Journal of Functional Biomaterials

13 pages, 3998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Surface Energy and Osteoblast Viability on Zirconia Implant Abutments Through Glass–Ceramic Spray Deposition Technology

by Wen-Chieh Hsu, Tao-Yu Cha, Yu-Chin Yao, Chien-Ming Kang, Sheng-Han Wu, Yuichi Mine, Chien-Fu Tseng, I-Ta Lee, Dan-Jae Lin and Tzu-Yu Peng

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080288 - 7 Aug 2025

Viewed by 277

Abstract

Zirconia is used widely for high-precision custom abutments; however, stress concentration can compromise osseointegration. Although glass–ceramic spray deposition (GCSD) can enhance the surface properties of zirconia, its biological effects remain unclear. In this study, the biological responses of human osteoblast-like (MG-63) cells to [...] Read more.

Zirconia is used widely for high-precision custom abutments; however, stress concentration can compromise osseointegration. Although glass–ceramic spray deposition (GCSD) can enhance the surface properties of zirconia, its biological effects remain unclear. In this study, the biological responses of human osteoblast-like (MG-63) cells to GCSD-modified zirconia surfaces were evaluated to assess the potential application in zirconia abutments. Disk-shaped zirconia and titanium alloy samples were prepared; titanium served as the control (Ti). Zirconia was subjected to polishing (NT), airborne-particle abrasion (AB), or GCSD with (GE) or without (GC) hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching. Surface characteristics, including wettability, surface energy (SE), and surface potential (SP), were analyzed. Cytotoxicity and MG-63 cell adhesion were assessed using the PrestoBlue assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), viability staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Statistical analysis was performed with a significance level of 0.05. GCSD produced a dense glass–ceramic coating on the zirconia surface, which significantly enhanced hydrophilicity as indicated by reduced water contact angles and increased SE in the GC and GE groups (p < 0.05). HF etching increased SP (p < 0.05). No cytotoxicity was observed in any group. SEM, viability staining, and CLSM revealed enhanced MG-63 cell attachment on Ti and GE surfaces and the highest viability ratio in the GE group. The NT group exhibited the lowest cell attachment and viability at all time points. GCSD effectively improved zirconia abutment surface properties by enhancing hydrophilicity and promoting MG-63 cell adhesion, with biocompatibility comparable to or better than that of titanium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Analyses, Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Dental Biomaterials (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Compression Fabrics with Dual Scar-Suppressing and Antimicrobial Properties: Microencapsulation Design and Performance Evaluation

by Lihuan Zhao, Changjing Li, Mingzhu Yuan, Rong Zhang, Xinrui Liu, Xiuwen Nie and Bowen Yan

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080287 - 5 Aug 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

Pressure therapy combined with silicone has a significant effect on scar hyperplasia, but limitations such as long-term wearing of compression garments (CGs) can easily cause bacterial infection, cleanliness, and lifespan problems of CGs caused by the tedious operation of applying silicone. In this [...] Read more.

Pressure therapy combined with silicone has a significant effect on scar hyperplasia, but limitations such as long-term wearing of compression garments (CGs) can easily cause bacterial infection, cleanliness, and lifespan problems of CGs caused by the tedious operation of applying silicone. In this study, a compression garment fabric (CGF) with both inhibition of scar hyperplasia and antibacterial function was prepared. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-loaded microcapsule (PDMS-M) was prepared with chitosan quaternary ammonium salt (HACC) and sodium alginate (SA) as wall materials and PDMS as core materials by the complex coagulation method. The PDMS-Ms were finished on CGF and modified with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) to obtain PDMS-M CGF, which was further treated with HACC to produce PDMS-M-HACC CGF. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the formation of covalent bonding between PDMS-M and CGF. The PDMS-M CGF exhibited antibacterial rates of 94.2% against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli, AATCC 6538) and of 83.1% against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, AATCC 25922). The antibacterial rate of PDMS-M-HACC CGF against both E. coli and S. aureus reached 99.9%, with wash durability reaching grade AA for E. coli and approaching grade A for S. aureus. The finished CGF maintained good biocompatibility and showed minimal reduction in moisture permeability compared to unfinished CGF, though with decreased elastic recovery, air permeability and softness. The finished CGF of this study is expected to improve the therapeutic effect of hypertrophic scars and improve the quality of life of patients with hypertrophic scars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials, Bioconjugated Materials, and Biomaterial Composites with Antimicrobial Properties)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Hydroxyapatite–β-Tricalcium Phosphate Collagen Composites for Socket Preservation in a Canine Model

by Dong Woo Kim, Donghyun Lee, Jaeyoung Ryu, Min-Suk Kook, Hong-Ju Park and Seunggon Jung

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080286 - 3 Aug 2025

Viewed by 484

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the performance of three hydroxyapatite–β-tricalcium phosphate (HA–β-TCP) collagen composite grafts in a canine model for extraction socket preservation. Eight mongrel dogs underwent atraumatic bilateral mandibular premolar extraction, and sockets were randomly grafted with HBC28 (20% high-crystalline HA, 80% [...] Read more.

