Journal of Functional Biomaterials

37 pages, 2140 KB

Open AccessReview

Functional Peptide-Based Biomaterials for Pharmaceutical Application: Sequences, Mechanisms, and Optimization Strategies

by Dedong Yu, Nari Han, Hyejeong Son, Sun Jo Kim and Seho Kweon

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010037 - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

Peptide-based biomaterials have emerged as versatile tools for pharmaceutical drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and tunable sequences, yet a comprehensive overview of their categories, mechanisms, and optimization strategies remains lacking to guide clinical translation. This review systematically collates advances in peptide-based biomaterials, [...] Read more.

Peptide-based biomaterials have emerged as versatile tools for pharmaceutical drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and tunable sequences, yet a comprehensive overview of their categories, mechanisms, and optimization strategies remains lacking to guide clinical translation. This review systematically collates advances in peptide-based biomaterials, covering peptide excipients (cell penetrating peptides, tight junction modulating peptides, and peptide surfactants/stabilizers), self-assembling peptides (peptide-based nanospheres, cyclic peptide nanotubes, nanovesicles and micelles, peptide-based hydrogels and depots), and peptide linkers (for antibody drug-conjugates, peptide drug-conjugates, and prodrugs). We also dissect sequence-based optimization strategies, including rational design and biophysical optimization (cyclization, stapling, D-amino acid incorporation), functional motif integration, and combinatorial discovery with AI assistance, with examples spanning marketed drugs and research-stage candidates. The review reveals that cell-penetrating peptides enable efficient intracellular payload delivery via direct penetration or endocytosis; self-assembling peptides form diverse nanostructures for controlled release; and peptide linkers achieve site-specific drug release by responding to tumor-associated enzymes or pH cues, while sequence optimization enhances stability and targeting. Peptide-based biomaterials offer precise, biocompatible and tunable solutions for drug delivery, future advancements relying on AI-driven design and multi-functional modification will accelerate their transition from basic research to clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peptides with a Rationale: Smart Biomaterials for Biomedical Innovation)

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19 pages, 6074 KB

Open AccessArticle

Albumin Nanoparticles Harness Activated Neutrophils to Cross Vascular Barriers for Targeted Subcutaneous and Orthotopic Colon Cancer Therapy

by Zhifan Luo, Liuqing Dong, Yujie Zhang and Mingzhen Zhang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010036 - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy faces challenges due to limited drug penetration across the blood–tumor barrier. Neutrophils, with their natural ability to migrate to inflamed and tumor sites, offer a promising cell-mediated delivery strategy. This study developed albumin nanoparticles loaded with 6-shogaol (NPs/6-shogaol) and [...] Read more.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) therapy faces challenges due to limited drug penetration across the blood–tumor barrier. Neutrophils, with their natural ability to migrate to inflamed and tumor sites, offer a promising cell-mediated delivery strategy. This study developed albumin nanoparticles loaded with 6-shogaol (NPs/6-shogaol) and utilized activated neutrophils as carriers to transport the nanoparticles across vascular barriers for colon cancer therapy. The physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and targeting efficiency of the NPs were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The formulated NPs/6-shogaol exhibited favorable physicochemical properties, including a uniform nano-scale size (~150 nm), negative zeta potential, and high drug loading efficiency. In both subcutaneous and orthotopic colon cancer models, neutrophil-mediated delivery significantly enhanced tumor accumulation of 6-shogaol, inhibited tumor growth, and induced apoptosis by suppressing neutrophil elastase (NE) expression. Notably, no significant systemic toxicity was observed. This neutrophil-hitchhiking albumin nanoplatform provides a targeted and biocompatible strategy for effective colon cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery (2nd Edition))

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28 pages, 3174 KB

Open AccessReview

Advanced Biomaterial-Based In Vitro Osteoarthritis Models: Integrating Sex as a Biological Variable in Hormonal, Subchondral Bone, and Mechanobiological Pathways

by Elisa Capuana, Angela De Luca, Viviana Costa, Lavinia Raimondi, Daniele Bellavia, Valerio Brucato, Gianluca Giavaresi and Vincenzo La Carrubba

