting both metabolic and alcohol-related liver injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alcohol Consumption and Human Health)

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18 pages, 6772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Mechanism of Peanut Skin Procyanidins on Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Mice

by Jinxin Shen, Yi Zhou, Daijun Yang, Ruonan Liu, Xiaoling Zhu and Rui Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2228; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132228 (registering DOI) - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Obesity-associated metabolic disorders represent a critical global health challenge, which necessitates innovative strategies targeting lipid metabolism. Peanut skin procyanidins (PSPs), abundant bioactive compounds derived from agricultural by-products, show potential in lipid regulation, but molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: This study [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity-associated metabolic disorders represent a critical global health challenge, which necessitates innovative strategies targeting lipid metabolism. Peanut skin procyanidins (PSPs), abundant bioactive compounds derived from agricultural by-products, show potential in lipid regulation, but molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: This study integrated hepatic metabolomics, network pharmacology, and gut microbiota analysis to systematically decipher the mechanisms for PSP to ameliorate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced lipid metabolism disorders. Results: PSP intervention significantly attenuated HFD-induced increases in LDL-C, TG, and TC levels and effectively mitigated hepatic lipid accumulation. Metabolomics revealed that PSP reshaped hepatic lipid dynamics by modulating glycerophospholipid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, tryptophan, and nitrogen metabolism. Subsequent network pharmacology identified PLA2G10, PLA2G5, PLA2G2A, and CYP1B1 as the core targets, and PSP could markedly suppress their HFD-induced overexpression. Furthermore, PSP selectively reshaped the gut microbiota, enriching beneficial genera such as Akkermansia and Bacteroides while reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria within Firmicutes. PICRUSt-based functional prediction indicated that PSP alters gut microbial glutamine synthetase activity. Conclusions: Mechanistically, PSP regulates lipid metabolism by downregulating PLA2G10, PLA2G5, PLA2G2A, and CYP1B1 expression, remodeling gut microbiota structure, and increasing hepatic glutamine level. These findings provide novel insights into value-added utilization of agricultural byproducts and development of targeted intervention strategies for metabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 1865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

l-Carnitine and Alpha-Lipoic Acid Fail to Improve Anaerobic and Aerobic Performance in Trained Cyclists Despite a Reduction in Blood Lactate Concentration

by Alejandro de Rozas, Juan-José Pérez-Díaz, José Joaquín Muros, Cristóbal Sánchez-Muñoz, José-Ángel Rufían-Henares, Mikel Zabala and José-Antonio Salas-Montoro

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2227; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132227 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of four weeks of combined Acetyl-l-Carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic performance and fatigue resistance in trained cyclists, hypothesizing improvements in maximal aerobic power (MAP), Wingate test performance, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of four weeks of combined Acetyl-l-Carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation on anaerobic and aerobic performance and fatigue resistance in trained cyclists, hypothesizing improvements in maximal aerobic power (MAP), Wingate test performance, and reduced lactate accumulation. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized trial, 41 male trained cyclists (age: 36 ± 12 years; MAP: 4.35 ± 0.60 W·kg⁻¹) were assigned to a supplement group (SUP, n = 19; 1200 mg/day Acetyl-l-Carnitine, 300 mg/day ALA, 1.1 mg Vitamin B1, 2.5 µg Vitamin B12) or placebo group (PLA, n = 22) for four weeks. Performance was assessed pre- and post-intervention via counter-movement jumps (CMJs), Wingate tests (WG₁, WG₂), and a graded exercise test (GXT). Blood lactate ([La⁻]) was measured post-Wingate. A three-way mixed ANOVA analyzed Wingate performance (session, order, and group), and a two-way ANOVA assessed MAP and fatigue effects. Results: MAP increased by 3.4% (314 ± 32 W to 324 ± 37 W; p = 0.005) with no group interaction (p = 0.457). Wingate peak power showed main effects for order (p < 0.001) and session (p = 0.011) but no group interaction (p = 0.676). SUP reduced [La⁻] by 1.5 mmol·L⁻¹ post-WG₂ in POST (p = 0.049). No significant group differences were found for CMJ or fatigue metrics. Conclusions: Four weeks of Acetyl-l-Carnitine and ALA supplementation did not enhance aerobic or anaerobic performance in trained cyclists, despite reducing blood lactate after high-intensity exercise, suggesting no ergogenic benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Strategies and Nutritional Supplements to Optimize Athletic Performance)

26 pages, 847 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magnesium: Exploring Gender Differences in Its Health Impact and Dietary Intake

by Elisa Mazza, Samantha Maurotti, Yvelise Ferro, Alberto Castagna, Carmelo Pujia, Angela Sciacqua, Arturo Pujia and Tiziana Montalcini

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2226; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132226 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Magnesium (Mg²⁺) plays a fundamental role in various physiological processes, including neuromuscular function, glucose metabolism, cardiovascular regulation, and bone health. Despite its significance, the influence of sex on magnesium metabolism, requirements, and health outcomes remains unexplored. The aim of this [...] Read more.

