Agronomy

Review

17 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Progress in the Management of Rice Blast Disease: The Role of Avirulence and Resistance Genes through Gene-for-Gene Interactions

by Muhammad Usama Younas, Irshad Ahmad, Muhammad Qasim, Zainab Ijaz, Nimra Rajput, Saima Parveen Memon, Waqar UL Zaman, Xiaohong Jiang, Yi Zhang and Shimin Zuo

Agronomy 2024, 14(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010163 - 11 Jan 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5964

Abstract

Rice is a vital component in the diets of many people worldwide, supplying necessary calories for subsistence. Nevertheless, the yield of this crucial agricultural crop is consistently hindered by a range of biotic stresses. Out of these, rice blast, claused mainly by the [...] Read more.

Rice is a vital component in the diets of many people worldwide, supplying necessary calories for subsistence. Nevertheless, the yield of this crucial agricultural crop is consistently hindered by a range of biotic stresses. Out of these, rice blast, claused mainly by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, poses a significant menace to worldwide rice cultivation as well as yield in recent years. The consequences are particularly crucial given the current climate change challenges. In recent decades, substantial progress has been achieved in the development of efficient ways to manage rice blast disease. These procedures entail using a variety of rice genetic resources to find, map, clone, and functionally validate individual resistance (R) genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that provide long-lasting resistance to rice blast disease. Moreover, the replication and practical confirmation of homologous avirulence (Avr) genes in various M. oryzae strains have been crucial in comprehending the fundamental molecular mechanisms of host–pathogen interactions. This article offers a thorough examination of the cloning and functional verification of different R genes and QTLs linked to resistance against rice blast disease. The complex interplay between R–Avr pairings, which contributes to the development of resistance against rice blast throughout a wide range, is thoroughly explained. Finally, this study explores the most recent progress in next-generation sequencing (NGS) and genome editing technologies (GETs), examining their potential uses in improving the treatment of rice blast disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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31 pages, 4469 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Molecular Basis and Engineering Strategies for Transcription Factor-Mediated Reproductive-Stage Heat Tolerance in Crop Plants

by Niharika Sharma, Lakshay Sharma, Dhanyakumar Onkarappa, Kalenahalli Yogendra, Jayakumar Bose and Rita A. Sharma

Agronomy 2024, 14(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010159 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3728

Abstract

Heat stress (HS) is a major threat to crop productivity and is expected to be more frequent and severe due to climate change challenges. The predicted increase in global temperature requires us to understand the dimensions of HS experienced by plants, particularly during [...] Read more.

Heat stress (HS) is a major threat to crop productivity and is expected to be more frequent and severe due to climate change challenges. The predicted increase in global temperature requires us to understand the dimensions of HS experienced by plants, particularly during reproductive stages, as crop productivity is majorly dependent on the success of plant reproduction. The impact of HS on crop productivity is relatively less-studied than the other abiotic stresses, such as drought and salinity. Plants have evolved diverse mechanisms to perceive, transduce, respond, and adapt to HS at the molecular, biochemical, and physiological levels. Unraveling these complex mechanisms underlying plant HS response and tolerance would facilitate designing well-informed and effective strategies to engineer HS tolerance in crop plants. In this review, we concisely discuss the molecular impact of HS on plant reproductive processes and yield, with major emphasis on transcription factors. Moreover, we offer vital strategies (encompassing omics studies, genetic engineering and more prominently gene editing techniques) that can be used to engineer transcription factors for enhancing heat tolerance. Further, we highlight critical shortcomings and knowledge gaps in HS tolerance research that should guide future research investigations. Judicious studies and a combination of these strategies could speed up the much-needed development of HS-resilient crop cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Identification and Characterisation of Crop Agronomic Traits and Stress Resistance)

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23 pages, 1592 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Microbiota Ecosystem Services in Vineyards and Wine: A Review

by Isabel García-Izquierdo, Victor J. Colino-Rabanal, Mercedes Tamame and Fernando Rodríguez-López

Agronomy 2024, 14(1), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010131 - 4 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3800

Abstract

The domestication of vines started in Asia 11,000 years ago, although it was not until the 19th century that oenology was established as a scientific discipline thanks to the research of Louis Pasteur on the role of microorganisms in wine fermentation. At the [...] Read more.

The domestication of vines started in Asia 11,000 years ago, although it was not until the 19th century that oenology was established as a scientific discipline thanks to the research of Louis Pasteur on the role of microorganisms in wine fermentation. At the present time, the progression in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies is helping to facilitate the identification of microbial dynamics during winemaking. These advancements have aided winemakers in gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the role of microbiota in the fermentation process, which, in turn, is ultimately responsible for the delivery of provisioning (wine features and its production), regulating (such as carbon storage by vineyards, regulation of soil quality, and biocontrol of pests and diseases) or cultural (such as aesthetic values of vineyard landscapes, scholarly enjoyment of wine, and a sense of belonging in wine-growing regions) ecosystem services. To our knowledge, this is the first review of the state of knowledge on the role of microbiota in the delivery of ecosystem services in the wine sector, as well as the possibility of valuing them in monetary terms by operating logic chains, such as those suggested by the SEEA-EA framework. This paper concludes with a review of management practices that may enhance the value of microbiota ecosystem services and the role of smart farming in this task. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viticulture Economic and Ecological Benefit)

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18 pages, 1266 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

State of the Art and New Technologies to Recycle the Fertigation Effluents in Closed Soilless Cropping Systems Aiming to Maximise Water and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Greenhouse Crops

by Dimitrios Savvas, Evangelos Giannothanasis, Theodora Ntanasi, Ioannis Karavidas and Georgia Ntatsi

Agronomy 2024, 14(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010061 - 26 Dec 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2159

Abstract

Inappropriate fertilisation results in the pollution of groundwater with nitrates and phosphates, eutrophication in surface water, emission of greenhouse gasses, and unwanted N deposition in natural environments, thereby harming the whole ecosystem. In greenhouses, the cultivation in closed-loop soilless culture systems (CLSs) allows [...] Read more.

Inappropriate fertilisation results in the pollution of groundwater with nitrates and phosphates, eutrophication in surface water, emission of greenhouse gasses, and unwanted N deposition in natural environments, thereby harming the whole ecosystem. In greenhouses, the cultivation in closed-loop soilless culture systems (CLSs) allows for the collection and recycling of the drainage solution, thus minimising contamination of water resources by nutrient emissions originating from the fertigation effluents. Recycling of the DS represents an ecologically sound technology as it can reduce water consumption by 20–35% and fertiliser use by 40–50% in greenhouse crops, while minimising or even eliminating losses of nutrients, thereby preventing environmental pollution by NO₃⁻ and P. The nutrient supply in CLSs is largely based on the anticipated ratio between the mass of a nutrient absorbed by the crop and the volume of water, expressed as mmol L⁻¹, commonly referenced to as “uptake concentration” (UC). However, although the UCs exhibit stability over time under optimal climatic conditions, some deviations at different locations and different cropping stages can occur, leading to the accumulation or depletion of nutrients in the root zone. Although these may be small in the short term, they can reach harmful levels when summed up over longer periods, resulting in serious nutrient imbalances and crop damage. To prevent large nutrient imbalances in the root zone, the composition of the supplied nutrient solution must be frequently readjusted, taking into consideration the current nutrient status in the root zone of the crop. The standard practice to estimate the current nutrient status in the root zone is to regularly collect samples of drainage solution and determine the nutrient concentrations through chemical analyses. However, as results from a chemical laboratory are available several days after sample selection, there is currently intensive research activity aiming to develop ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for online measurement of the DS composition in real-time. Furthermore, innovative decision support systems (DSSs) fed with the analytical results transmitted either offline or online can substantially contribute to timely and appropriate readjustments of the nutrient supply using as feedback information the current nutrient status in the root zone. The purpose of the present paper is to review the currently applied technologies for nutrient and water recycling in CLSs, as well as the new trends based on ISEs and novel DSSs. Furthermore, a specialised DSS named NUTRISENSE, which can contribute to more efficient management of nutrient supply and salt accumulation in closed-loop soilless cultivations, is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agronomical Practices for Saving Water Supply)

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24 pages, 1596 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Enhancing Plant Stress Resistance: A Review

by Zijun Wang, Sijin Wang, Tingting Ma, You Liang, Zhongyang Huo and Fengping Yang

Agronomy 2023, 13(12), 3060; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123060 - 14 Dec 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8888

Abstract

Biotic and abiotic stress factors are pivotal considerations in agriculture due to their potential to cause crop losses, food insecurity, and economic repercussions. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO nanoparticles) have gained substantial attention from researchers worldwide for their capacity to alleviate the detrimental impacts [...] Read more.

Biotic and abiotic stress factors are pivotal considerations in agriculture due to their potential to cause crop losses, food insecurity, and economic repercussions. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO nanoparticles) have gained substantial attention from researchers worldwide for their capacity to alleviate the detrimental impacts of both biotic and abiotic stress on plants, concurrently reducing dependence on environmentally harmful chemicals. This article provides an overview of methods for synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles, encompassing physical vapor deposition, ball milling, hydrothermal methods, solvothermal methods, precipitation methods, microwave methods, microbial synthesis, and plant-mediated synthesis. Additionally, it delves into the absorption, translocation, and biotransformation pathways of ZnO nanoparticles within plants. The emphasis lies in elucidating the potential of ZnO nanoparticles to safeguard plants against biotic and abiotic stress, enhance plant performance, and modulate various plant processes. The article also offers a preliminary exploration of the mechanisms underlying plant stress tolerance mediated by ZnO nanoparticles. In conclusion, ZnO nanoparticles present an environmentally friendly and cost-effective strategy for plant stress management, paving the way for the integration of nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture. This opens new possibilities for leveraging nanotechnology to bolster plant resilience against stress in the ever-changing climate conditions, ensuring global food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials in Pesticides: Pesticide Controlled Release Formulations)

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27 pages, 1344 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Using Remote Sensing Vegetation Indices for the Discrimination and Monitoring of Agricultural Crops: A Critical Review

by Roxana Vidican, Anamaria Mălinaș, Ovidiu Ranta, Cristina Moldovan, Ovidiu Marian, Alexandru Ghețe, Ciprian Radu Ghișe, Flavia Popovici and Giorgiana M. Cătunescu

Agronomy 2023, 13(12), 3040; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123040 - 12 Dec 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7001

Abstract

The agricultural sector is currently confronting multifaceted challenges such as an increased food demand, slow adoption of sustainable farming, a need for climate-resilient food systems, resource inequity, and the protection of small-scale farmers’ practices. These issues are integral to food security and environmental [...] Read more.

