An eighteen-year record of in situ surface meteorology and computed bulk air–sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum from an ocean site windward of the Hawaiian Islands is presented. Observations were logged every minute. The one-minute, o...
This study investigates the intensification of drought in the continental part of the Istrian peninsula using two standardized drought indices: the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the New Drought Index (NDI). Monthly pr...
Accurate air temperature and precipitation data are fundamental for environmental and socioeconomic applications in Brazil. However, the observational network managed by the National Institute of Meteorology, suffers from spatial gaps, necessitating...
Drought remains a phenomenal disaster of critical concerns in West Africa, particularly within the Niger River Basin, due to its insidious, multifaceted, and long-lasting nature. Its continuous severe impacts on communities, combined with the limitat...
Extratropical cyclones are the main drivers of high-energy wave events along the southern coast of Brazil, frequently producing hazardous coastal conditions. Between 2001 and 2020, we identified 51 high-impact coastal storms based on Marine Weather W...
Heat extremes or heatwave events have significantly impacted socioeconomic activities and ecological systems, causing serious health issues and increased mortality rates in Pakistan over the past few decades. This study investigates the relationship...
This study investigates the impact of high-resolution Sea Surface Temperature (SST) boundary conditions on atmospheric simulations over the southwestern Atlantic Ocean (12–27° S, 32–48° W). Numerical experiments were conducted usi...
Climate variability and extreme events disproportionately affect rural regions with limited adaptive capacity. In Minas Gerais, Brazil, mesoregions with semi-arid characteristics face severe vulnerabilities, underscoring the importance of detailed re...
Polar mesocyclones are often the cause of sudden worsening of weather conditions, including strong winds, snowfall with low visibility, and storms. The short lifetime, rapid development, high movement speeds, and small sizes, combined with a lack of...
Understanding the intricate dynamics of precipitation patterns is essential for effective water resource management and climate adaptation in Missouri. Existing analyses of Missouri’s climate variability lack the spatial granularity needed to c...
Rainfalls are the result of complex cloud microphysical processes. Trying to estimate their intensity and duration is a key task necessary for assessing precipitation magnitude. Across mountains, extreme rainfalls may cause several side effects on th...
The hydrology of the transboundary region encompassing the western Red River Basin headwaters, such as Devils Lake Basin (DLB) in North America, is complex and highly sensitive to climate variability, impacting water resources, agriculture, and flood...
Extreme precipitation events have become a central focus of the scientific community due to their increased occurrence in recent years. This study aims to analyze the variability and trends in aspects associated with the rainy seasons in the South Am...
A parameterization for the planetary boundary layer (PBL) based on the statistical theory of turbulence formulated by Geoffrey Ingram Taylor is derived to be applied in the Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model (BAM). The BAM model is the operational sy...
Wind gustiness at airports, which is generally determined using gust factors, is impactful across a range of considerations from piloting to airport planning. Yet advisory materials to help assess their quality and representativeness, particularly fo...
This study examines wind speed trends based on seven mandatory pressure levels of the atmosphere for Brazil from 1980 to 2022 using radiosonde and climate reanalysis products. The results show that austral summer (DJF) and winter (JJA) wind speed tre...
Accurate estimations of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) are critical for hydrologic studies, efficient crop irrigation, water resources management and sustainable development. The evaluation of an empirical method was carried out to estimate hourl...
The Offset Elliptical Normal (OEN) mixture model represents the seasonal–diurnal surface wind vector for wind engineering design applications. This study upgrades the parameterization of OEN by accounting for changes in format of the global dat...
In an ensemble prediction system, each member performs differently from each other for individual cases. To adaptively (not only statistically) calibrate or post-process raw ensemble forecasts and produce more reliable and accurate forecast products...
Quantifying long-term variations in the cloud liquid water path (LWP) is crucial to obtain a better understanding of the processes relevant to cloud–climate feedback. The 12-year (2013–2024) time series of LWP values obtained from ground-...
The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is widely used to determine drought severity worldwide. However, inconsistencies exist regarding its application in warm, humid tropical climatic zones. Originally developed for temperate regions with a cont...
The São Francisco River provides water for agriculture, urban areas, and hydroelectric power generation, benefiting millions of people in Brazil. Its Basin supports various species, some of which are endemic and rely on its unique habitats for...
We present a model evaluation of road weather forecasts in Norway with the METRo model in a quasi-operational setting. The road weather forecasts are initialized with measurements made by road weather stations and driven by mesoscale weather forecast...
Atmospheric parameter acquisition along the vertical profile of the troposphere across different locations on the Earth is of primary importance in gaining knowledge of the evolution of large-scale meteorological systems and the relative movements of...
In this study, we evaluate aerosol, cloud, and radiation interactions in GFS.V17.p8 (Global Forecast System System Version 17 prototype 8). Two experiments were conducted for the summer of 2020. In the control experiment (EXP CTL), aerosols interact...