This study aimed to compare the performance of three hydroxyapatite–β-tricalcium phosphate (HA–β-TCP) collagen composite grafts in a canine model for extraction socket preservation. Eight mongrel dogs underwent atraumatic bilateral mandibular premolar extraction, and sockets were randomly grafted with HBC28 (20% high-crystalline HA, 80% β-TCP bovine collagen), HBC37 (30% HA, 70% β-TCP, bovine collagen), or HPC64 (60% HA, 40% β-TCP, porcine collagen). Grafts differed in their HA–β-TCP ratio and collagen origin and content. Animals were sacrificed at 4 and 12 weeks, and the healing sites were evaluated using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histological analysis. At 12 weeks, all groups showed good socket maintenance with comparable new bone formation. However, histological analysis revealed that HBC28 had significantly higher residual graft volume, while HPC64 demonstrated more extensive graft resorption. Histomorphometric analysis confirmed these findings, with statistically significant differences in residual graft area and bone volume fraction. No inflammatory response or adverse tissue reactions were observed in any group. These results suggest that all three HA–β-TCP collagen composites are biocompatible and suitable for socket preservation, with varying resorption kinetics influenced by graft composition. Selection of graft material may thus be guided by the desired rate of replacement by new bone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 2710 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polyphosphazene-Based Nanotherapeutics

by Sara Gutierrez-Gutierrez, Rocio Mellid-Carballal, Noemi Csaba and Marcos Garcia-Fuentes

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080285 - 2 Aug 2025

Viewed by 468

Abstract

Poly(organo)phosphazenes (PPZs) are increasingly recognized as versatile biomaterials for drug delivery applications in nanomedicine. Their unique hybrid structure—featuring an inorganic backbone and highly tunable organic side chains—confers exceptional biocompatibility and adaptability. Through precise synthetic methodologies, PPZs can be engineered to exhibit a wide [...] Read more.

Poly(organo)phosphazenes (PPZs) are increasingly recognized as versatile biomaterials for drug delivery applications in nanomedicine. Their unique hybrid structure—featuring an inorganic backbone and highly tunable organic side chains—confers exceptional biocompatibility and adaptability. Through precise synthetic methodologies, PPZs can be engineered to exhibit a wide spectrum of functional properties, including the formation of multifunctional nanostructures tailored for specific therapeutic needs. These attributes enable PPZs to address several critical challenges associated with conventional drug delivery systems, such as poor pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. By modulating solubility profiles, enhancing drug stability, enabling targeted delivery, and supporting controlled release, PPZs offer a robust platform for improving therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes. This review explores the fundamental chemistry, biopharmaceutical characteristics, and biomedical applications of PPZs, particularly emphasizing their role in zero-dimensional nanotherapeutic systems, including various nanoparticle formulations. PPZ-based nanotherapeutics are further examined based on their drug-loading mechanisms, which include electrostatic complexation in polyelectrolytic systems, self-assembly in amphiphilic constructs, and covalent conjugation with active pharmaceutical agents. Together, these strategies underscore the potential of PPZs as a next-generation material for advanced drug delivery platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Autoclaving on the Dimensional Stability of 3D-Printed Surgical Guides for Aesthetic Crown Lengthening

by Albert González-Barnadas, Anna Ribas-Garcia, Adrià Jorba-García, Rui Figueiredo, Eduard Valmaseda-Castellón and Octavi Camps-Font

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080284 - 2 Aug 2025

Viewed by 450

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of autoclaving on the dimensional stability of surgical guides (SGs) for aesthetic crown lengthening (ACL) using different resins/printing methods. Fifty SGs for ACL were printed using five different resin/printer combinations (FL, SR, ND, [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of autoclaving on the dimensional stability of surgical guides (SGs) for aesthetic crown lengthening (ACL) using different resins/printing methods. Fifty SGs for ACL were printed using five different resin/printer combinations (FL, SR, ND, KS and VC). All the SGs were scanned before (T0) and after (T1) sterilization. Autoclaving was conducted at 134 °C during 4 min. The STL files of each SG at T0 and T1 were compared with the original design (TR). Dimensional stability was measured using trueness and precision. Deviations from TR to T1 were calculated in the three space axes and by measuring the area between three reference landmarks. At T0, the FL group showed the best trueness and precision, while the SR group performed significantly worse than the other groups. At T1, all the groups except VC exhibited significant dimensional alterations compared with T0. Also, VC showed the best trueness and precision values. All the groups had a significant deviation in at least one space axis, while only the SR group exhibited significant variations from T1 to TR in the area between the reference landmarks. Most of the evaluated resin/3D printer combinations suffered significant dimensional alterations after autoclaving. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Dentistry: Current Status and Advances)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlling Sodium Titanate Crystal Size to Improve Wettability and Early Osseointegration of Titanium Implants: Insights from an Animal Model

