BioTech

23 pages, 1788 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Somatic Embryogenesis: A Biotechnological Route in the Production of Recombinant Proteins

by Marco A. Ramírez-Mosqueda, Jorge David Cadena-Zamudio, Carlos A. Cruz-Cruz, José Luis Aguirre-Noyola, Raúl Barbón, Rafael Gómez-Kosky and Carlos Angulo

BioTech 2025, 14(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14040093 - 26 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 959

Abstract

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a morphogenetic pathway widely employed in the commercial micropropagation of plants. This route enables the generation of somatic embryos from somatic tissues, which give rise to complete (bipolar) plants that develop like zygotic embryos. SE can proceed via direct [...] Read more.

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a morphogenetic pathway widely employed in the commercial micropropagation of plants. This route enables the generation of somatic embryos from somatic tissues, which give rise to complete (bipolar) plants that develop like zygotic embryos. SE can proceed via direct or indirect pathways, and both approaches have been adapted not only for large-scale clonal propagation but also for the regeneration of genetically modified plants. In this context, SE can be harnessed as a versatile platform for recombinant protein production, including vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins, by combining plant tissue culture with genetic transformation strategies. Successful examples include non-model plants, as Daucus carota and Eleutherococcus senticosus expressing the cholera and heat-labile enterotoxin B subunits, respectively; Oryza sativa, Nicotiana tabacum, and Medicago sativa producing complex proteins such as human serum albumin (HSA), α₁-antitrypsin (AAT), and monoclonal antibodies. However, challenges remain in optimizing transformation efficiency, scaling up bioreactor-based suspension cultures, and ensuring proper post-translational modifications under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standards. Recent advances in synthetic biology, modular vector design, and glycoengineering have begun to address these limitations, improving control over transcriptional regulation and protein quality. This review highlights the application of SE as a biotechnological route for recombinant protein production, discusses current challenges, and presents innovative strategies and perspectives for the development of sustainable plant-derived biopharmaceutical systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biotechnology in the Fight Against Human Diseases)

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46 pages, 1109 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Engineered Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells with Promising Potential for Regenerative Medicine

by Emi Inada, Issei Saitoh, Masahiko Terajima, Yuki Kiyokawa, Naoko Kubota, Haruyoshi Yamaza, Kazunori Morohoshi, Shingo Nakamura and Masahiro Sato

BioTech 2025, 14(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14040088 - 3 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2262

Abstract

The fields of regenerative medicine and stem cell-based tissue engineering hold great potential for treating a wide range of tissue and organ defects. Stem cells are ideal candidates for regenerative medicine because they are undifferentiated cells with the capacity for self-renewal, rapid proliferation, [...] Read more.

The fields of regenerative medicine and stem cell-based tissue engineering hold great potential for treating a wide range of tissue and organ defects. Stem cells are ideal candidates for regenerative medicine because they are undifferentiated cells with the capacity for self-renewal, rapid proliferation, multilineage differentiation, and expression of pluripotency-associated genes. Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) consist of various cell types (including stem cells) and possess multilineage differentiation potential. Owing to their easy isolation and rapid proliferation, DPSCs and their derivatives are considered promising candidates for repairing injured tissues. Recent advances in gene engineering have enabled cells to express specific genes of interest, leading to the secretion of medically important proteins or the alteration of cell behavior. For example, transient expression of Yamanaka’s factors in DPSCs can induce transdifferentiation into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These gene-engineered cells represent valuable candidates for regenerative medicine, including stem cell therapies and tissue engineering. However, challenges remain in their development and application, particularly regarding safety, efficacy, and scalability. This review summarizes current knowledge on gene-engineered DPSCs and their derivatives and explores possible clinical applications, with a special focus on oral regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Biotechnology)

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24 pages, 2566 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Valorization of Second Cheese Whey Through Microalgae-Based Treatments: Advantages, Limits, and Opportunities

by Gloria Sciuto, Nunziatina Russo, Cinzia L. Randazzo and Cinzia Caggia

BioTech 2025, 14(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14040079 - 9 Oct 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1619

Abstract

The dairy sector produces considerable amounts of nutrient-rich effluents, which are frequently undervalued as simple by-products or waste. In particular, Second Cheese Whey (SCW), also known as scotta, exhausted whey, or deproteinized whey, represents the liquid fraction from ricotta cheese production. Despite its [...] Read more.

The dairy sector produces considerable amounts of nutrient-rich effluents, which are frequently undervalued as simple by-products or waste. In particular, Second Cheese Whey (SCW), also known as scotta, exhausted whey, or deproteinized whey, represents the liquid fraction from ricotta cheese production. Despite its abundance and high organic and saline content, SCW is often improperly discharged into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, causing both environmental impact and resource waste. The available purification methods are expensive for dairy companies, and, at best, SCW is reused as feed or fertilizer. In recent years, increasing awareness of sustainability and circular economy principles has increased interest in the valorization of SCW. Biological treatment of SCW using microalgae represents an attractive strategy, as it simultaneously reduces the organic load and converts waste into algal biomass. This biomass can be further valorized as a source of proteins, pigments, and bioactive compounds with industrial relevance, supporting applications in food, nutraceuticals, biofuels, and cosmetics. This review, starting from analyzing the characteristics, production volumes, and environmental issues associated with SCW, focused on the potential of microalgae application for their valorization. In addition, the broader regulatory and sustainability aspects related to biomass utilization and treated SCW are considered, highlighting both the promises and limitations of microalgae-based strategies by integrating technological prospects with policy considerations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Sustainable Approach to Macroalgae and Microalgae: From Cultivation to Compound Recovery and Biotechnological Applications)

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20 pages, 979 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Nutrient Medium Composition on the Redistribution of Valuable Metabolites in the Freshwater Green Alga Tetradesmus obliquus (Chlorophyta) Under Photoautotrophic Growth Conditions

by Elvira E. Ziganshina and Ayrat M. Ziganshin

BioTech 2025, 14(3), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14030060 - 11 Aug 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1744

Abstract

The study of microalgae has led to significant progress in recent decades. The current microalgal biomass yield is unsatisfactory, except for certain species that are cultivated for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the growth efficiency and biochemical composition of Tetradesmus [...] Read more.

The study of microalgae has led to significant progress in recent decades. The current microalgal biomass yield is unsatisfactory, except for certain species that are cultivated for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the growth efficiency and biochemical composition of Tetradesmus obliquus at high levels of nutrients were characterized. Increasing the NH₄⁺-N content in the medium to 164 mg L⁻¹ allowed the algae to steadily accumulate biomass (6.14 ± 0.28 g L⁻¹) with a moderate content of starch. Optimizing the levels of N, P, and S allowed the biomass productivity to increase from the average 0.45 to 0.88 g L⁻¹ day⁻¹. A further increase of NH₄⁺-N to 410 mg L⁻¹ and other nutrients’ concentration allowed the algae to accumulate biomass (7.50 ± 0.28 g L⁻¹), enriched with protein and pigments. The algae cultivated with the high load of nutrients reached 100%, 84%, and 96% removal of N, P, and S, respectively. Adding the NaHCO₃ to the photobioreactor for pH adjustment (instead of NaOH) did not significantly improve the growth parameters or affect the composition of the algal cells. In general, our study will improve the comprehensive understanding of culture-based approaches to study the perspective use of the alga T. obliquus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Sustainable Approach to Macroalgae and Microalgae: From Cultivation to Compound Recovery and Biotechnological Applications)

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22 pages, 3330 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Novel Halotolerant Bacteria from Saline Environments: Isolation and Biomolecule Production

by Simona Neagu and Mihaela Marilena Stancu

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020049 - 19 Jun 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4439

Abstract

Microorganisms from saline environments have garnered significant interest due to their unique adaptations, which enable them to thrive under high-salt conditions and synthesize valuable biomolecules. This study investigates the biosynthesis of biomolecules, such as extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, biosurfactants, and carotenoid pigments, by four [...] Read more.

Microorganisms from saline environments have garnered significant interest due to their unique adaptations, which enable them to thrive under high-salt conditions and synthesize valuable biomolecules. This study investigates the biosynthesis of biomolecules, such as extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, biosurfactants, and carotenoid pigments, by four newly halotolerant bacterial strains isolated from saline environments in the Băicoi (soil, water) and Curmătura (mud) area (Prahova County, Romania). Isolation was performed on two selective culture media with different NaCl concentrations (1.7 M, 3.4 M). Based on their phenotypic and molecular characteristics, the four halotolerant bacteria were identified as Halomonas elongata SB8, Bacillus altitudinis CN6, Planococcus rifietoensis CN8, and Halomonas stenophila IB5. The two bacterial strains from the Halomonas genus exhibited growth in MH medium containing elevated NaCl concentrations (0–5 M), in contrast to the other two strains from Bacillus (0–2 M) and Planococcus (0–3 M). The growth of these bacteria under different salinity conditions, hydrocarbon tolerance, and biomolecule production were assessed through biochemical assays, spectrophotometry, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. The antimicrobial properties of biosurfactants and carotenoids produced by H. elongata SB8, B. altitudinis CN6, P. rifietoensis CN8, and H. stenophila IB5 were evaluated against four reference pathogenic microorganisms from the genera Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Candida. H. elongata SB8 showed the highest hydrocarbon tolerance. B. altitudinis CN6 exhibited multiple hydrolase activities and, along with H. elongata SB8, demonstrated biosurfactant production. P. rifietoensis CN8 produced the highest carotenoid concentration with antifungal and antimicrobial activity. Exploring these organisms opens new pathways for bioremediation, industrial bioprocessing, and sustainable biomolecule production. Full article

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13 pages, 1975 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Leaf Organogenesis Improves Recovery of Solid Polyploid Shoots from Chimeric Southern Highbush Blueberry

by Emily Walter, Akshaya Biswal, Peggy Ozias-Akins and Ye Chu

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020048 - 12 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1500

Abstract

Interspecific and intersectional crosses have introduced valuable genetic traits for blueberry (Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus) cultivar improvement. Introgression from Vaccinium species at the diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid levels has been found in cultivated blueberries. Continued efforts to integrate wild blueberry genetic resources [...] Read more.

