Nutrients

48 pages, 1608 KB

Open AccessReview

Synbiotics as a Microbiome-Based Strategy in Colorectal Cancer

by Lucia Maria Procopciuc, Adrina Corina Hangan and Roxana Liana Lucaciu

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1591; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101591 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease arising from dynamic interactions between gut microbiota, inflammatory processes, metabolic reprogramming, and dysregulated host signaling pathways. Increasing evidence highlights the potential of synbiotics—combinations of probiotics and prebiotics—as promising modulators of these processes. This review explores the [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a multifactorial disease arising from dynamic interactions between gut microbiota, inflammatory processes, metabolic reprogramming, and dysregulated host signaling pathways. Increasing evidence highlights the potential of synbiotics—combinations of probiotics and prebiotics—as promising modulators of these processes. This review explores the mechanisms by which synbiotics influence CRC development and progression, integrating data from preclinical and clinical studies. Synbiotics exert beneficial effects by restoring microbial balance, enhancing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), strengthening intestinal barrier integrity, and reducing chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. These functional changes converge on key molecular pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR, which regulate tumor cell proliferation, survival, and immune responses. Preclinical studies consistently demonstrate anti-tumor effects, including reduced tumor growth, increased apoptosis, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Clinical evidence suggests that synbiotics may improve postoperative outcomes, reduce chemotherapy-related toxicity, and positively influence microbiome composition, although results remain heterogeneous. Emerging approaches focusing on microbiome profiling and personalized synbiotic interventions offer new opportunities for precision medicine in CRC. Overall, synbiotics represent a promising adjunctive strategy in colorectal cancer management, with potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy and improve patient outcomes. Further large-scale clinical studies are needed to validate their long-term benefits and establish standardized treatment protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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18 pages, 6864 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of High-Inorganic-Phosphorus Diet on Intestinal Mucosal Injury and Immune Alteration in Mice

by Zongchao Sun, Shiya Huang, Yuxin Zhao, Yunhan Luan, Yinuo Wang, Runzhe Wang, Weiwei Wu, Danli Huang, Jiankang Liu and Yinghui Zhang

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1590; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101590 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Excessive dietary inorganic phosphate (Pi) as a food additive poses potential health risks. Methods: This study investigated the impact of excessive dietary inorganic phosphate on intestinal and immune homeostasis in mice using gradient Pi exposure combined with an inflammatory model. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Excessive dietary inorganic phosphate (Pi) as a food additive poses potential health risks. Methods: This study investigated the impact of excessive dietary inorganic phosphate on intestinal and immune homeostasis in mice using gradient Pi exposure combined with an inflammatory model. Results: Pi overload induced atrophy in the thymus, spleen, and kidney; damaged the intestinal barrier; reduced the villus height-to-crypt-depth ratio; and decreased goblet cell numbers. Altered levels of serum sIgA and IgE, as well as intestinal IgA, IgG, IgE, and IgM, together with decreased IFN-α, indicated altered levels of immunoglobulins and cytokines under Pi treatment. Proteomic analysis revealed differential expression of key proteins, including CNTFR and Bcl2l1 in the JAK/STAT pathway and metabolic regulators CPT1α and IDH1, when comparing Pi-treated mice with the control group. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that Pi may affect intestinal mucosal barrier function and systemic immune response through immune regulation and mitochondrial metabolic pathways, providing preliminary insight into the potential health implications of Pi overconsumption in humans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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35 pages, 743 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Ketogenic Diets on Anaerobic Performance in Competitive Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Mateusz Gawelczyk, Jakub Chycki, Adam Maszczyk and Adam Zając