by Saray Fernández-Hernández, Javier Gil, Marta Sanjuán-Álvarez, Ignacio Sanz, Mariano Herrero-Climent and Aritza Brizuela-Velasco

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080283 - 1 Aug 2025

Viewed by 447

Abstract

The thermo-chemical treatment of dental implants leads to the formation of sodium titanate crystals on their surface. When in contact with blood, these crystals dissolve and trigger an ionic exchange cascade, resulting in the formation of a calcium apatite layer. This study, carried [...] Read more.

The thermo-chemical treatment of dental implants leads to the formation of sodium titanate crystals on their surface. When in contact with blood, these crystals dissolve and trigger an ionic exchange cascade, resulting in the formation of a calcium apatite layer. This study, carried out both in vitro and in an animal model, aimed to determine whether the cooling rate of the treatment affects the size of the deposited crystals, and whether this in turn influences wettability and early bone-to-implant contact (BIC). A total of 50 dental implants and 50 titanium discs were treated using four different cooling rates, along with a control group. Crystal size was analyzed on implant surfaces using scanning electron microscopy, and wettability was assessed on titanium discs using a goniometer. Finally, the implants were placed in the tibiae of 13 rabbits, and histological analysis was performed after three weeks to compare BIC among groups. Results suggest that a cooling rate of 75 °C/h produces smaller sodium titanate crystals, which are associated with significantly improved surface wettability and a higher percentage of bone-to-implant contact after 3 weeks of healing (p < 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Dental Reparative and Regenerative Therapies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Pre- and Post-Dilatation on Long-Term Outcomes After Self-Expanding and Balloon-Expandable TAVI

by Alexandru Stan, Ayman Elkahlout, Marius Mihai Harpa, Marian Pop, Mihaly Veres, Antonela Delia Stan, Paul-Adrian Călburean, Anda-Cristina Scurtu, Klara Brînzaniuc and Horatiu Suciu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080282 - 1 Aug 2025

Viewed by 345

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with severe aortic stenosis, focusing on differences between self-expanding valve (SEV) versus balloon-expandable valve (BEV) prostheses and the influence of balloon pre- and [...] Read more.

The main objective of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with severe aortic stenosis, focusing on differences between self-expanding valve (SEV) versus balloon-expandable valve (BEV) prostheses and the influence of balloon pre- and post-dilatation on clinical results. The secondary objective was to report the long-term outcomes after TAVI in Romania. All patients who underwent a TAVI procedure for severe AS between November 2016 and May 2025 at a tertiary center in Romania were included in the present study. A total of 702 patients were included, of which 455 (64.8%) and 247 (35.1%) patients received a BEV (Sapien3 platform) and a SEV (Accurate, Boston, Portico, Evolut, or Navitor platforms), respectively. Pre-dilatation was performed in 514 (73.2%) cases, and post-dilatation was performed in 189 (26.9%) cases. There were 10.5 and 7.8 all-cause and cardiovascular-cause mortality event rates per 100 patient years, respectively. In regard to the univariable Cox regression, a BEV has significantly lower mortality than an SEV (HR = 0.67[0.46–0.96], p = 0.03), pre-dilatation did not influence mortality (HR = 0.71[0.48–1.04], p = 0.08), and post-dilatation significantly increased mortality (HR = 1.51[1.05–2.19], p = 0.03). In regard to the multivariable Cox regression, survival was not influenced by pre-dilatation or the valve platform, while post-dilatation had a trend towards higher mortality (p = 0.06). The BEV and SEV have similar survival rates, with no heterogeneity among a large number of TAVI platforms. While pre-dilatation had no impact on mortality, post-dilatation was associated with a trend towards increased mortality (p = 0.06), which was independent of the transprosthetic gradient. Survival after TAVI in Romania is comparable to that reported in Western registries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Biomaterials and Technologies for Cardiovascular Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Collagen Membrane Fixation with Pins on Buccal Bone Regeneration in Immediate Dental Implant Sites: A Preclinical Study in Dogs

by Yuma Hazama, Takahisa Iida, Niklaus P. Lang, Fernando M. Muñoz Guzon, Giovanna Iezzi, Daniele Botticelli and Shunsuke Baba

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080281 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 438

Abstract

Background: The role of collagen membrane fixation during guided bone regeneration (GBR) remains debatable, particularly in post-extraction sockets with buccal defects and concomitant immediate implant placement. This study evaluated whether or not fixation with titanium pins improved regenerative outcomes. Methods: Six adult Beagle [...] Read more.