Background: Magnesium (Mg²⁺) plays a fundamental role in various physiological processes, including neuromuscular function, glucose metabolism, cardiovascular regulation, and bone health. Despite its significance, the influence of sex on magnesium metabolism, requirements, and health outcomes remains unexplored. The aim of this review is to analyze sex-based differences in magnesium homeostasis, with a particular focus on hormonal regulation, body composition, and disease susceptibility. Methods: This narrative review, based on a non-systematic MEDLINE search conducted in January 2025, prioritized clinical trials from the past 15 years on human subjects and explored gender-specific aspects of magnesium intake, status, metabolism, and supplementation. Results: Hormonal fluctuations, particularly variations in estrogen levels, affect magnesium absorption, distribution, and retention, thereby influencing magnesium balance across different life stages such as puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. Additionally, dietary intake and lifestyle factors often differ between men and women, further impacting magnesium status. Emerging evidence suggests that suboptimal magnesium levels may differentially contribute to conditions such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders in each sex. Conclusions: In conclusion, acknowledging sex-specific differences in magnesium metabolism is essential for developing personalized dietary guidelines and therapeutic strategies. Tailored nutritional approaches could significantly improve magnesium status, enhance overall health, and reduce the burden of chronic diseases linked to magnesium imbalance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium Status in Human Health)

30 pages, 3288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional and Lifestyle Behaviors and Their Influence on Sleep Quality Among Spanish Adult Women

by Andrés Vicente Marín Ferrandis, Agnese Broccolo, Michela Piredda, Valentina Micheluzzi and Elena Sandri

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2225; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132225 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Sleep is a fundamental component of health, and deprivation has been linked to numerous adverse outcomes, including reduced academic and occupational performance, greater risk of accidents, and increased susceptibility to chronic diseases and premature mortality. Dietary and lifestyle behaviors are increasingly recognized [...] Read more.

Background: Sleep is a fundamental component of health, and deprivation has been linked to numerous adverse outcomes, including reduced academic and occupational performance, greater risk of accidents, and increased susceptibility to chronic diseases and premature mortality. Dietary and lifestyle behaviors are increasingly recognized as key determinants of sleep quality. Women are particularly susceptible to sleep disturbances due to hormonal fluctuations and psychosocial factors. However, women remain underrepresented in sleep research. This study aims to examine the associations between sleep quality, nutrition, and lifestyle in a large cohort of Spanish women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 785 women aged 18–64. Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the NutSo-HH questionnaire on dietary and lifestyle behaviors. Descriptive analyses, correlation matrices, Gaussian Graphical Models, and Principal Component Analyses were used to assess relationships between variables. Results: More than half of the participants rated their sleep quality as good or very good, although over 30% experienced frequent nighttime awakenings. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with higher alcohol consumption, lower vegetable and white fish intake, and lower levels of physical activity. Diets rich in ultra-processed foods correlated moderately with subjective poor sleep and daytime dysfunction. However, no strong associations were found between stimulant consumption, late meals, or dietary patterns (e.g., Mediterranean diet) and sleep. Self-perceived health emerged as a protective factor, while nocturnal lifestyles were linked to longer sleep latency and fragmented sleep. Conclusions: In adult women, better sleep quality is linked to healthy dietary choices, regular physical activity, and a positive perception of general health. In contrast, alcohol use and irregular lifestyles are associated with poor sleep. Individual variability and cultural adaptation may moderate the impact of some traditionally harmful behaviors. Personalized, multidimensional interventions are recommended for promoting sleep health in women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep and Diet: Exploring Interactive Associations on Human Health)