Interspecific and intersectional crosses have introduced valuable genetic traits for blueberry (Vaccinium sect. Cyanococcus) cultivar improvement. Introgression from Vaccinium species at the diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid levels has been found in cultivated blueberries. Continued efforts to integrate wild blueberry genetic resources into blueberry breeding are essential to broaden the genetic diversity of cultivated blueberries. However, performing heteroploid crosses among Vaccinium species is challenging. Polyploid induction through tissue culture has been useful in bridging ploidy barriers. Mixoploid or chimeric shoots often are produced, along with solid polyploid mutants. These chimeras are mostly discarded because of their genome instability and the difficulty in identifying periclinal mutants carrying germline mutations. Since induced polyploidy in blueberries often results in a low frequency of solid mutant lines, it is important to recover solid polyploids through chimera dissociation. In this study, two vegetative propagation methods, i.e., axillary and adventitious shoot induction, were evaluated for their efficiency in chimera dissociation. Significantly higher rates of chimera dissociation were found in adventitious shoot induction compared to axillary shoot induction. Approximately 89% and 82% of the adventitious shoots induced from mixoploid lines 145.11 and 169.40 were solid polyploids, respectively, whereas only 25% and 53% of solid polyploids were recovered through axillary shoot induction in these lines. Effective chimera dissociation provides useful and stable genetic materials to enhance blueberry breeding. Full article

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12 pages, 2195 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Enhance In Vitro Multiplication and Rooting of Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)

by José Luis Aguirre-Noyola, Marco A. Ramírez-Mosqueda, Jorge David Cadena-Zamudio, José Humberto Caamal-Velázquez, Esmeralda J. Cruz-Gutiérrez and Alma Armenta-Medina

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020045 - 6 Jun 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

Nanobiotechnology applications in plant tissue culture have improved the development and physiology of explants, resulting in plants with high genetic homogeneity and phytosanitary quality. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-known for their microbicidal properties, but their biochemical effects on plants require further exploration. In [...] Read more.

Nanobiotechnology applications in plant tissue culture have improved the development and physiology of explants, resulting in plants with high genetic homogeneity and phytosanitary quality. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-known for their microbicidal properties, but their biochemical effects on plants require further exploration. In this work, green-synthesized AgNPs were evaluated in strawberry in vitro culture, photosynthetic pigment production, and acclimatization. AgNPs produced by Lysinibacillus fusiformis were characterized. Strawberry explants were grown in vitro on MS medium with 0, 100, 200, and 300 mg L⁻¹ AgNPs at 24 ± 2 °C and a photoperiod of 16:8 h light/dark. Shoot height and number, number of leaves, number of roots, and root length were evaluated, and chlorophyll (a, b, and total) was quantified. Rooted shoots were acclimatized ex vitro on substrates containing 0 and 200 mg L⁻¹ AgNPs. The results showed that low AgNPs concentrations had a positive impact on shoot multiplication, development, and rooting, but at higher concentrations, the effects decayed. However, chlorophyll production improved with increasing AgNP concentration. Shoots treated with AgNPs showed higher ex vitro survival. Our study has direct implications for the profitability and sustainability of commercial strawberry production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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15 pages, 1175 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Vitro Antioxidant Potential, Antidiabetic Activities, and GC–MS Analysis of Lipid Extracts of Chlorella Microalgae

by Somruthai Kaeoboon, Rattanaporn Songserm, Rungcharn Suksungworn, Sutsawat Duangsrisai and Nuttha Sanevas

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020046 - 6 Jun 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2256

Abstract

Microalgae represent promising biotechnological platforms for bioactive compound production with pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and biological activities of lipid extracts from three Chlorella species to evaluate their potential as antioxidant and antidiabetic sources. Lipid extraction using chloroform–methanol (2:1) followed [...] Read more.

Microalgae represent promising biotechnological platforms for bioactive compound production with pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and biological activities of lipid extracts from three Chlorella species to evaluate their potential as antioxidant and antidiabetic sources. Lipid extraction using chloroform–methanol (2:1) followed by GC–MS analysis revealed distinct compound distributions: 29 compounds in C. ellipsoidea, 33 in C. sorokiniana, and 19 in C. vulgaris. Major bioactive compounds included 2-hexanol, 1,3,6-heptatriene, 4-(2,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)-4-methylpentanal, n-hexadecanoic acid, and octadecanoic acid. Biological activity screening encompassed antioxidant assessment through DPPH• and •NO radical scavenging assays and FRAP analysis, while antidiabetic potential was evaluated using α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assays. C. sorokiniana exhibited superior bioactivity with the highest antioxidant capacity (DPPH• IC₅₀ = 329.03 ± 4.30 µg/mL; •NO IC₅₀ = 435.53 ± 10.20 µg/mL; FRAP = 94.74 ± 5.72 mg TE/g) and strongest enzyme inhibition (α-glucosidase IC₅₀ = 752.75 ± 57.95 µg/mL; α-amylase IC₅₀ = 3458.50 ± 104.01 µg/mL). This is the first report on C. sorokiniana strain KU.B2′s biological properties and phytochemical profile. These findings establish C. sorokiniana as a valuable biotechnological platform for pharmaceutical bioactive compound development. Full article

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21 pages, 1220 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Spirulina as a Key Ingredient in the Evolution of Eco-Friendly Cosmetics

by Sergiana dos Passos Ramos, Monize Bürck, Stephanie Fabrícia Francisco da Costa, Marcelo Assis and Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020041 - 30 May 2025

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6618

Abstract

Limnospira spp., commercially known as spirulina, is widely recognized for its remarkable benefits due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds like phycobiliproteins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. These natural bioactive compounds not only serve as colorants but also offer potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, [...] Read more.

Limnospira spp., commercially known as spirulina, is widely recognized for its remarkable benefits due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds like phycobiliproteins, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. These natural bioactive compounds not only serve as colorants but also offer potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-aging properties. As a result, spirulina and its components are increasingly used in cosmetic formulations to promote skin hydration, reduce wrinkles, and protect against UV radiation damage. Its bioactive components enhance fibroblast growth, boost collagen production, and prevent premature skin aging by inhibiting enzymes responsible for elastin degradation. Additionally, spirulina-based cosmetics have demonstrated wound-healing properties without genotoxic effects, with formulations containing C-phycocyanin particularly effective in shielding skin cells from UV-induced apoptosis. Despite these well-established benefits, there remains significant potential for the cosmetic industry to harness spirulina’s capabilities further. Research into the molecular mechanisms underlying its bioactive compounds in cosmetic formulations is still in its early stages, offering many opportunities for innovation. Emerging fields of biotechnology, such as nanotechnology and biocosmetics, could enhance the stability, efficacy, and delivery of spirulina-based ingredients, unlocking new possibilities for skin protection and rejuvenation. Furthermore, its proven biological properties align perfectly with the increasing consumer demand for safe, sustainable, and nature-inspired skincare solutions. Full article

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32 pages, 957 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Broomrapes in Major Mediterranean Crops: From Management Strategies to Novel Approaches for Next-Generation Control

by Demosthenis Chachalis, Eleni Tani, Aliki Kapazoglou, Maria Gerakari, Angeliki Petraki, Francisco Pérez-Alfocea, Purificación A. Martínez-Melgarejo, Markus Albert, Khalil Khamassi and Mohamed Kharrat

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020040 - 25 May 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2612

Abstract

Broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) are parasitic weeds that significantly impact the productivity of major crops in the Mediterranean region, like tomato (Solanum spp.) and faba bean (Vicia faba) species. This review article extensively discusses management strategies to control [...] Read more.

Broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) are parasitic weeds that significantly impact the productivity of major crops in the Mediterranean region, like tomato (Solanum spp.) and faba bean (Vicia faba) species. This review article extensively discusses management strategies to control broomrapes, which range from preventive measures to curative approaches. Additionally, it includes meaningful information on the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying the broomrape–host interaction, focusing on the host recognition of parasitic plant molecular patterns and the hormonal crosstalk that regulates the establishment of parasitism. Moreover, this article highlights the potential of breeding for resistance in cultivated crops, such as tomato and faba bean, as a sustainable, long-term solution to combat broomrape infestation. This review serves as a valuable resource for both researchers and farmers, offering insights for developing, implementing, and adapting effective and environmentally sustainable management practices for broomrape in Mediterranean agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue BioTech: 5th Anniversary)

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32 pages, 2714 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Potential of Chitinase and Chitosanase from the Strain Bacillus thuringiensis B-387 for the Production of Antifungal Chitosan Oligomers

by Gleb Aktuganov, Alexander Lobov, Nailya Galimzianova, Elena Gilvanova, Lyudmila Kuzmina, Polina Milman, Alena Ryabova, Alexander Melentiev, Sergey Chetverikov, Sergey Starikov and Sergey Lopatin

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020035 - 8 May 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5932

Abstract

The depolymerization of chitosan using chitinolytic enzymes is one of the most promising approaches for the production of bioactive soluble chitooligosaccharides (COS) due to its high specificity, environmental safety, mild reaction conditions, and potential for development. However, the comparative efficacy of bacterial chitinases [...] Read more.

The depolymerization of chitosan using chitinolytic enzymes is one of the most promising approaches for the production of bioactive soluble chitooligosaccharides (COS) due to its high specificity, environmental safety, mild reaction conditions, and potential for development. However, the comparative efficacy of bacterial chitinases and chitosanases in terms of yield, solubility, and antimicrobial activity of produced COS remains understudied. In this work, chitinase (73 kDa) and chitosanase (40 kDa) from the strain Bacillus thuringiensis B-387 (Bt-387) were purified using various chromatographic techniques and compared by their action on chitosan (DD 85%). The molecular mass and structure of generated COS was determined using TLC, LC-ESI-MS, HP-SEC, and C¹³-NMR techniques. Chitosanase converted the polymer more rapidly to short COS (GlcN₂-GlcN₄), than chitinase, and was more specific in its action on mixed bonds between GlcN and GlcNAc. Chitosanase needed a noticeably shorter incubation time and enzyme–substrate ratio than chitinase for production of larger oligomeric molecules (Mw 2.4–66.5 and 15.4–77.7 kDa, respectively) during controlled depolymerization of chitosan. Moreover, chitosanase-generated oligomers demonstrate better solubility and a higher antifungal activity in vitro against the tested plant pathogenic fungi. These features, as well as the high enzyme production and its simplified purification protocol, make chitosanase B-387 more suitable for the production of antifungal chitooligomers than chitinase. Full article

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27 pages, 10074 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Innovations in Proteomic Technologies and Artificial Neural Networks: Unlocking Milk Origin Identification

by Achilleas Karamoutsios, Emmanouil D. Oikonomou, Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou, Lampros Hatzizisis, Konstantina Fotou, Konstantina Nikolaou, Evangelia Gouva, Evangelia Gkiza, Nikolaos Giannakeas, Ioannis Skoufos and Athina Tzora

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020033 - 28 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2345

Abstract

Milk’s biological origin determination, including its adulteration and authenticity, presents serious limitations, highlighting the need for innovative advanced solutions. The utilisation of proteomic technologies combined with personalised algorithms creates great potential for a more comprehensive approach to analysing milk samples effectively. The current [...] Read more.