Background: The role of collagen membrane fixation during guided bone regeneration (GBR) remains debatable, particularly in post-extraction sockets with buccal defects and concomitant immediate implant placement. This study evaluated whether or not fixation with titanium pins improved regenerative outcomes. Methods: Six adult Beagle dogs received bilateral extractions of the fourth mandibular premolars. An implant was immediately placed in both the distal alveoli, and standardized buccal bone defects (5 mm height, 3–2 mm width) were prepared. All defects were filled with a slowly resorbing equine xenograft and covered by a resorbable pericardium membrane. At the test sites, the membrane was apically fixed with pins, while no fixation was applied to the control sites. After 3 months of healing, histomorphometric analyses were performed. Results: The vertical bone gain of the buccal crest was 3.2 mm in the test sites (pin group) and 2.9 mm in the control sites (no-pin) (p > 0.754). No significant difference was found in terms of bone-to-implant contact (BIC). However, residual graft particles were located significantly more coronally in the pin group compared to the no-pin group (p = 0.021). Morphometric analyses revealed similar new bone formation within the groups, but with higher amounts of residual xenograft and soft tissue in the pin group. Conclusions: Membrane fixation did not significantly enhance vertical bone gain, and although the slightly higher regeneration in the pin group (3.2 mm vs. 2.9 mm) may hold clinical relevance in esthetically sensitive areas and osseointegration, it appeared to limit apical migration of the grafting material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Dentistry: Current Status and Advances)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 17913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Manufacturing, Microstructure, and Mechanics of 316L SS Biomaterials by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

by Zhizhou Zhang, Paul Mativenga and Shi-Qing Huang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080280 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 395

Abstract

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an advanced additive manufacturing technology that is gaining increasing interest for biomedical implants because it can produce dense, patient-specific metallic components with controlled microstructures. This study investigated the LPBF fabrication of 316L stainless steel, which is widely [...] Read more.

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an advanced additive manufacturing technology that is gaining increasing interest for biomedical implants because it can produce dense, patient-specific metallic components with controlled microstructures. This study investigated the LPBF fabrication of 316L stainless steel, which is widely used in orthopedic and dental implants, and examined the effects of laser power and scanning speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties relevant to biomedical applications. The study achieved 99.97% density and refined columnar and cellular austenitic grains, with optimized molten pool morphology. The optimal LPBF parameters, 190 W laser power and 700 mm/s, produced a tensile strength of 762.83 MPa and hardness of 253.07 HV_0.2, which exceeded the values of conventional cast 316L stainless steel. These results demonstrated the potential of optimized LPBF 316L stainless steel for functional biomedical applications that require high mechanical integrity and biocompatibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Additive Manufacturing in Materials Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1867 KiB

Open AccessReview

Histological Processing of Scaffolds: Challenges and Solutions

by Tomas Ragauskas, Ilona Uzieliene and Eiva Bernotiene

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080279 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 490

Abstract

Scaffolds are widely used in bioengineering, both as 3D native tissue-mimicking models for investigating mechanisms under physiological and pathological conditions and also as implantable agents in regenerative medicine. Histological approaches, mainly formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and frozen sample sectioning, are commonly applied to evaluate [...] Read more.

Scaffolds are widely used in bioengineering, both as 3D native tissue-mimicking models for investigating mechanisms under physiological and pathological conditions and also as implantable agents in regenerative medicine. Histological approaches, mainly formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and frozen sample sectioning, are commonly applied to evaluate cell distribution and tissue-like properties of scaffolds. However, standard histological processing is not always compatible with the materials that scaffolds are made of. Thus, some adaptations to protocols are required to obtain intact sections. In this review we discuss challenges related to the histological processing of scaffolds and solutions to overcome them. We sequentially cover processing steps of the three main histological techniques for sample preparation—cryomicrotomy, FFPE samples microtomy and vibrating microtomy. Furthermore, we highlight the critical considerations in choosing the most appropriate method based on scaffold composition, mechanical properties and the specific research question. The goal of this review is to provide practical guidance on choosing reliable histological evaluation of complex scaffold-based systems in tissue engineering research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials: Functionalization, Diagnostics, and Modeling for Advanced Therapeutic and Regenerative Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 2309 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Influence of Printing Orientation on the Properties of 3D-Printed Polymeric Provisional Dental Restorations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Firas K. Alqarawi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080278 - 31 Jul 2025