19 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Personal Values for Sustainable Eating: A Preliminary Investigation of a Value-Based Planned Behavior Model

by Edoardo Del Conte, Lucia Tecuta and Elena Tomba

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2224; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132224 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The adoption of sustainable eating behaviors is not only crucial for environmental health but also has significant implications for individual health outcomes. A deeper understanding of the psychological determinants underlying such changes is needed. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The adoption of sustainable eating behaviors is not only crucial for environmental health but also has significant implications for individual health outcomes. A deeper understanding of the psychological determinants underlying such changes is needed. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been widely used to understand the psychological factors influencing health behaviors, including dietary choices. Recent advances suggest integrating additional psychological constructs, such as personal values, to enhance TPB’s predictive power and the effectiveness of related behavioral interventions. Methods: A novel Food-Related Personal Values Questionnaire (FRPV-Q) was developed based on Schwartz’s circumplex model of basic values, and the role of these food-related personal values within an enhanced TPB framework was tested. Statistical analyses were conducted to explore the structure of the questionnaire. Results: Three components were identified within the FRPV-Q: Openness, Health and Security, and Autonomy (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin test = 0.576). The regression analyses highlighted the potential role of personal values in predicting sustainable eating behaviors (adjusted R² = 0.318). Specifically, an orientation toward autonomy, hedonism, and self-directionality appeared to hinder the adoption of sustainable food choices, while an orientation toward health, security, and openness to novelty was found to promote more sustainable dietary choices. Conclusions: The results offer preliminary insights into the role of personal values in food-related behaviors. Future research aimed at understanding and promoting pro-environmental food-related behaviors should rigorously investigate the topic. Carefully tailored value-based psychological interventions may prove beneficial for the general population in the promotion of sustainable dietary lifestyles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Policies and Education for Health Promotion)

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17 pages, 679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Hypocaloric Dietary Intervention on Phenotypic Presentations of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

by Faith E. Carter, Brittany Y. Jarrett, Alexis L. Oldfield, Heidi Vanden Brink, Joy Y. Kim and Marla E. Lujan

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2223; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132223 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: Lifestyle intervention is recommended as first-line treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This pilot study aimed to determine if a short-term hypocaloric dietary intervention induced changes in the phenotypic presentation of PCOS. Methods: Twenty women with PCOS and overweight/obesity participated in a [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Lifestyle intervention is recommended as first-line treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This pilot study aimed to determine if a short-term hypocaloric dietary intervention induced changes in the phenotypic presentation of PCOS. Methods: Twenty women with PCOS and overweight/obesity participated in a 3-month hypocaloric dietary intervention with a 6-month follow-up. At pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up, assessments of menstrual cycle status, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology were performed, and PCOS phenotype status was determined using the following scale of decreasing severity: Phenotype A (ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries), Phenotype B (ovulatory dysfunction and hyperandrogenism), Phenotype C (hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries), or Phenotype D (ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovaries). Results: The participants lost 8 ± 3% of their initial body weight with the intervention (p < 0.001). Eight (40%) participants experienced a favorable shift in PCOS phenotype, while the remaining 12 (60%) participants had an unfavorable shift or no change. Changes in PCOS phenotype were primarily driven by reductions in menstrual cycle length (p = 0.010) and follicle number per ovary (p = 0.017), albeit no baseline clinical variable predicted a favorable-change PCOS presentation. At the 6-month follow-up (N = 12), weight was increased (p < 0.05), and seven participants (58%) had reverted to a more severe phenotype. Conclusions: Weight loss may provide temporary improvement in the phenotypic presentation of PCOS, yet sustained lifestyle change may be required to maintain these benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Effects on Women’s Reproductive Health and Disease)

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14 pages, 1344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A 14-Day Plant-Based Dietary Intervention Modulates the Plasma Levels of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated MicroRNAs: A Bioinformatics-Guided Pilot Study