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010035 - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and represents a major clinical and socioeconomic burden. Epidemiological data consistently show that OA affects women more frequently and, in several joints, more severely than men. Nevertheless, current in vitro models rarely consider sex-specific [...] Read more.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and represents a major clinical and socioeconomic burden. Epidemiological data consistently show that OA affects women more frequently and, in several joints, more severely than men. Nevertheless, current in vitro models rarely consider sex-specific variables, limiting their ability to capture the biological mechanisms that shape the pathogenesis and progression of OA. Increasing evidence indicates that age-related hormonal fluctuations and subchondral bone remodeling strongly influence OA evolution, and that these processes differ between the sexes. For instance, the decline in estrogen levels during menopause has been associated with accelerated cartilage degeneration, increased osteoclastic activity, and a higher susceptibility to subchondral bone alterations, which may contribute to more aggressive clinical manifestations in women. These mechanisms are only partially reproduced in widely used experimental systems, including traditional biomaterial scaffolds and simplified osteochondral constructs, leaving important sex-dependent pathways unresolved. While advanced biomaterials enable precise control of stiffness, porosity, and biochemical cues, most current in vitro OA models still rely on sex-neutral design assumptions, limiting their ability to reproduce the divergent disease trajectories observed in men and women. By integrating material properties with dynamic loading and tunable hormonal conditions, next-generation in vitro systems could improve mechanistic understanding, increase the reliability of drug screening, and better support the development of sex-specific therapies through the combined efforts of bioengineering, materials science, cell biology, and translational medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering)

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26 pages, 464 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Osteogenic and Biocompatibility Potential of Polylactic Acid-Based Materials: A Systematic Review of Human Primary Cells Studies

by Mario Guerrero-Torres, Silvia M. Becerra-Bayona, Martha L. Arango-Rodríguez and Emilio A. Cafferata

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010034 - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) relies on barrier membranes, for which polylactic acid (PLA) and its copolymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are promising biodegradable polymers. However, their inherent hydrophobicity limits biological performance, and the evidence regarding how specific modifications affect key human cell types, [...] Read more.

Background: Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) relies on barrier membranes, for which polylactic acid (PLA) and its copolymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are promising biodegradable polymers. However, their inherent hydrophobicity limits biological performance, and the evidence regarding how specific modifications affect key human cell types, particularly osteoblasts and fibroblasts, remains scattered. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to synthesize the in vitro evidence on the response of primary human osteoblasts and fibroblasts to polylactic acid-based materials. Following a pre-registered protocol (10.17605/OSF.IO/CE8KB), a comprehensive search was performed across four major databases, and the risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using an adapted OHAT tool. Results: Twenty-six studies were included, which showed that polylactic acid-based materials have limited bioactivity, and their modification significantly improves cellular responses. The incorporation of bioceramics and growth factors, or alterations in surface topography, notably enhanced osteogenic differentiation and mineralization in osteoblasts. For gingival fibroblasts, topographical modifications like micro-grooves guided cell alignment and modulated proliferation. Conclusions: Native polylactic acid-based materials display limited bioactivity. However, functionalization through bioceramics incorporation, growth factor delivery, and surface topographical modification is crucial for transforming them into bioactive scaffolds capable of achieving the dual biofunctionality required for successful GBR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of JFB—Functional Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration and Repair)

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13 pages, 1200 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency and Risk Assessment of Dental Bridge Removal Tools on Implant Abutments

by Gianmario Schierano, Domenico Baldi, Cristina Bignardi, Mara Terzini and Andrea Tancredi Lugas

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010033 - 8 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study evaluated the efficiency and potential risks associated with three clinical tools for removing cement-retained implant-supported prostheses: Magnetic Mallet, sliding hammer, and Coronaflex. The tests consisted of: cementation of three-unit bridge models onto titanium abutments with different geometries using Zinc Oxide non-eugenol [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the efficiency and potential risks associated with three clinical tools for removing cement-retained implant-supported prostheses: Magnetic Mallet, sliding hammer, and Coronaflex. The tests consisted of: cementation of three-unit bridge models onto titanium abutments with different geometries using Zinc Oxide non-eugenol or Zinc Phosphate cement. Seven different geometries of three-unit bridges were tested; therefore, a total of 7 bridges × 2 luting agents × 3 tools were combined in a full factorial analysis. Five test replicates were performed for each combination, resulting in a total of 5 × 7 × 2 × 3 = 210 retrieval tests. The 70 tests regarding the Coronaflex were taken from a previously conducted experiment on the topic, using the same dental bridge models and the same experimental conditions. Efficiency was assessed by the percentage of successful removals and the maximum force recorded with a piezoelectric load cell. For temporary cementations, the sliding hammer achieved the highest retrieval rate, while the Magnetic Mallet demonstrated comparable efficiency with lower forces. Coronaflex showed lower success rates and higher forces than Magnetic Mallet. For permanent cementations, most bridges were not removable, and attempts with the sliding hammer occasionally resulted in abutment screw damage. Within the limitations of this study, the Magnetic Mallet appears to be an effective option for removing bridges cemented with temporary cement, potentially in combination with a sliding hammer for highly retentive geometries. Zinc phosphate cement should be avoided when retrievability is desired, except for abutments with very low retention capability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry (2nd Edition))