The agricultural sector is currently confronting multifaceted challenges such as an increased food demand, slow adoption of sustainable farming, a need for climate-resilient food systems, resource inequity, and the protection of small-scale farmers’ practices. These issues are integral to food security and environmental health. Remote sensing technologies can assist precision agriculture in effectively addressing these complex problems by providing farmers with high-resolution lenses. The use of vegetation indices (VIs) is an essential component of remote sensing, which combines the variability of spectral reflectance value (derived from remote sensing data) with the growth stage of crops. A wide array of VIs can be used to classify the crops and evaluate their state and health. However, precisely this high number leads to difficulty in selecting the best VI and their combination for specific objectives. Without thorough documentation and analysis of appropriate VIs, users might find it difficult to use remote sensing data or obtain results with very low accuracy. Thus, the objective of this review is to conduct a critical analysis of the existing state of the art on the effective use of VIs for the discrimination and monitoring of several important agricultural crops (wheat, corn, sunflower, soybean, rape, potatoes, and forage crops), grasslands and meadows. This data could be highly useful for all the stakeholders involved in agricultural activities. The current review has shown that VIs appear to be suitable for mapping and monitoring agricultural crops, forage crops, meadows and pastures. Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data were the most utilized sources, while some of the frequently used VIs were EVI, LAI, NDVI, GNDVI, PSRI, and SAVI. In most of the studies, an array of VIs needed to be employed to achieve a good discrimination of crops or prediction of yields. The main challenges in using VIs are related to the variation of the spectral characteristics during the vegetation period and to the similarities of the spectral signatures of various crops and semi-natural meadows. Thus, further studies are needed to establish appropriate models for the use of satellite data that would prove to have greater accuracy and provide more relevant information for the efficient monitoring of agricultural crops. Full article

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27 pages, 477 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Manure Application and Herbivore Excreta on Plant and Soil Properties of Temperate Grasslands—A Review

by Arne Brummerloh and Katrin Kuka

Agronomy 2023, 13(12), 3010; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13123010 - 7 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3645

Abstract

This review provides an overview of grassland studies on the effects of manure application and herbivore excreta on plant and soil properties in temperate grasslands. Grass biomass from grazing or mowing is mainly used for animal products such as milk or meat, as [...] Read more.

This review provides an overview of grassland studies on the effects of manure application and herbivore excreta on plant and soil properties in temperate grasslands. Grass biomass from grazing or mowing is mainly used for animal products such as milk or meat, as well as for energy or raw materials for biorefineries. Manure application or grazing has a significant impact on several plant and soil properties. There are effects on soil chemical properties, such as increased carbon sequestration, improved nutrient availability, and increased pH. Additionally, several physical soil properties are improved by manure application or grazing. For example, bulk density is reduced, and porosity and hydraulic conductivity are greatly improved. Some biological parameters, particularly microbial biomass and microbial and enzyme activity, also increase. The use of manure and grazing can, therefore, contribute to improving soil fertility, replacing mineral fertilizers, and closing nutrient cycles. On the other hand, over-application of manure and overgrazing can result in a surplus of nutrients over plant needs and increase losses through emission or leaching. The lost nutrients are not only economically lost from the nutrient cycle of the farm but can also cause environmental damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Circular Economy: Chemical, Microbiological and Environmental Implications of Mineral and Organic Fertilizers Use in Soils)

37 pages, 1123 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biomass from Allelopathic Agroforestry and Invasive Plant Species as Soil Amendments for Weed Control—A Review

by Antía Valiño, María Pardo-Muras, Carolina G. Puig, J. Eugenio López-Periago and Nuria Pedrol

Agronomy 2023, 13(12), 2880; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122880 - 23 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3238

Abstract

Effective weed management faces increasing legislative restrictions for the use of herbicides due to their toxicity and environmental persistence. In addition, the linear increase in resistant weeds threatens to render authorized herbicides useless. In a post-herbicide era, under the IWM strategy, allelopathy can [...] Read more.

Effective weed management faces increasing legislative restrictions for the use of herbicides due to their toxicity and environmental persistence. In addition, the linear increase in resistant weeds threatens to render authorized herbicides useless. In a post-herbicide era, under the IWM strategy, allelopathy can play a relevant role since many plants can produce a variety of allelochemicals with different structures and modes of action, capable of inhibiting the germination and growth of different weed species. Inspired by green manuring with cover crops, the use of allelopathic biomass from weeds, invasive species, residues of forestry plantations, and other abundant wild plants has some advantages over green manures grown in situ or other alternatives such as applying plant extracts or essential oils. Beyond the ecosystem services provided by green manures, the potential use of allelopathic biomass offers extra opportunities for the science and practice of holistically integrated weed management because (i) the investment of resources and time for producing cover crops would be alleviated, and (ii), new use of agroforestry residues and a sink for harmful weed biomass is provided. In this review, we compile the current knowledge of those allelopathic species whose biomass, used as soil amendment, effectively controlled weeds. In addition, the complex allelopathic processes underlying the effectiveness of cover crops and allelopathic biomass used as green manures for weed control are revisited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Allelopathy in Sustainable Agriculture)

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16 pages, 849 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Compatibility between Conservation Agriculture and the System of Rice Intensification

by Francesco Carnevale Zampaolo, Amir Kassam, Theodor Friedrich, Adam Parr and Norman Uphoff

Agronomy 2023, 13(11), 2758; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112758 - 1 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3322

Abstract

Conservation Agriculture (CA) and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) are both agroecologically-oriented production systems that support more productive, sustainable, and resource-conserving farming, with synergies arising from their respective assemblages of reinforcing agronomic methods. This review article examines the compatibility between CA and [...] Read more.

Conservation Agriculture (CA) and the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) are both agroecologically-oriented production systems that support more productive, sustainable, and resource-conserving farming, with synergies arising from their respective assemblages of reinforcing agronomic methods. This review article examines the compatibility between CA and SRI, considering examples of their being utilized in complementary ways. The application of CA principles enhances the growth, yield, and performance of the crops grown under the cropping system as well as the health and resilience of the whole ecosystem. SRI practices create more favorable conditions for the development of crop plants below- and above-ground, including conditions that can be enhanced by CA management. SRI practices such as reduced plant density m⁻² can elicit a better phenotypic expression of the genetic potentials of crops grown with CA. For these two agronomic systems to converge at the field level, some of their respective practices for plant, soil, water, and nutrient management need to be modified or aligned. One such adaptation is to practice SRI in CA systems on permanent, no-till, mulch-covered raised beds, with rainfall or irrigation water in the furrows between the beds furnishing and controlling water and providing weed suppression and improved nutrient recycling. SRI rice cropping can benefit from the CA practices of no-tillage, mulch soil cover, and diversified cropping, both in paddies and on raised beds. Several examples have shown that this convergence of cropping systems is feasible for smallholding farmers as well as for larger-scale producers and also that SRI practices within a CA system are amenable to considerable mechanization. Further research and experimentation are needed to identify and assess appropriate practices for capitalizing upon their synergies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Contributions to Agricultural Sustainability-II)

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19 pages, 2643 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Agri-Food and Mountain Products Market: Insights beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Doru Necula, Mădălina Ungureanu-Iuga and Laurenț Ognean

Agronomy 2023, 13(11), 2739; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112739 - 30 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2564

Abstract

Food security is one of the main concerns in the context of a global crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The reduction in people’s mobility determined changes in consumers’ behavior and underlined the need for the re-organization of the food supply chains. This [...] Read more.

Food security is one of the main concerns in the context of a global crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The reduction in people’s mobility determined changes in consumers’ behavior and underlined the need for the re-organization of the food supply chains. This paper aims to summarize the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global, Romanian and mountain food markets, as well as to discuss the mountain agriculture potential and the food democracy model. The trend in the post-pandemic era is heading toward the digitalization of agriculture and food distribution, with great attention on product sustainability. People are more and more aware of healthy food and the environmental impact of this sector. Many studies revealed the need for specific policies to counteract the effects of the pandemic on food quality and security and on the economic welfare of people. In the post-pandemic period in mountain areas, there is a need for the valorization of food products that originate from here since they have great health and financial potential. Supporting mountain agriculture could ensure the production of high-value products, which are generally preferred by consumers. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the re-orientation of consumers towards local and organic foods. Future research regarding the efficiency of the programs and policies implemented in some mountain areas after the pandemic is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CERNAS – Current Evolution and Research Novelty in Agricultural Sustainability)

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27 pages, 7250 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nano-Management Approaches for Salt Tolerance in Plants under Field and In Vitro Conditions

by Daniella Sári, Aya Ferroudj, Neama Abdalla, Hassan El-Ramady, Judit Dobránszki and József Prokisch

Agronomy 2023, 13(11), 2695; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13112695 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3671

Abstract

Soil salinity is a serious global problem that threatens a high percentage of the global soils. Salinity stress can create ionic, oxidative, and osmotic stress, along with hormonal imbalances, in stressful plants. This kind of stress was investigated on agricultural productivity at different [...] Read more.

Soil salinity is a serious global problem that threatens a high percentage of the global soils. Salinity stress can create ionic, oxidative, and osmotic stress, along with hormonal imbalances, in stressful plants. This kind of stress was investigated on agricultural productivity at different levels, starting in vitro (plant tissue culture), through hydroponics, pots, and field conditions. Several approaches were studied for managing salinity stress, including using traditional materials (e.g., gypsum, sulfur), organic amendments (e.g., compost, biochar, chitosan), and applied manufactured or engineered nanomaterials (NMs). Application of nanomaterials for ameliorating salinity stress has gained great attention due to their high efficiency, eco-friendliness, and non-toxicity, especially biological nanomaterials. The application of NMs did not only support growing stressful plants under salinity stress but also increased the yield of crops, provided an economically feasible nutrient management approach, and was environmentally robust for sustainable crop productivity. Nano-management of salinity may involve applying traditional nano-amendments, biological nanomaterials, nano-enabled nutrients, nano-organic amendments, derived smart nanostructures, and nano-tolerant plant cultivars. Producing different plant cultivars that are tolerant to salinity can be achieved using conventional breeding and plantomics technologies. In addition to the large-scale use of nanomaterials, there is an urgent need to address and treat nanotoxicity. This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring different approaches for nano-management of current practices under salinity stress under field and in vitro conditions. This study also raises many questions regarding the expected interaction between the toxic effects of salinity and NMs under such conditions. This includes whether this interaction acts positively or negatively on the cultivated plants and soil biological activity, or what regulatory ecotoxicity tests and protocols should be used in research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Farming: Crucial Solutions for the Future)

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15 pages, 3508 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vine and Wine Sustainability in a Cooperative Ecosystem—A Review

by Agostinha Marques and Carlos A. Teixeira

Agronomy 2023, 13(10), 2644; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102644 - 19 Oct 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3045

Abstract

The world is changing, and climate change has become a serious issue. Organizations, governments, companies, and consumers are becoming more conscious of this impact and are combining their forces to minimize it. Cooperatives have a business model that differs from those in the [...] Read more.

The world is changing, and climate change has become a serious issue. Organizations, governments, companies, and consumers are becoming more conscious of this impact and are combining their forces to minimize it. Cooperatives have a business model that differs from those in the private or public sector. They operate according to their own principles of cooperation, which makes it difficult to obtain results that are in harmony with the objectives of the organization and the cooperative members. However, they are also aware of climate change because their businesses are directly affected. Thus, in this review, we have tried to answer the following questions: What is necessary to meet the sustainability goals? Are wine cooperatives competitive in the context of the global market? How can we respond to the challenges of environmental sustainability while maintaining wine quality standards and economic profitability? What are the economic and social impacts of reducing the carbon footprint of cooperatives and their members? Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social-Ecologically More Sustainable Agricultural Production)

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20 pages, 1833 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Applying IoT Sensors and Big Data to Improve Precision Crop Production: A Review

by Tarek Alahmad, Miklós Neményi and Anikó Nyéki

Agronomy 2023, 13(10), 2603; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102603 - 12 Oct 2023

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 19169

Abstract

The potential benefits of applying information and communication technology (ICT) in precision agriculture to enhance sustainable agricultural growth were discussed in this review article. The current technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), as well as their applications, [...] Read more.