by Mario Peña-Peña, Elyzabeth Bermúdez-Benítez, José L. Sánchez-Gloria, Karla M. Rada, Mauricio Mora-Ramírez, Luis M. Amezcua-Guerra, Martha A. Ballinas-Verdugo, Claudia Tavera-Alonso, Carlos A. Guzmán-Martín, Leonor Jacobo-Albavera, Aarón Domínguez-López, Rogelio F. Jiménez-Ortega, Luis H. Silveira, Laura A. Martínez-Martínez and Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132222 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as molecular mediators involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Given the influence of diet on gene expression and inflammation, plant-based diets represent a potential non-pharmacological strategy for modulating disease activity. This study aimed to explore [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as molecular mediators involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Given the influence of diet on gene expression and inflammation, plant-based diets represent a potential non-pharmacological strategy for modulating disease activity. This study aimed to explore and validate, through a bioinformatic-guided pilot approach, the regulation of miRNAs associated with RA in response to a 14-day plant-based dietary intervention. Methods: Candidate miRNAs were identified through differential expression analysis of the GSE124373 dataset using GEO2R and were further supported by a literature review. Target gene prediction and functional enrichment analyses were conducted to assess the biological relevance of these findings. Twenty-three RA patients followed a plant-based diet for 14 days. The clinical activity (DAS28-CRP), biochemical markers, and plasma expression of five selected miRNAs (miR-26a-5p, miR-125a-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-155-5p) were evaluated before and after the intervention using RT-qPCR. Results: Significant reductions were observed in DAS28-CRP scores, C-reactive protein, glucose, and lipid levels after 14 days of intervention. Three of the five miRNAs (miR-26a-5p, miR-125a-5p, and miR-155-5p) were significantly downregulated post-intervention. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that these miRNAs regulate immune–inflammatory pathways relevant to RA pathogenesis. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that a short-term plant-based dietary intervention may modulate circulating miRNAs and improve clinical and biochemical parameters in RA patients. These findings support further research into dietary strategies as complementary approaches for RA management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rheumatoid Arthritis and Nutrition: Bridging Diet and Disease Management)

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23 pages, 1366 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Biological Value of Proteins for Pediatric Growth and Development: A Narrative Review

by Marlene Fabiola Escobedo-Monge, Joaquín Parodi-Román, María Antonieta Escobedo-Monge and José Manuel Marugán-Miguelsanz

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2221; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132221 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

In personalized nutrition, dietary guidelines must be adapted to the physiological and developmental needs of individuals across the lifespan, especially during childhood and adolescence. These should account for nutritional status, health conditions, and early-life risk factors, including those that emerge during pregnancy. This [...] Read more.

In personalized nutrition, dietary guidelines must be adapted to the physiological and developmental needs of individuals across the lifespan, especially during childhood and adolescence. These should account for nutritional status, health conditions, and early-life risk factors, including those that emerge during pregnancy. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence (2020–2025) on the biological value of protein sources in supporting pediatric growth and development. While adequate protein intake is essential for physical and cognitive development in individuals under nineteen, excessive intake may accelerate growth and increase the long-term risks of overweight and obesity. Compared to animal-based proteins (ABPs), plant-based proteins (PBPs) carry a higher risk of nutrient deficiencies in vulnerable populations due to lower digestibility and incomplete amino acid profiles. Although plant-based diets are encouraged for environmental reasons—particularly to reduce the ecological impact of livestock—protein intake must remain appropriate for age, sex, health status, and context. Nutritional strategies must ensure an adequate supply of essential amino acids and proper micronutrient supplementation, regardless of whether children follow diets rich in ABPs, PBPs, or a combination of both. Attention to these factors is vital to balancing nutritional adequacy with long-term health and sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Fortification and Nutritional Policies)

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18 pages, 376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development, Validity, and Reliability of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Omani Adults

by Tasnim Al Uraimi, Lyutha K. Al Subhi, Mostafa Waly, Mohammed Al Rizeiqi, Ruqaiya Al Balushi and Aaisha Al Kharusi

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2220; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132220 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Currently, Oman lacks a valid culture-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for adults. This research aimed to develop and validate a reliable (FFQ) specifically for Omani adults. The study was conducted in two phases, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. Phase 1 was [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Currently, Oman lacks a valid culture-specific food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for adults. This research aimed to develop and validate a reliable (FFQ) specifically for Omani adults. The study was conducted in two phases, employing both qualitative and quantitative methods. Phase 1 was the development of the (FFQ); in this phase the Diet History Questionnaire II (DHQ II) was adapted to develop the Omani Food Frequency Questionnaire (OFFQ), translated to the Arabic language, back-translated to English, pilot tested, and then refined to be used in the reliability study. Phase 2 was the reliability study, in this phase, the OFFQ was administered twice in Arabic with the second being filled one to two weeks after the first questionnaire. Methods: A convenience sample of healthy Omani adults (n = 62) was recruited from Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) employees and students. To assess the reliability of the OFFQ both internal consistency and test–retest reliability were assessed. Internal consistency was assessed by conducting Cronbach’s α test, while test–retest reliability was assessed by comparing the median intake of food groups by calculating weighted kappa (K_W) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: Weighted kappa (K_W) between the two OFFQ administrations showed fair to moderate agreement with (K_W) values ranging from 0.38 to 0.60 for questions assessing the frequency of intake. While the median (K_W) values between the two OFFQ administrations ranged from 0.26 to 0.58 for questions assessing portion size. The majority of food groups showed moderate to good test–retest reliability with median (ICCs) for food groups ranging from 0.57 to 0.80 for frequency questions and from 0.40 to 0.82 for portion questions. Conclusions: In conclusion, the newly developed OFFQ was deemed valid for the Omani dietary culture and is a reliable tool that can measure habitual dietary intake among Omani adults as evidenced by the reliability coefficients ranging from moderate to good agreement for the most food items and food groups. Future studies are warranted to assess the relative validity of the OFFQ and the inclusion of diverse demographic groups and a larger sample size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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22 pages, 2196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Obesogenic Diet Consumption During Pregnancy and Lactation on the Oxidative Balance and Hepatic Metabolism of Female Rats