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Graphical abstract

26 pages, 2695 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Vital Pulp Therapy Using Resin-Modified Versus Conventional Calcium Silicate-Based Materials: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Alberto Cabrera-Fernandez, Laura Dominguez-Dominguez, Antonio Pérez-Pérez, João Miguel Marques Santos, Aránzazu Díaz-Cuenca, Daniel Torres-Lagares, Diana B. Sequeira, Juan J. Segura-Egea and Jenifer Martín-González

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010032 - 7 Jan 2026

Abstract

Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is increasingly recognised as a biologically driven alternative to root canal treatment in teeth with deep caries and a vital pulp diagnosis. Resin-modified calcium silicate-based materials (RM-CSMs) were introduced to combine the bioactivity of traditional cements with improved handling [...] Read more.

Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is increasingly recognised as a biologically driven alternative to root canal treatment in teeth with deep caries and a vital pulp diagnosis. Resin-modified calcium silicate-based materials (RM-CSMs) were introduced to combine the bioactivity of traditional cements with improved handling and immediate light-curing, but their biological performance remains debated. Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of VPT performed with RM-CSMs compared with conventional non-resin-modified calcium silicate-based materials (NRM-CSMs) Methods: PRISMA Guidelines were followed to carry out this systematic review. Electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched up to October 2025 for randomised clinical trials evaluating indirect pulp capping, direct pulp capping, or pulpotomy. Nine trials met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were performed for TheraCal LC, the only RM-CSM with sufficient clinical evidence. The risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 Tool. The certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results: Pooled results showed no significant differences in overall clinical–radiographic success between RM-CSMs and NRM-CSMs at 90 or 180 days. At 360 days, a trend favouring NRM-CSMs emerged, though not statistically significant. Dentine bridge formation at 360 days was significantly lower with TheraCal LC. Conclusions: Current RM-CSMs demonstrate comparable short-term success to conventional materials but still present biological limitations, particularly regarding long-term reparative outcomes. NRM-CSMs remain the preferred option when maximal bioactivity and predictable dentinogenesis are required Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (3rd Edition))

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11 pages, 1792 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bone Status at Mandibular Condylar Fracture Osteosynthesis Plate After Healing Period

by Izabela Gabryelczak and Marcin Kozakiewicz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010031 - 6 Jan 2026

Abstract

Objectives: Against common belief, mandibular condyle fractures are not that rare, with morbidity rates ranging from 19 to 52%, depending on actual literature sources. Practitioners try to improve the surgical techniques applied to obtain the most satisfactory anatomical and functional effect. The purpose [...] Read more.

Objectives: Against common belief, mandibular condyle fractures are not that rare, with morbidity rates ranging from 19 to 52%, depending on actual literature sources. Practitioners try to improve the surgical techniques applied to obtain the most satisfactory anatomical and functional effect. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationships that affect bone loss around screws and plates in mandibular condylar process fractures treated surgically using the Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) technique. Materials and Methods: Our research covered 276 fractures of the base, low and high neck of the condylar process. No formal sample size calculation was performed; the study enrolled patients treated at the Department during the last 4 years, based on informed consent granted both prospectively and retrospectively compares to the actual treatment time. The study group was selected based on injury type and the ability to implement surgical treatment. The imaging modality selected for the study was computed tomography (CT), which was assessed in each case by the same operator. Therefore, there was no need to account for inter-rater variability in the results. Based on CT scans, we studied various parameters, including bone healing in the fracture area, bone loss in the screws and plates area, change in the length of the mandibular ramus following osteosynthesis and on the opposite side after 12 months, as well as deformities of the mandibular head. Results: Using screws and plates is the gold standard for treating mandibular condylar process fractures. The number of screws used affects the bone loss ratio around head of the screw. Another factor that impacts the results achieved is the distance from the plate edge to the lateral pole of the mandibular head. Statistical evaluation indicated that proximity to the lateral pole is a risk factor for bone resorption at the plate edge. Conclusions: Based on the collected data, it is possible to predict bone loss, determine the location and selection of plates and screws, as well as to plan the procedure, achieving the lowest possible loss rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Implants)

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18 pages, 2377 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photo Crosslinkable Hybrid Hydrogels for High Fidelity Direct Write 3D Printing: Rheology, Curing Kinetics, and Bio-Scaffold Fabrication

by Riley Rohauer, Kory Schimmelpfennig, Perrin Woods, Rokeya Sarah, Ahasan Habib and Christopher L. Lewis

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010030 - 4 Jan 2026

Abstract

This work characterizes hybrid hydrogels prepared via the combination of natural and synthetic polymers. By incorporating a biocompatible compound, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, M_n = 400), into alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based hydrogels, the in situ UV crosslinking of these materials was [...] Read more.