Viewed by 495

Abstract

Three-dimensional printing is commonly used to fabricate provisional dental restorations. Studies have reported that changes in printing orientation affect the physical and mechanical properties of 3D-printed polymeric provisional restorations; however the findings have been inconsistent. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional printing is commonly used to fabricate provisional dental restorations. Studies have reported that changes in printing orientation affect the physical and mechanical properties of 3D-printed polymeric provisional restorations; however the findings have been inconsistent. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aims to analyze the articles evaluating the influence of printing orientation on the physical and mechanical properties of 3D-printed polymeric provisional dental restorations. Recommendations provided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to structure and compose the review. The PICO (Participant, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) question ordered was: ‘Do 3D-printed provisional dental restorations (P) printed at various orientations (except 0°) (I) exhibit similar physical and mechanical properties (O) when compared to those printed at a 0° orientation (C)?’. An electronic search was conducted on 28 and 29 April 2025, by two independent researchers across four databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) to systematically collect relevant articles published up to March 2025. After removing duplicate articles and applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty-one articles were incorporated into this review. Self-designed Performa’s were used to tabulate all relevant information. For the quality analysis, the modified CONSORT scale was utilized. The quantitative analysis was performed on only fifteen out of twenty-one articles. It can be concluded that the printing orientation affects some of the tested properties, which include fracture strength (significantly higher for specimens printed at 0° when compared to 90°), wear resistance (significantly higher for specimens printed at 90° when compared to 0°), microhardness (significantly higher for specimens printed at 90°and 45° when compared to 0°), color stability (high at 0°), and surface roughness (significantly higher for specimens printed at 45° and 90° when compared to 0°). There were varied outcomes in terms of flexural strength and elastic modulus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Restorative Dentistry Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Trueness of Complete Dentures Fabricated Using Liquid Crystal Display 3D Printing According to Build Angle and Natural Light Exposure

by Haeri Kim, KeunBaDa Son, So-Yeun Kim and Kyu-Bok Lee

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080277 - 30 Jul 2025

Viewed by 475

Abstract

The dimensional accuracy of the intaglio surface of complete dentures fabricated using liquid crystal display (LCD) three-dimensional (3D) printing might be influenced by the build angle and post-processing storage conditions. This study evaluated the effect of build angle and natural light exposure duration [...] Read more.

The dimensional accuracy of the intaglio surface of complete dentures fabricated using liquid crystal display (LCD) three-dimensional (3D) printing might be influenced by the build angle and post-processing storage conditions. This study evaluated the effect of build angle and natural light exposure duration on the intaglio surface trueness of maxillary complete denture bases. Standardized denture base designs (2 mm uniform thickness) were fabricated using an LCD 3D printer (Lilivis Print; Huvitz, Seoul, Republic of Korea) at build angles of 0°, 45°, and 90° (n = 7 per group). All specimens were printed using the same photopolymer resin (Tera Harz Denture; Graphy, Seoul, Republic of Korea) and identical printing parameters, followed by ultrasonic cleaning and ultraviolet post-curing. Specimens were stored under controlled light-emitting diode lighting and exposed to natural light (400–800 lux) for 0, 14, or 30 days. The intaglio surfaces were scanned and superimposed on the original design data, following the International Organization for Standardization 12836. Quantitative assessment included root mean square deviation, mean deviation, and tolerance percentage. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance and paired t-tests (α = 0.05). Build angle and light exposure duration significantly affected surface trueness (p < 0.05). The 90° build angle group exhibited the highest accuracy and dimensional stability, while the 0° group showed the greatest deviations (p < 0.05). These findings underscore the importance of optimizing build orientation and storage conditions in denture 3D printing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Additive Manufacturing in Materials Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Interplay Between Roughness and Elastic Modulus at the Nanoscale: A Methodology Study with Bone as Model Material

by Alessandro Gambardella, Gregorio Marchiori, Melania Maglio, Marco Boi, Matteo Montesissa, Jessika Bertacchini, Stefano Biressi, Nicola Baldini, Gianluca Giavaresi and Marco Bontempi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080276 - 29 Jul 2025