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101589 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Low-carbohydrate (LCD) and ketogenic diets (KD) are increasingly adopted by athletes due to their ability to enhance fat oxidation and induce metabolic adaptations. While their effects on aerobic power and capacity have been widely investigated, their influence on anaerobic performance remains unclear. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Low-carbohydrate (LCD) and ketogenic diets (KD) are increasingly adopted by athletes due to their ability to enhance fat oxidation and induce metabolic adaptations. While their effects on aerobic power and capacity have been widely investigated, their influence on anaerobic performance remains unclear. Given the strong dependence of high-intensity exercise on glycolytic metabolism and muscle glycogen availability, carbohydrate restriction may have significant implications for short-duration maximal efforts and repeated high-intensity exercise. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of LCD and KD on anaerobic performance outcomes in trained athletes. Methods: A comprehensive search of five electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) identified 13 unique studies (yielding 15 study-level entries across three anaerobic performance domains) meeting comprehensive inclusion criteria. Individual study sample sizes ranged from n = 5 to n = 65 participants, reflecting substantial inter-study variability that should be considered when interpreting pooled estimates. Outcomes included peak and mean power output, repeated sprint performance, blood lactate responses, and markers of substrate utilization. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models where appropriate. Results: Overall, the effects of carbohydrate-restricted diets on anaerobic performance were domain-specific. Some studies reported maintained or slightly improved peak power during single maximal efforts, while others showed no effect. Impairments were more consistently observed in repeated high-intensity exercise. Repeated sprint performance was impaired in several studies, likely reflecting reduced muscle glycogen availability and limited glycolytic ATP production. Carbohydrate restriction consistently increased fat oxidation and was associated with lower blood lactate concentrations during high-intensity exercise. Random-effects meta-analyses yielded domain-specific pooled effect sizes: maintained-to-slightly-improved anaerobic power output (Cohen’s d = +0.29; 95% CI: −0.08 to +0.66), modestly impaired repeated sprint ability (d = −0.33; 95% CI: −0.80 to +0.14), and a large, consistent reduction in blood lactate concentration (d = −0.89; 95% CI: −1.20 to −0.58). Given substantial between-study heterogeneity in intervention durations (2 days to 12 weeks), dietary composition, athlete populations, and outcome measures (1RM, Wingate, CMJ within the power domain; varied protocols within the RSA and lactate domains), these pooled estimates should be interpreted as exploratory rather than confirmatory. Conclusions: LCD and KD appear to have domain-specific effects on anaerobic performance in trained athletes. Although single, short-duration efforts may be preserved in some contexts, repeated, high-intensity performance appears to be more susceptible to impairment. These findings highlight the importance of aligning dietary strategies with the metabolic demands of training and competition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Nutritional Intake on Sports Performance)

16 pages, 2267 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eating Disorder Risk and Its Biobehavioural Correlates in Italian University Students: The UniFoodWaste Study

by Flavia Pennisi, Antonio Pinto, Daniele Nucci, Lorenzo Stacchini, Marco Garzitto, Nicola Veronese, Stefania Maggi, Carlo Signorelli, Vincenzo Baldo, Marco Colizzi and Vincenza Gianfredi

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101588 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To assess the prevalence of eating disorder (ED) risk in a sample of Italian university students and to examine its independent associations with mental health indicators, self-rated health, body mass index (BMI), lifestyle behaviours, and engagement with digital food-related applications. Methods: Of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To assess the prevalence of eating disorder (ED) risk in a sample of Italian university students and to examine its independent associations with mental health indicators, self-rated health, body mass index (BMI), lifestyle behaviours, and engagement with digital food-related applications. Methods: Of the 2779 Italian university students who accessed the survey, 2691 completed and were included in the analysis. ED risk was assessed with the validated 5-item SCOFF questionnaire. Exposure included socio-demographics, BMI, depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), self-rated health, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Medi-Lite), smoking, alcohol use (AUDIT-C), and use of food delivery and food waste apps. Multivariable logistic regression models, stratified by sex, and adjusted by age and education, estimated associations with ED risk. Results: Overall, 34.6% of participants screened positive for ED risk (women 39.5%, men 21.8%). Smoking and use of food delivery apps and food waste apps were independently associated with ED risk. Clinically relevant depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) (aOR 3.37, 95% CI 2.82–4.02) and poor/fair self-rated health (aOR 2.45, 95% CI 1.93–3.11) showed the strongest association. Overweight (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.06–2.03) and obesity (aOR 2.48, 95% CI 1.53–4.01) increased the likelihood of ED risk. Risky alcohol use was also associated (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.15–1.75). Conclusions: More than one in three Italian university students is at risk for an ED, highlighting a substantial public health concern. Strong links with depression, perceived poor health, digital food app use, and unhealthy behaviours underscore the need for early screening and integrated mental health and nutrition interventions within university settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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16 pages, 826 KB

Open AccessArticle

Designing a Food Frequency Questionnaire for a Vegetarian Population in Germany by Means of Mixed-Integer Linear Programming

by Julia Blaurock, Thorsten Heuer and Kurt Gedrich

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1587; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101587 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are important tools for dietary assessment in large epidemiological studies, playing a crucial role in evaluating the relationship between diet and health. However, adapting the food lists in FFQs to align with specific study objectives or target populations [...] Read more.