This work characterizes hybrid hydrogels prepared via the combination of natural and synthetic polymers. By incorporating a biocompatible compound, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, M_n = 400), into alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based hydrogels, the in situ UV crosslinking of these materials was assessed. A custom direct-write (DW) 3D bioprinter was utilized to prepare hybrid hydrogel constructs and scaffolds. A control sample, which consisted of 4% w/v alginate and 4% w/v CMC, was prepared and evaluated in addition to three PEGDA (4.5, 6.5, and 10% w/v)-containing hybrid hydrogels. Rotational rheology was utilized to evaluate the thixotropic behavior of these materials. Filament fusion tests were employed to generate bilayer constructs of various pore sizes, providing metrics for the printability and diffusion rate of hydrogels post-extrusion. Printability indicates the shape fidelity of pore geometry, whereas diffusion rate represents material spreading after deposition. Curing kinetics of PEGDA-containing hydrogels were evaluated using photo-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and photorheology. The Kamal model was fitted to photo-DSC results, enabling an assessment and comparison of the curing kinetics for PEGDA-containing hydrogels. Photorheological results highlight the increase in hydrogel stiffness concomitant with PEGDA content. The range of obtained complex moduli (G*) provides utility for the development of brain, kidney, and heart tissue (620–4600 Pa). The in situ UV irradiation of PEGDA-containing hydrogels improved the shape fidelity of printed bilayers and decreased filament diffusion rates. In situ UV irradiation enabled 10-layer scaffolds with 1 × 1 mm pore sizes to be printed. Ultimately, this study highlights the utility of PEGDA-containing hybrid hydrogels for high-resolution DW 3D bioprinting and potential application toward customizable tissue analogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Bioprinting for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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11 pages, 854 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effects of Simulated Energy Drink Exposure and Fatigue Loading on Bioactive and Conventional Resin Composites

by Fatin A. Hasanain and Alaa Turkistani

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010029 - 3 Jan 2026

Abstract

The consumption of energy and sports drinks is on the rise globally, exposing dental restorations to more frequent low-pH challenges, which affect degradation. This in vitro study simulated the combined effect of energy drink exposure and cyclic fatigue loading on the fatigue survival [...] Read more.

The consumption of energy and sports drinks is on the rise globally, exposing dental restorations to more frequent low-pH challenges, which affect degradation. This in vitro study simulated the combined effect of energy drink exposure and cyclic fatigue loading on the fatigue survival rate and flexural strength of three direct dental resin restorative materials with distinct chemistries: a bioactive ionic resin (Activa Presto), a giomer (Beautifil Flow Plus F00) and a conventional nano-hybrid composite (Tetric Ceram). Bar-shaped specimens (25 × 2 × 2 mm) were fabricated according to ISO 4049 and stored for 24 h in either distilled water or 0.2 M citric acid (pH ≈ 2.5), simulating an energy drink (n = 10/group). The samples then underwent chewing simulation (40 N, 100,000 cycles, 1.6 Hz) using a steel antagonist; surviving specimens were tested via three-point bending to determine their flexural strength. All the materials were affected by storage conditions: Activa Presto showed the lowest fatigue survival (20% in water; 0% in citric acid), Tetric N-Ceram moderate survival (40% in both solutions) and Beautifil Flow Plus F00 the highest and most stable survival (90% in water; 40% in citric acid). Among the surviving specimens, Tetric Ceram exhibited the highest flexural strength, followed by Beautifil Flow Plus F00 and then Activa Presto. Citric acid exposure and cyclic loading adversely affected the mechanical performance of all the materials within the limitations of this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 4506 KB

Open AccessArticle

3D Printing of Oxygen-Sensing ECM-Based Skin Graft for Personalized Treatment of Chronic Wounds—A Technological Proof of Concept

by Yehonatan Zur, Rotem Hayam, Nir Almog, Inna Kovrigina, Limor Baruch, Aharon Blank and Marcelle Machluf

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010028 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Chronic diabetic wounds are often characterized by persistent hypoxia and poor healing outcomes, highlighting the need for regenerative grafts that not only promote tissue repair but also provide insights into the wound microenvironment. In this study, we introduce a novel strategy for diabetic [...] Read more.