Milk’s biological origin determination, including its adulteration and authenticity, presents serious limitations, highlighting the need for innovative advanced solutions. The utilisation of proteomic technologies combined with personalised algorithms creates great potential for a more comprehensive approach to analysing milk samples effectively. The current study presents an innovative approach utilising proteomics and neural networks to classify and distinguish bovine, ovine and caprine milk samples by employing advanced machine learning techniques; we developed a precise and reliable model capable of distinguishing the unique mass spectral signatures associated with each species. Our dataset includes a diverse range of mass spectra collected from milk samples after MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry) analysis, which were used to train, validate, and test the neural network model. The results indicate a high level of accuracy in species identification, underscoring the model’s potential applications in dairy product authentication, quality assurance, and food safety. The current research offers a significant contribution to agricultural science, providing a cutting-edge method for species-specific classification through mass spectrometry. The dataset comprises 648, 1554, and 2392 spectra, represented by 16,018, 38,394, and 55,055 eight-dimensional vectors from bovine, caprine, and ovine milk, respectively. Full article

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21 pages, 2688 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Production of Multifunctional Hydrolysates from the Lupinus mutabilis Protein Using a Micrococcus sp. PC7 Protease

by Keyla Sofía Llontop-Bernabé, Arturo Intiquilla, Carlos Ramirez-Veliz, Marco Santos, Karim Jiménez-Aliaga, Amparo Iris Zavaleta, Samuel Paterson and Blanca Hernández-Ledesma

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020032 - 27 Apr 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2487

Abstract

The growing demand for functional foods has driven the search for bioactive compounds derived from plant proteins. Lupinus mutabilis “Tarwi”, a legume native to the Peruvian Andes, stands out for its high protein content and potential as a source of bioactive peptides (BPs). [...] Read more.

The growing demand for functional foods has driven the search for bioactive compounds derived from plant proteins. Lupinus mutabilis “Tarwi”, a legume native to the Peruvian Andes, stands out for its high protein content and potential as a source of bioactive peptides (BPs). In this study, the functionality of the proteins contained in the albumin fraction (AF) isolated by tangential ultrafiltration (TFF) was investigated by using the OmicsBox software. The identified proteins were functionally classified into three groups: cellular component (35.57%), molecular function (33.45%), and biological process (30.97%). The isolated AF was hydrolysed with the native protease PC7 (HAP), optimizing the E/S ratio and time parameters. Additionally, sequential hydrolysis of the PC7 protease and alcalase (HAPA) was performed. In vitro multifunctionality assays, HAP and HAPA demonstrated the ability to scavenge radicals (ABTS and ORAC) and inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-I and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). The findings of this study highlight the potential of L. mutabilis albumin hydrolysate as a multifunctional ingredient for functional foods aimed at managing chronic conditions associated with oxidative stress, hypertension, and/or metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants: Determination in Food and Nutraceuticals and Implications on Human Health)

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26 pages, 1171 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Glioma: Drivers of Invasion and Therapeutic Targets

by Ella E. Aitchison, Alexandra M. Dimesa and Alireza Shoari

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020028 - 15 Apr 2025

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3769

Abstract

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that are crucial for the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, a process that is often co-opted by cancers, including brain tumors, to facilitate growth, invasion, and metastasis. In gliomas, MMPs contribute to a [...] Read more.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes that are crucial for the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, a process that is often co-opted by cancers, including brain tumors, to facilitate growth, invasion, and metastasis. In gliomas, MMPs contribute to a complex interplay involving tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune modulation, thereby influencing tumor progression and patient prognosis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the roles of various MMPs in different types of gliomas, from highly malignant gliomas to metastatic lesions. Emphasis is placed on how the dysregulation of MMPs impacts tumor behavior, the association between specific MMPs and the tumor grade, and their potential as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Additionally, the current therapeutic approaches targeting MMP activity are discussed, exploring both their challenges and future potential. By synthesizing recent findings, this paper aims to clarify the broad significance of MMPs in gliomas and propose avenues for translational research that could enhance treatment strategies and clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Biotechnology)

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13 pages, 1406 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of Classical and Rising Approaches the Extraction and Utilization of Marine Collagen

by Cesia Deyanira Gutierrez-Canul, Luis Alfonso Can-Herrera, Emmanuel de Jesús Ramírez-Rivera, Witoon Prinyawiwatkul, Enrique Sauri-Duch, Victor Manuel Moo-Huchin and Emanuel Hernández-Núñez

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020026 - 3 Apr 2025

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4208

Abstract

This comprehensive review explores the extraction and utilization of marine collagen, a sustainable alternative to traditional mammalian sources. The review covers conventional extraction methods like acid and pepsin solubilization, highlighting their limitations and contributing to the search for improved efficiency and sustainability. It [...] Read more.

This comprehensive review explores the extraction and utilization of marine collagen, a sustainable alternative to traditional mammalian sources. The review covers conventional extraction methods like acid and pepsin solubilization, highlighting their limitations and contributing to the search for improved efficiency and sustainability. It also delves into innovative extraction technologies, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, deep eutectic solvents, and supercritical carbon dioxide, showing their potential to revolutionize the field. The significance of collagen hydrolysis in generating bioactive peptides with diverse functionalities is also discussed, emphasizing their potential applications in various sectors. By providing an analysis of marine collagen extraction and its implications, this review presents a perspective for leveraging this valuable bioresource, promoting a circular economy, and satisfying the increasing demand for high-quality collagen in diverse industries. Full article

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23 pages, 581 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Screening of Non-Conventional Yeasts on Low-Cost Carbon Sources and Valorization of Mizithra Secondary Cheese Whey for Metabolite Production

by Gabriel Vasilakis, Rezart Tefa, Antonios Georgoulakis, Dimitris Karayannis, Ioannis Politis and Seraphim Papanikolaou

BioTech 2025, 14(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14020024 - 1 Apr 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1356

Abstract

The production of microbial metabolites such as (exo)polysaccharides, lipids, or mannitol through the cultivation of microorganisms on sustainable, low-cost carbon sources is of high interest within the framework of a circular economy. In the current study, two non-extensively studied, non-conventional yeast strains, namely, [...] Read more.

The production of microbial metabolites such as (exo)polysaccharides, lipids, or mannitol through the cultivation of microorganisms on sustainable, low-cost carbon sources is of high interest within the framework of a circular economy. In the current study, two non-extensively studied, non-conventional yeast strains, namely, Cutaneotrichosporon curvatus NRRL YB-775 and Papiliotrema laurentii NRRL Y-3594, were evaluated for their capability to grow on semi-defined lactose-, glycerol-, or glucose-based substrates and produce value-added metabolites. Three different nitrogen-to-carbon ratios (i.e., 20, 80, 160 mol/mol) were tested in shake-flask batch experiments. Pretreated secondary cheese whey (SCW) was used for fed-batch bioreactor cultivation of P. laurentii NRRL Y-3594, under nitrogen limitation. Based on the screening results, both strains can grow on low-cost substrates, yielding high concentrations of microbial biomass (>20 g/L) under nitrogen-excess conditions, with polysaccharides comprising the predominant component (>40%, w/w, of dry biomass). Glucose- and glycerol-based cultures of C. curvatus promote the secretion of mannitol (13.0 g/L in the case of glucose, under nitrogen-limited conditions). The lipids (maximum 2.2 g/L) produced by both strains were rich in oleic acid (≥40%, w/w) and could potentially be utilized to produce second-generation biodiesel. SCW was nutritionally sufficient to grow P. laurentii strain, resulting in exopolysaccharides secretion (25.6 g/L), along with dry biomass (37.9 g/L) and lipid (4.6 g/L) production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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20 pages, 1727 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Developments in Extracellular Matrix-Based Angiogenesis Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease: A Review of Current Strategies, Methodologies and Future Directions

by Jad Hamze, Mark Broadwin, Christopher Stone, Kelsey C. Muir, Frank W. Sellke and M. Ruhul Abid

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010023 - 19 Mar 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2305

Abstract

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, underscoring the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes extreme transformations during IHD, adversely influencing the heart’s structure, mechanics, and cellular signaling. Researchers investigating the regenerative capacity [...] Read more.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, underscoring the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes extreme transformations during IHD, adversely influencing the heart’s structure, mechanics, and cellular signaling. Researchers investigating the regenerative capacity of the diseased heart have turned their attention to exploring the modulation of ECM to improve therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we thoroughly examine the current state of knowledge regarding the cardiac ECM and its therapeutic potential in the ischemic myocardium. We begin by providing an overview of the fundamentals of cardiac ECM, focusing on the structural, functional, and regulatory mechanisms that drive its modulation. Subsequently, we examine the ECM’s interactions within both chronically ischemic and acutely infarcted myocardium, emphasizing key ECM components and their roles in modulating angiogenesis. Finally, we discuss recent ECM-based approaches in biomedical engineering, focusing on different types of scaffolds as delivery tools and their compositions, and conclude with future directions for therapeutic research. By harnessing the potential of these emerging ECM-based therapies, we aim to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic modalities for IHD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Biotechnology)

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17 pages, 608 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Coupled Model of the Cardiovascular and Immune Systems to Analyze the Effects of COVID-19 Infection

by Camila Ribeiro Passos, Alexandre Altamir Moreira, Ruy Freitas Reis, Rodrigo Weber dos Santos, Marcelo Lobosco and Bernardo Martins Rocha

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010019 - 12 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1573

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of understanding the interplay between the cardiovascular and immune systems during viral infections. SARS-CoV-2 enters human cells via the ACE-2 enzyme, initiating a cascade of immune responses. This study presents a coupled mathematical model that integrates [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of understanding the interplay between the cardiovascular and immune systems during viral infections. SARS-CoV-2 enters human cells via the ACE-2 enzyme, initiating a cascade of immune responses. This study presents a coupled mathematical model that integrates the cardiovascular system (CVS) and immune system (IS), capturing their complex interactions during infection. The CVS model, based on ordinary differential equations, describes heart dynamics and pulmonary and systemic circulation, while the IS model simulates immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, including immune cell interactions and cytokine production. A coupling strategy transfers information from the IS to the CVS at specific intervals, enabling the exploration of immune-driven cardiovascular effects. Numerical simulations examined how these interactions influence infection severity and recovery. The coupled model accurately replicated the evolution of cardiac function in survivors and non-survivors of COVID-19. Survivors exhibited a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) reduction of up to

25 %

while remaining within normal limits, whereas non-survivors showed a severe 4-fold decline, indicative of myocardial dysfunction. Similarly, the right ventricular ejection fraction (RV EF) decreased by approximately