by Gizele Santiago de Moura Silva, Deisiane de Araújo Correia, Wellington de Almeida Oliveira, Talitta Arruda Lima, Letícia da Silva Pacheco, Osmar Henrique dos Santos Junior, Reginaldo Correia da Silva Filho, Francisco Carlos Amanajás de Aguiar Júnior, Diogo Antônio Alves de Vasconcelos, Claudia Jacques Lagranha, Sandra Lopes de Souza and Mariana Pinheiro Fernandes

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2219; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132219 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Diets high in simple carbohydrates and saturated fats, commonly consumed in Westernized countries, have been linked to a greater predisposition to metabolic disorders, which are partly attributed to oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the impact of an obesogenic diet consumed [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Diets high in simple carbohydrates and saturated fats, commonly consumed in Westernized countries, have been linked to a greater predisposition to metabolic disorders, which are partly attributed to oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the impact of an obesogenic diet consumed during the pregnancy and lactation periods on hepatic metabolism and REDOX balance in rats. Methods: Sixteen pregnant Wistar rats were divided into two groups: control (CD), which received a vivarium diet, and obesogenic (OD), which received an obesogenic diet (high-fat diet plus condensed milk), from early pregnancy to late lactation. Thirty-six hours after weaning, the rats were euthanized, and blood, adipose tissue, and liver samples were collected for analysis. Results: These results demonstrate that exposure to an obesogenic diet during pregnancy and lactation in rats leads to adverse changes in hepatic metabolic, inflammatory, and REDOX balance. This experimental animal model serves as a valuable tool for investigating the mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction associated with diets that mimic human eating habits. However, it is essential to note that these findings pertain to an experimental model and therefore require validation in clinical studies to confirm their relevance and applicability in human health. Conclusions: The consumption of an obesogenic diet during pregnancy and lactation in rats induces adverse alterations in hepatic metabolic, inflammatory, and redox homeostasis. This animal model helps investigate the mechanisms of metabolic dysfunctions associated with human dietary habits. However, these findings still need to be confirmed in clinical studies to verify their relevance in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Requirements of Pregnant and Lactating Women)

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10 pages, 684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Creatine Monohydrate on Spatial Working Memory, Body Weight, and Food Intake in Male and Female Rats

by Cyrilla Wideman, Alexandria Iemma, Olivia Janolo, Anastasiya Kalinina and Helen Murphy

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132218 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Creatine monohydrate supplementation has gained popularity in the fitness industry due to its ability to enhance athletic performance and has sparked curiosity about other possible effects of the supplement. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Creatine monohydrate supplementation has gained popularity in the fitness industry due to its ability to enhance athletic performance and has sparked curiosity about other possible effects of the supplement. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation on spatial working memory, body weight, and food intake in male and female rats. Methods: Experimental rats, six male and six female, were administered creatine while six male and six female rats served as controls. The Morris water maze (MWM) was employed to assess spatial working memory. Body weight and food intake were measured daily. Results: Neither male control nor experimental animals demonstrated positive working memory upon initial exposure (week 1) to the MWM, whereas the initial exposure of female control and experimental animals resulted in positive working memory. By week 2 of the experimental period, all animals in both the control and experimental groups showed significant working memory with no significant differences among the groups. These effects were unrelated to creatine supplementation. Gender-specific differences were found for body weight, with higher weight gain observed in male rats compared to female rats. Weight gain was not directly influenced by creatine supplementation; however, food intake was lower in the experimental male rats receiving the supplement as compared to the control rats. No difference was observed in female rats. Conclusions: Because of the popularity of creatine, further research about the effects of this supplement on different mechanisms in the body influencing cognitive processing and appetitive behavior is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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