The potential benefits of applying information and communication technology (ICT) in precision agriculture to enhance sustainable agricultural growth were discussed in this review article. The current technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), as well as their applications, must be integrated into the agricultural sector to ensure long-term agricultural productivity. These technologies have the potential to improve global food security by reducing crop output gaps, decreasing food waste, and minimizing resource use inefficiencies. The importance of collecting and analyzing big data from multiple sources, particularly in situ and on-the-go sensors, is also highlighted as an important component of achieving predictive decision making capabilities in precision agriculture and forecasting yields using advanced yield prediction models developed through machine learning. Finally, we cover the replacement of wired-based, complicated systems in infield monitoring with wireless sensor networks (WSN), particularly in the agricultural sector, and emphasize the necessity of knowing the radio frequency (RF) contributing aspects that influence signal intensity, interference, system model, bandwidth, and transmission range when creating a successful Agricultural Internet of Thing Ag-IoT system. The relevance of communication protocols and interfaces for presenting agricultural data acquired from sensors in various formats is also emphasized in the paper, as is the function of 4G, 3G, and 5G technologies in IoT-based smart farming. Overall, these research sheds light on the significance of wireless sensor networks and big data in the future of precision crop production Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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24 pages, 399 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Oat (Avena sativa L.) In Vitro Cultures: Prospects and Challenges for Breeding

by Marzena Warchoł, Edyta Skrzypek, Katarzyna Juzoń-Sikora and Dragana Jakovljević

Agronomy 2023, 13(10), 2604; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102604 - 12 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2730

Abstract

Plant in vitro cultures have been a crucial component of efforts to enhance crops and advance plant biotechnology. Traditional plant breeding is a time-consuming process that, depending on the crop, might take up to 25 years before an improved cultivar is available to [...] Read more.

Plant in vitro cultures have been a crucial component of efforts to enhance crops and advance plant biotechnology. Traditional plant breeding is a time-consuming process that, depending on the crop, might take up to 25 years before an improved cultivar is available to farmers. This is a problematic technique since both beneficial qualities (such as pest resistance) and negative ones (such as decreased yield) can be passed down from generation to generation. In vitro cultures provide various advantages over traditional methods, including the capacity to add desirable characteristics and speed up the development of new cultivars. When it comes to oat (Avena sativa L.), the efficient method of plant regeneration is still missing compared to the most common cereals, possibly because this cereal is known to be recalcitrant to in vitro culture. In this review, an effort has been made to provide a succinct overview of the various in vitro techniques utilized or potentially involved in the breeding of oat. The present work aims to summarize the crucial methods of A. sativa L. cultivation under tissue culture conditions with a focus on the progress that has been made in biotechnological techniques that are used in the breeding of this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tissue Culture and Plant Somatic Embryogenesis)

28 pages, 1899 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Irrigation Water and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Review

by Bhimsen Shrestha, Murali Darapuneni, Blair L. Stringam, Kevin Lombard and Koffi Djaman

Agronomy 2023, 13(10), 2566; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102566 - 6 Oct 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5430

Abstract

Intensive irrigation and nutrient management practices in agriculture have given rise to serious issues in aquifer water depletion and groundwater quality. This review discusses the effects of irrigation and nitrogen management practices on potato growth, yield, and quality, and their impacts on water [...] Read more.

Intensive irrigation and nutrient management practices in agriculture have given rise to serious issues in aquifer water depletion and groundwater quality. This review discusses the effects of irrigation and nitrogen management practices on potato growth, yield, and quality, and their impacts on water and nitrogen use efficiencies. This review also highlights the economics and consequences of applying deficit irrigation strategies in potato production. Many researchers have demonstrated that excessive irrigation and nitrogen application rates negatively impact potato tuber yield and quality while also increasing nitrate leaching, energy consumption, and the overall costs of production. An application of light-to-moderate deficit irrigation (10–30% of full irrigation) together with reduced nitrogen rates (60–170 kg/ha) has a great potential to improve water and nitrogen use efficiencies while obtaining optimum yield and quality in potato production, depending on the climate, variety, soil type, and water availability. There is an opportunity to reduce N application rates in potato production through deficit irrigation practices by minimizing nitrate leaching beyond the crop root zone. The best irrigation and nitrogen management techniques for potato production, as discussed in this review, include using sprinkle and drip irrigation techniques, irrigation scheduling based on local crop coefficients, soil moisture content, and crop modeling techniques, applying slow-release nitrogenous fertilizers, split nitrogen application, and applying water and nitrogenous fertilizers in accordance with crop growth stage requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Irrigation and Fertilization Management on Cropping Systems)

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23 pages, 38159 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Web Mapping for Farm Management Information Systems: A Review and Australian Orchard Case Study

by Hari Krishna Dhonju, Kerry Brian Walsh and Thakur Bhattarai

Agronomy 2023, 13(10), 2563; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102563 - 5 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3455

Abstract

A web mapping XYZ Tile Layer Service, such as Google Earth (GE), provides an amazing resource for the visualization of spatial data against aerial and satellite imagery with global coverage, typically at a resolution finer than 5 m. However, the increasing requirement on [...] Read more.

A web mapping XYZ Tile Layer Service, such as Google Earth (GE), provides an amazing resource for the visualization of spatial data against aerial and satellite imagery with global coverage, typically at a resolution finer than 5 m. However, the increasing requirement on spatial accuracy in farm information requires a greater appreciation of the issues involved in the use of such services. Position errors can be created in the georeferencing and orthorectification of images, transformation between reference frames (datums) in map projection, e.g., using a spheroid as compared to an ellipsoid earth model, and tectonic shifts. A review is provided of these issues, and a case study is provided of the horizontal positional accuracy of web map imagery for Australian mango orchards. Positional accuracies varied from 1.804 to 6.131 m across four farms using GE 2021 imagery, between 1.556 and 3.365 m in one farm for the most recent imagery available from each of four web map providers, and from 0.806 m (in 2016) to 10.634 m (in 2003) in one farm for the period of 2003 and 2021 using the historical GE imagery resource. A procedure involving the estimation of four transformation parameters was demonstrated for the alignment of GNSS data with GE imagery. However, as the scale factor was unity and the rotational value was near zero, the use of a simple horizontal mean shift vector was recommended. Further recommendations are provided on (i) the use of web mapping services, with a comparison of the use of UAV survey imagery, and (ii) the need for metadata, particularly the date of collection, on collected position data, in the context of use in farm management information systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geoinformatics Application in Agriculture—Volume II)

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18 pages, 2198 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of Plastic Film Mulching on Water, Heat, Nitrogen Balance, and Crop Growth in Farmland in China

by Yin Zhao, Xiaomin Mao, Sien Li, Xi Huang, Jiangang Che and Changjian Ma

Agronomy 2023, 13(10), 2515; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102515 - 29 Sep 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3615

Abstract

Plastic film mulching has been widely used to improve crop yield and water use efficiency, although the effects of plastic film mulching on water, heat, nitrogen dynamics, and crop growth are rarely presented comprehensively. This study investigated a large number of studies in [...] Read more.

Plastic film mulching has been widely used to improve crop yield and water use efficiency, although the effects of plastic film mulching on water, heat, nitrogen dynamics, and crop growth are rarely presented comprehensively. This study investigated a large number of studies in film mulching fields from the past 10 years (mostly from 2019 to 2023) and summarized the impact of plastic film mulching, progress in modeling with film mulching, and future research directions. The effects of plastic film mulching were intricate and were influenced by film mulching methods, irrigation systems, crop types, crop growth stages, etc. Overall, plastic film mulching showed a positive effect on improving soil water, temperature, and nitrogen status, enhancing crop transpiration and photosynthetic rates, and promoting crop growth and yield, although film mulching may have negative effects, such as increasing rainfall interception, blocking water entering the soil, and reducing net radiation income. The crop yield and water use efficiency could increase by 39.9–84.7% and 45.3–106.4% under various film mulching methods. Coupled models of soil water and heat transport and crop growth under plastic film mulching conditions have been established by considering the effects of plastic film mulching on the upper boundary conditions of soil water and heat, energy budget and distribution processes, and the exchange of latent and sensible heat between soil and atmosphere. The models have good applicability in film mulched farmland of maize, rice, and potato for different regions of China. Further development is needed for soil water, heat, nitrogen migration, and crop growth models under different plastic film mulching methods, and the acquisition of soil and crop indicators under plastic film mulching conditions based on big data support. The study will provide reference for the subsequent development and innovation of plastic film mulching technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

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32 pages, 11260 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Comparative Analysis of Different UAV Swarm Control Methods on Unmanned Farms

by Rui Ming, Rui Jiang, Haibo Luo, Taotao Lai, Ente Guo and Zhiyan Zhou

Agronomy 2023, 13(10), 2499; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102499 - 28 Sep 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5977

Abstract

Unmanned farms employ a variety of sensors, automated systems, and data analysis techniques to enable fully automated and intelligent management. This not only heightens agricultural production efficiency but also reduces the costs associated with human resources. As integral components of unmanned farms’ automation [...] Read more.

Unmanned farms employ a variety of sensors, automated systems, and data analysis techniques to enable fully automated and intelligent management. This not only heightens agricultural production efficiency but also reduces the costs associated with human resources. As integral components of unmanned farms’ automation systems, agricultural UAVs have been widely adopted across various operational stages due to their precision, high efficiency, environmental sustainability, and simplicity of operation. However, present-day technological advancement levels and relevant policy regulations pose significant restrictions on UAVs in terms of payload and endurance, leading to diminished task efficiency when a single UAV is deployed over large areas. Accordingly, this paper aggregates and analyzes research pertaining to UAV swarms from databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, IEEE Xplorer, and Wiley over the past decade. An initial overview presents the current control methods for UAV swarms, incorporating a summary and analysis of the features, merits, and drawbacks of diverse control techniques. Subsequently, drawing from the four main stages of agricultural production (cultivation, planting, management, and harvesting), we evaluate the application of UAV swarms in each stage and provide an overview of the most advanced UAV swarm technologies utilized therein. Finally, we scrutinize and analyze the challenges and concerns associated with UAV swarm applications on unmanned farms and provide forward-looking insights into the future developmental trajectory of UAV swarm technology in unmanned farming, with the objective of bolstering swarm performance, scalability, and adoption rates in such settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unmanned Farms in Smart Agriculture)

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53 pages, 3854 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Can Yield Prediction Be Fully Digitilized? A Systematic Review

by Nicoleta Darra, Evangelos Anastasiou, Olga Kriezi, Erato Lazarou, Dionissios Kalivas and Spyros Fountas

Agronomy 2023, 13(9), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092441 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4505

Abstract

Going beyond previous work, this paper presents a systematic literature review that explores the deployment of satellites, drones, and ground-based sensors for yield prediction in agriculture. It covers multiple aspects of the topic, including crop types, key sensor platforms, data analysis techniques, and [...] Read more.