50 %

in survivors but underwent a drastic 5-fold reduction in non-survivors. These findings highlight the model’s capacity to distinguish differential cardiac dysfunction across clinical outcomes and its potential to enhance our understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Biology)

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17 pages, 1553 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chemical Profiling and Bioactivity of Microalgae Extracts for Enhancing Growth and Anthracnose Resistance in the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

by Alessandro A. dos Santos, Camila Nader, Mateus B. de Freitas, César F. Ribeiro, Geovanna de Oliveira Costa, Louis P. Sandjo, Alex S. Poltronieri, Roberto B. Derner and Marciel J. Stadnik

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010017 - 8 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

The present study aimed to chemically profile the hydroalcoholic extracts from the microalgae (MEs) Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tetradesmus obliquus, and Tetraselmis tetrathele and evaluate their effects on the development of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and anthracnose symptoms, as well as on the [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to chemically profile the hydroalcoholic extracts from the microalgae (MEs) Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tetradesmus obliquus, and Tetraselmis tetrathele and evaluate their effects on the development of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and anthracnose symptoms, as well as on the initial growth of bean plants. For this, MEs were analyzed using UPLC coupled with a mass spectrometer, allowing the identification of peaks and annotation of potential metabolites. Fungal mycelial growth was assessed seven days after inoculation, and conidial germination was measured 72 h after incubation, using ME concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg·mL⁻¹. Bean seeds of the IPR Uirapuru cultivar were sown and treated with 3 mL of extracts at four time points: at sowing and 72 h after each previous treatment. After 11 days of cultivation in a growth chamber, the plants were divided into two groups: one for anthracnose control assessment and the other for evaluating growth promotion by MEs. Plant length as well as fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots were determined, leaf pigments were quantified, and anthracnose severity was assessed using a diagrammatic scale. The UPLC analysis identified 32 compounds in the extracts of the four microalgae, belonging to different chemical and functional groups, with lipids being the most significant fraction. The extracts exhibited variability and diversity in chemical composition depending on the microalgal species. MEs did not affect mycelial growth yet increased the germination of C. lindemuthianum conidia, regardless of the dose or species used. Anthracnose severity was not affected by the microalgae extracts. Regarding growth promotion, the extracts showed varying effects but generally increased shoot and root length, fresh biomass, and leaf pigment content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 1301 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prediction of Lupus Classification Criteria via Generative AI Medical Record Profiling

by Sandeep Nair, Gerald H. Lushington, Mohan Purushothaman, Bernard Rubin, Eldon Jupe and Santosh Gattam

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010015 - 6 Mar 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3102

Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that poses serious long-term patient burdens. (1) Background: SLE patient classification and care are often complicated by case heterogeneity (diverse variations in symptoms and severity). Large language models (LLMs) and generative artificial intelligence (genAI) [...] Read more.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that poses serious long-term patient burdens. (1) Background: SLE patient classification and care are often complicated by case heterogeneity (diverse variations in symptoms and severity). Large language models (LLMs) and generative artificial intelligence (genAI) may mitigate this challenge by profiling medical records to assess key medical criteria. (2) Methods: To demonstrate genAI-based profiling, ACR (American College of Rheumatology) 1997 SLE classification criteria were used to define medically relevant LLM prompts. Records from 78 previously studied patients (45 classified as having SLE; 33 indeterminate or negative) were computationally profiled, via five genAI replicate runs. (3) Results: GenAI determinations of the “Discoid Rash” and “Pleuritis or Pericarditis” classification criteria yielded perfect concurrence with clinical classification, while some factors such as “Immunologic Disorder” (56% accuracy) were statistically unreliable. Compared to clinical classification, our genAI approach achieved a 72% predictive success rate. (4) Conclusions: GenAI classifications may prove sufficiently predictive to aid medical professionals in evaluating SLE patients and structuring care strategies. For individual criteria, accuracy seems to correlate inversely with complexities in clinical determination, implying that improvements in AI patient profiling tools may emerge from continued advances in clinical classification efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Computational Intelligence and Bioinformatics (CIB))

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28 pages, 1169 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Phytohormonal Regulation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Leaf Senescence and Yield Response in Field Crops: A Comprehensive Review

by Anna Panozzo, Pranay Kumar Bolla, Giuseppe Barion, Alessandro Botton and Teofilo Vamerali

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010014 - 27 Feb 2025

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3577

Abstract

Field crops are expected to be increasingly threatened by climate change, which will negatively impact plant development, growth and yield. Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating specific signalling pathways to induce rapid adaptive responses to environmental stresses. Exogenous phytohormone application alters hormonal [...] Read more.

Field crops are expected to be increasingly threatened by climate change, which will negatively impact plant development, growth and yield. Phytohormones play a crucial role in regulating specific signalling pathways to induce rapid adaptive responses to environmental stresses. Exogenous phytohormone application alters hormonal balance, thereby enhancing plant adaptation to adverse conditions. While several studies have advanced our understanding of the use of phytohormones in field crops, yield responses and species-specific application strategies remain inconsistent and rarely assessed under field conditions. The application of cytokinins (CKs), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellic acid (GA) has been shown to maintain prolonged photosynthetic activity, stabilize plasma membrane, and reduce lipid peroxidation and ion accumulation under salinity stress in wheat. Additionally, inhibitors of ethylene synthesis and receptors can mitigate stress symptoms under drought and heat stress, which typically accelerates senescence and shortens the grain-filling period in cereal crops. In this way, exogenous application of CKs, GA, and ethylene inhibitors can delay senescence by sustaining leaf photosynthetic activity and postponing nutrient remobilization. However, these benefits may not consistently translate into improvements in grain yield and quality. This review explores the molecular mechanisms of phytohormones in abiotic stress tolerance, delineates their specific functions and evaluates experimental findings from field applications. It also summarizes the potential of phytohormone applications in field crops, emphasizing the need for species-specific investigations on application timing and dosages under open-field conditions to optimize their agronomic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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15 pages, 3580 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhanced Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Germinated Seeds of the New Peanut Variety

by Hwan-Hee Yu, Jong-Suk Park and Sanghyun Lee

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010012 - 25 Feb 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2133

Abstract

The sprout market in Korea is expanding as consumers seek healthier food options and farmers strive to increase added value and competitiveness. This study examined the changes in the phytochemical composition of Sinpalkwang (SPK), a peanut variety developed in Korea, during germination. Four [...] Read more.

The sprout market in Korea is expanding as consumers seek healthier food options and farmers strive to increase added value and competitiveness. This study examined the changes in the phytochemical composition of Sinpalkwang (SPK), a peanut variety developed in Korea, during germination. Four samples (SPK1, SPK2, SPK3, and SPK4) were collected at different growth stages and analyzed for total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities using ABTS⁺ and DPPH assays. The levels of trans-resveratrol and soyasaponin Bb were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photo-diode array (PDA). Among the samples, SPK2 exhibited the highest TFC (1.61 mg QE/g ext.) and trans-resveratrol content (0.054 mg/g ext.), while SPK4 showed the highest TPC (29.38 mg TAE/g ext.) and soyasaponin Bb content (6.543 mg/g ext.). In terms of radical scavenging activities, SPK2 and SPK3 performed best in the ABTS⁺ and DPPH assays, respectively. Germinated samples demonstrated strong results across all analyses, highlighting the benefits of germination in enhancing phytochemical properties. This study provides foundational information on the phytochemical composition of SPK and the effects of germination. Future research will focus on optimizing germination conditions to further enhance the functionality and value of this Korean-bred variety as a source of high-value bioactive ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants: Determination in Food and Nutraceuticals and Implications on Human Health)

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16 pages, 1345 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

STXBP1 Syndrome: Biotechnological Advances, Challenges, and Perspectives in Gene Therapy, Experimental Models, and Translational Research

by Silvestre Ruano-Rodríguez, Mar Navarro-Alonso, Benito Domínguez-Velasco, Manuel Álvarez-Dolado and Francisco J. Esteban

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010011 - 20 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5181

Abstract

STXBP1 syndrome is a severe early-onset epileptic encephalopathy characterized by developmental delay and intellectual disability. This review addresses key challenges in STXBP1 syndrome research, focusing on advanced therapeutic approaches and experimental models. We explore gene therapy strategies, including CRISPR-Cas9, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, [...] Read more.

STXBP1 syndrome is a severe early-onset epileptic encephalopathy characterized by developmental delay and intellectual disability. This review addresses key challenges in STXBP1 syndrome research, focusing on advanced therapeutic approaches and experimental models. We explore gene therapy strategies, including CRISPR-Cas9, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, and RNA therapies such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), aimed at correcting STXBP1 genetic dysfunctions. This review presents in vivo and in vitro models, highlighting their contributions to understanding disease mechanisms. Additionally, we provide a proposal for a detailed bioinformatic analysis of a Spanish cohort of 41 individuals with STXBP1-related disorders, offering insights into specific mutations and their biological implications. Clinical and translational perspectives are discussed, emphasizing the potential of personalized medicine approaches. Future research directions and key challenges are outlined, including the identification of STXBP1 interactors, unexplored molecular pathways, and the need for clinically useful biomarkers. This comprehensive review underscores the complexity of STXBP1-related infantile epileptic encephalopathy and opens new avenues for advancing the understanding and treatment of this heterogeneous disease. Full article

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13 pages, 1850 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioinformatics Tools for NGS-Based Identification of Single Nucleotide Variants and Large-Scale Rearrangements in Mitochondrial DNA

by Marco Barresi, Giulia Dal Santo, Rossella Izzo, Andrea Zauli, Eleonora Lamantea, Leonardo Caporali, Daniele Ghezzi and Andrea Legati

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010009 - 12 Feb 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3059

Abstract

The unique features of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), including its circular and multicopy nature, the possible coexistence of wild-type and mutant molecules (i.e., heteroplasmy) and the presence of nuclear mitochondrial DNA segments (NUMTs), make the diagnosis of mtDNA diseases particularly challenging. The extensive deployment [...] Read more.