Chronic diabetic wounds are often characterized by persistent hypoxia and poor healing outcomes, highlighting the need for regenerative grafts that not only promote tissue repair but also provide insights into the wound microenvironment. In this study, we introduce a novel strategy for diabetic ulcer treatment through the development of a structurally personalized skin graft. The graft is fabricated via 3D bioprinting of natural porcine skin extracellular matrix (psECM) and integrated with microsensors for oxygen monitoring. We established a porcine skin decellularization protocol that efficiently removed cellular components, while preserving the integrity of the ECM, as verified by DNA quantification and scanning electron microscopy. The resulting psECM bioink demonstrated rheological properties suitable for 3D printing, which depended on psECM concentration and exhibited temperature-responsive gelation behavior. Incorporation of LiNC-BuO oxygen microsensors into the bioink enabled real-time, non-invasive oxygen level monitoring within the printed constructs. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the cytocompatibility and low immunogenicity of the psECM-based grafts with embedded microsensors. Moreover, the 3D bioprinting technology enabled the manufacturing of grafts tailored to match individual wound geometries. The technological proof of concept presented herein for this multifunctional platform, which integrates the regenerative benefits of ECM scaffolds with advanced biosensing capabilities, represents a promising approach for enhancing future therapeutic outcomes in the management of diabetic ulcers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials: Functionalization, Diagnostics, and Modeling for Advanced Therapeutic and Regenerative Applications)

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26 pages, 904 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Silver and Silver-Based Products in Wound Management: A Review of Advances and Current Landscape

by Yiyao Du, Jianyu Lu, Xinya Guo, Zhaofan Xia and Shizhao Ji

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010027 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

The urgent need for silver-based antibacterial agents in clinical settings has driven the diversification of their delivery systems, evolving from traditional silver salt preparations to new silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver-based composite functional materials. Research and application of various carrier systems have established [...] Read more.

The urgent need for silver-based antibacterial agents in clinical settings has driven the diversification of their delivery systems, evolving from traditional silver salt preparations to new silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver-based composite functional materials. Research and application of various carrier systems have established a solid foundation for the clinical translation of silver. However, it is important to recognize that the clinical use of silver-based materials still faces several key challenges: one is the potential risk of cytotoxicity, another is the growing trend of bacterial resistance to silver, and the third is the heterogeneity of antibacterial properties in different wound microenvironments. Additionally, this study thoroughly examines the significant gap between basic research and clinical application of silver-based materials, highlighting that the lack of standardized clinical endpoint indicators and high-quality clinical research evidence are the main barriers to its standardized use. Future research should focus on four key areas: developing precise targeted delivery systems, creating combined treatments with silver and other antibacterial agents, enhancing biosafety through material engineering, and establishing a unified framework for clinical efficacy evaluation. Through systematic innovation and evidence-based clinical implementation, silver-based technologies hold broad potential and significant clinical value for addressing complex wound infections and alleviating the global antibiotic resistance crisis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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24 pages, 6410 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optical Coherence Tomography, Stereomicroscopic, and Histological Aspects of Bone Regeneration on Rat Calvaria in the Presence of Bovine Xenograft or Titanium-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite

by Andrei Radu, Antonia Samia Khaddour, Mihaela Ionescu, Cristina Maria Munteanu, Eugen Osiac, Oana Gîngu, Cristina Teișanu, Valentin Octavian Mateescu, Cristina Elena Andrei and Sanda Mihaela Popescu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010026 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) techniques have evolved with implantology development. In clinical practice, biomaterials for ARP are tested in laboratory animals, and rat calvaria is a standard option. The study aimed to evaluate biomaterial osteointegration in defects created in the rat calvaria, [...] Read more.

Background: Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) techniques have evolved with implantology development. In clinical practice, biomaterials for ARP are tested in laboratory animals, and rat calvaria is a standard option. The study aimed to evaluate biomaterial osteointegration in defects created in the rat calvaria, comparing an experimental synthetic biomaterial with a bovine xenograft and natural healing. Methods: The study included six groups of animals: two negative control groups with natural healing (2 months (M) and 4 M), two positive control groups with bovine xenograft (2 M and 4 M), and two study groups with nanohydroxyapatite titanium reinforced (2M and 4M). After creating and grafting the defects, healing was expected to take 2 or 4 months, after which bone fragments were harvested, prepared, and then analyzed. OCT, stereomicroscopy, and histology techniques were used for bone fragments analysis, and the obtained images were evaluated using Image J 1.54p software. Results: The results obtained from the three analyses provided information about the healing pattern of bone defects and the degree of new bone formation. Histological analysis of the samples confirmed what the stereomicroscopy and OCT images showed: that the bovine xenograft elicited a better tissue response than the synthetic biomaterial, being incorporated into the bone tissue more than the synthetic biomaterial. Conclusions: Both the bovine xenograft and the synthetic nanocomposite based on hydroxyapatite reinforced with titanium particles favored bone healing, but their integration into the bone was limited for the analyzed period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Bone Reconstruction)

