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Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics (2nd Edition)

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A special issue of Journal of Functional Biomaterials (ISSN 2079-4983). This special issue belongs to the section "Dental Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2026) | Viewed by 11289

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Dr. Dimitrios Dionysopoulos

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Department of Operative Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: composite resins; dental materials; restorative dentistry; operative dentistry; dental cariesc; teeth whitening; preventive dentistry; dental biomaterials; cariology; laser in dentistry; adhesives; conservative dentistry; glass Ionomer cements; tooth erosion; tooth bleaching; bleaching agents; fluoride
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Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, the restorative approach in dentistry has steadily evolved, progressing from mechanical retention to advanced adhesion. Moreover, there is a strong trend in materials science to develop and apply biomaterials that can interact with the tooth tissues and the oral environment. In addition, smart materials have been introduced to the dental industry, which can be defined as materials that have one or more properties that can significantly change in a controlled fashion due to the effects of external stimuli. Materials, such as certain alloys, composites or ceramics, can display smart behavior by undergoing predictable changes in structure in response to applied mechanical or thermal stimuli. It is beyond doubt that biomaterials science in dentistry promotes the merits of conservative dentistry, which intends to ensure the longevity of the natural dentition. The benefit for the patient and the quality of dental therapy will undergo a significant improvement if materials such as dental composites and ceramics are developed and introduced further. Behind the concept of bioactive materials lays the education of dental clinicians in modern caries detection and removal, as well as in conservative restorations of tooth structure that reflect on the higher resistance to wear.

This Special Issue calls for recent studies from a range of fields in Biomaterials science that are poised to guide investigations on the development of novel biomaterials and techniques for conservative dentistry and prosthodontics and to understand their mechanisms and clinical perspectives.

Dr. Dimitrios Dionysopoulos
Guest Editor

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Biomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

biomaterials
conservative dentistry
prosthodontics
bioactive glasses
tooth tissue interaction
bioceramics
bioactive composites

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Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics in Journal of Functional Biomaterials (11 articles)

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 1274 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Outcomes and Complication Rates of Crown Restorations with Various Endodontic Posts: A Retrospective Analysis

by Ali Alenezi and Hanin Alsalhi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17020084 - 8 Feb 2026

Viewed by 946

Abstract

Objective: This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate long-term outcomes lcomplication rates of crown restorations supported by different types of endodontic posts and to determine the influence of post material on biological and technical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Clinical and radiographic data from 437 crowned teeth retained by fiber, metallic, or custom-made posts were collected at Qassim University Dental Hospital between August and November 2025. Biological (secondary caries, periapical lesions) and technical (debonding, fracture, chipping) complications were recorded. Kaplan–Meier and life-table analyses were used to estimate complication-free survival, and Cox regression was employed to identify significant predictors (α = 0.05). Results: The mean observation period was 6.76 ± 4.88 years. The overall complication rate was 56.8%. Crowns restored with fiber posts exhibited the lowest complication rate (40.0%) and the highest 15-year cumulative survival (52%), followed by custom-made (38%) and metallic posts (15%). Fiber posts demonstrated a significantly lower hazard of complications than metal posts (HR = 1.70, p = 0.009). Female sex (HR = 1.69, p = 0.001) and mandibular location (HR = 1.36, p = 0.048) were associated with increased risk. Metal–ceramic crowns showed a protective effect compared to ceramic crowns (HR = 0.56, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The type of post significantly affected long-term prognosis of crowned endodontically treated teeth. Fiber posts provided the most favorable outcomes by minimizing catastrophic root fractures, while metallic and custom-made posts demonstrated higher complication hazards. Crown material, arch location, and patient factors further influenced survival outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 5462 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Assessment of the Remineralization Potential of Five Modern Oral Health Products on Bovine Enamel

by Aggeliki Lampousi, Dimitrios Dionysopoulos, Razia Z. Adam, Spyros Papageorgiou, Kosmas Tolidis and Robert G. Hill

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17010013 - 25 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1142