Background: Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are important tools for dietary assessment in large epidemiological studies, playing a crucial role in evaluating the relationship between diet and health. However, adapting the food lists in FFQs to align with specific study objectives or target populations presents a considerable challenge. Methods: The present study develops a framework using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) to minimize the food list of an FFQ using a vegetarian population in Germany as a proof of concept. Constraints of the optimization ensured that the selected food items have a certain nutrient coverage and variance coverage, as well as an appropriate aggregation level. Nutrient intake for three scenarios for FFQs was compared with 24 h recalls (24HR) using R², calculated through linear regression. The three scenarios were: 1. FFQ reflecting the effect of categorizing portion sizes, 2. FFQ reflecting the effect of selecting food items, 3. FFQ reflecting the effect of categorizing portion sizes and selecting food items. Results: Length of minimized FFQs increased with a higher proportion of nutrient coverage and variance coverage. Including aggregation of food items produced shorter FFQs than FFQs that only contain food items at a lower aggregation level. R² values across the three scenarios showed that the FFQ captured most of the between-person variation in nutrient intake that was observed in the 24HR. Conclusions: MILP offers a reliable and data-driven framework for compiling optimized FFQs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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14 pages, 5036 KB

Open AccessArticle

Total Flavonoids of Apocynum venetum Ameliorate High-Fat Diet-Induced Lipid Accumulation in Mice and Hepatocytes by Activating the AMPK Signaling Pathway

by Wennu Tang, Wenchang Ding, Lu Deng, Dong Wang, Haixia Wang, Yu Li and Rulin Ma

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1586; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101586 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is characterized by abnormal hepatic lipid accumulation and is frequently driven by factors such as a high-fat diet (HFD). Total flavonoids of Apocynum venetum (TFAV), the bioactive constituents of a traditional medicinal plant, have demonstrated [...] Read more.

Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is characterized by abnormal hepatic lipid accumulation and is frequently driven by factors such as a high-fat diet (HFD). Total flavonoids of Apocynum venetum (TFAV), the bioactive constituents of a traditional medicinal plant, have demonstrated antioxidant and lipid-modulating properties. However, their therapeutic potential against MASLD and the underlying mechanisms are not explored. This study aims to evaluate the ameliorative effects of TFAV on HFD-induced MASLD utilizing both in vivo animal and in vitro cellular models. Methods: C57BL/6J were allocated to control, high-fat diet (HFD), TFAV (100 mg/kg/day), and TFAV intervention groups (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day). In vitro, WRL68 hepatocytes were stimulated with free fatty acids (FFAs) to establish a cellular model of steatosis. Liver function, serum lipid profiles, hepatic histopathology, and the AMPK signaling pathway were assessed. Results: TFAV intervention significantly improved serum biochemical profiles in the animal models; for instance, co-treatment with 100 mg/kg/day TFAV and HFD reduced TC, TG, and LDL-C levels by 20.59%, 45.26%, and 38.24% respectively (p < 0.05), and effectively alleviated hepatic steatosis and hepatocyte ballooning. Furthermore, TFAV markedly inhibited intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and activated the AMPK signaling pathway (p < 0.05). This was accompanied by the downregulation of SREBP-1c and ACC expression (p < 0.05), as well as the upregulation of ATGL and CPT1α expression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results demonstrates that TFAV remodel hepatic lipid homeostasis by activating the AMPK signaling pathway, and exerting significant preventive and protective effects against the progression of HFD-induced MASLD in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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11 pages, 644 KB

Open AccessArticle

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Is Common in Adult and Pediatric Patients with Celiac Disease and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity

by Micaela Atkins, Blythe Peterson, Kyle Staller, Braden Kuo, Bethlehem Michael, Margaret Savage, Maureen M. Leonard and Helen Burton-Murray

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101585 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), a non-body image-based eating disorder, has been described in several chronic gastrointestinal diseases, but little is known about ARFID in celiac disease (CeD) and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). We aimed to identify the prevalence and characteristics [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), a non-body image-based eating disorder, has been described in several chronic gastrointestinal diseases, but little is known about ARFID in celiac disease (CeD) and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). We aimed to identify the prevalence and characteristics of ARFID among adult and pediatric patients presenting for consultation of gluten-related disorders longitudinally. Methods: We reviewed 386 consecutive referrals (ages 2–82 y; 68% female) to a tertiary care celiac center from June 2019 to June 2022. Eligible patients had histologically confirmed CeD or were classified as NCGS based on gluten-related symptoms but negative serologies and histology. Masked coders applied DSM-5 criteria for ARFID at initial presentation and one-year follow-up visit. Results: Out of 386 patients, 253 had biopsy information and were included in the study. ARFID symptoms were present in 19% (47/253) of patients at consultation and in 17% (22/126) at follow-up. ARFID symptoms were equally present among patients with CeD and NCGS and were not associated with the presence or duration of a gluten-free diet, but patients with ARFID were more likely to be on a non-gluten-free diet at presentation. In multivariate analysis, the likelihood of having ARFID symptoms at consultation increased with a history of weight loss (OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.36–6.30). Conclusions: We found that almost one-fifth of patients with CeD and NCGS had symptoms of ARFID at consultation. At follow-up, among a smaller cohort, ARFID prevalence remained similar, although some patients no longer had ARFID symptoms, and some had new ARFID symptoms develop. Further longitudinal research is needed to understand the risk and maintenance factors of ARFID in the context of CeD and NCGS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Implications of Celiac Disease and the GFD on Health Outcomes)