The unique features of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), including its circular and multicopy nature, the possible coexistence of wild-type and mutant molecules (i.e., heteroplasmy) and the presence of nuclear mitochondrial DNA segments (NUMTs), make the diagnosis of mtDNA diseases particularly challenging. The extensive deployment of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has significantly advanced the diagnosis of mtDNA-related diseases. However, the vast amounts and diverse types of sequencing data complicate the interpretation of these variants. From sequence alignment to variant calling, NGS-based mtDNA sequencing requires specialized bioinformatics tools, adapted for the mitochondrial genome. This study presents the use of new bioinformatics approaches, optimized for short- and long-read sequencing data, to enhance the accuracy of mtDNA analysis in diagnostics. Two recent and emerging free bioinformatics tools, Mitopore and MitoSAlt, were evaluated on patients previously diagnosed with single nucleotide variants or large-scale deletions. Analyses were performed in Linux-based environments and web servers implemented in Python, Perl, Java, and R. The results indicated that each tool demonstrated high sensitivity and specific accuracy in identifying and quantifying various types of pathogenic variants. The study suggests that the integrated and parallel use of these tools offers a significant advantage over traditional methods in interpreting mtDNA genetic variants, reducing the computational demands, and provides an accurate diagnostic solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Biology)

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18 pages, 937 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Scaling up Bioelectrochemical Systems: A Review

by Diego A. Corona-Martínez, Silvia Y. Martínez-Amador, José A. Rodríguez-De la Garza, Elan I. Laredo-Alcalá and Pedro Pérez-Rodríguez

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010008 - 31 Jan 2025

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7248

Abstract

Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are devices capable of converting chemical energy into electrical energy using microorganisms as catalysts. These systems have been extensively studied at the laboratory level, but, due to multiple difficulties, their large-scale implementation has been explored only sparingly. This study presents [...] Read more.

Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are devices capable of converting chemical energy into electrical energy using microorganisms as catalysts. These systems have been extensively studied at the laboratory level, but, due to multiple difficulties, their large-scale implementation has been explored only sparingly. This study presents the most recent technological advances for scaling up BESs. In the same way, the main technical and economic challenges that hinder the correct implementation of these systems at a large scale are mentioned. The study concludes with a review of successful case studies in scaling up BESs and discusses future directions and emerging trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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34 pages, 1515 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Use of Biologics for Targeting GPCRs in Metastatic Cancers

by Cian McBrien and David J. O’Connell

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010007 - 30 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 7273

Abstract

A comprehensive review of studies describing the role of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) behaviour contributing to metastasis in cancer, and the developments of biotherapeutic drugs towards targeting them, provides a valuable resource toward improving our understanding of the opportunities to effectively target this [...] Read more.

A comprehensive review of studies describing the role of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) behaviour contributing to metastasis in cancer, and the developments of biotherapeutic drugs towards targeting them, provides a valuable resource toward improving our understanding of the opportunities to effectively target this malignant tumour cell adaptation. Focusing on the five most common metastatic cancers of lung, breast, colorectal, melanoma, and prostate cancer, we highlight well-studied and characterised GPCRs and some less studied receptors that are also implicated in the development of metastatic cancers. Of the approximately 390 GPCRs relevant to therapeutic targeting, as many as 125 of these have been identified to play a role in promoting metastatic disease in these cancer types. GPCR signalling through the well-characterised pathways of chemokine receptors, to emerging data on signalling by orphan receptors, is integral to many aspects of the metastatic phenotype. Despite having detailed information on many receptors and their ligands, there are only thirteen approved therapeutics specifically for metastatic cancer, of which three are small molecules with the remainder including synthetic and non-synthetic peptides or monoclonal antibodies. This review will cover the existing and potential use of monoclonal antibodies, proteins and peptides, and nanobodies in targeting GPCRs for metastatic cancer therapy. Full article

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30 pages, 884 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Aromatic Amino Acids: Exploring Microalgae as a Potential Biofactory

by Archana Niraula, Amir Danesh, Natacha Merindol, Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi and Isabel Desgagné-Penix

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010006 - 29 Jan 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4699

Abstract

In recent times, microalgae have emerged as powerful hosts for biotechnological applications, ranging from the production of lipids and specialized metabolites (SMs) of pharmaceutical interest to biofuels, nutraceutical supplements, and more. SM synthesis through bioengineered pathways relies on the availability of aromatic amino [...] Read more.

In recent times, microalgae have emerged as powerful hosts for biotechnological applications, ranging from the production of lipids and specialized metabolites (SMs) of pharmaceutical interest to biofuels, nutraceutical supplements, and more. SM synthesis through bioengineered pathways relies on the availability of aromatic amino acids (AAAs) as an essential precursor. AAAs, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are also the building blocks of proteins, maintaining the structural and functional integrity of cells. Hence, they are crucial intermediates linking the primary and specialized metabolism. The biosynthesis pathway of AAAs in microbes and plants has been studied for decades, but not much is known about microalgae. The allosteric control present in this pathway has been targeted for metabolic engineering in microbes. This review focuses on the biosynthesis of AAAs in eukaryotic microalgae and engineering techniques for enhanced production. All the putative genes involved in AAA pathways in the model microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum are listed in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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19 pages, 3649 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating TcAs for Use in Biotechnology Applications

by Cole L. Martin, John H. Hill, Brian D. Wright, Solana R. Fernandez, Aubrey L. Miller, Karina J. Yoon, Suzanne E. Lapi and Stephen G. Aller

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010005 - 25 Jan 2025

Viewed by 2373

Abstract

ABC toxin complexes (Tcs) are tripartite complexes that come together to form nano-syringe-like translocation systems. ABC Tcs are often compared with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, and as such, they have been highly studied as a potential novel pesticide to combat growing insect resistance. [...] Read more.

ABC toxin complexes (Tcs) are tripartite complexes that come together to form nano-syringe-like translocation systems. ABC Tcs are often compared with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, and as such, they have been highly studied as a potential novel pesticide to combat growing insect resistance. Moreover, it is possible to substitute the cytotoxic hypervariable region with alternative peptides, which promise potential use as a novel peptide delivery system. These toxins possess the unique ability to form active chimeric holotoxins across species and display the capability to translocate a variety of payloads across membrane bilayers. Additionally, mutagenesis on the linker region and the receptor binding domains (RBDs) show that mutations do not inherently cause a loss of functionality for translocation. For these reasons, Tcs have emerged as an ideal candidate for targeted protein engineering. However, elucidation of the specific function of each RBD in relation to target receptor recognition currently limits the use of a rational design approach with any ABC Tc. Additionally, there is a distinct lack of targeting and biodistribution data for many Tcs among mammals and mammalian cell lines. Here, we outline two separate strategies for modifying the targeting capabilities of the A subunit (TcA) from Xenorhabdus nematophilus, Xn-XptA2. We identify novel structural differences that make Xn-XptA2 different than other characterized TcAs and display the modular capabilities of substituting RBDs from alternative TcAs into the Xn-XptA2 scaffold. Finally, we show the first, to our knowledge, biodistribution data of any TcA in mice. Full article

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20 pages, 2534 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Discovery of Innate Immune Response mRNAs That Are Impacted by Structure-Specific Oral Baker’s Yeast Beta Glucan Consumption

by Brian K. McFarlin, John H. Curtis, Jakob L. Vingren, David W. Hill and Elizabeth A. Bridgeman

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010004 - 13 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3169

Abstract

The study of nutritional compounds with the potential to train the innate immune response has implications for human health. The objective of the current study was to discover by what means 6 weeks of oral baker’s yeast beta glucan (BYBG) supplementation altered the [...] Read more.

The study of nutritional compounds with the potential to train the innate immune response has implications for human health. The objective of the current study was to discover by what means 6 weeks of oral baker’s yeast beta glucan (BYBG) supplementation altered the mRNA expression of genes that reflect innate immune training in the absence of a physical stressor. Nineteen adults were randomly assigned to either a Wellmune^® BYBG or Placebo for 6 weeks. BYBG uniquely altered the expression of 40 mRNAs associated with Dectin-1 and trained innate immunity, the innate immune response, the pathogen-associated (PAMP) and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), and the inflammatory response. The observed changes were classified as immune training rather than immune priming due to the progressive increase in the expression of myeloid immune-associated mRNA. Combined with the findings of previous research, the findings of the present study support the claim that oral BYBG supplementation may be associated with trained innate immunity during resting homeostasis. Further, the key findings associated with BYBG may reflect improved responsiveness to future infection (exogenous) and/or sterile-inflammatory (endogenous) challenge. Full article

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12 pages, 1400 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of GAUT1 Gene Knockout on Cell Aggregation in Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Culture

by Tatyana A. Frankevich, Natalya V. Permyakova, Yury V. Sidorchuk and Elena V. Deineko

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010002 - 2 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2435

Abstract

The development of efficient producers of recombinant pharmaceuticals based on plant cell suspension cultures is a pressing challenge in modern applied science. A primary limitation of plant cell cultures is their relatively low yield of the target protein. One strategy to enhance culture [...] Read more.

The development of efficient producers of recombinant pharmaceuticals based on plant cell suspension cultures is a pressing challenge in modern applied science. A primary limitation of plant cell cultures is their relatively low yield of the target protein. One strategy to enhance culture productivity involves reducing cell aggregation. In order to minimize cell-to-cell adhesion in culture, we used Cas9 endonuclease to knock out the GAUT1 gene, which is a key gene of pectin biosynthesis in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. The resulting knockouts exhibited altered phenotypes and were unable to form viable plants. The suspension cell culture induced from seedlings bearing a homozygous deletion in the GAUT1 gene displayed darker coloration and an increased number of large aggregates compared to the control. The biomass accumulation rate showed no difference from the control, while the level of recombinant GFP protein accumulation was significantly reduced. Thus, our findings indicate that disruptions in pectin synthesis and the formation of larger aggregates in the suspension cell culture adversely affect the accumulation of the target recombinant protein. Alternative targets should be sought to reduce cell aggregation levels in plant cell cultures through genome editing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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29 pages, 2633 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Current Approaches for Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces spp.—Key Bacteria for Biotechnology and Environment

by Sergii Krysenko

BioTech 2025, 14(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech14010003 - 2 Jan 2025

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6200

Abstract

Organisms from the genus Streptomyces feature actinobacteria with complex developmental cycles and a great ability to produce a variety of natural products. These soil bacteria produce more than 2/3 of antibiotics used in medicine, and a large variety of bioactive compounds for industrial, [...] Read more.