Abstract

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the remineralization effect of five preventive treatments on bovine enamel after artificial caries challenge. Sixty sound bovine incisors were randomly distributed into six experimental groups (n = 10). Each group received the following daily preventive treatments for two weeks during pH cycling to assess remineralization efficacy: Group 1—no treatment (control), Group 2—CPP-ACPF treatment, Group 3—fluoride-containing bioactive glass treatment (BioMin™F), Group 4—SnF₂ treatment, Group 5—toothpaste containing fluoride and hydroxyapatite (HA), and Group 6—toothpaste containing HA. Surface hardness changes were evaluated using a nanoindentation tester. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe changes in surface morphology, and the mineral composition of enamel in each group was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Groups 2, 3 and 6 exhibited the highest surface hardness values after pH cycling, with no statistically significant differences among them (p > 0.05), whereas groups 4 and 5 presented significantly lower values (p < 0.05). Although all treatments demonstrated significant remineralization potential—resulting in an 18.7–35.2% increase in surface hardness—none of them fully restored the hardness loss caused by demineralization. SEM observations revealed precipitations mainly in groups 2–4 after the treatments. EDS showed a similar elemental composition on enamel across the groups with no differences compared to the control. Additionally, line scans of the Ca and P content from the surface to the deeper layers resulted higher values in the tested groups compared to the control corresponding to the surface hardness values. The tested remineralizing treatments may be useful to limit the demineralizing effect during caries formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics (2nd Edition))

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16 pages, 1804 KB

Open AccessArticle

Flexural Strength and Hardness Analysis of 3D-Printed vs. Milled Resin Composites Indicated for Definitive Crowns

by Hunaida Khaled Tayeb, Nick Silikas, Abdulrahman Jafar Alhaddad and Julian Satterthwaite

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(12), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16120468 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1258

Abstract

The growing use of 3D-printed dental restorations has created a need to understand how the mechanical behaviour of definitive 3D-printed resin composites compares with milled counterparts. This study compared the mechanical properties of 3D-printed and milled definitive crowns and examined the factors affecting these properties. The 3D-printed materials (Permanent Crown Resin: PCR, VarseoSmile Crown Plus: VCP, and Crowntec: CT) and milled blocks (Brilliant Crios: BC, Shofu Block HC: HC, and Grandio Blocs: Gr) were tested. Filler content was evaluated using the ash method (n = 3), and flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (E_f) were assessed using a three-point bending test (n = 10). Martens hardness (HM), indentation modulus, and Vickers hardness were determined using the Martens indentation test (n = 24). Vickers hardness was also measured with the Vickers indenter tester (n = 24). Statistical analysis investigated differences between materials and methods, and correlations between filler weight and mechanical properties (α = 0.05). FS of milled blocks, Gr (244.5 MPa), BC (225.5 MPa), and HC (155 MPa), were higher than that of the 3D-printed resin composites: PCR (143.6 MPa), CT (140.9 MPa), and VCP (128 MPa). Measured mechanical properties of the milled blocks were significantly higher than those of the 3D-printed materials (p < 0.001). HM of the 3D-printed materials was similar (≈217 N/mm²), while HM of the milled blocks ranged from 434.7 to 858.4 N/mm². The 3D-printed materials showed comparable properties; however, milled blocks differed significantly (p < 0.05). Filler content was strongly associated with FS and HM. Within the limitations of this study, the milled resin composites showed markedly higher strength and hardness, while 3D-printed materials may be suitable for low-to-moderate load clinical scenarios. Further studies to evaluate the long-term performance of the 3D-printed resin composites are recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics (2nd Edition))

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13 pages, 3986 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Disinfectant Solutions Against COVID-19 on Surface Roughness, Gloss, and Color of Removable Denture Materials

by Aikaterini Mikeli, Nick Polychronakis, Xanthippi Barmpagadaki, Gregory Polyzois, Panagiotis Lagouvardos and Spiros Zinelis

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(12), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16120446 - 29 Nov 2025