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12 pages, 2092 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and In Vivo Evaluation of a Novel Bioabsorbable Polylactic Acid Middle Ear Ventilation Tube

by Ying-Chang Lu, Chi-Chieh Chang, Ping-Tun Teng, Chien-Hsing Wu, Hsuan-Hsuan Wu, Chiung-Ju Lin, Tien-Chen Liu, Yen-Hui Chan and Chen-Chi Wu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010025 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a widespread condition that causes hearing impairment, particularly in pediatric populations. Existing non-absorbable tubes often require elective or unplanned removal surgery. Bioabsorbable polylactic acid (PLA) offers a promising alternative due to its inherent biocompatibility and tunable [...] Read more.

Background: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a widespread condition that causes hearing impairment, particularly in pediatric populations. Existing non-absorbable tubes often require elective or unplanned removal surgery. Bioabsorbable polylactic acid (PLA) offers a promising alternative due to its inherent biocompatibility and tunable degradation characteristics. In this study, we designed, fabricated, and comprehensively evaluated a novel PLA middle-ear ventilation tube. Methods: Bioabsorbable PLA tubes were designed and fabricated based on commercial models. In vitro biocompatibility was assessed according to ISO 10993 guidelines. A guinea pig model was used to perform in vivo evaluations, including otoscopic examinations, auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging, and histological analyses. Results: The PLA tubes were successfully designed and fabricated, exhibiting dimensions comparable to those of commercially available products. In vitro testing confirmed their biocompatibility. In vivo observations revealed that the PLA segments remained stable, with no significant inflammation detected. ABR measurements revealed no adverse impacts on hearing function. Micro-CT imaging confirmed tube integrity and indicated initial signs of degradation over a 9-month period, as evidenced by radiographic morphology. Histological analyses indicated a favorable tissue response with minimal foreign body reaction. Conclusions: The developed PLA middle-ear ventilation tube represents a highly promising alternative to conventional non-absorbable tubes. It demonstrates excellent biocompatibility, preserves auditory function, and exhibits a controlled degradation profile. This preclinical study provides strong support for further investigation and subsequent clinical trials to validate its safety and efficacy in human patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Wound Healing and Tissue Repair)

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21 pages, 3316 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Valorization of Mussel Shell Waste: Processing for Calcium Carbonate Recovery and Hydroxyapatite Production

by Adriana Poli Castilho Dugaich, Andressa da Silva Barboza, Marianna Gimenes e Silva, Andressa Baptista Nörnberg, Marcelo Maraschin, Maurício Malheiros Badaró, Daiara Floriano da Silva, Carlos Eduardo Maduro de Campos, Carolina dos Santos Santinoni, Sheila Cristina Stolf, Rafael Guerra Lund and Juliana Silva Ribeiro de Andrade

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010024 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a sustainable route for processing biogenic calcium carbonate from Perna perna mussel shell waste and converting it into hydroxyapatite (HA), as well as to evaluate its potential for bone and dental tissue engineering applications. Mussel shells were decarbonized [...] Read more.

This study aimed to develop a sustainable route for processing biogenic calcium carbonate from Perna perna mussel shell waste and converting it into hydroxyapatite (HA), as well as to evaluate its potential for bone and dental tissue engineering applications. Mussel shells were decarbonized (400 °C), milled, and converted to HA via wet chemical precipitation using a nominal Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67 during synthesis followed by thermal treatment (900 °C). Comprehensive characterization included SEM, FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XRF, TGA, and BET analysis. Biological evaluation involved cytotoxicity assays (MTT), antimicrobial testing, and odontogenic differentiation studies (Alizarin Red) using SHEDs. Statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (α = 0.05). SEM revealed a microstructured morphology composed of agglomerates, favorable for biomedical applications. FTIR and XRD confirmed the conversion of CaCO₃ to hydroxyapatite, while thermal analysis demonstrated the material’s stability. The HA exhibited secondary minor phase (13%) β-TCP form of calcium phosphate (Ca_2.997H_0.006(PO₄)₂), high crystallinity (about 80%), and nanoscale crystallite size (85 nm, 2.5–5.0 m²/g), despite forming larger agglomerates in suspension. The material showed favorable physicochemical properties (neutral pH, −18.5 mV zeta potential), but no inhibition was detected in antimicrobial testing. In vitro assays showed excellent cytocompatibility (viability > 70% at 12.5 µg/mL) and significant osteogenic potential (high mineralization vs. controls, p < 0.05). Mussel shell-derived HA presents a sustainable, clinically relevant biomaterial with ideal properties for bone regeneration. The study establishes a complete waste-to-biomaterial pipeline while addressing key requirements for dental and orthopedic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 1879 KB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering Self-Assembled PEEK Scaffolds with Marine-Derived Exosomes and Bacteria-Targeting Aptamers for Enhanced Antibacterial Functions

by Chen Zhang, Jinchao You, Runyi Lin, Yuansong Ye, Chuchu Cheng, Haopeng Wang, Dejing Li, Junxiang Wang and Shan Chen