Going beyond previous work, this paper presents a systematic literature review that explores the deployment of satellites, drones, and ground-based sensors for yield prediction in agriculture. It covers multiple aspects of the topic, including crop types, key sensor platforms, data analysis techniques, and performance in estimating yield. To this end, datasets from Scopus and Web of Science were analyzed, resulting in the full review of 269 out of 1429 retrieved publications. Our study revealed that China (93 articles, >1800 citations) and the USA (58 articles, >1600 citations) are prominent contributors in this field; while satellites were the primary remote sensing platform (62%), followed by airborne (30%) and proximal sensors (27%). Additionally, statistical methods were used in 157 articles, and model-based approaches were utilized in 60 articles, while machine learning and deep learning were employed in 142 articles and 62 articles, respectively. When comparing methods, machine learning and deep learning methods exhibited high accuracy in crop yield prediction, while other techniques also demonstrated success, contingent on the specific crop platform and method employed. The findings of this study serve as a comprehensive roadmap for researchers and farmers, enabling them to make data-driven decisions and optimize agricultural practices, paving the way towards a fully digitized yield prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection A Series of Special Reviews and Topic Analyses That Explore Major Trends and Challenges in Agronomy)

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24 pages, 2489 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Evaluation of Carbon Farming Strategies in Organic Vegetable Cultivation

by Dan Ioan Avasiloaiei, Mariana Calara, Petre Marian Brezeanu, Nazim S. Gruda and Creola Brezeanu

Agronomy 2023, 13(9), 2406; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092406 - 18 Sep 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4886

Abstract

The urgent need to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has prompted the exploration of various strategies, including the adaptation of carbon farming practices, to achieve sustainability in agricultural systems. In this research, we assess the viability of carbon farming practices for organic vegetable [...] Read more.

The urgent need to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has prompted the exploration of various strategies, including the adaptation of carbon farming practices, to achieve sustainability in agricultural systems. In this research, we assess the viability of carbon farming practices for organic vegetable growing in Europe. The study explores the potential benefits of these practices, including GHG emissions’ mitigation and improved soil health, biodiversity, and ecosystem services, while also acknowledging the need for further research to optimize implementation strategies and foster widespread adoption. However, the suitability and effectiveness of carbon farming practices in organic vegetable production systems remain uncertain. The analysis considers the measurement and estimation methods employed to assess changes in soil carbon stocks and the potential environmental and economic implications for farmers. Despite a substantial body of data demonstrating the sustainable attributes of carbon farming and its multifaceted advantages, a degree of hesitancy persists. Considering this, we propose undertaking a concise strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis to evaluate multiple aspects of carbon farming. The findings reveal that carbon farming practices can be viable and advantageous in organic vegetable production. Carbon farming practices, such as cover cropping, reduced tillage, compost application, and agroforestry, can significantly enhance the sustainability of organic farming systems. Implementing these practices can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, improve soil health and fertility, and promote biodiversity conservation. Farmer education and support, policy measures, and continued research are crucial for maximizing the potential of these practices for a sustainable future. These practices also contribute to developing climate-friendly agricultural systems, promoting environmental resilience, and reducing the ecological footprint of organic vegetable production. However, further research is needed to optimize implementation strategies, address site-specific challenges, and foster widespread adoption of carbon farming practices in organic vegetable production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Agriculture—Sustainable Plant Production)

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49 pages, 22203 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Comprehensive Review of the Research of the “Eye–Brain–Hand” Harvesting System in Smart Agriculture

by Wanteng Ji, Xianhao Huang, Shubo Wang and Xiongkui He

Agronomy 2023, 13(9), 2237; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092237 - 26 Aug 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4306

Abstract

Smart agricultural harvesting robots’ vision recognition, control decision, and mechanical hand modules all resemble the human eye, brain, and hand, respectively. To enable automatic and precise picking of target fruits and vegetables, the system makes use of cutting-edge sensor technology, machine vision algorithms, [...] Read more.

Smart agricultural harvesting robots’ vision recognition, control decision, and mechanical hand modules all resemble the human eye, brain, and hand, respectively. To enable automatic and precise picking of target fruits and vegetables, the system makes use of cutting-edge sensor technology, machine vision algorithms, and intelligent control and decision methods. This paper provides a comprehensive review of international research advancements in the “eye–brain–hand” harvesting systems within the context of smart agriculture, encompassing aspects of mechanical hand devices, visual recognition systems, and intelligent decision systems. Then, the key technologies used in the current research are reviewed, including image processing, object detection and tracking, machine learning, deep learning, etc. In addition, this paper explores the application of the system to different crops and environmental conditions and analyzes its advantages and challenges. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the research on picking robots in the future are presented, including further optimization of the algorithm and improvement of flexibility and reliability of mechanical devices. To sum up, the “eye–brain–hand” picking system in intelligent agriculture has great potential to improve the efficiency and quality of crop picking and reduce labor pressure, and it is expected to be widely used in agricultural production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Unmanned Systems: Empowering Agriculture with Automation)

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24 pages, 11819 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Global Warming on Grapevine Berries Phenolic Compounds—A Review

by Eleonora Cataldo, Aleš Eichmeier and Giovan Battista Mattii

Agronomy 2023, 13(9), 2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092192 - 22 Aug 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3945

Abstract

The steadfast propensity to global warming has had a severe impact on overall viticulture. Given the observed increase in growing season temperatures in Europe (+1.7 °C from 1950 to 2004), between 2000 and 2049, it is assumed that temperatures for major wine regions [...] Read more.

The steadfast propensity to global warming has had a severe impact on overall viticulture. Given the observed increase in growing season temperatures in Europe (+1.7 °C from 1950 to 2004), between 2000 and 2049, it is assumed that temperatures for major wine regions will increase on average by about +0.42 °C per decade and will generally increase by +2.04 °C. Phenolic compound development is affected by environmental parameters such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, sunlight, maximum and minimum temperatures, and grapevine water status. Proanthocyanidins, flavan-3-ol monomers, and other pigmented polymers are impacted by soil management and canopy handling strategies, as well as obtaining a microclimate around the developing bunch. This review, after a necessary summary of the synthesis of phenolic compounds in the berry (flavonoids and non-flavonoids) to let the lector delve into the topic, describes the impact of climate change and therefore of environmental factors on their accumulation and storage throughout ripening and harvesting. For example, high berry temperatures can reduce the total concentrations of skin anthocyanin; a 35 °C temperature entirely obstructed anthocyanin synthesis, and instead quercetin 3-glucoside could be enhanced with exposure to solar radiation. In addition, increments via water deficit in the relative abundance of methoxylated anthocyanins were also found. The vineyard management strategies to mitigate the degradation of phenolic compounds and preserve their concentration are also further discussed. Finally, it is believed that it is necessary today to establish an elastic and variable approach towards the single wine year, moving away from the concept of product standardization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Effects of Climate Change on Viticulture (Grape))

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28 pages, 1788 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pretreatment and Bioconversion for Valorization of Residues of Non-Edible Oilseeds

by Eulogio Castro, Knut Olav Strætkvern, Juan Miguel Romero-García and Carlos Martín

Agronomy 2023, 13(9), 2196; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092196 - 22 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2522

Abstract

Biodiesel production currently follows a first-generation model using edible oils as raw materials. Such a production model is unsustainable, considering that it is limited by the high cost of edible oils, competes with the food sector, and is linked to deforestation and other [...] Read more.

Biodiesel production currently follows a first-generation model using edible oils as raw materials. Such a production model is unsustainable, considering that it is limited by the high cost of edible oils, competes with the food sector, and is linked to deforestation and other environmental threats. Changing the raw material base to non-edible oils provides an opportunity to increase the sustainability of the biodiesel industry and to avoid conflicts with food production. Processing non-edible oilseeds for extracting the oil to be used for producing biodiesel generates large amounts of residues, such as de-oiled cakes, seed husks, and fruit shells and pods as well as plant stems and leaves resulting from pruning and other agronomy practices. Most of those residues are currently disposed of by burning or used in a suboptimal way. Bioconversion following the sugar platform route, anaerobic digestion, or enzyme production provides means for upgrading them to advanced biofuels and high-added value products. Bioconversion of plant biomass, including oilseed residues, requires pretreatment to enhance their susceptibility to enzymes and microorganisms. This review provides an outlook on bioconversion approaches applicable to different residues of oilseed-bearing plant species. Recent reports on the pretreatment of non-edible oilseed residues for enhancing their bioconversion through either the sugar platform route or anaerobic digestion are critically discussed. This review is based on an exhaustive Web of Science search performed in January–May 2023. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pretreatment and Bioconversion of Crop Residues II)

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17 pages, 2452 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz as a Promising Cover Crop Species with Allelopathic Potential

by Martina Ghidoli, Michele Pesenti, Federico Colombo, Fabio Francesco Nocito, Roberto Pilu and Fabrizio Araniti

Agronomy 2023, 13(8), 2187; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082187 - 21 Aug 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4190

Abstract

The ability of plants to release chemicals that affect the growth of other plants offers potential benefits for weed management and sustainable agriculture. This review explores the use of Camelina sativa as a promising cover crop with weed control potential. Camelina sativa, [...] Read more.

The ability of plants to release chemicals that affect the growth of other plants offers potential benefits for weed management and sustainable agriculture. This review explores the use of Camelina sativa as a promising cover crop with weed control potential. Camelina sativa, known for its high oil content and adaptability to diverse climatic conditions, exhibits allelopathic potential by releasing chemical compounds that inhibit weed growth. The crop’s vigorous growth and canopy architecture contribute to effective weed suppression, reducing the prevalence and spread of associated pathogens. Furthermore, the chemical compounds released by camelina through the solubilization of compounds from leaves by rain, root exudation, or deriving from microbial-mediated decay of camelina’s tissues interfere with the growth of neighbouring plants, indicating allelopathic interactions. The isolation and identification of benzylamine and glucosinolates as allelochemicals in camelina highlight their role in plant–plant interactions. However, the studies carried out on this species are outdated, and it cannot be excluded that other chemicals deriving from the breakdown of the glucosinolates or belonging to other classes of specialized metabolites can be involved in its allelopathic potential. Camelina sativa also demonstrates disease suppression capabilities, with glucosinolates exhibiting fungicidal, nematocidal, and bactericidal activities. Additionally, camelina cover crops have been found to reduce root diseases and enhance growth and yields in corn and soybeans. This review sheds light on the allelopathic and agronomic benefits of Camelina sativa, emphasizing its potential as a sustainable and integrated pest management strategy in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Allelopathy in Sustainable Agriculture)

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20 pages, 2694 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Opportunities and Challenges of Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.) Genetic Improvement

by Michela Landoni, Greta Bertagnon, Martina Ghidoli, Elena Cassani, Fabrizio Adani and Roberto Pilu

Agronomy 2023, 13(8), 2076; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082076 - 7 Aug 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 10152

Abstract

Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) originated in East Africa and then diffused to warm-temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. The high lipid content in the castor beans is extracted for use in pharmaceutical and industrial applications. The castor oil lipid [...] Read more.

Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) originated in East Africa and then diffused to warm-temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of the world. The high lipid content in the castor beans is extracted for use in pharmaceutical and industrial applications. The castor oil lipid profile is naturally composed of 90% ricinoleic acid and the remaining 10% is mainly composed of linoleic, oleic, stearic, and linolenic fatty acids. The highly toxic compound ricin within the seeds is insoluble in oil, making castor oil free from this toxin and safe to use for industrial and cosmetic applications. Among the main uses of castor oil are reported industrial uses such as component for lubricants, paints, coatings, polymers, emulsifiers, cosmetics, and medicinal uses as a laxative. There is also significant commercial potential for utilization of the whole castor bean plant such as animal feed, fertilizer, biofuel, and also for phytoremediation. Several breeding programs have been planned to improve the castor’s characteristics needed for its current or potential uses. In this review, after summarizing data on castor bean agronomy and uses, we focus on the main advances in Castor bean classical and biotechnological breeding programs, underlining the high potential of this oil crop. In particular, the main challenges of castor breeding programs are to increase yield, mainly through the selection of growth habits allowing mechanized harvest, and beneficial compound content, mainly the oil, and to decrease the toxic compounds content, mainly ricin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Industrial Crops Physioecology and Sustainable Cultivation)

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16 pages, 1320 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Fungi Parasitizing Powdery Mildew Fungi: Ampelomyces Strains as Biocontrol Agents against Powdery Mildews

by Márk Z. Németh, Diána Seress and Teruo Nonomura

Agronomy 2023, 13(8), 1991; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13081991 - 27 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3383

Abstract

Among the mycoparasites, Ampelomyces strains are studied in detail, particularly regarding their use as biocontrol agents (BCAs) of powdery mildew (PM) fungi, including their potential to replace conventional agrochemicals. Ampelomyces strains are characterized morphologically; their ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA-ITS) regions and [...] Read more.

Among the mycoparasites, Ampelomyces strains are studied in detail, particularly regarding their use as biocontrol agents (BCAs) of powdery mildew (PM) fungi, including their potential to replace conventional agrochemicals. Ampelomyces strains are characterized morphologically; their ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (rDNA-ITS) regions and actin gene (ACT) fragments were sequenced and their mycoparasitic activity was analyzed. In the interaction between Ampelomyces strains and PM fungi, the spores of the mycoparasites germinate on plant leaves, and their hyphae then penetrate the hyphae of PM fungi. Ampelomyces hyphae continue their growth internally, initiating the atrophy of PM conidiophores and eventually their complete collapse. Following the successful destruction of PM hyphae by Ampelomyces, the mycoparasite produces new intracellular pycnidia in PM conidiophores. The progeny spores released by mature pycnidia become the sources of subsequent infections of intact PM hyphae. As a result, the number of Ampelomyces-inoculated PM colonies gradually declines, and the conidial release of PM colonies is inhibited after the first treatment. Almost all conidiophores of 5- and 10-day-old Ampelomyces-inoculated PM colonies undergo complete atrophy or collapse. Methodological advances and in-depth analyses of the Ampelomyces–PM interaction were recently published. In this review, we summarize the genetic and phylogenetic diversity, the timing of mycoparasitism and pycnidiogenesis, the results of quantitative and visual analyses using electrostatic and digital microscopy technologies, the PM biocontrol potential of Ampelomyces, and the potential commercialization of the mycoparasites. The information provided herein can support further biocontrol and ecological studies of Ampelomyces mycoparasites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Pathogen, Insect Pest, and Weed Control in Field and Greenhouse Cropping Systems)

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22 pages, 4262 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Buildings in Rural Areas: Trends, Challenges, and Innovations for Sustainable Development

by Alessia Cogato, Leonardo Cei, Francesco Marinello and Andrea Pezzuolo

Agronomy 2023, 13(8), 1961; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13081961 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5093

Abstract

Rural buildings represent the functional relationship between rural communities and agricultural land. Therefore, research on rural buildings has practical repercussions on environmental and socio-economic sustainability. Comprehensive state-of-the-art research on rural buildings may address research activities. We present a systematic review of the scientific [...] Read more.

Rural buildings represent the functional relationship between rural communities and agricultural land. Therefore, research on rural buildings has practical repercussions on environmental and socio-economic sustainability. Comprehensive state-of-the-art research on rural buildings may address research activities. We present a systematic review of the scientific research between 2000 and 2022 based on the PRISMA protocol. Five main topics were identified. The results showed that the primary research focus was production (25.1%) and environmental management issues (23.2%). However, construction and efficiency are rapidly taking centre stage (20.6%). Regarding sustainability (20.8%), life cycle assessment, green buildings, recycling and global warming should be the future research focus. Energy efficiency will benefit from studies on thermal energy. More research on engineering and technologies (10.3%), specifically remote and automatic detection and transport in rural areas, will increase cost efficiency. The results may help improve the global efficiency of rural buildings in a modern farming system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agri-Tech Engineering: Building Resilience for Climate Change Adaptation)

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19 pages, 480 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Digitization of Crop Nitrogen Modelling: A Review

by Luís Silva, Luís Alcino Conceição, Fernando Cebola Lidon, Manuel Patanita, Paola D’Antonio and Costanza Fiorentino

Agronomy 2023, 13(8), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13081964 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2523

Abstract

Applying the correct dose of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to crops is extremely important. The current predictive models of yield and soil–crop dynamics during the crop growing season currently combine information about soil, climate, crops, and agricultural practices to predict the N needs of [...] Read more.

Applying the correct dose of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to crops is extremely important. The current predictive models of yield and soil–crop dynamics during the crop growing season currently combine information about soil, climate, crops, and agricultural practices to predict the N needs of plants and optimize its application. Recent advances in remote sensing technology have also contributed to digital modelling of crop N requirements. These sensors provide detailed data, allowing for real-time adjustments in order to increase nutrient application accuracy. Combining these with other tools such as geographic information systems, data analysis, and their integration in modelling with experimental approaches in techniques such as machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence, it is possible to develop digital twins for complex agricultural systems. Creating digital twins from the physical field can simulate the impact of different events and actions. In this article, we review the state-of-the-art of modelling N needs by crops, starting by exploring N dynamics in the soil−plant system; we demonstrate different classical approaches to modelling these dynamics so as to predict the needs and to define the optimal fertilization doses of this nutrient. Therefore, this article reviews the currently available information from Google Scholar and ScienceDirect, using relevant studies on N dynamics in agricultural systems, different modelling approaches used to simulate crop growth and N dynamics, and the application of digital tools and technologies for modelling proposed crops. The cited articles were selected following the exclusion criteria, resulting in a total of 66 articles. Finally, we present digital tools and technologies that increase the accuracy of model estimates and improve the simulation and presentation of estimated results to the manager in order to facilitate decision-making processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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36 pages, 3264 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Methodologies for Water Accounting at the Collective Irrigation System Scale Aiming at Optimizing Water Productivity

by Antónia Ferreira, João Rolim, Paula Paredes and Maria do Rosário Cameira

Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071938 - 22 Jul 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4233

Abstract

To improve water use efficiency and productivity, particularly in irrigated areas, reliable water accounting methodologies are essential, as they provide information on the status and trends in irrigation water availability/supply and consumption/demand. At the collective irrigation system level, irrigation water accounting (IWA) relies [...] Read more.

To improve water use efficiency and productivity, particularly in irrigated areas, reliable water accounting methodologies are essential, as they provide information on the status and trends in irrigation water availability/supply and consumption/demand. At the collective irrigation system level, irrigation water accounting (IWA) relies on the quantification of water fluxes from the diversion point to the plants, at both the conveyance and distribution network and the irrigated field level. Direct measurement is the most accurate method for IWA, but in most cases, there is limited metering of irrigation water despite the increasing pressure on both groundwater and surface water resources, hindering the water accounting procedures. However, various methodologies, tools, and indicators have been developed to estimate the IWA components, depending on the scale and the level of detail being considered. Another setback for the wide implementation of IWA is the vast terminology used in the literature for different scales and levels of application. Thus, the main objectives of this review, which focuses on IWA for collective irrigation services, are to (i) demonstrate the importance of IWA by showing its relationship with water productivity and water use efficiency; (ii) clarify the concepts and terminology related to IWA; and (iii) provide an overview of various approaches to obtain reliable data for the IWA, on the demand side, both at the distribution network and on-farm systems. From the review, it can be concluded that there is a need for reliable IWA, which provides a common information base for all stakeholders. Future work could include the development of user-friendly tools and methodologies to reduce the bridge between the technology available to collect and process the information on the various water accounting components and its effective use by stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Agricultural Water Productivity to Ensure Food Security under Changing Environments)

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32 pages, 664 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Complementary Use of Ground-Based Proximal Sensing and Airborne/Spaceborne Remote Sensing Techniques in Precision Agriculture: A Systematic Review

by Angelos Alexopoulos, Konstantinos Koutras, Sihem Ben Ali, Stefano Puccio, Alessandro Carella, Roberta Ottaviano and Athanasios Kalogeras

Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071942 - 22 Jul 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6261

Abstract

As the global population continues to increase, projected to reach an estimated 9.7 billion people by 2050, there will be a growing demand for food production and agricultural resources. Transition toward Agriculture 4.0 is expected to enhance agricultural productivity through the integration of [...] Read more.

As the global population continues to increase, projected to reach an estimated 9.7 billion people by 2050, there will be a growing demand for food production and agricultural resources. Transition toward Agriculture 4.0 is expected to enhance agricultural productivity through the integration of advanced technologies, increase resource efficiency, ensure long-term food security by applying more sustainable farming practices, and enhance resilience and climate change adaptation. By integrating technologies such as ground IoT sensing and remote sensing, via both satellite and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and exploiting data fusion and data analytics, farming can make the transition to a more efficient, productive, and sustainable paradigm. The present work performs a systematic literature review (SLR), identifying the challenges associated with UAV, Satellite, and Ground Sensing in their application in agriculture, comparing them and discussing their complementary use to facilitate Precision Agriculture (PA) and transition to Agriculture 4.0. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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20 pages, 3951 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Perspectives and Advances in Organic Formulations for Agriculture: Encapsulation of Herbicides for Weed Control

by Francisco J. Rodríguez-Mejías, Aurelio Scavo, Nuria Chinchilla, José M. G. Molinillo, Stefan Schwaiger, Giovanni Mauromicale and Francisco A. Macías

Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1898; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071898 - 18 Jul 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3177

Abstract

This article offers a critical analysis of the evolution of encapsulation methods for herbicides and natural products, with a main focus on organic formulations. It extols the possibilities presented by these micro- and nanomaterials, such as their slow release, stability, bioavailability, water solubility, [...] Read more.

This article offers a critical analysis of the evolution of encapsulation methods for herbicides and natural products, with a main focus on organic formulations. It extols the possibilities presented by these micro- and nanomaterials, such as their slow release, stability, bioavailability, water solubility, and stability for classical and natural herbicides from their origins to the present. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cropping Systems and Agronomic Management Practices of Field Crops)

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20 pages, 767 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ecophysiological Responses of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Drought and High Temperature

by Romesh Kumar Salgotra and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan

Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071877 - 16 Jul 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6790

Abstract

Global rice crop production is being threatened by a frequent rise in high temperatures and drought. Drought and heat stresses adversely affect the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of rice, resulting in reduced crop productivity. Heat and drought stresses entail physiological changes in [...] Read more.

