Seismic and Durability Performance of Steel Connections

A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2026 | Viewed by 2872

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China
Interests: seismic design; steel frame; connection; cold-formed steel; corrosion; composite structures
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue brings together a series of papers that highlight recent progress in the field of steel frame connections, with particular emphasis on seismic analysis and design of innovative connection systems, as well as seismic damage assessment, evaluation, repair, and retrofit strategies.

The severe failures observed in steel connections during the Northridge (1994) and Kobe (1995) earthquakes exposed fundamental design deficiencies and marked a turning point in seismic engineering research. In the decades since, intensive global efforts have led to the development of a wide range of high-performance connections, aiming to improve energy dissipation, ductility, and post-earthquake reparability.

With the rapid emergence of prefabricated and modular steel structures, novel connection types with distinct mechanical behaviors and construction requirements have continued to evolve. These new demands have expanded the research landscape, pushing the boundaries of both experimental investigation and analytical modeling.

In parallel, increasing attention has been paid to the long-term durability of steel connections, especially in aggressive or extreme environments where corrosion can significantly compromise structural performance. Corrosion-induced degradation not only reduces the strength and stiffness of connection components but also alters their seismic response and failure modes, posing new challenges for both design and maintenance. Integrating corrosion resistance and durability considerations into seismic design has therefore become a critical research frontier.

Given that connections often govern the failure modes and deformation capacity of steel frames under seismic loading, understanding their performance—considering both seismic and environmental demands—is crucial for ensuring structural safety and resilience. Ongoing research into their behavior under combined seismic and corrosive actions, degradation mechanisms, and performance-based design is not only academically valuable but also essential for advancing modern, durable, and resilient steel construction practices.

Prof. Dr. Linfeng Lu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • steel connections
  • seismic performance
  • corrosion degradation
  • durability
  • post-earthquake retrofit
  • prefabricated structures
  • modular construction
  • failure mechanisms
  • environmental effects
  • performance-based design

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 3446 KB  
Article
Weak-Axis Double Reduced Beam Section Connection: Seismic Performance Analysis and Design Method
by Linfeng Lu, Zihao Li, Qiuxue Xiang and Peng Pan
Buildings 2026, 16(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16010002 - 19 Dec 2025
Viewed by 512
Abstract
A weak-axis moment connection incorporating a double reduced beam section and a box-reinforced panel zone (WDRBS) is introduced for hot-rolled H-shaped columns. The configuration is intended to shift inelastic demand away from the column face and to constrain weak-axis panel-zone distortion. A series [...] Read more.
A weak-axis moment connection incorporating a double reduced beam section and a box-reinforced panel zone (WDRBS) is introduced for hot-rolled H-shaped columns. The configuration is intended to shift inelastic demand away from the column face and to constrain weak-axis panel-zone distortion. A series of finite element models is established and calibrated to examine the cyclic response of this connection type. By varying the geometric parameters of the second reduction zone, a closed-form expression for determining its cutting depth (c2) is formulated, allowing both reduced regions to yield concurrently, i.e., the Optimum State. The numerical investigation demonstrates that connections designed according to this equation exhibit stable hysteresis, limited weld-adjacent plastic ll rightstrain, and sufficient deformation and energy-dissipation capacities. All specimens exhibit plastic rotations greater than 0.03 rad, ductility ratios greater than 3.0, and equivalent viscous damping ratios greater than 0.3. To facilitate engineering implementation using common hot-rolled sections, a simplified method is further proposed to approximate the admissible range of c2 with practical accuracy. While the length of the second reduction region has only a modest influence on peak strength (approximately 1.5–6%), it markedly affects the failure mechanism and plastic-hinge distribution. A stepwise design procedure for WDRBS connections is accordingly recommended. The study does not consider composite-slab interaction or gravity-load effects, and the findings—based solely on finite element simulations—require future verification through full-scale experimental testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic and Durability Performance of Steel Connections)
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16 pages, 14130 KB  
Article
Study of Failure Mode and Ultimate Bearing Capacity for Self-Centering SMA Connection
by Xiaozhu Fu, Shangwen Liu, Chaobin Jin and Shujun Hu
Buildings 2025, 15(18), 3254; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15183254 - 9 Sep 2025
Viewed by 735
Abstract
An innovative self-centering shape memory alloy (SMA) connection that is used in a steel frame beam-column joint was developed to improve the energy dissipative capacity and self-centering capacity, and reduce the residual deformation. Five self-centering SMA connections with the effect of SMA fracture, [...] Read more.
An innovative self-centering shape memory alloy (SMA) connection that is used in a steel frame beam-column joint was developed to improve the energy dissipative capacity and self-centering capacity, and reduce the residual deformation. Five self-centering SMA connections with the effect of SMA fracture, bolt bending, and bolt pretension, were designed and analyzed, so the deformation modes, failure modes, hysteresis curves, and skeleton curves of the specimens can be obtained. Then, the validated finite element analysis method was used to simulate the analysis models, considering the influences of SMA areas, angle thicknesses, and slip bolt strength. The test results show that the hysteretic curves of the SMA connection can be idealized as a flag-shape, and the bearing capacity, energy dissipative capacity, and self-centering capacity will be effectively improved by enlarging the SMA areas. The SMA wires in the connection may be fractured while the strain of the SMA wires reaches 15%, so the displacement of the SMA connection should be restricted with a strain value of 8% for safety. The effect of asymmetry for the SMA connection may cause the bolt to bend and reduce the bending capacity. In addition, the yield force of each plate is suggested to be higher than the ultimate bearing capacity of the SMA connection. Finally, based on the test and finite element analysis results, the design method of the self-centering SMA connection is proposed to avoid the unexpected failure modes and achieve the expected mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic and Durability Performance of Steel Connections)
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19 pages, 7534 KB  
Article
Finite Element Analysis of Vertical Bearing Performance in RC Slab–Column Joints: Effects of Bottom Reinforcement and Concealed Beams
by Xianglan Wei, Gaowang Cai, Naiwen Ke, Yuanwen Liu, Guangyu Wu and Yigang Jia
Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2905; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162905 - 16 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1035
Abstract
The vertical load-bearing performance of slab–column joints is significantly affected by bottom reinforcement and concealed beams, but existing studies remain insufficient in analyzing their influence mechanisms. To address this, the effects of bottom reinforcement, concealed beam width, and punch-to-span ratio on the mechanical [...] Read more.
The vertical load-bearing performance of slab–column joints is significantly affected by bottom reinforcement and concealed beams, but existing studies remain insufficient in analyzing their influence mechanisms. To address this, the effects of bottom reinforcement, concealed beam width, and punch-to-span ratio on the mechanical properties of joints are systematically investigated in this study through finite element analysis. Validating 2 experimental models and establishing 13 parametric models, the results shows that adding bottom reinforcement can enhance the late-stage bearing capacity and ductility of joints; increasing the ratio of top-to-bottom reinforcement improves bearing capacity but reduces ductility; a wider concealed beam leads to better bearing capacity and ductility performance of the joint; and under the same concealed beam width, a larger punching–span ratio reduces bearing capacity but improves ductility. This study reveals the critical role of bottom reinforcement and concealed beams in joint performance, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic and Durability Performance of Steel Connections)
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