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010023 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

Repairing bone defects with implants is an important topic in the field of regenerative medicine, but bacterial infection presents a significant barrier in clinical practice. Therefore, bone implants with antibacterial functionality are currently in high demand. Fresh seaweed-derived exosomes (EXOs) exhibited promising antibacterial [...] Read more.

Repairing bone defects with implants is an important topic in the field of regenerative medicine, but bacterial infection presents a significant barrier in clinical practice. Therefore, bone implants with antibacterial functionality are currently in high demand. Fresh seaweed-derived exosomes (EXOs) exhibited promising antibacterial activity against bacteria, indicating their potential as natural antimicrobial agents. Moreover, equipping the exosomal lipid bilayer with bacteria-targeting aptamers (Apt), termed EXOs-Apt, enabled precise bacterial killing, thereby promoting more effective antibacterial functions. In our design, porous polyetheretherketone (PEEK) scaffolds were 3D-printed using the melt deposition manufacturing process. Subsequently, the scaffold surfaces were modified via dopamine self-polymerization, resulting in the formation of a polydopamine (PDA) coating. Then, EXOs-Apt was applied to functionalize PEEK scaffolds with antibacterial activity. Given that EXOs display bactericidal effects while Apt facilitates bacterial capture, we engineered a surface coating platform that incorporates both components to produce a multifunctional scaffold with synergistic antibacterial activity. The results showed that modifying EXOs-Apt on PEEK scaffolds significantly improved their antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use EXOs-Apt as antibacterial coatings modified on PEEK scaffolds. This study provides new strategies and ideas for the development of antibacterial PEEK orthopedic implants with promising clinical value for infection-resistant repair of bone defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antibacterial Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 2674 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Dimensional Accuracy of 3D-Printed Aligners: An In Vitro Study Using Reverse Engineering Analysis

by Samuele Avolese, Fabrizio Sanna, Simone Parrini, Giada Chiarello, Danila Lava, Ambra Sedran, Andrea Deregibus and Nicola Scotti

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010022 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to investigate the dimensional deformation that can occur during the fabrication of a 3D-printed aligner made with the TC-85 DAC resin (Graphy Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea) and determine if the manual removal of the print supports before final [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the dimensional deformation that can occur during the fabrication of a 3D-printed aligner made with the TC-85 DAC resin (Graphy Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea) and determine if the manual removal of the print supports before final aligner curing affects the dimensional accuracy. Methods: 10 subjects with permanent dentition were selected, and a set of aligners was digitally designed using the uDesign Direct Aligner beta software (Graphy Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea). Each aligner was 3D-printed using TC-85 DAC resin (Graphy Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea) twice: one copy was produced removing the print supports before final curing, whereas the other was cured with the supports still attached. The aligners were digitized and compared to the original design of the digitally designed aligner using RMS and Inter-second molar distance data to identify variations between 3D-produced aligners and their respective digital design. Results: the comparison between aligners produced in two different ways was statistically significant with a p-value < 0.0001 for both the records used. Conclusions: the manual removal of the print supports before final curing affects the dimensional accuracy of aligners made by direct 3D printing, permanently altering the aligner’s internal geometry, confirming that post-processing conditions significantly affect dimensional stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Design and Biomechanical Analysis of Dental Materials)

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17 pages, 3755 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mg Alloys Reduce Gastric Cancer and Mediate Therapeutic Management of Antibacterial Function

by Yonghong Wu, Xiaoyun Lu, Yiwei Wang, Guangyan Liu and Biao Yang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010021 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) represents a significant challenge in global public health, and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. This study investigated the potential application of Mg alloys for the treatment of GC through preclinical experimentation. Methods: Alloy materials were screened and selected [...] Read more.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) represents a significant challenge in global public health, and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. This study investigated the potential application of Mg alloys for the treatment of GC through preclinical experimentation. Methods: Alloy materials were screened and selected in GC cells using cell viability assays. To uncover the mechanisms by which Mg alloys influence GC, RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR were performed. Mice bearing tumors derived from GC cells were used to assess the potential application of Mg alloys in GC. The antibacterial effects of Mg alloys were evaluated in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Results: Co-cultures of Mg alloys with MGC-803 cells resulted in inhibition of cell viability. RNA sequencing revealed differential mRNA expression and we validated the gene expression changes. Moreover, Mg alloy wire implantation effectively displayed that the inhibition rate of relative tumor volume reached 42.86% in tumor-bearing mice. Additionally, Mg alloys inhibited bacterial growth of two types of pathogenic bacteria, with an antibacterial rate of approximately 70%. Conclusions: Our results indicate that Mg alloys represent a novel therapeutic resource for clinical applications against GC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Cancer Therapies)