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11 pages, 452 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Polyamine Intake Across Age Groups in Spain: A Comprehensive Assessment

by Natalia Toro-Funes, Oriol Comas-Basté, Mariluz Latorre-Moratalla, Maria Teresa Veciana-Nogués and M. Carmen Vidal-Carou

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1584; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101584 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Polyamines, including putrescine (PU), spermidine (SPD), and spermine (SPM), are ubiquitous bioactive compounds essential for cell proliferation, genomic stability, autophagy, and the regulation of oxidative and inflammatory responses. Growing evidence, particularly for SPD, suggests that polyamine-rich diets may protect against age-related conditions [...] Read more.

Background: Polyamines, including putrescine (PU), spermidine (SPD), and spermine (SPM), are ubiquitous bioactive compounds essential for cell proliferation, genomic stability, autophagy, and the regulation of oxidative and inflammatory responses. Growing evidence, particularly for SPD, suggests that polyamine-rich diets may protect against age-related conditions such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative disorders. As endogenous polyamine synthesis declines with age, dietary intake becomes increasingly important, especially in older adults. Methods: This study estimated each polyamine (PU, SPD and SPM) and total polyamine intake in the Spanish population using food consumption data from the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Intakes were evaluated across four age groups, and major dietary sources were identified. Results: Total polyamine intake increased with age, reaching 393 µmol/day in adults over 65 years. PU accounted for 49% of total intake, followed by SPD (29%) and SPM (22%). Plant-based foods were the primary contributors to SPD intake, particularly vegetables (36%), fruits (26%), and cereals (18%). PU intake was also predominantly plant-derived, mainly from fruits (58%) and vegetables (23%), whereas SPM intake was largely associated with meat products (59%). A theoretical Mediterranean diet model yielded a slightly higher total polyamine intake of 406.6 µmol/day and a substantially greater SPD intake than that observed in older adults (193.99 µmol/day versus 121.62 µmol/day). Conclusions: Overall, estimated polyamine intake in the Spanish population fell below the optimal level of 540 µmol/day proposed in the literature. These findings highlight the need for public health strategies promoting consumption of polyamine-rich foods, particularly vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fruits, to support healthy aging and reduce the risk of age-related diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyamines in Food, Human Nutrition and Health: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications and Innovative Functional Foods)

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6 pages, 212 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Intermittent Fasting: Health Impacts and Therapeutic Potential

by Cristina Manuela Drăgoi and Alina Crenguța Nicolae

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1583; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101583 (registering DOI) - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Intermittent fasting (IF) has emerged as one of the most intensively investigated dietary strategies of the past decade [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intermittent Fasting: Health Impacts and Therapeutic Potential)

14 pages, 652 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Matched Case–Control Study

by Mougni Mohamed Azalati, Hong Jiang, Kejing Zhang, Liyun Kong, Lina Wang, Zhaofang Li, Yahui Fan, Fangyao Chen, Le Ma and Wei Zhang

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1582; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101582 (registering DOI) - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Previous research on diet and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has emphasized primarily particular nutrients or foods, and the influence of comprehensive dietary patterns that represent actual eating behaviors is largely unknown. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association [...] Read more.

Background: Previous research on diet and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has emphasized primarily particular nutrients or foods, and the influence of comprehensive dietary patterns that represent actual eating behaviors is largely unknown. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between dietary patterns and the odds of AMD. Methods: A case–control study involving 246 participants with AMD and 246 controls are individually matched by age and gender. Dietary patterns were identified through principal component analysis using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were applied to examine the association between the extracted dietary patterns and the likelihood of AMD. Results: Three major dietary patterns were found, accounting for 50.59% of the total variance explained. The prudent dietary pattern represented a high intake of vegetables, fruits, soybeans and its products, edible fungi and algae, and nuts were associated with reduced odds ratios (ORs) of the highest tertile compared to the lowest tertile (OR, 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14−0.59, p for trend = 0.001). The estimated likelihood for AMD in the highest tertile of egg and milk dietary pattern intake, which is characterized by a high intake of eggs, milk and dairy products, and refined grains, was 0.40 (95% CI, 0.23−0.67, p for trend <0.001) compared with those in the lowest tertile. No association with AMD was identified for the animal dietary pattern (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Adherence to dietary patterns rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, refined grains, eggs, milk and dairy products is associated with reduced odds of AMD, emphasizing the potential relevance of dietary habits to visual health among middle-aged and elderly adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 263 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Examination of the Effect of Yogurt Consumption on Nutrient Quality of the Diets of Canadians Across the Ages