Global rice crop production is being threatened by a frequent rise in high temperatures and drought. Drought and heat stresses adversely affect the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics of rice, resulting in reduced crop productivity. Heat and drought stresses entail physiological changes in rice plants, such as stomata closure, reduced photosynthesis, loss of turgor adjustment, and reduction in crop productivity. These stresses also cause metabolic changes by increasing the activities of antioxidative enzymes, phytohormones, abscisic acid, reactive oxygen species, and reactive stress metabolites. Among the different growth stages of rice, the reproductive stage is the most sensitive stage to high temperature and drought, resulting in low seed setting and grain yield. Genetic improvement and development of drought and heat-stress-tolerant rice varieties increase seed setting and enhance yield production even under stress conditions. Because of the multigenic nature of traits, the development of drought and high-temperature-tolerant varieties through genetic improvement is the best approach. Here, we summarized the effects of heat and drought stresses on the physiological traits of rice. We focused on different approaches to managing high-temperature and drought stresses, such as an adjustment in cultural practices, genetic improvement through molecular breeding, and the development of transgenics and chemical spray from an agricultural practice perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rice Physioecology and Sustainable Cultivation)

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18 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Genetics and Environmental Factors Associated with Resistance to Fusarium graminearum, the Causal Agent of Gibberella Ear Rot in Maize

by Andrea Magarini, Alessandro Passera, Martina Ghidoli, Paola Casati and Roberto Pilu

Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1836; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071836 - 11 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3045

Abstract

Maize is one of the most important food and feed sources at the worldwide level. Due to this importance, all the pathogens that can infect this crop can harm both food safety and security. Fungi are the most important pathogens in cultivated maize, [...] Read more.

Maize is one of the most important food and feed sources at the worldwide level. Due to this importance, all the pathogens that can infect this crop can harm both food safety and security. Fungi are the most important pathogens in cultivated maize, and Fusarium spp. are one of the most important families. Reduction in yield and production of dangerous mycotoxins are the main effects of Fusarium spp. infection. Fusarium graminearum (part of the Fusarium graminearum species complex) is one the most important fungi that infect maize, and it is the causative agent of Gibberella ear rot (GER). The main characteristics of this species include its ability to infect various species and its varying infection pressures across different years. This fungus produces various harmful mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, butanolide, and culmorin. Infection can start from silk channels or from ear wounds. In the first case, the environmental conditions are the most important factors, but in the second, a key role is played by the feeding action of lepidopteran larvae (in Europe, Ostrinia nubilalis). All these factors need to be taken into account to develop a successful management strategy, starting from cropping methods that can reduce the source of inoculum to the direct control of the fungus with fungicide, as well as insect control to reduce ear wounds. But, the most important factor that can reduce the effects of this fungus is the use of resistant hybrids. Different studies have highlighted different defensive methods developed by the plant to reduce fungal infections, like fast drying of silk and kernels, chemical compounds produced by the plant after infection, and mechanical protection from insects’ wounds. The aim of this paper is to review the scientific evidence of the most important management strategies against GER in maize and to highlight the genetic basis which is behind hybrid resistance to this disease, with a focus on genes and QTLs found in studies conducted across the world and with different types of maize from tropical cultivars to European flint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Studies in Crop Breeding for Promoting Agro-Biodiversity)

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23 pages, 2983 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Secondary Metabolites, Other Prospective Substances, and Alternative Approaches That Could Promote Resistance against Phytophthora infestans

by Hana Dufková, Marie Greplová, Romana Hampejsová, Marharyta Kuzmenko, Ervín Hausvater, Břetislav Brzobohatý and Martin Černý

Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1822; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071822 - 9 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2596

Abstract

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a valuable staple crop that provides nutrition for a large part of the human population around the world. However, the domestication process reduced its resistance to pests and pathogens. Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late [...] Read more.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a valuable staple crop that provides nutrition for a large part of the human population around the world. However, the domestication process reduced its resistance to pests and pathogens. Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight disease, is the most destructive pathogen of potato plants. Considerable efforts have been made to develop late blight-resistant potato cultivars, but the success has been limited and present-day potato production requires the extensive use of fungicides. In this review, we summarize known sources of late blight resistance and obstacles in P. infestans control. We outline the problematic aspects of chemical treatment, the possible use of biological control, and available resources of natural resistance in wild Solanum accessions. We focus on prospective putative markers of resistance that are often overlooked in genome-centered studies, including secondary metabolites from alkaloid, phenylpropanoid, and terpenoid classes, lipids, proteins, and peptides. We discuss the suitability of these molecules for marker-assisted selection and the possibility of increasing the speed of conventional breeding of more resilient cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Technologies on Plant Disease Management)

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33 pages, 467 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Quantitative Approaches in Assessing Soil Organic Matter Dynamics for Sustainable Management

by Yves Theoneste Murindangabo, Marek Kopecký, Petr Konvalina, Mohammad Ghorbani, Kristýna Perná, Thi Giang Nguyen, Jaroslav Bernas, Sadia Babar Baloch, Trong Nghia Hoang, Festus Onyebuchi Eze and Shahzaib Ali

Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071776 - 30 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4149

Abstract

The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the approaches and methods used to assess the dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM). This included identifying relevant processes that describe and estimate SOM decomposition, lability, and humification for the purpose of [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the approaches and methods used to assess the dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM). This included identifying relevant processes that describe and estimate SOM decomposition, lability, and humification for the purpose of sustainable management. Various existing techniques and models for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of SOM were evaluated to gain a better understanding of advances in organic matter transformation. This evaluation aimed to identify the strengths, limitations, and applications of these techniques and models, and to highlight new research directions in the field. Quantitative analysis of SOM can be performed using various parameters, including oxidation kinetics, lability, carbon management index, humification degree, humification index, and humification ratio. On the other hand, qualitative evaluation of SOM can involve techniques such as oxidizability, high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, visual examination, smell, assessment of microorganism content, plant growth, cation exchange capacity, type of organic material, and decomposition. These techniques and parameters provide valuable insights into the characteristics and transformation of SOM, enabling a comprehensive understanding of its dynamics. Evaluating SOM dynamics is of utmost importance as it is a determining factor for soil health, fertility, organic matter stability, and sustainability. Therefore, developing SOM models and other assessment techniques based on soil properties, environmental factors, and management practices can serve as a tool for sustainable management. Long-term or extensive short-term experimental data should be used for modeling to obtain reliable results, especially for quantitative SOM transformation analysis, and changes in the quality and quantity of SOM should be considered when developing sustainable soil management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integration of Agronomic Practices for Sustainable Crop Production)

22 pages, 1934 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Enhancing Essential Grains Yield for Sustainable Food Security and Bio-Safe Agriculture through Latest Innovative Approaches

by Ghosoon Albahri, Amal A. Alyamani, Adnan Badran, Akram Hijazi, Mohamad Nasser, Marc Maresca and Elias Baydoun

Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1709; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071709 - 26 Jun 2023

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 9746

Abstract

A key concern in agriculture is how to feed the expanding population and safeguard the environment from the ill effects of climate change. To feed a growing global population, food production and security are significant problems, as food output may need to double [...] Read more.

A key concern in agriculture is how to feed the expanding population and safeguard the environment from the ill effects of climate change. To feed a growing global population, food production and security are significant problems, as food output may need to double by 2050. Thus, more innovative and effective approaches for increasing agricultural productivity (hence, food production) are required to meet the rising demand for food. The world’s most widely cultivated grains include corn, wheat, and rice, which serve as the foundation for basic foods. This review focuses on some of the key most up-to-date approaches that boost wheat, rice, corn, barley, and oat yields with insight into how molecular technology and genetics may raise the production and resource-efficient use of these important grains. Although red light management and genetic manipulation show maximal grain yield enhancement, other covered strategies including bacterial-nutrient management, solar brightening, facing abiotic stress through innovative agricultural systems, fertilizer management, harmful gas emissions reduction, photosynthesis enhancement, stress tolerance, disease resistance, and varietal improvement also enhance grain production and increase plant resistance to harmful environmental circumstances. This study also discusses the potential challenges of the addressed approaches and possible future perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

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32 pages, 7008 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Fruit Detection and Recognition Based on Deep Learning for Automatic Harvesting: An Overview and Review

by Feng Xiao, Haibin Wang, Yueqin Xu and Ruiqing Zhang

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061625 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 21585

Abstract

Continuing progress in machine learning (ML) has led to significant advancements in agricultural tasks. Due to its strong ability to extract high-dimensional features from fruit images, deep learning (DL) is widely used in fruit detection and automatic harvesting. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) in [...] Read more.

Continuing progress in machine learning (ML) has led to significant advancements in agricultural tasks. Due to its strong ability to extract high-dimensional features from fruit images, deep learning (DL) is widely used in fruit detection and automatic harvesting. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) in particular have demonstrated the ability to attain accuracy and speed levels comparable to those of humans in some fruit detection and automatic harvesting fields. This paper presents a comprehensive overview and review of fruit detection and recognition based on DL for automatic harvesting from 2018 up to now. We focus on the current challenges affecting fruit detection performance for automatic harvesting: the scarcity of high-quality fruit datasets, fruit detection of small targets, fruit detection in occluded and dense scenarios, fruit detection of multiple scales and multiple species, and lightweight fruit detection models. In response to these challenges, we propose feasible solutions and prospective future development trends. Future research should prioritize addressing these current challenges and improving the accuracy, speed, robustness, and generalization of fruit vision detection systems, while reducing the overall complexity and cost. This paper hopes to provide a reference for follow-up research in the field of fruit detection and recognition based on DL for automatic harvesting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Unmanned Systems: Empowering Agriculture with Automation)

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16 pages, 337 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Herbicide Resistance: Managing Weeds in a Changing World

by Rita Ofosu, Evans Duah Agyemang, Adrienn Márton, György Pásztor, János Taller and Gabriella Kazinczi

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1595; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061595 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 16019

Abstract

Over the years, several agricultural interventions and technologies have contributed immensely towards intensifying food production globally. The introduction of herbicides provided a revolutionary tool for managing the difficult task of weed control contributing significantly towards global food security and human survival. However, in [...] Read more.

Over the years, several agricultural interventions and technologies have contributed immensely towards intensifying food production globally. The introduction of herbicides provided a revolutionary tool for managing the difficult task of weed control contributing significantly towards global food security and human survival. However, in recent times, the successes achieved with chemical weed control have taken a turn, threatening the very existence we have tried to protect. The side effects of conventional farming, particularly the increasing cases of herbicide resistance agricultural weeds, is quite alarming. Global calls for sustainable weed management approaches to be used in food production is mounting. This paper provides detailed information on the molecular biological background of herbicide resistant weed biotypes and highlights the alternative, non-chemical weed management methods which can be used to prevent the development and spreading of herbicide-resistant weeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Weed Management: Biological Principles and Improvement of Conventional Methods)

30 pages, 3997 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Deciphering the Interactions in the Root–Soil Nexus Caused by Urease and Nitrification Inhibitors: A Review

by Sneha Gupta, Sibel Yildirim, Benjamin Andrikopoulos, Uta Wille and Ute Roessner

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061603 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4960

Abstract

Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH₃) [...] Read more.