Viewed by 2049

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of surface disinfectant solutions against COVID-19 on the surface roughness, gloss, and color of removable denture materials. Fifty rectangular metallic specimens made of Co-Cr alloy and fifty disk-shaped specimens made of PMMA were prepared according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Fifty maxillary right central incisors were also included in the study. The above-mentioned specimens were equally divided into five groups (n = 10). Four disinfectant solutions were tested (0.1 wt% NaOCl, 0.5 wt% H₂O₂, 78 wt% ethanol, and 1 wt% Povidone Iodine), and freshly distilled water was used as the control. To simulate clinical practice, each specimen was immersed in the disinfectant solution 15 times. All specimens were marked, and surface roughness, gloss, and color were measured before and after immersion. All roughness parameters (Sa, Sq, Sz, Sc, and Sv) and gloss values before and after immersion were statistically compared. ΔE*ab values were statistically compared with perception and acceptability thresholds according to ISO/TR 28642. No significant differences were identified for surface roughness parameters for all groups tested. All materials demonstrated a significant increase in gloss after aging regime, while only the metallic specimens illustrated ΔE*ab values higher than the acceptability threshold after disinfection with H₂O₂. None of the surface properties deteriorated after exposure to tested disinfectants, and thus, all of them can be effectively implemented in everyday practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics (2nd Edition))

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14 pages, 1264 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cusp Coverage Design and Hybrid Resin–Ceramic Materials on the Biomechanical Performance of Partial Coverage Restorations

by Abdullah Alshehri

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(11), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16110394 - 22 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3437

Abstract

Restoration of structurally compromised teeth often requires cusp coverage, yet the influence of preparation design and material type on performance remains unclear. This study evaluated the effect of cusp coverage design and hybrid resin–ceramic material on the marginal adaptation and fracture resistance of partial coverage restorations in mandibular molars. Eighty extracted teeth were prepared for indirect restorations and allocated to four groups (n = 20) according to design, either functional cusp coverage (FC) or complete cusp coverage (CC) and material, either GC Cerasmart (CS) or VITA Enamic (EN). Restorations were bonded with dual-cure resin cement, thermocycled, and subjected to cyclic loading. Fracture load, marginal adaptation, and failure mode were evaluated (α = 0.05). CC-CS and CC-EN exhibited significantly higher fracture loads than FC-CS and FC-EN (p < 0.001), while no difference was found between materials within each design. For marginal adaptation, CS showed significantly greater marginal gaps than EN in both designs (p < 0.001). CC designs demonstrated a higher proportion of repairable failures (Type I and II), whereas EN showed more catastrophic fractures. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, cusp coverage design significantly affected fracture resistance, while material type primarily influenced marginal adaptation. Both hybrid resin–ceramics provided acceptable mechanical performance for partial coverage restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics (2nd Edition))

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23 pages, 5564 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Evaluation of Restored Proximal Contact Areas with Four Direct Adherent Biomaterials: An In Vitro Study

by Elena-Cristina Marcov, Mihai Burlibașa, Narcis Marcov, Florentina Căminișteanu, Andreea Angela Ștețiu, Mircea Popescu, Radu-Cătălin Costea, Raluca Mariana Costea, Liliana Burlibașa, Andi Ciprian Drăguș, Maria Antonia Ștețiu and Dana Cristina Bodnar

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040128 - 3 Apr 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1569

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the interproximal contact tightness of lateral teeth after restoring adjacent proximal walls with four types of direct adherent biomaterials. Distal and mesial boxes were prepared on 160 artificial right first and second upper molars. Each set of 40 pairs of boxes was restored using one bulk biomaterial: Equia Forte Fil HT (GC), Cention^® Forte (IVOCLAR VIVADENT), Admira Fusion x-tra (VOCO), or 3M^TMFiltek^TM One Bulk Fill. The mean difference in the passing-through force varied from sound to restored surfaces immediately after application, as well as at 7 and 14 days after: Equia Forte Fil HT—4.07 ± 0.01, 4.08 ± 0.01, and 4.11 ± 0.01; Cention^® Forte—3.30 ± 0.01, 3.50 ± 0.01, and 3.56 ± 0.01; Admira Fusion x-tra—4.10 ± 0.01, 4.13 ± 0.01, and 4.13 ± 0.01; 3M^TMFiltek^TM One Bulk Fill—4.08 ± 0.01, 4.09 ± 0.01, and 4.07 ± 0.01 (p < 0.05). The passing-through force of the restored contact areas showed significantly higher values when compared to those for the sound surfaces, and among them, all biomaterials presented similar values, except for Cention^® Forte. The potential clinical relevance of this study relates to better knowing the most appropriate restorative material for large proximal caries on adjacent surfaces from the outset of the treatment protocol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics (2nd Edition))

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