by Hrvoje Fabek, Mavra Ahmed, Sylvie S. L. Leung Yinko, Peggy Drouillet-Pinard and G. Harvey Anderson

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101581 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dairy yogurts are a source of protein and micronutrients in the Canadian diet. However, Canada’s Food Guide emphasizes the consumption of plant-based foods, which is facilitated by a greater availability of dairy alternatives on the market. The nutritional composition of these products [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dairy yogurts are a source of protein and micronutrients in the Canadian diet. However, Canada’s Food Guide emphasizes the consumption of plant-based foods, which is facilitated by a greater availability of dairy alternatives on the market. The nutritional composition of these products varies and can differ from dairy foods such as yogurt, which contain high-quality protein and micronutrients. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of dairy yogurt consumption as part of a diet on any given day on nutrient intakes in Canadians across ages. Methods: The 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)—Nutrition first day 24 h recalls of males and females > 1 years of age (n = 17,308) and of yogurt consumers (n = 3788) were examined to estimate nutrient intakes arising from yogurt consumption. Respondents were allocated into four groups defined by their daily yogurt intake in grams (i.e., Group I/non-yogurt consumers: <1 g; Group II: 1–90 g; Group III: 90–115 g; Group IV: >115 g). Results/Conclusions: The results of this study provide timely data on Canadian yogurt consumption across the ages and show that those consuming yogurt have higher intakes of essential nutrients, such as protein, calcium, potassium, vitamin D, and dietary fibre. The data from this study emphasize the importance of yogurt in the context of a healthy eating pattern and emphasize the need to encourage consumption of yogurt within Canada’s Healthy Eating Strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

17 pages, 1252 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Phenotyping of Nutritional Rickets in Bangladeshi Children

by Elizabeth A. Wimborne, Sonia Ahmed, Kate A. Ward, Ann Prentice, John M. Pettifor, Rubhana Raqib, Swapan Kumar Roy, Shahidul Haque and Jonathan R. Swann

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1580; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101580 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Nutritional rickets is a childhood bone disorder leading to skeletal deformities and life-long disabilities. Early-stage diagnosis remains challenging due to the limited availability of non-invasive tools. This study explores metabolic variation associated with the active disease stages and with etiological factors, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Nutritional rickets is a childhood bone disorder leading to skeletal deformities and life-long disabilities. Early-stage diagnosis remains challenging due to the limited availability of non-invasive tools. This study explores metabolic variation associated with the active disease stages and with etiological factors, such as nutritional deficiencies and biochemical alterations. Methods: Untargeted ¹H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics were performed on urine and plasma samples collected from Bangladeshi children with radiologically active rickets (AR; n = 24; aged 2.98 ± 1.19 years), inactive rickets (IR; n = 36; aged 3.39 ± 1.87 years), and healthy matched controls (n = 58; aged 3.58 ± 1.59 years). This analysis also integrated corresponding clinical biochemistry and dietary intake data previously collected from the cohort. Results: Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) identified the 24 h urinary excretion of 13 metabolites to vary with AR, including those previously associated with bone metabolism such as β-aminoisobutyrate, N-methylnicotinamide, taurine and hypoxanthine. Biochemically, AR was strongly characterized by increased plasma alkaline phosphatase and decreased iFGF23. The multi-block integration of metabolomic, biochemical, and nutritional data achieved an 18.6% classification error rate. Children with IR exhibited metabolic profiles similar to healthy controls, aligning with their clinical resolution. Conclusions: Active nutritional rickets presents a distinct metabolic profile, highlighting novel biologically relevant metabolites. These exploratory signals provide insights into the physiological impact of the disease and warrant further targeted investigation to assess their potential for informing early non-invasive detection and preventive interventions. In the long term, such tools are vital to prevent irreversible skeletal damage and to help mitigate lifelong physical disability and the resulting social vulnerability for affected children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

36 pages, 907 KB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Colostrum bovinum Supplementation on Human Body Fat Content and/or Blood Lipid Profile: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials

by Zuzanna Goluch, Ewelina Książek, Aldona Wierzbicka-Rucińska, Ireneusz Skawina and Robert Dudkowiak

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101579 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Bovine colostrum (COL) is widely used in dietary supplements, and previous studies have suggested its potential benefits for immune function, selected clinical conditions, wound healing, and athletic performance. This systematic review analyzed clinical trials published between 2001 and 2025 that investigated the effects [...] Read more.