Optimizing nitrogen (N) availability to plants is crucial for achieving maximum crop yield and quality. However, ensuring the appropriate supply of N to crops is challenging due to the various pathways through which N can be lost, such as ammonia (NH₃) volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, denitrification, nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching, and runoff. Additionally, N can become immobilized by soil minerals when ammonium (NH₄⁺) gets trapped in the interlayers of clay minerals. Although synchronizing N availability with plant uptake could potentially reduce N loss, this approach is hindered by the fact that N loss from crop fields is typically influenced by a combination of management practices (which can be controlled) and weather dynamics, particularly precipitation, temperature fluctuations, and wind (which are beyond our control). In recent years, the use of urease and nitrification inhibitors has emerged as a strategy to temporarily delay the microbiological transformations of N-based fertilizers, thereby synchronizing N availability with plant uptake and mitigating N loss. Urease inhibitors slow down the hydrolysis of urea to NH₄⁺ and reduce nitrogen loss through NH₃ volatilization. Nitrification inhibitors temporarily inhibit soil bacteria (Nitrosomonas spp.) that convert NH₄⁺ to nitrite (NO₂⁻), thereby slowing down the first and rate-determining step of the nitrification process and reducing nitrogen loss as NO₃⁻ or through denitrification. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of urease and nitrification inhibitor technologies and their profound implications for plants and root nitrogen uptake. It underscores the critical need to develop design principles for inhibitors with enhanced efficiency, highlighting their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. Furthermore, this review offers valuable insights into future directions for inhibitor usage and emphasizes the essential traits that superior inhibitors should possess, thereby paving the way for innovative advancements in optimizing nitrogen management and ensuring sustainable crop production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Functioning of Soil–Plant Systems Using the Application of Sustainable and Intelligent Methods)

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21 pages, 2510 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Thermal Degradation of Bioactive Compounds during Drying Process of Horticultural and Agronomic Products: A Comprehensive Overview

by Ramadan ElGamal, Cheng Song, Ahmed M. Rayan, Chuanping Liu, Salim Al-Rejaie and Gamal ElMasry

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1580; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061580 - 11 Jun 2023

Cited by 90 | Viewed by 14565

Abstract

Over the last few decades, many researchers have investigated in detail the characteristics of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamins, flavonoids, and glycosides, and volatile compounds in fruits, vegetables and medicinal and aromatic plants that possess beneficial properties, as well as consumer acceptance [...] Read more.

Over the last few decades, many researchers have investigated in detail the characteristics of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamins, flavonoids, and glycosides, and volatile compounds in fruits, vegetables and medicinal and aromatic plants that possess beneficial properties, as well as consumer acceptance and preference. The main aim of this article is to provide an updated overview of recent research endeavors related to the effects of the drying process on the major bioactive/effective compounds in agricultural products. Particular emphasis was placed on details related to the changes occurring in vitamin C, polyphenols, flavonoids, glycosides and volatile compounds, as well as the antioxidant activity. An analysis of the degradation mechanisms of these compounds showed that vitamin C, phenols, flavonoids and glycosides react with oxygen during the convective drying process under high drying temperatures, and the reaction rate results in degradation in such bioactive compounds due to high reducibility. On the other hand, high temperature results in a short drying time, thus minimizing the degradation of bioactive compounds. The reviewed research works addressing this trend revealed that the ideal drying temperatures for retaining vitamin C, polyphenols, flavonoids, glycosides, volatile compounds and their antioxidant activity were 50–60 °C, 55–60 °C, 60–70 °C, 45–50 °C, 40–50 °C and 50–70 °C, respectively. In conclusion, to maintain plant bioactive components, convective drying at relatively low drying temperatures is strongly recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolution of Compounds and Characteristics of Crops during Ripening and after Harvest)

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30 pages, 1652 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Heavy Metal Contamination in Agricultural Soil: Environmental Pollutants Affecting Crop Health

by Abdur Rashid, Brian J. Schutte, April Ulery, Michael K. Deyholos, Soum Sanogo, Erik A. Lehnhoff and Leslie Beck

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061521 - 31 May 2023

Cited by 311 | Viewed by 48989

Abstract

Heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) are environmental pollutants, most notably cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium. When HMs accumulate to toxic levels in agricultural soils, these non-biodegradable elements adversely affect crop health and productivity. The toxicity of HMs on crops depends upon factors [...] Read more.

Heavy metals and metalloids (HMs) are environmental pollutants, most notably cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium. When HMs accumulate to toxic levels in agricultural soils, these non-biodegradable elements adversely affect crop health and productivity. The toxicity of HMs on crops depends upon factors including crop type, growth condition, and developmental stage; nature of toxicity of the specific elements involved; soil physical and chemical properties; occurrence and bioavailability of HM ions in the soil solution; and soil rhizosphere chemistry. HMs can disrupt the normal structure and function of cellular components and impede various metabolic and developmental processes. This review evaluates: (1) HM contamination in arable lands through agricultural practices, particularly due to chemical fertilizers, pesticides, livestock manures and compost, sewage-sludge-based biosolids, and irrigation; (2) factors affecting the bioavailability of HM elements in the soil solution, and their absorption, translocation, and bioaccumulation in crop plants; (3) mechanisms by which HM elements directly interfere with the physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in plants, with particular emphasis on the generation of oxidative stress, the inhibition of photosynthetic phosphorylation, enzyme/protein inactivation, genetic modifications, and hormonal deregulation, and indirectly through the inhibition of soil microbial growth, proliferation, and diversity; and (4) visual symptoms of highly toxic non-essential HM elements in plants, with an emphasis on crop plants. Finally, suggestions and recommendations are made to minimize crop losses from suspected HM contamination in agricultural soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants)

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23 pages, 1663 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ammonium Phytotoxicity and Tolerance: An Insight into Ammonium Nutrition to Improve Crop Productivity

by Jayabalan Shilpha, Jinnan Song and Byoung Ryong Jeong

Agronomy 2023, 13(6), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061487 - 28 May 2023

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6134

Abstract

Ammonium sensitivity is considered a globally stressful condition that affects overall crop productivity. The major toxic symptom associated with ammonium nutrition is growth retardation, which has been associated with a high energy cost for maintaining ion, pH, and hormone homeostasis and, eventually, the [...] Read more.

Ammonium sensitivity is considered a globally stressful condition that affects overall crop productivity. The major toxic symptom associated with ammonium nutrition is growth retardation, which has been associated with a high energy cost for maintaining ion, pH, and hormone homeostasis and, eventually, the NH₃/NH₄⁺ level in plant tissues. While certain species/genotypes exhibit extreme sensitivity to ammonium, other species/genotypes prefer ammonium to nitrate as a form of nitrogen. Some of the key tolerance mechanisms used by the plant to deal with NH₄⁺ toxicity include an enhanced activity of an alternative oxidase pathway in mitochondria, greater NH₄⁺ assimilation plus the retention of the minimum level of NH₄⁺ in leaves, and/or poor response to extrinsic acidification or pH drop. Except for toxicity, ammonium can be considered as an energy-efficient nutrition in comparison to nitrate since it is already in a reduced form for use in amino acid metabolism. Through effective manipulation of the NH₄⁺/NO₃ ⁻ ratio, ammonium nutrition can be used to increase productivity, quality, and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses of crops. This review highlights recent advancements in ammonium toxicity and tolerance mechanisms, possible strategies to improve ammonium tolerance, and omics-based understanding of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plants Nutrients)

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30 pages, 3919 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

SRI 2.0 and Beyond: Sequencing the Protean Evolution of the System of Rice Intensification

by Norman Uphoff

Agronomy 2023, 13(5), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051253 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4268

Abstract

As the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has evolved in many ways and in several directions over the past two decades, this review follows the software-naming convention of labeling SRI’s different and subsequent versions as SRI 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, etc. In agroecology as [...] Read more.

As the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has evolved in many ways and in several directions over the past two decades, this review follows the software-naming convention of labeling SRI’s different and subsequent versions as SRI 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, etc. In agroecology as with software, variants are not necessarily linear and can establish new directions as well as the further evolution of existing ones. This overview reviews how rainfed SRI, direct-seeded SRI, mechanized SRI, and other modifications of the initial SRI methodology have emerged since 2000, and how versions of SRI have been improvised to improve the production of other crops beyond rice, like wheat, finger millet, maize, and sugar cane. SRI thinking and practices are also being incorporated into diversified farming systems, broadening the logic and impact of SRI beyond monoculture rice cultivation, and SRI methods are also being used to achieve broader objectives like the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the conservation of biodiversity. SRI observations and research have been contributing to the crop and soil sciences by focusing attention on plant roots and soil ecology and by showing how crop management can elicit more desirable phenotypes from a given genotype. Cooperation regarding SRI among farmers, civil-society actors, scientists, private sector agents, governments, and funding agencies has begun introducing noteworthy changes within the agricultural sector, and this collaboration is expected to deepen and expand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Contributions to Agricultural Sustainability-II)

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25 pages, 11777 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Review of the Underutilized Indigenous Portulacaria afra (Spekboom) as a Sustainable Edible Food Source

by Alba du Toit, Rozanne MacDonald, Elmay Steyn, Zamancwane P. Mahlanza, Ayanda B. Zulu and Maryna de Wit

Agronomy 2023, 13(5), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051206 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4348

Abstract

Southern Africa faces numerous challenges, such as increasing biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. Additionally, poor and vulnerable communities suffer from undernourishment and are food insecure. Therefore, Southern Africa must adopt inclusive, sustainable food systems that support food security, even under harsh climatic conditions. [...] Read more.

Southern Africa faces numerous challenges, such as increasing biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. Additionally, poor and vulnerable communities suffer from undernourishment and are food insecure. Therefore, Southern Africa must adopt inclusive, sustainable food systems that support food security, even under harsh climatic conditions. Wild edible plants can potentially strengthen South African communities’ diets, as they are nutritious, freely available and adapted to survive in marginal conditions. Portulacaria afra, colloquially known as spekboom, is an indigenous succulent to South Africa. This edible plant is resilient even when exposed to weather extremes and is exceptionally easy to grow. Spekboom can potentially contribute to food security since food-insecure communities can access the plant in a socially acceptable way. However, spekboom awaits culinary development to increase its consumption. This review presents the current knowledge of spekboom. As there is limited published research, the review aims to stimulate research in food science and nutrition on this undervalued plant and introduce it as a new food and ingredient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wild Crop Relatives and Associated Biocultural and Traditional Agronomic Practices for Food and Nutritional Security)

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36 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Breeding Wheat for Powdery Mildew Resistance: Genetic Resources and Methodologies—A Review

by Theresa Bapela, Hussein Shimelis, Tarekegn Terefe, Salim Bourras, Javier Sánchez-Martín, Dimitar Douchkov, Francesca Desiderio and Toi John Tsilo

Agronomy 2023, 13(4), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041173 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6244

Abstract

Powdery mildew (PM) of wheat caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici is among the most important wheat diseases, causing significant yield and quality losses in many countries worldwide. Considerable progress has been made in resistance breeding to mitigate powdery mildew. Genetic host [...] Read more.