Organisms from the genus Streptomyces feature actinobacteria with complex developmental cycles and a great ability to produce a variety of natural products. These soil bacteria produce more than 2/3 of antibiotics used in medicine, and a large variety of bioactive compounds for industrial, medical and agricultural use. Although Streptomyces spp. have been studied for decades, the engineering of these bacteria remains challenging, and the available genetic tools are rather limited. Furthermore, most biosynthetic gene clusters in these bacteria are silent and require strategies to activate them and exploit their production potential. In order to explore, understand and manipulate the capabilities of Streptomyces spp. as a key bacterial for biotechnology, synthetic biology strategies emerged as a valuable component of Streptomyces research. Recent advancements in strategies for genetic manipulation of Streptomyces involving proposals of a large variety of synthetic components for the genetic toolbox, as well as new approaches for genome mining, assembly of genetic constructs and their delivery into the cell, allowed facilitation of the turnaround time of strain engineering and efficient production of new natural products at an industrial scale, but still have strain- and design-dependent limitations. A new perspective offered recently by technical advances in DNA sequencing, analysis and editing proposed strategies to overcome strain- and construct-specific difficulties in the engineering of Streptomyces. In this review, challenges and recent developments of approaches for Streptomyces engineering are discussed, an overview of novel synthetic biology strategies is provided and examples of successful application of new technologies in molecular genetic engineering of Streptomyces are highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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15 pages, 2540 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimized Extraction of Polyphenols from Kiwifruit Peels and Their Biological Activities

by Batoul Shkeir, Nada El Darra, Bilal Azakir, Salma Khazaal, Elie Salem Sokhn, Mohamed Koubaa, Richard G. Maroun, Nicolas Louka and Espérance Debs

BioTech 2024, 13(4), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13040054 - 2 Dec 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3490

Abstract

(1) Background: Kiwifruit is a globally valued fruit. Its industrial processing produces a substantial amount of waste, particularly peels, which present an appealing potential source of bioactive compounds. This study focuses on optimizing the extraction of phenolics from kiwi peels using a water [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Kiwifruit is a globally valued fruit. Its industrial processing produces a substantial amount of waste, particularly peels, which present an appealing potential source of bioactive compounds. This study focuses on optimizing the extraction of phenolics from kiwi peels using a water bath (WB) and infrared irradiation (IR) and assessing their biological activities. (2) Methods: Optimal conditions for polyphenol extraction from kiwifruit peels, in terms of temperature and time, were determined using Response Surface Methodology. Total phenolic content (TPC) was measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity was assessed utilizing the DPPH method. Antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium were determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The lyophilized extract was tested for its anticancer effect on A549 lung cancer cell lines. The phytochemical profiles of the WB and IR extracts were analyzed through High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). (3) Results: The optimal extraction conditions for the WB method were found to be 75 °C for 35 min, and 90 °C for 5 min for IR. The corresponding TPC obtained by IR was 21 mg GAE/g DM, which was 4.4 times higher than that obtained by WB (4.8 mg GAE/g DM). This indicates that IR was more efficient in extracting phenolics from kiwi peels. The antioxidant activity under the optimum conditions of WB and IR was 14 mg TE/g DM and 16 mg TE/g DM, respectively. Both the WB and IR extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against B. cereus with an MIC value of 25 mg/mL. Additionally, the IR extract displayed an antibacterial effect against S. aureus, with an MIC value of 50 mg/mL. The WB and IR kiwi peel extracts were effective in significantly reducing A549 cell viability at 50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, respectively. Caffeic acid (0.54 ppm) and catechin (5.44 ppm) were the major polyphenols identified in WB and IR extracts, as determined by HPLC. (4) Conclusions: IR was more efficient in extracting phenolics from kiwi peels than WB. The findings also suggest that kiwi peel can be effectively utilized as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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12 pages, 1608 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Biotechnological Potential of Crickets as a Sustainable Protein Source for Fishmeal Replacement in Aquafeed

by Aldo Fraijo-Valenzuela, Joe Luis Arias-Moscoso, Oscar Daniel García-Pérez, Libia Zulema Rodriguez-Anaya and Jose Reyes Gonzalez-Galaviz

BioTech 2024, 13(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13040051 - 21 Nov 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3243

Abstract

As aquaculture production grows, so does the demand for quality and cost-effective protein sources. The cost of fishmeal (FM) has increased over the years, leading to increased production costs for formulated aquafeed. Soybean meal (SBM) is commonly used as an FM replacer in [...] Read more.

As aquaculture production grows, so does the demand for quality and cost-effective protein sources. The cost of fishmeal (FM) has increased over the years, leading to increased production costs for formulated aquafeed. Soybean meal (SBM) is commonly used as an FM replacer in aquafeed, but anti-nutritional factors could affect the growth, nutrition, and health of aquatic organisms. Cricket meal (CM) is an alternative source with a nutrient profile comparable to FM due to its high protein content, digestibility, and amino acid profile. CM use in aquafeed influences growth and reproductive performance while modulating the gut microbiota and immune response of fish and shrimp. However, consistent regulation and scaling up are necessary for competitive prices and the marketing of CM. Moreover, the chitin content in CM could be an issue in some fish species; however, different strategies based on food biotechnology can improve the protein quality for its safe use in aquafeed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 518 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Climate Resilience in Farm Animals: Transcriptomics-Based Alterations in Differentially Expressed Genes and Stress Pathways

by Chikamagalore Gopalakrishna Shashank, Veerasamy Sejian, Mullakkalparambil Velayudhan Silpa, Chinnasamy Devaraj, Aradotlu Parameshwarappa Madhusoodan, Ebenezer Binuni Rebez, Gajendirane Kalaignazhal, Artabandhu Sahoo and Frank Rowland Dunshea

BioTech 2024, 13(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13040049 - 15 Nov 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3213

Abstract

The livestock sector, essential for maintaining food supply and security, encounters numerous obstacles as a result of climate change. Rising global populations exacerbate competition for natural resources, affecting feed quality and availability, heightening livestock disease risks, increasing heat stress, and contributing to biodiversity [...] Read more.

The livestock sector, essential for maintaining food supply and security, encounters numerous obstacles as a result of climate change. Rising global populations exacerbate competition for natural resources, affecting feed quality and availability, heightening livestock disease risks, increasing heat stress, and contributing to biodiversity loss. Although various management and dietary interventions exist to alleviate these impacts, they often offer only short-lived solutions. We must take a more comprehensive approach to understanding how animals adapt to and endure their environments. One such approach is quantifying transcriptomes under different environments, which can uncover underlying pathways essential for livestock adaptation. This review explores the progress and techniques in studies that apply gene expression analysis to livestock production systems, focusing on their adaptation to climate change. We also attempt to identify various biomarkers and transcriptomic differences between species and pure/crossbred animals. Looking ahead, integrating emerging technologies such as spatialomics could further accelerate genetic improvements, enabling more thermoresilient and productive livestock in response to future climate fluctuations. Ultimately, insights from these studies will help optimize livestock production systems by identifying thermoresilient/desired animals for use in precise breeding programs to counter climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 3391 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Honey Bioactive Molecules: There Is a World Beyond the Sugars

by Gregorio Bonsignore, Simona Martinotti and Elia Ranzato

BioTech 2024, 13(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13040047 - 14 Nov 2024

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7659

Abstract

Honey’s many bioactive compounds have been utilized historically to cure infectious diseases. Beneficial effects are its antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-stimulating qualities. The bee species, geographic location, botanical origin, harvest season, processing, and storage conditions all affect honey’s potential for therapeutic use. [...] Read more.

Honey’s many bioactive compounds have been utilized historically to cure infectious diseases. Beneficial effects are its antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-stimulating qualities. The bee species, geographic location, botanical origin, harvest season, processing, and storage conditions all affect honey’s potential for therapeutic use. Honey contains a number of antioxidants and active compounds, such as polyphenols, which have been shown to have disease-preventive properties. Based on their origins, categories, and functions, the main polyphenols found in various honey varieties are examined in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants: Determination in Food and Nutraceuticals and Implications on Human Health)

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18 pages, 3640 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-Helicobacter pylori, and Enzyme Inhibitory Evaluations of Cleistocalyx operculatus Flower Bud and Leaf Fractions

by Doan Thien Thanh, Mai Thanh Tan, Nguyen Thi My Thu, Pham Nhat Phuong Trinh, Pham Thi Hoai Thuong, Pham Thi Giang Tuyet, Luong Thi My Ngan and Tran Trung Hieu

BioTech 2024, 13(4), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13040042 - 11 Oct 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3615

Abstract

Six solvent fractions isolated from flower bud and leaf ethanolic extracts of Cleistocalyx operculatus were analyzed for their phytochemical contents, including phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. Antioxidant activities were measured using the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The results showed that the [...] Read more.

Six solvent fractions isolated from flower bud and leaf ethanolic extracts of Cleistocalyx operculatus were analyzed for their phytochemical contents, including phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. Antioxidant activities were measured using the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The results showed that the flower bud aqueous fraction (BAF) and the leaf aqueous fraction (LAF) rich in phenolic content (768.18 and 490.74 mg GAE/g dry extract, respectively) exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activities than the other fractions. The flower bud hexane fraction (BHF) had remarkably high flavonoid and saponin contents (134.77 mg QE/g and 153.33 mg OA/g dry extract, respectively), followed by that of the leaf hexane fraction (LHF) (76.54 mg QE/g and 88.25 mg OA/g dry extract, respectively). The BHF and LHF were found to have extremely high antibacterial activity against two H. pylori strains, ATCC 51932 and 43504 (MICs of 125 µg/mL). Interestingly, DMC (2′,4′-Dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethylchalcone) isolated from the BHF displayed greater antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains (MICs of 25–50 µg/mL) than those of the fractions. In addition, DMC presented potent inhibitory effects on H. pylori urease (IC₅₀ of 3.2 µg/mL) and α-amylase (IC₅₀ of 83.80 µg/mL), but no inhibition against α-glucosidase. It was also demonstrated that DMC showed pronounced inhibitory effects on the urease activity and biofilm formation of H. pylori, and could increase the membrane permeability of the bacterial cells. Scanning electron micrographs depicted that the BHF and DMC had strong effects on the cell shape and significantly induced the distortion and damage of the cell membrane. The fractions and DMC showed no significant toxicity to four tested human cell lines. Efforts to reduce antibiotic use indicate the need for further studies of the flower buds and DMC as potential products to prevent or treat gastric H. pylori infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants: Determination in Food and Nutraceuticals and Implications on Human Health)

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19 pages, 34131 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimization of Sugar Extraction Process from Date Waste Using Full Factorial Design Toward Its Use for New Biotechnological Applications

by Islam Sayah, Mondher Njehi, Nicola Cicero, Vincenzo Nava, Manel Ben M’hadheb, Hatem Majdoub, Sami Achour and Teresa Gervasi

BioTech 2024, 13(4), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13040039 - 3 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4374

Abstract

In Tunisia, the date industry generates a large quantity of waste, raising environmental concerns. However, dates are rich in sugars, which offer a renewable source of nutrients for various applications. In this study, sugar extraction from two low-grade pitted date fruits (Alig and [...] Read more.