Bovine colostrum (COL) is widely used in dietary supplements, and previous studies have suggested its potential benefits for immune function, selected clinical conditions, wound healing, and athletic performance. This systematic review analyzed clinical trials published between 2001 and 2025 that investigated the effects of COL on human body fat and blood lipid profiles. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, and study quality was assessed using Cochrane risk-of-bias tools. Thirteen studies were included. One study in older adults reported that COL supplementation at 60 g/day for 8 weeks significantly reduced body fat percentage by 0.4% (p < 0.05). Another study found that COL supplementation at 10 g/day combined with plant proteins for 12 weeks significantly attenuated the increase in leg tissue fat percentage compared with placebo (PLA) (0.48 ± 1.29% vs. 1.12 ± 1.27%, respectively; p < 0.05). Changes in blood lipid profiles were reported in two studies. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, COL supplementation at 10 g/day for 4 weeks significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride levels in both men and women, by 8.27% vs. 7.62% and 11.96% vs. 21.46%, respectively. In another study involving older adults, COL supplementation at 30 g/day for 12 weeks significantly reduced TC (5.88 to 5.38 mmol/L) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (3.68 to 3.28 mmol/L) compared with PLA. Owing to substantial methodological heterogeneity and inconsistent findings, further randomized, double-blind trials are needed in larger groups of overweight or obese participants, with intervention periods lasting at least six months. Future studies should use a standardized COL dose of 20–25 g/day, controlled caloric deficits, and a four-arm design comparing placebo and COL under normocaloric and energy-restricted dietary conditions. Assessments should include blood metabolic biomarkers, body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, gut microbiome composition, and fecal short-chain fatty acids to determine whether any observed benefits are attributable to COL alone or to its combination with dietary intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Supplementation in Lipid Disorders)

16 pages, 420 KB

Open AccessReview

Mapping Current Evidence and Research Gaps in Nutrition for Healthy Children and Adolescents: A Scoping Review

by Diana Montiel-Ojeda, Lucía Méndez-Sánchez, Desiree Lopez-Gonzalez and Patricia Clark

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101578 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Introduction: A healthy diet is crucial for healthy growth and development during childhood and adolescence. Although evidence in this field is expanding rapidly, the focus has been on disease-oriented nutrition rather than on nutrition for healthy children and adolescents; thus, we aimed to [...] Read more.

Introduction: A healthy diet is crucial for healthy growth and development during childhood and adolescence. Although evidence in this field is expanding rapidly, the focus has been on disease-oriented nutrition rather than on nutrition for healthy children and adolescents; thus, we aimed to identify key research gaps to guide future studies and policy development. Methods: For this scoping review, we systematically searched systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and position papers. The literature search covered publications from the last eight years to provide the latest information on pediatric nutrition. A basic critical appraisal was performed to assess the quality of the evidence. Results: We included 14 studies. Six major topics were identified as the most frequently reported: healthy dietary patterns, sustainable dietary patterns, macronutrients and micronutrients, sugar intake, beverages and sugary drinks, and dairy products. Conclusions: Current information on healthy diets for children and adolescents focuses mainly on dietary patterns. However, regionalized information is lacking, as few health agencies report on specific dietary modifications, especially in developing or transition countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

3 pages, 160 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in the Gene–Diet Interactions and Human Health

by Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1577; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101577 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

This editorial is for the special volume “Advances in the Gene–Diet Interactions and Human Health”, which addresses the applications and importance of Nutrigenomics in promoting health and gene–diet interactions in the prevention of human diseases [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gene–Diet Interactions and Human Health)

20 pages, 569 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Parental Lifestyle and Dietary Patterns on Mediterranean Diet Adherence in Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Sevasti Peraki, Izolde Bouloukaki, Antonios Christodoulakis, Dimitrios Vavoulas and Ioanna Tsiligianni