A seasonal climatology of the diurnal cycle of precipitation (DCP) and the assessment of its observed trend since the beginning of the 21st century using the IMERG product are performed for South America (SA). Its high spatial–temporal resoluti...
Illinois is a leading state for agricultural production in the United States, and corn production in the state has rapidly increased since the 1970s. Intensification of agriculture has been shown to have impacts on the atmosphere by altering humidity...
Cut-off low (COL) pressure systems significantly influence local weather in regions with high COL frequency, particularly in western North America. Nonetheless, future changes in COL frequency, intensity, and precipitation patterns remain uncertain....
Accurate weather forecasting is essential for various industries, particularly in sectors like energy, agriculture, and disaster management. In Slovenia, weather predictions are crucial for estimating electrical current transmission efficiency throug...
Cyclone Mocha, classified as an Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm (ESCS), followed an unusual northeastward trajectory while exhibiting a well-defined eyewall structure. It experienced rapid intensification (RI) before making landfall along the Myanmar...
Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BoB) cyclones around the Indian subcontinent cause widespread floods and other natural hazards. There is no single convincing answer to this puzzle in the era of global warming. The warming of the western and centr...
Low-level jets (LLJs) are important features in the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). In the present paper, a LLJ event during winter 2014/15 is investigated, which was observed at the Tiksi observatory (71.586° N, 128.918° E, 7 m asl)...
A machine learning (ML)-based methodology for predicting frosts was applied to the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, as well as to other countries including Uruguay, Paraguay, northern Argentina, and southeastern Bolivia. The machine learn...
This study analyzed the correlation between climate indices—El Niño–Southern Oscillation (NINO34), Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Antarctic Oscillation (AOC), Sea Surface Temperature in the southwestern Atlantic (ISSTRG2 + RG3),...
This study investigates the formation of cold air pools during calm, anticyclonic winter nights in a topographic basin bounded by a medium-sized mountain to the east and near-flat terrain elsewhere. The main objective is to understand how local topog...
On 15 September 2022, a flood affected the Marche region, an Italian region that faces the Adriatic Sea. Unlike previous floods that affected the same area, no typical weather system, such as cyclones or synoptic fronts, caused the recorded extreme p...
Coastal lagoons play an essential role in the energy balance and heat exchange to the atmosphere. Furthermore, at mesoscale Monsoon systems and at local scales, sea breeze influences surface processes; however, there is a lack of information on such...
Climate forecasting is essential for energy production, agricultural activities, transportation, and civil defense sectors, serving as a foundation for decision-making and risk management. This study addresses the challenge of accurately predicting e...
This article describes the main features of the impacts of global observations on the reduction of errors in the data assimilation (DA) cycle carried out in the Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model (BAM) at Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studi...
On the evening of 31 March 2019, Parsa and Bara Districts in central Nepal were severely hit by a wind storm which was the first documented tornadic incidence in Nepal.In this paper, we investigate the background of the tornado formation via numerica...
This study investigates the synoptic conditions associated with lake-effect snow (LES) over northwestern Pennsylvania with a focus on classifying cases based on the tracks of cyclones influencing the region, including Nor’easters (NEs), Alberta...
The aim of this technical note is to describe the Cycle 46 reference configuration of the HARMONIE-AROME convection-permitting numerical weather prediction model. HARMONIE-AROME is one of the canonical system configurations that is developed, maintai...
Climatological variables undergo changes over time, and it is important to understand such dynamic changes at global, regional, and local levels. While global and regional studies are common in the study of climate, such studies at a local level are...
Intense rainfall events frequently occur in Brazil, often leading to rapid flooding. Despite their recurrence, there is a notable lack of sub-daily studies in the country. This research aims to assess patterns related to the structure and microphysic...
Most damage to buildings across the contiguous United States of America (USA) is caused by gusts in convective events associated with thunderstorms. Design rules for structures to resist these events rely on the integrity of meteorological observatio...
This research investigates the exposure of plant species to extreme drought events in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, employing an extensive dataset collected from 205 automatic weather stations across the region. Meteorological indicators derived fro...
Tropical cyclones (TCs) can cause severe wind and rain hazards. Unusual TC tracks and their extreme precipitation forecasts have become two difficult problems faced by conventional models of primitive equations. The case study in this paper finds tha...
The twin problems of closure and dissipation have been barriers to the analytical solution of the Navier–Stokes equation for fluid flow by top-down methods for two centuries. Here, the statistical multifractal analysis of airborne observations...
In the frame of the current growing awareness of climate change and its impact on society and ecosystems [...]
Probabilistic prediction models exist to reduce surprise about future events. This paper explores the evaluation of such forecasts when the event of interest is rare. We review how the family of Brier-type scores may be ill-suited to evaluate predict...