In Tunisia, the date industry generates a large quantity of waste, raising environmental concerns. However, dates are rich in sugars, which offer a renewable source of nutrients for various applications. In this study, sugar extraction from two low-grade pitted date fruits (Alig and Kentichi) under ultrasound, was optimized using full factorial design. At 40 °C, for20 min, and with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL/g, the optimum sugar contents were 60.87% and 50.79% for the varieties Alig and Kentichi, respectively. The date extracts were chemically analyzed, revealing low fat and protein contents, but significant polyphenol and mineral contents in both varieties. HPLC-IR analysis revealed more inverted sugars (glucose and fructose) in the Alig variety and more sucrose in the Kentichi variety. FTIR and SEM analysis showed the efficiency of the ultrasonic treatment of the biomass in terms of improving mass transfer diffusion through ultrasonic cavitation. Thus, ultrasound-assisted extraction constitutes an effective method for the recovery of sugar from date waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 1912 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chemical, Textural and Antioxidant Properties of Oat-Fermented Beverages with Different Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria and Pectin

by Dmitrii V. Khrundin and Elena V. Nikitina

BioTech 2024, 13(4), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13040038 - 25 Sep 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2546

Abstract

Currently, starter cultures for fermenting plant-based beverages are not widely available commercially, but producers can use starter cultures for dairy products. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical, rheological, antioxidant and sensory properties of oat beverages with/without pectin fermented [...] Read more.

Currently, starter cultures for fermenting plant-based beverages are not widely available commercially, but producers can use starter cultures for dairy products. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical, rheological, antioxidant and sensory properties of oat beverages with/without pectin fermented by four different dairy starter cultures. The use of a mono-starter with Lactobacillus bulgaricus or Sreptococcus thermophilus allows for the efficient use of glucose, and more lactic acid is accumulated. The beverage with L. bulgaricus is characterised by high adhesion, syneresis and low cohesiveness, and it has high antioxidant activity and a low sensory profile. Using starter with L. bulgaricus, S. thermophilus and some Lactococcus for fermentation yields a product with high sensory capacity, forming a high-viscosity beverage matrix with low syneresis, high water retention, chewy texture and stickiness. It has been observed that the absence of lactococci and the presence of Lactobacillus casei, L. Rhamnosus and L. paracasei in the starter yields a product with high antioxidant activity, especially in the presence of pectin. The use of pectin significantly improves the viscosity and textural properties of oat yoghurt, enhancing the drink’s flavour and giving it body. For many reasons, the use of different commercial starters in the dairy industry results in different viscosities of oat fermented beverages, forming a matrix with different textural, sensory and antioxidant properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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14 pages, 3698 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Simultaneous Production of Biogas and Electricity from Anaerobic Digestion of Pine Needles: Sustainable Energy and Waste Management

by Deepak Sharma, Rishi Mahajan, Vikas Baghel, Saurabh Bansal, Vishal Ahuja and Gunjan Goel

BioTech 2024, 13(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13030035 - 5 Sep 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2980

Abstract

Power scarcity and pollution can be overcome with the use of green energy forms like ethanol, biogas, electricity, hydrogen, etc., especially energy produced from renewable and industrial feedstocks. In hilly areas, pine needles are the most abundant biomass that has a low possibility [...] Read more.

Power scarcity and pollution can be overcome with the use of green energy forms like ethanol, biogas, electricity, hydrogen, etc., especially energy produced from renewable and industrial feedstocks. In hilly areas, pine needles are the most abundant biomass that has a low possibility of valorization due to high lignin content. On the other hand, anaerobic digestion (AD) of lignin and animal waste has low biogas yield due to poor conductivity. This study focuses on the simultaneous production of biogas and electricity through the co-digestion of cow dung and pine needles. The digester was initially established and stabilized in the lab to ensure a continuous supply of inoculum throughout the experiment. The optimization process involved the determination of an ideal cow dung-to-water ratio and selecting the appropriate conductive material that can enhance the energy generation from the feedstock. Afterward, both batch and continuous anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted. The results revealed that the addition of powdered graphite (5 mM), activated charcoal (15 mM), and biochar (25 mM) exhibited maximum voltage of 0.71 ± 0.013 V, 0.56 ± 0.013 V, and 0.49 ± 0.011 V on the 30th, 25th and 20th day of AD, respectively. The batch experiment showed that 5 mM graphite powder enhanced electron transfer in the AD process and generated a voltage of 0.77 ± 0.014 V on the 30th day, indicating an increase of ~1.5-fold as compared to the control (0.56 ± 0.019 V). The results from the continuous AD process showed that the digester with cow dung, pine needle, and a conductive material in combination exhibited the maximum voltage of 0.76 ± 0.012 V on the 21st day of AD, while the digester with cow dung only exhibited a maximum voltage of 0.62 ± 0.015 V on the 22nd day of AD, representing a 1.3-fold increase over the control. Furthermore, the current work used discarded plastic items and electrodes from spent batteries to emphasize waste management and aid in attaining sustainable energy and development goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Biotechnology)

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27 pages, 943 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Data Management in Biobanking: Strategies, Challenges, and Future Directions

by Ramez Alkhatib and Karoline I. Gaede

BioTech 2024, 13(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13030034 - 2 Sep 2024

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 10289

Abstract

Biobanking plays a pivotal role in biomedical research by providing standardized processing, precise storing, and management of biological sample collections along with the associated data. Effective data management is a prerequisite to ensure the integrity, quality, and accessibility of these resources. This review [...] Read more.

Biobanking plays a pivotal role in biomedical research by providing standardized processing, precise storing, and management of biological sample collections along with the associated data. Effective data management is a prerequisite to ensure the integrity, quality, and accessibility of these resources. This review provides a current landscape of data management in biobanking, discussing key challenges, existing strategies, and potential future directions. We explore multiple aspects of data management, including data collection, storage, curation, sharing, and ethical considerations. By examining the evolving technologies and methodologies in biobanking, we aim to provide insights into addressing the complexities and maximizing the utility of biobank data for research and clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotechnology Regulation)

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14 pages, 4119 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Auxin-Producing Bacteria Used as Microbial Biostimulants Improve the Growth of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Seedlings in Hydroponic Systems

by Livia Pappalettere, Susanna Bartolini and Annita Toffanin

BioTech 2024, 13(3), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13030032 - 21 Aug 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4270

Abstract

Seven auxin-producing endophytic bacterial strains (Azospirillum spp., Methylobacterium symbioticum, Bacillus spp.), and two different combinations of these strains were used to verify their influence on tomato during germination and development in hydroponic conditions where, as a novelty for Canestrino di Lucca [...] Read more.

Seven auxin-producing endophytic bacterial strains (Azospirillum spp., Methylobacterium symbioticum, Bacillus spp.), and two different combinations of these strains were used to verify their influence on tomato during germination and development in hydroponic conditions where, as a novelty for Canestrino di Lucca cultivar, endophytic bacteria were inoculated. To emphasize the presence of bacterial auxins in roots and stems of seedlings, both in situ staining qualitative assessment and quantitative analysis were carried out. Moreover, hypogeal and epigeal growth of the plantlets were measured, and correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between the amount of indolacetic acid (IAA) produced by the bacterial strains and root and stem parameters. Plantlets treated with microbial inoculants showed a significant increase in the survival rate compared to the control treatment. The best results as IAA producers were from Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 and A. brasilense Cd, which also induced significant root growth. On the other hand, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and B. licheniformis induced the best rates in stem growth. These findings highlight the potential for using endophytic bacterial strains in a hydroponic co-cultivation system that enables inoculating plantlets, at an early stage of growth (5 days old). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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14 pages, 1611 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Removal of Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Solution Using Galdieria sulphuraria CCMEE 5587.1

by Hari Lal Kharel, Lina Jha, Melissa Tan and Thinesh Selvaratnam

BioTech 2024, 13(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13030028 - 1 Aug 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2597

Abstract

The release of cadmium into the environment is a significant global concern due to its toxicity, non-biodegradability, and persistence in nature. There is an urgent need for effective, eco-friendly, and cost-effective systems for removing Cd because of the many drawbacks of conventional physicochemical [...] Read more.

The release of cadmium into the environment is a significant global concern due to its toxicity, non-biodegradability, and persistence in nature. There is an urgent need for effective, eco-friendly, and cost-effective systems for removing Cd because of the many drawbacks of conventional physicochemical techniques. This study investigated the ability of the extremophile red microalgal strain Galdieria sulphuraria CCMEE 5587.1 to tolerate and remove Cd (II) ions at acidic pH in a controlled laboratory environment. Three distinct concentrations of Cd (1.5 mg L⁻¹, 3 mg L⁻¹, and 6 mg L⁻¹) were introduced to the cyanidium medium, and G. sulphuraria cells were introduced in the medium and grown for ten days. Four distinct aspects were identified regarding Cd removal: time course Cd removal, total Cd removal, extracellular Cd removal, and intracellular Cd removal. The inhibitory effects of Cd on G. sulphuraria growth were observed using a daily growth profile. Initial incubation days showed an inhibition of G. sulphuraria growth. In addition, increasing the Cd concentration in the medium decreased the growth rate of G. sulphuraria. Rapid Cd removal occurred on the first day of the experiment, followed by a steady removal of Cd until the last day. The highest total removal efficiency occurred in a medium containing 3 mg L⁻¹ of Cd ions, which was 30%. In contrast, the highest sorption capacity occurred in a medium containing 6 mg L⁻¹ of Cd ions, which was 1.59 mg g⁻¹ of dry biomass. In all media compositions, a major fraction (>80%) of Cd removal occurred via adsorption on the cell surface (extracellular). These results showed that G. sulphuraria cells can remove Cd ions from aqueous solution, which makes them a potential bioremediation option for heavy metal removal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Biotechnology)

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31 pages, 2340 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Hydroponics with Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: Emerging Trends and Opportunities in Modern Agriculture

by Prabhaharan Renganathan, Edgar Omar Rueda Puente, Natalia V. Sukhanova and Lira A. Gaysina

BioTech 2024, 13(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13030027 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7789

Abstract

The global population is expected to reach 9.5 billion, which means that crop productivity needs to double to meet the growing population’s food demand. Soil degradation and environmental factors, such as climate events, significantly threaten crop production and global food security. Furthermore, rapid [...] Read more.