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1576; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101576 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated with reduced risk of non-communicable diseases but has declined among children, even in traditionally high-adherence settings such as Greece. As parental lifestyle behaviors strongly influence children’s dietary patterns, this study examined the associations between [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated with reduced risk of non-communicable diseases but has declined among children, even in traditionally high-adherence settings such as Greece. As parental lifestyle behaviors strongly influence children’s dietary patterns, this study examined the associations between parental lifestyle factors and children’s MD adherence in Crete, Greece. Methods: A total of 760 parent–child dyads participated in this cross-sectional study. Children’s adherence to the MD was assessed using the KIDMED index. Parents completed validated instruments, including the MEDAS (MD adherence), IPAQ (physical activity), PSQI (sleep quality), and NLS (nutrition literacy), along with questions on dietary habits and screen time behaviors. ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis tests and multivariable linear regression identified predictors of KIDMED scores. Results: Mean KIDMED score was 5.95 ± 2.65; 32% achieved optimal adherence. Younger children showed higher adherence. Higher children’s adherence to MD was positively associated with parental MD adherence (β = 0.493), urban residence (β = 0.544), higher parental education (β = 0.493), consistent daily meal routines (breakfast and mid-morning and mid-afternoon snacks), higher water intake, and fresh juice consumption (all p < 0.05) were positively associated with parental MD adherence. Conversely, lower adherence was associated with parental age ≥45 years (β = 0.987), higher parental BMI (β = 0.072), consumption of sugar-sweetened (β = 0.390) or artificially sweetened beverages (β = 0.497), and weekend screen time ≥3 h/day (β = 0.383) (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Children’s adherence to the MD is strongly associated with parental dietary behaviors and structured meal routines. These findings support family-focused interventions that emphasize parental dietary role modeling to counter declining MD adherence among Mediterranean youth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nutrition and Physical Activity Lifestyle Interventions on Childhood Obesity (2nd Edition))

11 pages, 2724 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrition Support for Children with Paediatric Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction (PIPO) in the United Kingdom—An Explorative Survey by the British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (BSPGHAN)

by Alessandra Mari, Keith James Lindley, Sally Buxton, Sian Kirkham and Jutta Kӧglmeier

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1575; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101575 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Paediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction (PIPO) is a disorder of gut motility in childhood, frequently leading to intestinal failure (IF). Consensus on optimum nutrition management (oral, enteral, intravenous feeding exclusively or in combination) is lacking. Our aim was to investigate the current approach [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Paediatric intestinal pseudo-obstruction (PIPO) is a disorder of gut motility in childhood, frequently leading to intestinal failure (IF). Consensus on optimum nutrition management (oral, enteral, intravenous feeding exclusively or in combination) is lacking. Our aim was to investigate the current approach to the nutrition support of children (<18 years) with PIPO managed in Gastroenterology centres in the United Kingdom (UK) and long-term mode of feeding. Methods: An electronic questionnaire was sent to the members of the British Society of paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (BSPGHAN). The data collected (October–November 2023) included patient demographics, disease phenotype, age at symptom onset and mode/type of feeding. Results: A total of 36 patients fulfilled criteria for PIPO; 22/36 (61.1%) patients were female, and 25/36 (69.4%) were white British. A total of 15/36 (41.6%) became symptomatic during the neonatal period and 23/36 (63.8%) within the first year of life. A total of 5/36 (13.9%) was eating a normal solid diet: 2/36 (5.5%) of these never required artificial feeding, 2/36 (5.5%) were started on a normal diet after short-term parenteral nutrition (PN) in the first year of life, and 1/36 (2.8%) re-established oral eating after 10 years of total PN following small bowel transplantation. A total of 31/36 (86.1%) required permanent artificial feeding (enteral and/or parenteral) after an average time of symptoms of 14 months. A total of 2/36 (5.5%) was exclusively on enteral nutrition (EN), and 4/36 (11.1%) was on total PN. A total of 25/36 (69.4%) received a combination of PN and oral diet (normal, or bite and dissolve, or normal but minimal intake) and/or EN. Conclusions: The results show that how and with what children with PIPO are fed in the UK varies widely. Larger studies are needed to make evidence-based recommendations on the best nutrition approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Nutrition Therapy for Hospital In-Patients)