Powdery mildew (PM) of wheat caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici is among the most important wheat diseases, causing significant yield and quality losses in many countries worldwide. Considerable progress has been made in resistance breeding to mitigate powdery mildew. Genetic host resistance employs either race-specific (qualitative) resistance, race-non-specific (quantitative), or a combination of both. Over recent decades, efforts to identify host resistance traits to powdery mildew have led to the discovery of over 240 genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) across all 21 wheat chromosomes. Sources of PM resistance in wheat include landraces, synthetic, cultivated, and wild species. The resistance identified in various genetic resources is transferred to the elite genetic background of a well-adapted cultivar with minimum linkage drag using advanced breeding and selection approaches. In this effort, wheat landraces have emerged as an important source of allelic and genetic diversity, which is highly valuable for developing new PM-resistant cultivars. However, most landraces have not been characterized for PM resistance, limiting their use in breeding programs. PM resistance is a polygenic trait; therefore, the degree of such resistance is mostly influenced by environmental conditions. Another challenge in breeding for PM resistance has been the lack of consistent disease pressure in multi-environment trials, which compromises phenotypic selection efficiency. It is therefore imperative to complement conventional breeding technologies with molecular breeding to improve selection efficiency. High-throughput genotyping techniques, based on chip array or sequencing, have increased the capacity to identify the genetic basis of PM resistance. However, developing PM-resistant cultivars is still challenging, and there is a need to harness the potential of new approaches to accelerate breeding progress. The main objective of this review is to describe the status of breeding for powdery mildew resistance, as well as the latest discoveries that offer novel ways to achieve durable PM resistance. Major topics discussed in the review include the genetic basis of PM resistance in wheat, available genetic resources for race-specific and adult-plant resistance to PM, important gene banks, and conventional and complimentary molecular breeding approaches, with an emphasis on marker-assisted selection (MAS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Powdery Mildew—Series II)

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25 pages, 1893 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vermicompost: Enhancing Plant Growth and Combating Abiotic and Biotic Stress

by Sami ur Rehman, Federica De Castro, Alessio Aprile, Michele Benedetti and Francesco Paolo Fanizzi

Agronomy 2023, 13(4), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041134 - 16 Apr 2023

Cited by 102 | Viewed by 39765

Abstract

Extensive application of agrochemicals for crop production and protection has negatively affected soil health, crop productivity, and the environment. Organic amendments have been proposed as an efficient alternative for enhancing soil and plant health. Vermicompost amendment offers a sustainable approach to plant nutrition, [...] Read more.

Extensive application of agrochemicals for crop production and protection has negatively affected soil health, crop productivity, and the environment. Organic amendments have been proposed as an efficient alternative for enhancing soil and plant health. Vermicompost amendment offers a sustainable approach to plant nutrition, improving soil health and fertility. This review aims to provide key insights into the potential of vermicompost to boost crop production and protect crops from biotic and abiotic stresses without harming the environment. The role played by earthworms in improving organic matter decomposition, soil fertility, and soil microorganisms’ activity is also discussed here. The value of vermicompost is its promotion of plant growth based on its enrichment with all essential nutrients, beneficial microbes, and plant growth hormones. This review analyzes how vermicompost regulates plant growth and its role in mitigating abiotic stresses such as soil salinity and drought, as well as biotic stresses such as diseases and insect pests attack. The beneficial effects of hormones and humic substances present in vermicompost are also discussed in this review. In fact, due to its properties, vermicompost can be a good substitute for chemical fertilizers and pesticides and its usage could contribute to producing healthy, contaminant-free food for the growing population without negatively affecting the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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23 pages, 3499 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Domestic Herbivores, the Crucial Trophic Level for Sustainable Agriculture: Avenues for Reconnecting Livestock to Cropping Systems

by Gilles Lemaire, Josette Garnier, Laíse da Silveira Pontes, Paulo César de Faccio Carvalho, Gilles Billen and Tangriani Simioni Assmann

Agronomy 2023, 13(4), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13040982 - 26 Mar 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4699

Abstract

Domestic herbivores have been closely associated with the historical evolution and development of agriculture systems worldwide as a complementary system for providing milk, meat, wool, leather, and animal power. However, their major role was to enhance and maintain agricultural soil fertility through the [...] Read more.

Domestic herbivores have been closely associated with the historical evolution and development of agriculture systems worldwide as a complementary system for providing milk, meat, wool, leather, and animal power. However, their major role was to enhance and maintain agricultural soil fertility through the recycling of nutrients. In turn, cereal production increased, enabling to feed a progressively increasing human population living in expanding urban areas. Further, digestion of organic matter through the rumen microbiome can also be viewed as enhancing the soil microbiome activity. In particular, when animal droppings are deposited directly in grazing areas or applied to fields as manure, the mineralization–immobilization turnover determines the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other nutrients in the plant rhizosphere. Recently, this close coupling between livestock production and cereal cropping systems has been disrupted as a consequence of the tremendous use of industrial mineral fertilizers. The intensification of production within these separate and disconnected systems has resulted in huge emissions of nitrogen (N) to the environment and a dramatic deterioration in the quality of soil, air, and ground- and surface water. Consequently, to reduce drastically the dependency of modern and intensified agriculture on the massive use of N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers, we argue that a close reconnection at the local scale, of herbivore livestock production systems with cereal-based cropping systems, would help farmers to maintain and recover the fertility of their soils. This would result in more diverse agricultural landscapes including, besides cereals, grasslands as well as forage and grain crops with a higher proportion of legume species. We developed two examples showing such a beneficial reconnection through (i) an agro-ecological scenario with profound agricultural structural changes on a European scale, and (ii) typical Brazilian integrated crop–livestock systems (ICLS). On the whole, despite domestic herbivores emit methane (CH₄), an important greenhouse gas, they participate to nutrient recycling, which can be viewed as a solution to maintaining long-term soil fertility in agro-ecosystems; at a moderate stocking density, ecosystem services provided by ruminants would be greater than the adverse effect of greenhouse gas (GHG). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fertilizer Management in Integrated Crop-Livestock System for a Sustainable Agriculture Production)

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23 pages, 1487 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Agronomy and Utilization: A Review

by Jelena Visković, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov, Vladimir Sikora, Jay Noller, Dragana Latković, Cynthia M. Ocamb and Anamarija Koren

Agronomy 2023, 13(3), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030931 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 95 | Viewed by 28935

Abstract

Currently, there are increased interests in growing grain and fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as well as in large-scale hemp products. Cannabis has been grown/utilized for thousands of years as a fiber, grain, and drug/medicinal plant. However, the strict control of cannabis [...] Read more.

Currently, there are increased interests in growing grain and fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as well as in large-scale hemp products. Cannabis has been grown/utilized for thousands of years as a fiber, grain, and drug/medicinal plant. However, the strict control of cannabis cultivation to combat illegal use, the spread of new yarns and oilseeds, and the advent of cheap synthetic fibers caused a decreased/eliminated hemp production. Hemp has been banned in most of the world for more than seven decades; it missed out on the Green Revolution and the adoption of new technologies and varieties, creating a knowledge gap. After the 2014 and 2018 Farm Bill in the USA, hemp became legal and the land grand universities launched research programs. The ability to utilize the entire plant for multiple purposes creates opportunity for the market to value hemp products. Hemp production technology varies depending on the type of hemp cultivated (grain, fiber, or cannabinoids), soil characteristics, and environmental factors. Hemp has the potential to be a very sustainable and ecologically benign crop. Hemp roots have a significant potential for absorbing and storing heavy metals such as lead, nickel, cadmium, and other harmful substances. In addition, hemp has been proven to be an excellent carbon trap and biofuel crop. Hemp has the ability to successfully suppress weeds, and it is generally regarded a pesticide-free crop. The purpose of this paper is to examine historic and recent industrial hemp (grain and fiber) literature, with a focus on hemp agronomy and utilization. Full article

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20 pages, 3034 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Conservation Tillage Improves Soil Quality and Crop Yield in Hungary

by Gergő Péter Kovács, Barbara Simon, István Balla, Boglárka Bozóki, Igor Dekemati, Csaba Gyuricza, Attila Percze and Márta Birkás

Agronomy 2023, 13(3), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030894 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3844

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of the progress of tillage in Hungary. The local and international impacts on the national practice are summarized, and some adoption of the conservation tillage results is presented concerning Hungary. The interest in conservation agriculture in Hungary dates [...] Read more.

This paper provides an overview of the progress of tillage in Hungary. The local and international impacts on the national practice are summarized, and some adoption of the conservation tillage results is presented concerning Hungary. The interest in conservation agriculture in Hungary dates back almost 120 years; however, any significant changes only occurred in the last 50 years. Interestingly, the factors of progress and restraint in tillage have appeared simultaneously over the years. Among the factors restraining tillage progress, the most retarding were the beliefs that have existed for many decades, as soil conservation was not considered nor was the need to mitigate climate-related hazards. Progress was driven by the commitment to soil protection, the opportunity to raise farming standards, and the need to mitigate climate-related threats. Since the average yield in Hungary was usually sufficient for the domestic need, the main objective of crop production was to avoid yield loss. Long-term experimental data and monitoring results were considered for this study. The impacts of new tillage solutions, elaborated in foreign countries, on tillage modernization were reviewed. The experiences and first results in no-till (direct drilling) and strip-tillage showed that difficulties can gradually be reduced through site-specific technology solutions. The need for subsoiling is not a matter of debate nowadays but rather the timing of operation and the investigation of the duration of the effects. Due to its complex advantages, tine tillage occupies an increasing rank among soil conservation systems. The area of ploughed soils has decreased; however, improved implementation is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Health and Crop Management in Conservation Agriculture)

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20 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plant Cell Cultures: Biofactories for the Production of Bioactive Compounds

by Vishwas Anant Bapat, P. B. Kavi Kishor, Naravula Jalaja, Shri Mohan Jain and Suprasanna Penna

Agronomy 2023, 13(3), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030858 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 15337

Abstract

Plants have long been exploited as a sustainable source of food, flavors, agrochemicals, colors, therapeutic proteins, bioactive compounds, and stem cell production. However, plant habitats are being briskly lost due to scores of environmental factors and human disturbances. This necessitates finding a viable [...] Read more.

Plants have long been exploited as a sustainable source of food, flavors, agrochemicals, colors, therapeutic proteins, bioactive compounds, and stem cell production. However, plant habitats are being briskly lost due to scores of environmental factors and human disturbances. This necessitates finding a viable alternative technology for the continuous production of compounds that are utilized in food and healthcare. The high-value natural products and bioactive compounds are often challenging to synthesize chemically since they accumulate in meager quantities. The isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from plants is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and involves cumbersome extraction procedures. This demands alternative options, and the plant cell culture system offers easy downstream procedures. Retention of the metabolic cues of natural plants, scale-up facility, use as stem cells in the cosmetics industry, and metabolic engineering (especially the rebuilding of the pathways in microbes) are some of the advantages for the synthesis and accumulation of the targeted metabolites and creation of high yielding cell factories. In this article, we discuss plant cell suspension cultures for the in vitro manipulation and production of plant bioactive compounds. Further, we discuss the new advances in the application of plant cells in the cosmetics and food industry and bioprinting. Full article

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