The global population is expected to reach 9.5 billion, which means that crop productivity needs to double to meet the growing population’s food demand. Soil degradation and environmental factors, such as climate events, significantly threaten crop production and global food security. Furthermore, rapid urbanization has led to 55% of the world’s population migrating to cities, and this proportion is expected to increase to 75% by 2050, which presents significant challenges in producing staple foods through conventional hinterland farming. Numerous studies have proposed various sustainable farming techniques to combat the shortage of farmable land and increase food security in urban areas. Soilless farming techniques such as hydroponics have gained worldwide popularity due to their resource efficiency and production of superior-quality fresh products. However, using chemical nutrients in a conventional hydroponic system can have significant environmental impacts, including eutrophication and resource depletion. Incorporating microalgae into hydroponic systems as biostimulants offers a sustainable and ecofriendly approach toward circular bioeconomy strategies. The present review summarizes the plant growth-promoting activity of microalgae as biostimulants and their mechanisms of action. We discuss their effects on plant growth parameters under different applications, emphasizing the significance of integrating microalgae into a closed-loop circular economy model to sustainably meet global food demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbial Biotechnology Products and Biocatalysis Processes for a Sustainable Bioeconomy)

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14 pages, 2059 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Machine Learning-Based Web Tool for the Severity Prediction of COVID-19

by Avgi Christodoulou, Martha-Spyridoula Katsarou, Christina Emmanouil, Marios Gavrielatos, Dimitrios Georgiou, Annia Tsolakou, Maria Papasavva, Vasiliki Economou, Vasiliki Nanou, Ioannis Nikolopoulos, Maria Daganou, Aikaterini Argyraki, Evaggelos Stefanidis, Gerasimos Metaxas, Emmanouil Panagiotou, Ioannis Michalopoulos and Nikolaos Drakoulis

BioTech 2024, 13(3), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13030022 - 1 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3628

Abstract

Predictive tools provide a unique opportunity to explain the observed differences in outcome between patients of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to associate individual demographic and clinical characteristics with disease severity in COVID-19 patients and to highlight the importance [...] Read more.

Predictive tools provide a unique opportunity to explain the observed differences in outcome between patients of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to associate individual demographic and clinical characteristics with disease severity in COVID-19 patients and to highlight the importance of machine learning (ML) in disease prognosis. The study enrolled 344 unvaccinated patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data collected by integrating questionnaires and medical records were imported into various classification machine learning algorithms, and the algorithm and the hyperparameters with the greatest predictive ability were selected for use in a disease outcome prediction web tool. Of 111 independent features, age, sex, hypertension, obesity, and cancer comorbidity were found to be associated with severe COVID-19. Our prognostic tool can contribute to a successful therapeutic approach via personalized treatment. Although at the present time vaccination is not considered mandatory, this algorithm could encourage vulnerable groups to be vaccinated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology of Human Disease)

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6 pages, 339 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Spectrofluorimetric Analysis of Riboflavin Content during Kombucha Fermentation

by Mojca Čakić Semenčić, Adrianna Biedrzycka, Anna Kiczor, Sunčica Beluhan and Filip Šupljika

BioTech 2024, 13(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13020020 - 11 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2667

Abstract

Kombucha is a traditional beverage obtained by the microbial fermentation of tea using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts. In addition to several documented functional properties, such as anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant activity, kombucha is often credited with high levels of vitamins, [...] Read more.

Kombucha is a traditional beverage obtained by the microbial fermentation of tea using a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts. In addition to several documented functional properties, such as anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant activity, kombucha is often credited with high levels of vitamins, including riboflavin. To our knowledge, the vitamin B2 content in traditionally prepared kombucha has been determined in only two studies, in which the concentration measured by the HPLC technique ranged from 2.2 × 10⁻⁷ to 2.1 × 10⁻⁴ mol dm⁻³. These unexplained differences of three orders of magnitude in the vitamin B2 content prompted us to determine its concentration during the cultivation of kombucha under very similar conditions by spectrofluorimetry. The B2 concentrations during the 10-day fermentation of black tea ranged from 7.6 × 10⁻⁸ to 3.3 × 10⁻⁷ mol dm⁻³. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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24 pages, 5154 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Simulation of Radiation-Induced DNA Damage and Protection by Histones Using the Code RITRACKS

by Ianik Plante, Devany W. West, Jason Weeks and Viviana I. Risca

BioTech 2024, 13(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13020017 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3322

Abstract

(1) Background: DNA damage is of great importance in the understanding of the effects of ionizing radiation. Various types of DNA damage can result from exposure to ionizing radiation, with clustered types considered the most important for radiobiological effects. (2) Methods: The code [...] Read more.

(1) Background: DNA damage is of great importance in the understanding of the effects of ionizing radiation. Various types of DNA damage can result from exposure to ionizing radiation, with clustered types considered the most important for radiobiological effects. (2) Methods: The code RITRACKS (Relativistic Ion Tracks), a program that simulates stochastic radiation track structures, was used to simulate DNA damage by photons and ions spanning a broad range of linear energy transfer (LET) values. To perform these simulations, the transport code was modified to include cross sections for the interactions of ions or electrons with DNA and amino acids for ionizations, dissociative electron attachment, and elastic collisions. The radiochemistry simulations were performed using a step-by-step algorithm that follows the evolution of all particles in time, including reactions between radicals and DNA structures and amino acids. Furthermore, detailed DNA damage events, such as base pair positions, DNA fragment lengths, and fragment yields, were recorded. (3) Results: We report simulation results using photons and the ions ¹H⁺, ⁴He²⁺, ¹²C⁶⁺, ¹⁶O⁸⁺, and ⁵⁶Fe²⁶⁺ at various energies, covering LET values from 0.3 to 164 keV/µm, and performed a comparison with other codes and experimental results. The results show evidence of DNA protection from damage at its points of contacts with histone proteins. (4) Conclusions: RITRACKS can provide a framework for studying DNA damage from a variety of ionizing radiation sources with detailed representations of DNA at the atomic scale, DNA-associated proteins, and resulting DNA damage events and statistics, enabling a broader range of future comparisons with experiments such as those based on DNA sequencing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Biology)

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19 pages, 3199 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation of the Antifungal Activity of a New Chromone Derivative against Candida spp.

by Gleycyelly Rodrigues Araújo, Palloma Christine Queiroga Gomes da Costa, Paula Lima Nogueira, Danielle da Nóbrega Alves, Alana Rodrigues Ferreira, Pablo R. da Silva, Jéssica Cabral de Andrade, Natália F. de Sousa, Paulo Bruno Araujo Loureiro, Marianna Vieira Sobral, Damião P. Sousa, Marcus Tullius Scotti, Ricardo Dias de Castro and Luciana Scotti

BioTech 2024, 13(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13020016 - 25 May 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3954

Abstract

Candida species are frequently implicated in the development of both superficial and invasive fungal infections, which can impact vital organs. In the quest for novel strategies to combat fungal infections, there has been growing interest in exploring synthetic and semi-synthetic products, particularly chromone [...] Read more.

Candida species are frequently implicated in the development of both superficial and invasive fungal infections, which can impact vital organs. In the quest for novel strategies to combat fungal infections, there has been growing interest in exploring synthetic and semi-synthetic products, particularly chromone derivatives, renowned for their antimicrobial properties. In the analysis of the antifungal activity of the compound (E)-benzylidene-chroman-4-one against Candida, in silico and laboratory tests were performed to predict possible mechanisms of action pathways, and in vitro tests were performed to determine antifungal activity (MIC and MFC), to verify potential modes of action on the fungal cell membrane and wall, and to assess cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes. The tested compound exhibited predicted affinity for all fungal targets, with the highest predicted affinity observed for thymidylate synthase (−102.589 kJ/mol). MIC and CFM values ranged from 264.52 μM (62.5 μg/mL) to 4232.44 μM (1000 μg/mL). The antifungal effect likely occurs due to the action of the compound on the plasma membrane. Therefore, (E)-benzylidene-chroman-4-one showed fungicidal-like activity against Candida spp., possibly targeting the plasma membrane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Computational Biology)

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16 pages, 1553 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Valorization of Wheat Bran by Co-Cultivation of Fungi with Integrated Hydrolysis to Provide Sugars and Animal Feed

by Fabian Mittermeier, Fabienne Fischer, Sebastian Hauke, Peter Hirschmann and Dirk Weuster-Botz

BioTech 2024, 13(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13020015 - 18 May 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2855

Abstract

The enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural residues like wheat bran enables the valorization of otherwise unused carbon sources for biotechnological processes. The co-culture of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei with wheat bran particles as substrate produces an enzyme set consisting of xylanases, amylases, and [...] Read more.

The enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural residues like wheat bran enables the valorization of otherwise unused carbon sources for biotechnological processes. The co-culture of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei with wheat bran particles as substrate produces an enzyme set consisting of xylanases, amylases, and cellulases that is suitable to degrade lignocellulosic biomass to sugar monomers (D-glucose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose). An integrated one-pot process for enzyme production followed by hydrolysis in stirred tank bioreactors resulted in hydrolysates with overall sugar concentrations of 32.3 g L⁻¹ and 24.4 g L⁻¹ at a 25 L and a 1000 L scale, respectively, within 86 h. Furthermore, the residual solid biomass consisting of fermented wheat bran with protein-rich fungal mycelium displays improved nutritional properties for usage as animal feed due to its increased content of sugars, protein, and fat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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24 pages, 978 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Challenges for the Post-Market Environmental Monitoring in the European Union Imposed by Novel Applications of Genetically Modified and Genome-Edited Organisms

by Marion Dolezel, Andreas Lang, Anita Greiter, Marianne Miklau, Michael Eckerstorfer, Andreas Heissenberger, Eva Willée and Wiebke Züghart

BioTech 2024, 13(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13020014 - 15 May 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5033

Abstract

Information on the state of the environment is important to achieve the objectives of the European Green Deal, including the EU’s Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. The existing regulatory provisions for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) foresee an obligatory post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of potential [...] Read more.

Information on the state of the environment is important to achieve the objectives of the European Green Deal, including the EU’s Biodiversity Strategy for 2030. The existing regulatory provisions for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) foresee an obligatory post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of potential adverse effects upon release into the environment. So far, GMO monitoring activities have focused on genetically modified crops. With the advent of new genomic techniques (NGT), novel GMO applications are being developed and may be released into a range of different, non-agricultural environments with potential implications for ecosystems and biodiversity. This challenges the current monitoring concepts and requires adaptation of existing monitoring programs to meet monitoring requirements. While the incorporation of existing biodiversity monitoring programs into GMO monitoring at the national level is important, additional monitoring activities will also be required. Using case examples, we highlight that monitoring requirements for novel GMO applications differ from those of GM crop plants previously authorized for commercial use in the European Union. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Biotechnology)

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24 pages, 1620 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Proteases: Importance, Immobilization Protocols, Potential of Activated Carbon as Support, and the Importance of Modifying Supports for Immobilization

by Mateus Pereira Flores Santos, Evaldo Cardozo de Souza Junior, Carolina Villadóniga, Diego Vallés, Susana Castro-Sowinski, Renata Cristina Ferreira Bonomo and Cristiane Martins Veloso

BioTech 2024, 13(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13020013 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5415

Abstract

Although enzymes have been used for thousands of years, their application in industrial processes has gained importance since the 20th century due to technological and scientific advances in several areas, including biochemistry [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industry, Agriculture and Food Biotechnology)

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