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25 pages, 1360 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Logistic Regression and Random Forests to Assess the Relevance of Chrononutrition Information for Prediction of Overweight in Adults: Evidence from the INRAN-SCAI 2005-2006 Italian Nutrition Survey

by Karolina Bartoszek, Suzana Almoosawi and Luigi Palla

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1574; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101574 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obesity represents a growing public health concern worldwide. Chrononutrition, a research field examining the timing and regularity of food intake, has been shown in animal models to influence body weight regulation and obesity-related outcomes. Previous research has also explored the association [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Obesity represents a growing public health concern worldwide. Chrononutrition, a research field examining the timing and regularity of food intake, has been shown in animal models to influence body weight regulation and obesity-related outcomes. Previous research has also explored the association between chrononutrition information and BMI. Using INRAN-SCAI 2005/2006 adult nutrition data based on 3-day diet diaries (n = 2312), this study aims to assess whether chrononutritional information on the distribution of energy intake during the day is able to improve prediction of overweight status (BMI > 25 kg/m²), compared to information on energy from the whole day alone. Methods: This research investigates it using logistic regression and random forest models. For both types of models, three different specifications were compared: a model trained on the mean and irregularity of calorie intake over 3 days for 6 day-time intervals (MI6); a model trained on repeated measures over 3 days of calorie intake from the same 6 time intervals (RM); and a model trained on mean and irregularity of calorie intake over 3 days for the whole day (MID). The performance of the models was compared using risk prediction metrics and ROC curves. Results: When including additional demographic and behavioural predictors beside the energy variables, the results only showed a statistically significant difference in the performance of the logistic regression models if they were trained and tested on the same data. The models trained using chrononutrition information performed better, but the difference in diagnostic accuracy was very small (AUC = 0.7909 for MI6, p = 0.0086; 0.7923 for RM compared to 0.7850 for MID, p = 0.0072) and possibly attributable to overfitting, as it was no longer significant in the comparison within a testing set (70% training and 30% testing samples). For the random forest models, no significant difference was found. In the same models including only the energy variables, the improved performance of MI6 and RM was significantly better than for MID also in the test set (respectively, p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0002), and the gap in AUCs became substantial (AUC = 0.622 for MI6, 0.618 for RM and 0.507 for MID), indicating that socio-demographic and behavioural variables encapsulate information on energy intake by time of the day. Typical under-reporting bias present in nutritional epidemiology and the cross-sectional nature of the sample based on 3-day diaries may have affected these results, although use of diet diaries should minimize recall bias. Conclusions: In conclusion, the impact on health of timing and regularity of calorie intake in the day may act through other mechanisms than via overweight and may be captured by other demographic and behavioural variables; larger and prospective longitudinal studies are warranted to thoroughly investigate the added value of time-of-day information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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36 pages, 1895 KB

Open AccessReview

Protective Strategies Against Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Toxicity: Mechanisms, Experimental Evidence, and Translational Limitations

by Kaja Hanna Karakuła, Ryszard Sitarz, Alicja Forma, Dominika Przygodzka, Grzegorz Teresiński, Dariusz Juchnowicz, Grzegorz Buszewicz and Jacek Baj

Nutrients 2026, 18(10), 1573; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101573 - 15 May 2026

Abstract

(1) Background: Glyphosate (GLY) and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are widely used agrochemicals. Experimental studies have reported oxidative stress, inflammatory activation, mitochondrial impairment, endocrine-related effects, and organ injury following GLY/GBH exposure; however, candidate mitigation approaches have not been comprehensively summarized across experimental systems. (2) [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Glyphosate (GLY) and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are widely used agrochemicals. Experimental studies have reported oxidative stress, inflammatory activation, mitochondrial impairment, endocrine-related effects, and organ injury following GLY/GBH exposure; however, candidate mitigation approaches have not been comprehensively summarized across experimental systems. (2) Methods: This structured narrative review followed SANRA recommendations. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were searched (January 2004–January 2026). In total, 37 experimental studies met the inclusion criteria, describing 23 compounds categorized as vitamins, antioxidants, or enzyme modulators, dietary supplements, plant extracts, humic substances, hormonal modulators, and other natural compounds. (3) Results: Across models, reported protective effects most consistently involved attenuation of oxidative damage, including reductions in lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage markers, and partial restoration of endogenous antioxidant defenses. Several interventions also modulated inflammatory signaling, apoptosis-associated markers, and stress response signaling. Protective effects were generally dose-dependent and more frequently observed in pre-treatment or co-exposure paradigms; complete normalization of outcomes was uncommon. Interpretation across studies was limited by heterogeneity in exposure conditions, test systems, endpoints, and, critically, by differences between pure GLY and GBHs. (4) Conclusions: Experimental evidence supports the mechanistic plausibility of antioxidant and stress response modulation as candidate approaches to mitigate GLY/GBH-induced toxicity. However, substantial methodological variability, frequent use of high-dose or non-representative exposure paradigms, and the absence of human interventional data limit translational relevance. Future studies should prioritize standardized, formulation-specific designs with exposure scenarios aligned to real-world conditions and include systematic safety assessment of proposed interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Bioactive Compounds in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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