Viewed by 459

Abstract

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoindentation enables investigation of the mechanical response of biological materials at a subcellular scale. However, quantitative estimates of mechanical parameters such as the elastic modulus (E) remain unreliable because the influence of sample roughness on E measurements at the [...] Read more.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoindentation enables investigation of the mechanical response of biological materials at a subcellular scale. However, quantitative estimates of mechanical parameters such as the elastic modulus (E) remain unreliable because the influence of sample roughness on E measurements at the nanoscale is still poorly understood. This study re-examines the interpretation of roughness from a more rigorous perspective and validates an experimental methodology to extract roughness at each nanoindentation site—i.e., the local roughness γ_s—with which the corresponding E value can be accurately correlated. Cortical regions of a murine tibia cross-section, characterized by complex nanoscale morphology, were selected as a testbed. Eighty non-overlapping nanoindentations were performed using two different AFM tips, maintaining a maximum penetration depth of 10 nm for each measurement. Our results show a slight decreasing trend of E versus γ_s (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient ρ = −0.27187). A total of 90% of the E values are reliable when γ_s < 10 nm (coefficient of determination R² > 0.90), although low γ_s values are associated with significant dispersion around E (γ_s = 0) = E₀ = 1.18 GPa, with variations exceeding 50%. These findings are consistent with a qualitative tip-to-sample contact model that accounts for the pronounced roughness heterogeneity typical of bone topography at the nanoscale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interaction of MG63 Human Osteosarcoma-Derived Cells on S53P4 Bioactive Glass: An In Vitro Study

by Valentin Schmidt, Beáta Polgár, Vanda Ágnes Nemes, Tímea Dergez, László Janovák, Péter Maróti, Szilárd Rendeki, Kinga Turzó and Balázs Patczai

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080275 - 29 Jul 2025

Viewed by 525

Abstract

Bioactive glass materials have been used for decades in orthopedic surgery, traumatology, and oral and maxillofacial surgery to repair bone defects. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the survival and proliferation of MG63 human osteosarcoma-derived cells on S53P4 bioactive glass (BonAlive^® [...] Read more.

Bioactive glass materials have been used for decades in orthopedic surgery, traumatology, and oral and maxillofacial surgery to repair bone defects. This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the survival and proliferation of MG63 human osteosarcoma-derived cells on S53P4 bioactive glass (BonAlive^® granules). Microscopic visualization was performed to directly observe the interactions between the cells and the material. Osteoblast-like cells were examined on non-adherent test plates, on tissue culture (TC)-treated plates and on the surface of the bioglass to assess the differences. Cell survival and proliferation were monitored using a CCK-8 optical density assay. Comparing the mean OD of MG63 cells in MEM on TC-treated plates with cells on BG, we detected a significant difference (p < 0.05), over each time of observation. The sustained cell proliferation confirmed the non-cytotoxic property of the bioglass, as the cell number increased continuously at 48, 72, 96, and 168 h and even did not plateau after 168 h. Since the properties of bioglasses can vary significantly depending on their composition and environment, a thorough characterization of their biocompatibility is crucial to ensure their effective and appropriate application—for example, during hip and knee prosthesis insertion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 6405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PDMS Membranes Drilled by Proton Microbeam Writing: A Customizable Platform for the Investigation of Endothelial Cell–Substrate Interactions in Transwell-like Devices

by Vita Guarino, Giovanna Vasco, Valentina Arima, Rosella Cataldo, Alessandra Zizzari, Elisabetta Perrone, Giuseppe Gigli and Maura Cesaria

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080274 - 28 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1143

Abstract

Cell migration assays provide valuable insights into pathological conditions, such as tumor metastasis and immune cell infiltration, and the regenerative capacity of tissues. In vitro tools commonly used for cell migration studies exploit commercial transwell systems, whose functionalities can be improved through engineering [...] Read more.

Cell migration assays provide valuable insights into pathological conditions, such as tumor metastasis and immune cell infiltration, and the regenerative capacity of tissues. In vitro tools commonly used for cell migration studies exploit commercial transwell systems, whose functionalities can be improved through engineering of the pore pattern. In this context, we propose the fabrication of a transwell-like device pursued by combining the proton beam writing (PBW) technique with wet etching onto thin layers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The resulting transwell-like device incorporates a PDMS membrane with finely controllable pore patterning that was used to study the arrangement and migration behavior of HCMEC/D3 cells, a well-established human brain microvascular endothelial cell model widely used to study vascular maturation in the brain. A comparison between commercial polycarbonate membranes and the PBW-holed membranes highlights the impact of the ordering of the pattern and porosity on cellular growth, self-organization, and transmigration by combining fluorescent microscopy and advanced digital processing. Endothelial cells were found to exhibit distinctive clustering, alignment, and migratory behavior close to the pores of the designed PBW-holed membrane. This is indicative of activation patterns associated with cytoskeletal remodeling, a critical element in the angiogenic process. This study stands up as a novel approach toward the development of more biomimetic barrier models (such as organ-on-chips). Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Platelet-Rich Fibrin Synthetic Bone Graft Enhances Bone Regeneration and Mechanical Strength in Rabbit Femoral Defects: Micro-CT and Biomechanical Study

by Yu-Kuan Lin, Hsuan-Wen Wang, Po-Kuei Wu and Chun-Li Lin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080273 - 28 Jul 2025