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26 pages, 9155 KB

Open AccessArticle

Silicon Nitride Bioceramics with TiC Additives: Excellent Mechanical Properties, Cytocompatibility, and Antibacterial Properties

by Zhebin Lou, Jiayu He, Yuandong Liu, Hanxu Zhu, Xiaofeng Zeng and Zulaikha Abid

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010020 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Silicon nitride is a type of bioceramic with great application potential. However, the brittleness of silicon nitride can be addressed through toughening. In this study, various proportions of TiC were incorporated into the sintering additive system to explore the effects of different amounts [...] Read more.

Silicon nitride is a type of bioceramic with great application potential. However, the brittleness of silicon nitride can be addressed through toughening. In this study, various proportions of TiC were incorporated into the sintering additive system to explore the effects of different amounts of TiC on the mechanical properties, cell compatibility, and antibacterial properties of silicon nitride. Silicon nitride was prepared by gas pressure sintering, with TiC addition amounts of 3%, 5%, 8%, and 13% wt. Among the four types of silicon nitride, the mechanical properties of silicon nitride with 3% and 5% wt TiC addition were improved, with the flexural strength and fracture toughness of the former being 571 MPa and 8.35 MPa·m^1/2, respectively, and the flexural strength and fracture toughness of the latter being 532 MPa and 8.53 MPa·m^1/2, respectively. The surface of all four types of silicon nitride was enriched with Ti as the amount of TiC added increased, and the surface properties of the four silicon nitrides were the same. All four types of silicon nitride could continuously release Si ions in liquid. In vitro cell experiments showed that all four types of silicon nitride could enable normal cell proliferation and adhesion. Silicon nitride with different TiC addition amounts all exhibited good cell compatibility. Compared with the control material, each of the four types of silicon nitride demonstrated robust antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with comparable potency across all types. These findings indicate that the incorporation of titanium carbide (TiC) within the silicon nitride matrix, particularly within the 3–5% weight ratio range, not only enhances mechanical integrity and cellular compatibility, but also confers notable antibacterial attributes. Consequently, these results demonstrate the promising viability of TiC-modified silicon nitride as a prospective material for the fabrication of bone implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis of Biomaterials via Advanced Technologies)

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38 pages, 10881 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical Effects of Platform Diameter and Screw Length in an Abutment-Free Tissue-Level Implant System Compared with a Ti-Base Configuration: 3D Finite Element Analysis

by Aliona Dodi, Alecsandru Ionescu, Mihaela Anca Marin, Emil Nuțu, Vlad Gabriel Vasilescu, Ana Maria Cristina Țâncu, Toma Lucian Ciocan and Marina Imre

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010019 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

This finite element analysis compared a tissue-level implant with an engaging Ti-base to abutment-free, direct-to-implant, tissue-level configurations (3.7 mm and 4.5 mm platforms; short and long retention screws) to examine how platform width and screw length influence stresses under axial and oblique loads. [...] Read more.

This finite element analysis compared a tissue-level implant with an engaging Ti-base to abutment-free, direct-to-implant, tissue-level configurations (3.7 mm and 4.5 mm platforms; short and long retention screws) to examine how platform width and screw length influence stresses under axial and oblique loads. Five configurations were modeled with identical materials and boundary conditions. Screw preload corresponding to a tightening torque of 35 N·cm was applied in the first step, followed by either a 400 N axial load or a 300 N at 30°. Oblique loading dominated the mechanical response, increasing stresses relative to axial loading and concentrating them at the implant neck and first thread, as well as at the crown screw-access and antirotation regions. Under oblique loads, the 3.7 mm platform implant showed the highest stresses, whereas the 4.5 mm platform implant was comparable to or slightly less stressed than the Ti-base configuration, whose peaks remained confined to a small internal recess. Crown stresses remained localized around the antirotation features, while the composite layer bore negligible load. Within the limitations of this numerical model, abutment-free, direct-to-implant workflows may achieve biomechanical performance comparable to Ti-base solutions if platform and screw selection are aligned with the occlusal scheme, but ISO-style fatigue testing and experimental or clinical validation are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry (2nd Edition))

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