Viewed by 532

Abstract

This study evaluated the bone regeneration effect and mechanical properties of “Sticky bone”, a mixture of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and synthetic bone grafts (SBGs), in the repair of large femoral bone defects in rabbits. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were included and randomly [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the bone regeneration effect and mechanical properties of “Sticky bone”, a mixture of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and synthetic bone grafts (SBGs), in the repair of large femoral bone defects in rabbits. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were included and randomly divided into a Sticky bone group and an SBG alone group. Bone graft samples were collected and analyzed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. Micro- computed tomography (CT) analysis showed that the amount of the Sticky bone group in the grayscale ranges of 255–140 (highly mineralized tissue or unabsorbed bone powder) and 140–90 (representing new cancellous bone) was higher than that of the SBG group at each time point and decreased with the number of weeks. The compression strength test showed that the average compression strength of the Sticky bone group reached 5.17 MPa at the 12th week, which was 1.62 times that of the intact bone (3.19 MPa) and was significantly better than that of the SBG group (about 4.12 MPa). This study also confirmed for the first time that the use of a new polyethylene terephthalate (PET) blood collection tube to prepare PRF can stably release key growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are conducive to early bone vascularization and cell proliferation. In summary, Sticky bone has the potential to promote bone formation, enhance tissue integration and mechanical stability, and can be used as an effective alternative material for repairing large-scale bone defects in clinical practice in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art: Biomaterials in Bone Implant and Regeneration)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 516 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Role of Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) in White Spot Lesion Remineralization—A Systematic Review

by Valentina Baccolini, Lígia Pereira da Silva, Liliana Teixeira, Raquel Teixeira de Sousa and Patrícia Manarte-Monteiro

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080272 - 25 Jul 2025

Viewed by 725

Abstract

Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) is a well-established bioceramic material known to promote the remineralization of dental hard tissues. White spot lesions (WSLs) represent the initial stage of enamel demineralization and are frequently observed in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances or inadequate oral hygiene. [...] Read more.

Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) is a well-established bioceramic material known to promote the remineralization of dental hard tissues. White spot lesions (WSLs) represent the initial stage of enamel demineralization and are frequently observed in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances or inadequate oral hygiene. Although recommendations for remineralizing agents include both the prevention of lesion progression and the stimulation of tissue remineralization, the clinical efficacy of ACP-based materials remains under debate. This systematic review, registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42024540595), aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP)-based products in the remineralization of WSLs and to compare these outcomes with those achieved using non-bioceramic approaches. Inclusion criteria comprised randomized clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, and pilot studies conducted on human subjects with WSLs affecting permanent teeth. Studies involving artificial WSLs or non-cariogenic enamel lesions were excluded. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool. Fourteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The main findings indicate that CPP-ACP is clinically effective in promoting the remineralization of WSLs, although the results were inconsistent across studies. Comparisons with placebo and resin infiltration treatments revealed greater efficacy for CPP-ACP. The combination of CPP-ACP with fluoride appeared to further enhance the remineralizing effect on WSLs. Additional standardized clinical studies with longer follow-up periods are warranted to confirm these outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional-Printed Biomimetic Scaffolds for Investigating Osteoblast-Like Cell Interactions in Simulated Microgravity: An In Vitro Platform for Bone Tissue Engineering Research

by Eleonora Zenobi, Giulia Gramigna, Elisa Scatena, Luca Panizza, Carlotta Achille, Raffaella Pecci, Annalisa Convertino, Costantino Del Gaudio, Antonella Lisi and Mario Ledda

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080271 - 24 Jul 2025

Viewed by 675

Abstract

Three-dimensional cell culture systems are relevant in vitro models for studying cellular behavior. In this regard, this present study investigates the interaction between human osteoblast-like cells and 3D-printed scaffolds mimicking physiological and osteoporotic bone structures under simulated microgravity conditions. The objective is to [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional cell culture systems are relevant in vitro models for studying cellular behavior. In this regard, this present study investigates the interaction between human osteoblast-like cells and 3D-printed scaffolds mimicking physiological and osteoporotic bone structures under simulated microgravity conditions. The objective is to assess the effects of scaffold architecture and dynamic culture conditions on cell adhesion, proliferation, and metabolic activity, with implications for osteoporosis research. Polylactic acid scaffolds with physiological (P) and osteoporotic-like (O) trabecular architectures were 3D-printed by means of fused deposition modeling technology. Morphometric characterization was performed using micro-computed tomography. Human osteoblast-like SAOS-2 and U2OS cells were cultured on the scaffolds under static and dynamic simulated microgravity conditions using a rotary cell culture system (RCCS). Scaffold biocompatibility, cell viability, adhesion, and metabolic activity were evaluated through Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays, a water-soluble tetrazolium salt assay, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of tumor necrosis factor-α secretion. Both scaffold models supported osteoblast-like cell adhesion and growth, with an approximately threefold increase in colonization observed on the high-porosity O scaffolds under dynamic conditions. The dynamic environment facilitated increased surface interaction, amplifying the effects of scaffold architecture on cell behavior. Overall, sustained cell growth and metabolic activity, together with the absence of detectable inflammatory responses, confirmed the biocompatibility of the system. Scaffold microstructure and dynamic culture conditions significantly influence osteoblast-like cell behavior. The combination of 3D-printed scaffolds and a RCCS bioreactor provides a promising platform for studying bone remodeling in osteoporosis and microgravity-induced bone loss. These findings may contribute to the development of advanced in vitro models for biomedical research and potential countermeasures for bone degeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 1515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Professional Periodontal Therapy with a Novel PMA-Zeolite Application: A Clinical Study on Periodontal Outcomes and Microbiological Changes

by Ines Đapić, Andrej Aurer, Jurica Žučko, Marinka Mravak-Stipetić, Marinka Baranović Baričević, Krešimir Pavelić, Fusun Ozer and Sandra Kraljević Pavelić

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080270 - 22 Jul 2025

Viewed by 499

Abstract

Periodontitis is a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the periodontal supporting tissues, including alveolar bone, potentially resulting in tooth loss. Etiopathogenesis involves a dysbiotic shift in the subgingival microbiota where the presence of pathogenic species such as Porphyromonas [...] Read more.

Periodontitis is a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the periodontal supporting tissues, including alveolar bone, potentially resulting in tooth loss. Etiopathogenesis involves a dysbiotic shift in the subgingival microbiota where the presence of pathogenic species such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Treponema denticola has been documented. This disbalance is combined with an inadequate host immune response, often exacerbated by other systemic comorbidities including diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Conventional therapy typically comprises mechanical debridement and adjunctive local or systemic antimicrobials, but emerging antibiotic resistance highlights a need for alternative adjuvant therapeutic strategies. The present descriptive analysis of microbiome and clinical trends study evaluated the adjuvant effects of a clinoptilolite-based zeolite material, namely PMA-zeolite, with professional prophylaxis on clinical and microbiological parameters in patients with chronic periodontitis over a 10-week period. Clinical assessment revealed significant reductions in bleeding on probing (BoP) and periodontal pocket depth (PD), indicating improved inflammatory status. Microbiome profiling demonstrated a marked decrease in key periodontal pathogens, suggesting that PMA-zeolite can help rebalance the oral microbiome. These findings suggest that the combined therapy exhibits promising anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, indicating its role in promoting microbial homeostasis and reducing periodontal inflammation. However, further investigation through larger, controlled clinical trials is needed to validate the efficacy of the therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 10471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocompatible Hybrid Surface Layers on Porous Magnesium Structures Fabricated by Spark Sintering

by Konstantine V. Nadaraia, Anastasia A. Golysheva, Evgeniy A. Belov, Dmitry A. Lyapin, Mariia S. Gerasimenko, Maria A. Nadaraia, Arina I. Pleshkova, Igor M. Imshinetskiy, Oleg O. Shichalin, Anton A. Belov, Eugeniy K. Papynov, Sergey S. Atarshchikov and Dmitry V. Mashtalyar

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080269 - 22 Jul 2025

Viewed by 434

Abstract

In this study, 3D Mg scaffolds were obtained by the spark plasma sintering (SPS), and a calcium phosphate coating was then obtained on the samples by the plasma electrolytic oxidation. A hybrid coating with vancomycin, zoledronic acid, and menaquinone MK-7 was formed to [...] Read more.

In this study, 3D Mg scaffolds were obtained by the spark plasma sintering (SPS), and a calcium phosphate coating was then obtained on the samples by the plasma electrolytic oxidation. A hybrid coating with vancomycin, zoledronic acid, and menaquinone MK-7 was formed to improve biocompatibility. The mechanical properties of the formed specimens were studied. According to XRD, XRF, SEM, EDS, and OSP studies obtained scaffolds have developed morphology and contain hydroxyapatite as well as bioactive substances. Formation of coatings improves the wettability of samples (contact angle decreases from 123.8 ± 3.1° to 26.9 ± 4.1°) and increases the surface roughness by more than 3 times. This makes them promising for use as a new generation of implantation materials. The results are important for the development of personalized implants with improved functional characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis of Biomaterials via Advanced Technologies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 16, Issue 8 (August 2025) – 20 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI