Agronomy

36 pages, 3587 KiB

Open AccessReview

Turfgrass Through Time: Historical Uses, Cultural Values, and Sustainability Transitions

by Paola Viola, Marianna Olivadese and Alberto Minelli

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051095 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Turfgrass has evolved from a fundamental element of natural landscapes to a key component of ornamental, recreational, and ecological systems. This review examines its historical trajectory, from ancient civilizations and medieval monastic gardens to modern urban green spaces, highlighting cultural, technological, and environmental [...] Read more.

Turfgrass has evolved from a fundamental element of natural landscapes to a key component of ornamental, recreational, and ecological systems. This review examines its historical trajectory, from ancient civilizations and medieval monastic gardens to modern urban green spaces, highlighting cultural, technological, and environmental influences. The study integrates historical analysis with agronomic and ecological research to assess turfgrass’s role in soil conservation, carbon sequestration, water management, and biodiversity enhancement. The methodological approach combines a historical–literary review with an analysis of scientific advancements in turfgrass management, focusing on low-input species, precision irrigation, and climate-adaptive strategies. The findings indicate that while turfgrass contributes to urban resilience and ecosystem services, conventional high-maintenance practices pose sustainability challenges. The review underscores the need for multifunctional turfgrass systems that balance aesthetics with ecological benefits. A shift toward eco-friendly management practices will be essential for the long-term sustainability of turfgrass in modern landscapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Grassland and Pasture Science)

20 pages, 5904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Winter Wheat Canopy Height Estimation Based on the Fusion of LiDAR and Multispectral Data

by Hao Ma, Yarui Liu, Shijie Jiang, Yan Zhao, Ce Yang, Xiaofei An, Kai Zhang and Hongwei Cui

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051094 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Wheat canopy height is an important parameter for monitoring growth status. Accurately predicting the wheat canopy height can improve field management efficiency and optimize fertilization and irrigation. Changes in the growth characteristics of wheat at different growth stages affect the canopy structure, leading [...] Read more.

Wheat canopy height is an important parameter for monitoring growth status. Accurately predicting the wheat canopy height can improve field management efficiency and optimize fertilization and irrigation. Changes in the growth characteristics of wheat at different growth stages affect the canopy structure, leading to changes in the quality of the LiDAR point cloud (e.g., lower density, more noise points). Multispectral data can capture these changes in the crop canopy and provide more information about the growth status of wheat. Therefore, a method is proposed that fuses LiDAR point cloud features and multispectral feature parameters to estimate the canopy height of winter wheat. Low-altitude unmanned aerial systems (UASs) equipped with LiDAR and multispectral cameras were used to collect point cloud and multispectral data from experimental winter wheat fields during three key growth stages: green-up (GUS), jointing (JS), and booting (BS). Analysis of variance, variance inflation factor, and Pearson correlation analysis were employed to extract point cloud features and multispectral feature parameters significantly correlated with the canopy height. Four wheat canopy height estimation models were constructed based on the Optuna-optimized RF (OP-RF), Elastic Net regression, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Support Vector Regression models. The model training results showed that the OP-RF model provided the best performance across all three growth stages of wheat. The coefficient of determination values were 0.921, 0.936, and 0.842 at the GUS, JS, and BS, respectively. The root mean square error values were 0.009 m, 0.016 m, and 0.015 m. The mean absolute error values were 0.006 m, 0.011 m, and 0.011 m, respectively. At the same time, it was obtained that the estimation results of fusing point cloud features and multispectral feature parameters were better than the estimation results of a single type of feature parameters. The results meet the requirements for canopy height prediction. These results demonstrate that the fusion of point cloud features and multispectral parameters can improve the accuracy of crop canopy height monitoring. The method provides a valuable method for the remote sensing monitoring of phenotypic information of low and densely planted crops and also provides important data support for crop growth assessment and field management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Machine Learning in Digital Agriculture)

21 pages, 1358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Alfalfa Yield to Rates and Ratios of N, P, and K Fertilizer in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of China Based on Meta-Analysis

by Huipeng Ren, Songrui Ning, An Yan, Yiqi Zhao, Ning Li and Tingting Huo

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051093 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Quantifying the impacts and contributions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer management on the annual and cutting cycle yields of alfalfa can provide guidance for alfalfa cultivation. In this study, 597 sets of alfalfa yield data from the arid and [...] Read more.

Quantifying the impacts and contributions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer management on the annual and cutting cycle yields of alfalfa can provide guidance for alfalfa cultivation. In this study, 597 sets of alfalfa yield data from the arid and semi-arid regions of China were collected and grouped according to the N, P, K, and NPK rates. Statistical and meta-analyses were employed to explore the response of alfalfa yield to fertilization management. The results indicated that the annual and cutting cycle yields of alfalfa increased and then decreased as the N rate increased; meanwhile, the annual yield increased with the P and K rates, and the cutting cycle yield decreased with increased cutting cycles under P and K treatments. The alfalfa yield at the first cutting cycle was about 30% of the annual yield in the arid and semi-arid regions of China. Moreover, the annual yield increased and then decreased as the NPK rate increased. The Aggregated Boosted Tree (ABT) algorithm-based analysis showed that the NPK rate had the greatest contribution to the annual yield (37.61%), followed by the application rates of P (24.50%), N (22.55%), and K (15.34%). The impacts of the P/NPK, N/NPK, and K/NPK ratios on the annual yield were 38.64%, 31.71%, and 27.65%, respectively. Additionally, an NPK amount > 225–310 kg/ha and ratios of N, P, and K of 14.28–27.72%, 36.36–50%, and below 25%, respectively, resulted in the highest increase in alfalfa yield. This is recommended as the optimal fertilization practice to obtain high alfalfa yields and improve fertilizer use efficiency in the arid and semi-arid regions of China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fertigation Effects on Water and Nutrient Use Efficiency for Agro-Crop Plants)

15 pages, 1375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Evaluation of the Biocontrol Potential of Stethorus punctillum, a Key Natural Enemy of Spider Mites in Northwest China

by Haoyu Wang, Dawei Zhang, Huan Guo, Xiaoling He, Bing Liu, Senshan Wang and Yanhui Lu

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051092 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Spider mites are globally distributed pests that cause significant damage to a wide range of crops. The use of predators for the control of pest mites is an effective and environmentally sustainable strategy. Stethorus punctillum Weise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a well-known predator of spider [...] Read more.

Spider mites are globally distributed pests that cause significant damage to a wide range of crops. The use of predators for the control of pest mites is an effective and environmentally sustainable strategy. Stethorus punctillum Weise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a well-known predator of spider mites, has been widely recognized as the primary natural enemy of pest mites in China. However, its pest control efficacy, particularly under field conditions, is not well known. In this study, we evaluated the biocontrol impact of S. punctillum on a key spider mite pest, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae), through a combination of laboratory and field experiments. Laboratory assays showed that the predation rates in relation to the prey numbers were consistent with the Holling-II functional response model. The actually maximum predatory numbers of third-instars of S. punctillum, 3-day-old female adults, and male adults on the pest were 116.67, 181.67, and 166.67 mites per day, respectively, corresponding to the theoretically maximum values of 391.26, 498.07, and 413.95 mites per day individually. Field exclusion experiments demonstrated that both larval and adult stages of S. punctillum significantly suppressed spider mite populations’ growth across three different initial prey densities (80, 110, and 140 individuals for larvae; 100, 150, and 200 individuals for adults) on three economically important crops: maize, cotton, and apples. Within 96 h of their introduction, the pest population growth rate was reduced by 13.2–43.2% by larvae and 25.3–51.5% by adults of S. punctillum compared to predator-free control groups. These findings demonstrate that S. punctillum has a significant control efficacy on spider mite populations under both laboratory and field conditions, highlighting its potential as a promising biocontrol agent for integrated spider mite management in Northwest China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

14 pages, 685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Influences of Grassland Degradation on Soil Quality Through Different Minimum Data Sets in Southwest China

by Wangjun Li, Xiaolong Bai, Dongpeng Lv, Shun Zou, Bin He and Tu Feng

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051091 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Establishing a suitable and useful soil quality (SQ) assessment tool is imperative for the accurate evaluation of the effect of environmental changes on SQ. This study constructed four soil quality indexes (SQIs) based on different minimum data sets and weighted additive models to [...] Read more.

Establishing a suitable and useful soil quality (SQ) assessment tool is imperative for the accurate evaluation of the effect of environmental changes on SQ. This study constructed four soil quality indexes (SQIs) based on different minimum data sets and weighted additive models to evaluate the influence of grassland degradation on SQ in northwest Guizhou, China. A total of 19 soil properties, including six physical properties, six chemical properties, and seven microbial properties, were measured at soil depths 0–20 cm to construct the SQI_S. Results showed that 18 soil indicators were selected as the potential SQ indicators in the total data set. Based on the principal component analysis, four indicators, soil organic carbon (SOC), mean weight diameter, α-glucosidase, and β-acetylglucosaminidase, were selected in the minimum data set (MDS). However, six indicators, SOC, pH, β-1,4-xylosidase, β-acetylglucosaminidase, Clay, and Bulk Density, were selected for the selective MDS. Despite the notable inter-correlation among the four established SQIs, the SQI derived from the selective MDS and weighted additive model demonstrated heightened sensitivity and capacity for differentiation with respect to grassland degradation because of the high values of F and CV. Grassland degradation significantly reduced the SQ, and the value of SQ under severely degraded grassland was reduced by 51% compared with that under non-degraded grassland. Under the lightly degraded grassland, the reduction in soil physical quality was the primary reason for the total SQ decline, while the reduction in soil microbial and chemical reduction resulted in a significant decline in total SQ under the severely degraded grassland. In conclusion, greater attention should be paid to the SQ reduction resulting from grassland degradation in the study area, and the SQI established by selective MDS and weighted additive model should be used as a suitable and useful SQ assessment tool to evaluate the influence of environmental changes on SQ in Southwest China and other similar areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Grassland and Pasture Science)

16 pages, 1300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Fertilization Timing on Nitrogen Uptake in Spring Tea of Different Sprouting Phenological Cultivars: A Field Trial with ¹⁵N Tracing

by Yongli Zhang, Kang Ni, Xiangde Yang, Lizhi Long, Lifeng Ma, Youjian Su and Jianyun Ruan

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051090 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Applying a top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer before harvesting spring tea is vital for producing high-quality spring tea. However, the interaction between the sprouting phenological characteristics of various cultivars and the timing of top dressing remains unclear. A field trial was conducted to [...] Read more.

Applying a top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer before harvesting spring tea is vital for producing high-quality spring tea. However, the interaction between the sprouting phenological characteristics of various cultivars and the timing of top dressing remains unclear. A field trial was conducted to investigate such interaction. Urea enriched with ¹⁵N was applied to soil of the early-sprouting cultivar Jia-ming-1 (JM1) and the late-sprouting cultivar Tie-guan-yin (TGY) on 29 January (early application, EApp) or 10 March (late application, LApp), respectively. The bud density and yield of young spring shoots were significantly decreased in LApp compared to EApp. Such differences were more remarkable in the early-sprouting cultivar (JM1) than in the late-sprouting cultivar (TGY). The N_dff (N derived from ¹⁵N-enriched urea) in mature leaves and young spring shoots as well as the amount of ¹⁵N in young spring shoots were all higher in EApp than in LApp. N_dff in both mature leaves (R² = 0.99, p < 0.001) and young spring shoots (R² = 0.61–0.89, p < 0.01) could be well predicted by the growing degree days of the duration between the N fertilization and sampling. N_dff and ¹⁵N concentrations in mature leaves were significantly correlated with the content of nitrate and the ratio of ammonium to total inorganic nitrogen. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that thermal condition directly affected soil N supply and soil pH and thereby affected N_dff in mature leaves and young spring shoots. Our findings highlight the importance of early pre-spring topdressing of N fertilizer to improve the yield and N use efficiency of spring tea in both early- and late-sprouting tea cultivars. The work identified a synergistic effect of N uptake by tea plants, N transformation, and soil pH related to the thermo-conditions of early and late N topdressing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

20 pages, 2247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Film-Mulching on Soil Evaporation and Plant Transpiration in a Soybean Field in Arid Northwest China

by Danni Yang, Chunyu Wang, Zhenyu Guo, Sien Li, Yingying Sun, Xiandong Hou and Zhenhua Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051089 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Drip irrigation technology, known for its advantages in high water use efficiency and yield increase, has been a focal point of research regarding its combined effects with the plastic film-mulching technique on field water consumption and crop growth. To accurately quantify the water-saving [...] Read more.

Drip irrigation technology, known for its advantages in high water use efficiency and yield increase, has been a focal point of research regarding its combined effects with the plastic film-mulching technique on field water consumption and crop growth. To accurately quantify the water-saving effect of plastic film-mulching techniques and investigate the mechanisms of mulching on evaporation (E) and transpiration (T), this study was conducted on soybean using the Bowen ratio–energy balance system and micro-lysimeters as the observation means and the MSW model as the data partitioning tool, during 2019–2021 in arid northwest China. We compared evapotranspiration (ET) under the film-mulched drip irrigation (FM) and non-mulched drip irrigation (NM) treatments. The results show that ET, E, and T under FM were reduced by 32.6 mm, 76.1 mm, and −43.5 mm, respectively. Moreover, mulching increased the leaf area index (LAI) by 20.7%, soybean yield from 2727.0 kg ha⁻¹ to 3250.5 kg ha⁻¹, and WUE from 0.64 kg m⁻³ to 0.83 kg m⁻³ on average, which means mulching reduced water consumption in the field by decreasing soil evaporation and improved water use efficiency by promoting crop growth. Further analysis indicated that mulching has strengthened the connection between soil temperature and humidity and weakened the effect of soil temperature on soybean leaf growth. Soil water content (SWC) and LAI had a direct negative effect on E, with LAI causing a stronger effect on E under the FM treatment. Mulching has weakened the direct effect of SWC on T, so that only LAI and soil temperature had a significant direct positive effect on T. Following the rapid growth of soybean LAI, the isolating effect of the mulch was gradually replaced by the dense leaf canopy. The results provide a reference for further exploring the water-saving and yield-increasing benefits of plastic film-mulching techniques, and to facilitate wider promotion of the plastic film-mulching techniques and the water–fertilizer integration technology in arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

29 pages, 8507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ASE-YOLOv8n: A Method for Cherry Tomato Ripening Detection

by Xuemei Liang, Haojie Jia, Hao Wang, Lijuan Zhang, Dongming Li, Zhanchen Wei, Haohai You, Xiaoru Wan, Ruixin Li, Wei Li and Minglai Yang

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051088 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

To enhance the efficiency of automatic cherry tomato harvesting in precision agriculture, an improved YOLOv8n algorithm was proposed for fast and accurate recognition in natural environments. The improvements are as follows: first, the ADown down-sampling module replaces part of the original network backbone’s [...] Read more.

To enhance the efficiency of automatic cherry tomato harvesting in precision agriculture, an improved YOLOv8n algorithm was proposed for fast and accurate recognition in natural environments. The improvements are as follows: first, the ADown down-sampling module replaces part of the original network backbone’s standard convolution, enabling the model to capture higher-level image features for more accurate target detection, while also reducing model complexity by cutting the number of parameters. Secondly, the model’s neck adopts a Slim-Neck (GSConv+VoV-GSCSP) instead of traditional convolution with C2f. It replaces this combination with the more efficient CSConv and swaps the C2f module for VoV-GSCSP. Finally, the model also introduces the EMA attention mechanism, implemented at the P5 layer, which enhances the feature representation capability, enabling the network to extract detailed target features more accurately. This study trained the object-detection algorithm on a self-built cherry tomato dataset before and after improvement and compared it with early deep learning models and YOLO series algorithms. The experimental results show that the improved model increases accuracy by 3.18%, recall by 1.43%, the F1 score by 2.30%, mAP50 by 1.57%, and mAP50-95 by 1.37%. Additionally, the number of parameters is reduced to 2.52 M, and the model size is reduced to 5.08 MB, which outperforms other related models compared to the previous version. The experiment demonstrates the technology’s broad potential for embedded systems and mobile devices. The improved model offers efficient, accurate support for automated cherry tomato harvesting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence as a Support for Forecasting in Sustainable Agriculture)

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14 pages, 632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochar Derived from Agro-Industrial Waste: Applications in Agricultural and Environmental Applications

by Tomasz Sosulski, Wiktoria Wierzchowska, Wojciech Stępień and Magdalena Szymańska

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051087 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate in vegetation and laboratory experiments the impact of biochars derived from agro-food industry waste (wheat bran and cherry pits) on selected soil chemical properties, maize yield, and chemical composition, as well as their ability to [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate in vegetation and laboratory experiments the impact of biochars derived from agro-food industry waste (wheat bran and cherry pits) on selected soil chemical properties, maize yield, and chemical composition, as well as their ability to adsorb zinc and copper, thereby reducing their uptake by plants. The obtained results indicate that biochars produced under the same pyrolysis conditions differ in chemical composition. Both biochars significantly increased the total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) content in the soil, but they did not affect the availability of nutrients in the soil. The tested biochars did not enhance plant yields or increase the uptake of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca by plants. However, both biochars reduced the uptake of Zn and Cu by plants due to the adsorption of these elements by the biochars. The results obtained in the laboratory experiment indicate that biochar from wheat bran adsorbed approximately 438.5 mM(+) kg⁻¹ and 566.8 mM(+) kg⁻¹, while biochar from cherry pits adsorbed approximately 239.4 mM(+) kg⁻¹ and 303.5 mM(+) kg⁻¹ from the solution. The ion exchange contribution to the adsorption of Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ by biochar from wheat bran was approximately 65.8% and 65.0%, respectively. In contrast, for biochar from cherry pits, the contributions were approximately 59.4% and 44.7%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Biochar and Microbial Remediation for Heavy Metal Agricultural Soil)

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22 pages, 6917 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Development of an Evaluation Indicator System for Medium–Low Yield Farmlands on the Basis of the Synergistic Improvement of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Production Capacity: A Theoretical Framework

by Hongbin Liu, Hebin Zhang and Shuai Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051086 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aims to systematically examine the concept and characteristics of medium–low yield farmland (MLYF), to identify the key factors influencing the coordination between soil carbon sequestration (SCS) and production capacity (PC) in MLYF, and develop an evaluation indicator system (EIS) to provide [...] Read more.

This study aims to systematically examine the concept and characteristics of medium–low yield farmland (MLYF), to identify the key factors influencing the coordination between soil carbon sequestration (SCS) and production capacity (PC) in MLYF, and develop an evaluation indicator system (EIS) to provide innovative approaches for transforming MLYF to enhance food security and emission reduction capabilities. Focusing on the synergistic improvement of SCS and PC in MLYF, this research employs theoretical analysis, systematic inference, and inductive deduction to analyze the relationships between these factors and construct the EIS. The findings reveal that (1) MLYF is characterized by inherent limitations and suboptimal management practices, resulting in low grain PC but significant potential for yield improvement. (2) A positive correlation exists between the soil organic carbon (SOC) content and crop yield, with MLYF demonstrating substantially greater potential for synergistic improvement than high-yield fields. (3) On the basis of soil science principles, the key factors affecting the synergistic enhancement of carbon sequestration and productivity in MLYF include climatic conditions, soil properties, and biological factors. (4) A comprehensive “Demand-Function-Dimension-Element-Indicator” framework was established, incorporating an EIS designed for national, provincial, and city/county levels to address the management requirements of MLYF across various scales, thereby facilitating comprehensive quality improvement. This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of MLYF transformation, offering valuable insights for ensuring national food security and achieving carbon emission reduction goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Keeping Nutrients in the Soil: The Challenges, Benefits and Trade-Offs)

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20 pages, 6512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Optimal Water and Fertilizer Scheme for Maize in a Typical Hydrological Year Based on the DSSAT Model

by Jianqin Ma, Yongqing Wang, Lei Liu, Bifeng Cui, Yu Ding and Yan Zhao

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051085 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Maize is vital for global and Chinese food security. Yet, in Henan Province, a key maize-growing region in China, water scarcity, uneven rainfall, and inefficient irrigation and fertilization limit its yield and quality. This study combines a two-year field experiment (2023–2024) with the [...] Read more.

Maize is vital for global and Chinese food security. Yet, in Henan Province, a key maize-growing region in China, water scarcity, uneven rainfall, and inefficient irrigation and fertilization limit its yield and quality. This study combines a two-year field experiment (2023–2024) with the DSSAT model to optimize irrigation and fertilization for typical hydrological years (wet, normal, and dry). After calibration and validation with field data, the DSSAT model showed strong performance. Results indicate that optimal irrigation timing and volume vary with hydrological years: no irrigation is needed in wet years, one 30 mm irrigation at the tasseling (VT) stage in normal years, and three irrigations (total 90 mm) at the emergence (VE), jointing (VT), and grain filling (R2) stages in dry years. The optimal nitrogen fertilizer is 240 kg·ha⁻¹ in water-rich and normal years and 180 kg·ha⁻¹ in dry years. These optimized schemes can achieve 98–100% of maximum potential maize yields across hydrological years, offering practical insights for enhancing agricultural water and nutrient management in central Henan to support sustainable development and reduce environmental impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

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17 pages, 3683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Soil Properties, Content of Cd, and Cd-Resistant Bacterial Community with Biochar After One-Time Addition Under Soybean Continuous Cropping and Crop Rotation Patterns

by Qin Yao, Gege He, Shubo Yan, Jie Song, Yuetong Zhang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Yan Sun, Yibo Wang, Yongjuan Li, Yu Tian, Changjiang Zhao and Yongxia Guo

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051084 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

In recent years, Cadmium (Cd) pollution in soybean farmland is severe. Therefore, this study focused on whether biochar influences soil physiochemical properties, the Cd content in soil and soybean grains, and the abundance and community structure of the czcA gene. Four doses of [...] Read more.

In recent years, Cadmium (Cd) pollution in soybean farmland is severe. Therefore, this study focused on whether biochar influences soil physiochemical properties, the Cd content in soil and soybean grains, and the abundance and community structure of the czcA gene. Four doses of rice husk biochar (0, 5, 15, and 25 t·ha⁻¹) were applied under continuous cropping and crop rotation systems, and soil samples were collected after four years of one-time addition. The results indicated that biochar addition significantly increased soil available nitrogen, phosphorus, and soil organic carbon contents under continuous cropping and rotation. Biochar application significantly reduced the total Cd content of soil samples and soybean grains. Additionally, biochar application reduced czcA gene abundance in soybean soils by 14.26–37.88% and 35.96–48.71%, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that Cd content and the abundance of the czcA gene significantly correlated with soil nutrients and pH. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the relative abundances of several Cd-resistant microorganisms were decreased by biochar addition. In addition, adding biochar significantly affected the Cd-resistant microbial community structure and diversity by influencing soil properties and Cd content. Therefore, this study has important practical significance for improving the soil environment and ensuring the quality and safety of agricultural products. Full article

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17 pages, 4837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cover Crops Optimize Soil Fertility and Soybean Productivity in the Cerrado of MATOPIBA, Brazil

by Hosana Aguiar Freitas de Andrade, Edvaldo Sagrilo, José Oscar Lustosa de Oliveira Júnior, Daiane Conceição de Sousa, Carlos Pedro de Menezes Costa, Paula Muniz Costa, Raimundo Bezerra de Araújo Neto, Rosa Maria Cardoso Mota de Alcantara, Luiz Fernando Carvalho Leite, Mariléia Barros Furtado, Marcelo Javier Beltrán, Nicolas Cafaro La Menza and Henrique Antunes de Souza

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051083 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The main challenge of soybean cultivation in Brazil’s last agricultural frontier is to ensure sustainable production. This study aimed to evaluate the use of cover crops (CC) to improve soil fertility, plant nutrition, and soybeans productivity grown in the Cerrado of Brazil. The [...] Read more.

The main challenge of soybean cultivation in Brazil’s last agricultural frontier is to ensure sustainable production. This study aimed to evaluate the use of cover crops (CC) to improve soil fertility, plant nutrition, and soybeans productivity grown in the Cerrado of Brazil. The study was carried out on a farm located in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, with nine treatments, fallow and CC preceding soybean cultivation: (i) Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.); (ii) Marandu (Urochloa brizantha); (iii) Ruziziensis (Urochloa ruziziensi); (iv) Tanzania (Megathyrsus maximum); (v) Massai (Megathyrsus maximum); (vi) cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.); (vii) pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.); and (viii) Crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea). An analysis for the characterization of the biomass of cover crops and fallow was carried out. Soil chemical and biological properties, soybean foliar nutrient concentrations, and the soybean seed yield and quality grown in sequence to the CC were also analyzed. Soil microbial carbon was favored by the cultivation of ‘Marandu’, ‘Ruziziensis’, ‘Tanzania’, and cowpea. Nutrient cycling promoted by CC contributed to the maintenance of soil quality and increases in the leaf nutrient concentrations of soybeans. The cultivation of millet, ‘Tanzania’, ‘Massai’, cowpea, and C. juncea increased the soybean yield. Cover crops improved soil fertility while increasing soybean productivity, thus being an effective strategy for the achievement of sustainable soybean production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cover Crops and Forage in Nutrient Cycling and Their Utilization in Integrated Crop–Livestock Systems)

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19 pages, 4304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Performance Evaluation of a Multi-Fluid Swirling Mixing Atomizer for Efficient Generation of Ozonated Droplets in Agricultural Applications

by Xinkang Hu, Bo Zhang, Xiaohong Xu, Zhongwei Chang, Xu Wang and Chundu Wu

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051082 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

With the widespread application of ozone technology in agricultural plant protection, developing an ozonated water atomizer that integrates efficient mixing and precise spraying has been recognized as a significant challenge. Swirling flow is considered a method to enhance hydrodynamics and mass transfer in [...] Read more.

With the widespread application of ozone technology in agricultural plant protection, developing an ozonated water atomizer that integrates efficient mixing and precise spraying has been recognized as a significant challenge. Swirling flow is considered a method to enhance hydrodynamics and mass transfer in gas–liquid mixing. This study innovatively combines an axial nozzle with a swirling mixing chamber, utilizing the negative pressure generated by the high-speed central airflow at the nozzle throat as the driving force for swirling mixing and initial atomization, completing mass transfer and preliminary atomization before the formation of the mist, thereby improving gas–liquid contact and mass transfer efficiency. Through numerical simulations, the impact of geometric parameters at key locations on the internal flow of the atomizer was analyzed. The optimized inlet diameter of the atomizer was found to be 9 mm, with a throat length of 3 mm and a self-priming hole diameter of 1.5 mm. Experimental results on droplet size and ozone droplet concentration verified that at the optimal spraying pressure of 0.6 MPa, a concentration of up to 3.73 mg·L⁻¹ with an average droplet size of 102 µm, evenly distributed, could be generated at a distance of 40 cm from the target. This work provides a technological framework for advancing precision ozone-based plant protection, aligning with global efforts to reduce agrochemical footprints through innovative application systems. It offers theoretical guidance and data support for the development and design of high-efficiency ozone atomizers in agricultural applications, aiming to minimize the use of agricultural chemicals and promote the growth of green plant protection technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Studies in High-Performance and Precision Plant Protection Products Application—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 3079 KiB

Open AccessEssay

An Automated Image Segmentation, Annotation, and Training Framework of Plant Leaves by Joining the SAM and the YOLOv8 Models

by Lumiao Zhao, Kubwimana Olivier and Liping Chen

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051081 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Recognizing plant leaves in complex agricultural scenes is challenging due to high manual annotation costs and real-time detection demands. Current deep learning methods, such as YOLOv8 and SAM, face trade-offs between annotation efficiency and inference speed. This paper proposes an automated framework integrating [...] Read more.

Recognizing plant leaves in complex agricultural scenes is challenging due to high manual annotation costs and real-time detection demands. Current deep learning methods, such as YOLOv8 and SAM, face trade-offs between annotation efficiency and inference speed. This paper proposes an automated framework integrating SAM for offline semantic segmentation and YOLOv8 for real-time detection. SAM generates pixel-level leaf masks, which are converted to YOLOv8-compatible bounding boxes, eliminating manual labeling. Experiments on three plant species show the framework achieves 87% detection accuracy and 0.03 s per image inference time, reducing annotation labor by 100% compared to traditional methods. The proposed pipeline balances high-quality annotation and lightweight detection, enabling scalable smart agriculture applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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2 pages, 174 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Marangi et al. Abundance of Human Pathogenic Microorganisms in the Halophyte Salicornia europaea L.: Influence of the Chemical Composition of Shoots and Soils. Agronomy 2024, 14, 2740

by Matteo Marangi, Sonia Szymanska, Kai-Uwe Eckhardt, Felix Beske, Gerald Jandl, Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz, Julien Pétillon, Christel Baum and Peter Leinweber

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051080 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

24 pages, 3434 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Convolutional Networks to Vision Transformers: Evolution of Deep Learning in Agricultural Pest and Disease Identification

by Mengyao Zhang, Chaofan Liu, Zihan Li and Baoquan Yin

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051079 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Traditional pest and disease identification methods mainly rely on manual detection or traditional machine learning techniques, but they have obvious deficiencies in terms of their accuracy and generalisation ability. In recent years, deep learning has gradually become the preferred solution for the intelligent [...] Read more.

Traditional pest and disease identification methods mainly rely on manual detection or traditional machine learning techniques, but they have obvious deficiencies in terms of their accuracy and generalisation ability. In recent years, deep learning has gradually become the preferred solution for the intelligent identification of pests and diseases by virtue of its powerful automatic feature extraction and complex data-processing capabilities. In this paper, we systematically present the application of traditional machine learning methods in pest and disease identification and their limitations, and focus on the research progress of deep learning methods, covering three mainstream architectures: convolutional neural network (CNN), Vision Transformer model and CNN–Transformer hybrid model. In addition, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the key challenges currently faced in the field of pest recognition, including the problems of small-sample learning, complex background interference and model lightweighting, and further propose solutions for future research to provide theoretical references and technical guidance for the development of related fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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17 pages, 15369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Plasticity of Maize Flowering Time and Plant Height Using the Interactions Between QTNs and Meteorological Factors

by Xuelian Han, Yan Luo, Guoping Shu, Aifang Wang, Yibo Wang and Yuanming Zhang

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051078 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Although phenotypic plasticity facilitates the understanding of trait variation, its study remains limited. To study phenotypic plasticity, in this study, 203 inbred maize lines were phenotyped for flowering time and plant height in Zhengzhou, Ningjin, Tieling, and Binxian and genotyped with 121,871 high-quality [...] Read more.

Although phenotypic plasticity facilitates the understanding of trait variation, its study remains limited. To study phenotypic plasticity, in this study, 203 inbred maize lines were phenotyped for flowering time and plant height in Zhengzhou, Ningjin, Tieling, and Binxian and genotyped with 121,871 high-quality SNPs. The regression slopes and intercepts of flowering time and plant height on four meteorological factors in their corresponding, most significant correlation windows were used to estimate the phenotypic plasticity of the above traits and to further indirectly detect the interactions between quantitative trait nucleotides and meteorological factors. Of the two known and seven candidate genes identified in this study, ZmCCT, GRMZM2G035417, GRMZM2G069651, and GRMZM2G359322 can be used to explain why spring maize has a longer flowering time than summer maize, as these genes delay pollen development and flowering regulators under long day and low temperature; while ZmPIN1b, GRMZM2G062045, GRMZM2G370777, GRMZM2G077752, and GRMZM2G126397 can be used to explain why Tieling has higher plant height than other regions, as these genes enhance auxin transport and suppress dwarfing genes under increased precipitation and low temperature. This study explains the phenotypic plasticity of these traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Crop Resilience: GWAS and Gene-by-Environment Interaction)

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17 pages, 1853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cadmium Uptake and Translocation in Wheat Differing in Grain Cadmium Accumulation

by Yumin Yang, Hong Li, Fan Yang, Chun Xiao, Wen Hu, Meijin Ye, Qingling Xie, Huiting Wei, Juan He, Jing Yang and Hongshen Wan

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051077 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

To better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying the variation of Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in wheat, Cd absorption, translocation, and distribution in five low grain-Cd-accumulating wheat (LCA) and five high grain-Cd-accumulating wheat (HCA) were studied at four growth stages under three soil Cd concentrations. [...] Read more.

To better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying the variation of Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in wheat, Cd absorption, translocation, and distribution in five low grain-Cd-accumulating wheat (LCA) and five high grain-Cd-accumulating wheat (HCA) were studied at four growth stages under three soil Cd concentrations. Grain Cd concentration of HCA was 2.92 times, 1.61 times, and 1.40 times more than that of LCA under the soil with 0.3 mg/kg,1.5 mg/kg, and 7.5 mg/kg Cd concentrations, respectively. LCA was more tolerant of Cd pollution than HCA. Consequently, dry matter in LCA roots, stems + leaves, glumes, grains, and the entire plant was significantly higher than that of HCA at all growth stages under all three soil Cd concentrations, and the most pronounced difference was observed during the maturity stage. The critical period governing the disparity in Cd uptake between LCA and HCA primarily occurred before jointing and the maturity stage. LCA absorbed more Cd than HCA under the three Cd soil concentrations before the jointing stage, during which Cd uptake of LCA was 1.92 times, 1.86 times, and 1.46 times that of HCA under 0.3, 1.5 and 7.5 Cd soil concentrations. But LCA absorbed less Cd than HCA at the maturity stage, during which Cd uptake of LCA was 50%, 50%, and 49% of HCA under 0.3,1.5 and 7.5 mg/kg soil Cd concentrations, respectively. Cd uptake or accumulation per plant in LCA was significantly lower than that of HCA throughout the entire growth period, but the difference between them becomes increasingly smaller as the concentration of Cd contamination increases. Early absorption and accumulation of Cd played a limited role in grain Cd accumulation, and Cd transport played a critical role in determining grain Cd content at maturity. In addition, tolerance to Cd was higher, and grain Cd concentration was lower. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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15 pages, 8468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emergence of Soybean and Canola Plants as Affected by Soil Compaction from a Seeder Press Roller

by Hao Gong, Zhenyu Tang, Yinghu Cai, Yunhe Zhang, Shihao Yang, Ying Chen and Long Qi

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051076 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 22

Abstract

Changes in soil properties under mechanical stress significantly influence the emergence and growth of crops, with different crops responding differently to these changes. To explore the impact of different soil compaction states on crop growth, field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 [...] Read more.

Changes in soil properties under mechanical stress significantly influence the emergence and growth of crops, with different crops responding differently to these changes. To explore the impact of different soil compaction states on crop growth, field experiments were conducted in 2022 and 2023 in sandy loam soil in Manitoba, Canada. The crops (canola and soybean) were planted under three compaction levels created by a seeder’s press roller: no press roller (P0), one pass of the press roller (P1), and two passes of the press roller (P2). Soil mechanical properties and plant growth were measured for each treatment. The results indicated that soil shear strength increased significantly with each level of compaction from P0 to P1 and from P1 to P2, while soil surface resistance remained largely unaffected. Interestingly, soybean and canola responded differently to soil compaction. Soybeans showed no significant changes in emergence speed or final plant population across the three treatments. Conversely, canola exhibited over a 50% increase in emergence speed and more than a 100% increase in final plant population with either one (P1) or two passes (P2) of the press roller, compared to the no press roller (P0) treatment. These findings provide valuable guidance for agricultural producers and engineers in adjusting the down pressure of seeder press wheels when planting different crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Soil Tillage and Fertilizer Management on Production of Cereal Crops: 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 18842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Genome-Wide Analysis of the VuR2R3-MYB Gene Family in Cowpea and Its Expression in Anthocyanin Accumulation

by Yi Yang, Canye Yu, Xuan Zhou, Zengxiang Wu, Zhuo Shen, Tinyao Li and Yan Zhang

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051075 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 116

Abstract

Purple cowpea accumulates abundant anthocyanins in its epidermis, with R2R3-MYB transcription factors serving as potential regulators of anthocyanin accumulation. This study systematically deciphered the genome-wide characteristics of cowpea R2R3-MYB transcription factors, elucidating their critical roles in plant anthocyanin accumulation. Employing a combined strategy [...] Read more.

Purple cowpea accumulates abundant anthocyanins in its epidermis, with R2R3-MYB transcription factors serving as potential regulators of anthocyanin accumulation. This study systematically deciphered the genome-wide characteristics of cowpea R2R3-MYB transcription factors, elucidating their critical roles in plant anthocyanin accumulation. Employing a combined strategy of HMMER Hidden Markov Model searches and BLASTP homology alignment, we successfully identified 127 non-redundant VuR2R3-MYB transcription factors. The encoded proteins exhibited remarkable physicochemical diversity: the average length reached 338.8 amino acid residues, with theoretical isoelectric points distributed between 4.79 and 10.91 residues. When performing a phylogenetic analysis with Arabidopsis homologs, 27 distinct subgroups were identified. Among them, the S4–S7 clades showed conserved protein architectures, which might play a role in regulating the phenylpropanoid pathway. An analysis of the gene architecture revealed patterns of intron/exon organization. Specifically, 85 out of 127 loci (66.9%) presented the typical two-intron configuration, whereas 18 genes had no introns. An investigation of the promoters found that, on average, each gene had 52 cis-regulatory elements. These elements were mainly light-responsive motifs and phytohormone-related elements. Chromosomal mapping indicated an uneven distribution of these genes across 11 chromosomes. Duplication analysis further showed 13 tandem repeats and 54 segmentally duplicated pairs. An analysis of evolutionary constraints demonstrated that purifying selection was predominant (Ka/Ks < 0.5) among paralogous pairs. Through comparative transcriptomics of pod color variants, 19 differentially expressed MYB regulators were identified. These included VuR2R3-MYB23 (MYB3 homolog), VuR2R3-MYB95 (MYB4 homolog), VuR2R3-MYB53 (MYB114 homolog), and VuR2R3-MYB92 (MYB5 homolog), which showed a strong correlation with the patterns of anthocyanin accumulation. Our findings are expected to contribute to elucidating the potential regulatory mechanisms through which R2R3-MYB transcription factors mediate anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

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19 pages, 5766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tree-to-Me: Standards-Driven Traceability for Farm-Level Visibility

by Ya Cho, Arbind Agrahari Baniya and Kieran Murphy

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051074 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 39

Abstract

Traditional horticultural information systems lack fine-grained, transparent on-farm event traceability, often providing only high-level post-harvest summaries. These systems also fail to standardise and integrate diverse data sources, ensure data privacy, and scale effectively to meet the demands of modern agriculture. Concurrently, rising requirements [...] Read more.

Traditional horticultural information systems lack fine-grained, transparent on-farm event traceability, often providing only high-level post-harvest summaries. These systems also fail to standardise and integrate diverse data sources, ensure data privacy, and scale effectively to meet the demands of modern agriculture. Concurrently, rising requirements for global environmental, social, and governance (ESG) compliance, notably Scope 3 emissions reporting, are driving the need for farm-level visibility. To address these gaps, this study proposes a novel traceability framework tailored to horticulture, leveraging global data standards. The system captures key on-farm events (e.g., irrigation, harvesting, and chemical applications) at varied resolutions, using decentralised identification, secure data-sharing protocols, and farmer-controlled access. Built on a progressive Web application with microservice-enabled cloud infrastructure, the platform integrates dynamic APIs and digital links to connect on-farm operations and external supply chains, resolving farm-level data bottlenecks. Initial testing on Victorian farms demonstrates its scalability potential. Pilot studies further validate its on-farm interoperability and support for sustainability claims through digitally verifiable credentials for an international horticultural export case study. The system also provides a tested baseline for integrating data to and from emerging technologies, such as farm robotics and digital twins, with potential for broader application across agricultural commodities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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16 pages, 2869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Tropical Typical Organic Materials on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Microbial Community Structure

by Shuhui Song, Siru Liu, Yanan Liu, Weiqi Shi and Haiyang Ma

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051073 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 26

Abstract

Background: Returning pineapple leaves (PAL), banana stems (BAS), coconut husks (CCH), and organic fertilizer (OF) to the field is an important method for soil improvement. However, the effects of these materials on the soil remain unclear. Methods: This study employed a [...] Read more.

Background: Returning pineapple leaves (PAL), banana stems (BAS), coconut husks (CCH), and organic fertilizer (OF) to the field is an important method for soil improvement. However, the effects of these materials on the soil remain unclear. Methods: This study employed a nylon-bag experiment filled with the above-mentioned materials to investigate the impacts on soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure. Results: The short term acidification caused by PAL was due to the significant increase in isobutyric, isovaleric, and hexanoic acids. PAL and BAS promoted the formation of >0.25 mm aggregates in the short term (90 days). C and N were most abundant in <0.053 mm and 0.053–0.25 mm soil aggregates, while ¹³C and ¹⁵N were mainly enriched in 0.25–2 mm and >2 mm soil aggregates. The dominant biomarkers in the soil treated with PAL were Koribacteraceae, Chrysozymaceae, Trimorphomycetaceae, and Tremellales. The main biomarkers of soil treated with BAS were Caulobacteraceae, Aspergillaceae, Onygenales, and Ceratostomataceae. The dominant biomakers in the soil treated with CCH and OF were richer than those in soil treated with PAL and BAS. Conclusions: The long term return effects of CCH and OF are better than those of PAL and BAS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agroecology Innovation: Achieving System Resilience)

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23 pages, 3400 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nitric Oxide in Plant Cold Stress: Functions, Mechanisms and Challenges

by Jing Cui, Mengxiao Huang, Jin Qi, Wenjin Yu and Changxia Li

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051072 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 169

Abstract

Cold stress, as an environmental factor that seriously restricts the growth, production and survival of plants, has received extensive attention in recent years. Nitric oxide (NO), as an important bioactive molecule, has emerged as a research focus in the domain of alleviating plant [...] Read more.

Cold stress, as an environmental factor that seriously restricts the growth, production and survival of plants, has received extensive attention in recent years. Nitric oxide (NO), as an important bioactive molecule, has emerged as a research focus in the domain of alleviating plant cold damage. In this review, the role of NO in enhancing plant cold tolerance and its underlying mechanisms, including interactions with signaling molecules, are discussed more extensively, and novel research directions and prospects are proposed according to existing research gaps. Interestingly, exogenous NO mitigates cold stress by strengthening antioxidant defense mechanisms, raising proline levels, enhancing photosynthetic capacity, and regulating glucose metabolism. More importantly, NO also interacts with cytoplasmic calcium ions (Ca²⁺), reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), melatonin (MT), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). At the same time, in the process of NO alleviating cold stress, it regulates the expression of NO synthesis genes, cold response genes and antioxidant related genes, thereby improving the cold tolerance of plants, which may involve epigenetic reprogramming. This paper also points out the problems existing in the current research and the potential of NO in agricultural practice, and provides relevant theoretical references for future research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Genetic Improvement of Crop Traits in Enhancing Crop Resilience)

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19 pages, 4883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Profiling of Heat-Treated Oriental Lily Reveals LhERF109 as a Positive Regulator of Anthocyanin Accumulation

by Mei Zhou, Lijia Zeng, Fan Li, Chunlian Jin, Jungang Zhu, Xue Yong, Mengxi Wu, Beibei Jiang, Yin Jia, Huijuan Yuan, Jihua Wang and Yuanzhi Pan

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051071 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 77

Abstract

Pink-flowered Oriental lily cultivars exhibit significant color fading under high temperatures, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. We subjected ‘Souvenir’ Oriental lily plants to temperature treatments (20 °C and 35 °C) and performed transcriptome sequencing and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). [...] Read more.

Pink-flowered Oriental lily cultivars exhibit significant color fading under high temperatures, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. We subjected ‘Souvenir’ Oriental lily plants to temperature treatments (20 °C and 35 °C) and performed transcriptome sequencing and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The high temperature (35 °C) significantly reduced the anthocyanin content in tepals. The transcriptome analysis identified 8354 differentially expressed genes, with the GO and KEGG analyses revealing a dynamic transition from early stress responses to metabolic adaptation. The WGCNA revealed a module strongly correlated with the anthocyanin content, from which we constructed a gene co-expression network using known anthocyanin-related genes, including the key transcription factor LhMYB12 and structural genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (LhANS, LhDFR, LhUGT78, and LhF3′H). Through this comprehensive network analysis, we successfully identified and screened LhERF109 as a promising regulatory candidate. The transient overexpression of LhERF109 was found to enhance anthocyanin accumulation and upregulate biosynthetic genes including LhMYB12, while silencing LhERF109 expression produced the opposite effects. These findings identify LhERF109 as a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis under high temperatures, providing new targets for breeding heat-tolerant lilies with stable flower coloration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism of Flower Growth in Ornamental Plants: From Floral Induction to Development)

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20 pages, 10080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of bHLH Transcription Factors and Their Expression Profile in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

by Jiali Ye, Lingzhi Zhang, Shuaikang Liu, Yi Diao, Lina Yin, Xiping Deng and Shiwen Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051070 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 94

Abstract

The bHLH gene family, one of the most abundant transcription factor families in plants, plays crucial roles in stress resistance, growth, and development. To explore the characteristics of the potato bHLH gene family members, this study identified and analyzed a total of 134 [...] Read more.

The bHLH gene family, one of the most abundant transcription factor families in plants, plays crucial roles in stress resistance, growth, and development. To explore the characteristics of the potato bHLH gene family members, this study identified and analyzed a total of 134 bHLH genes. Using bioinformatics approaches, we examined their physicochemical properties, conserved structural domains, motifs, and cis-acting elements. Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted, comparing the bHLH proteins of potato with those of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The study also investigated the expression patterns of StbHLH genes under different environmental conditions and growth stages. The potato bHLH gene family is enriched with various cis-acting elements associated with stress response and plant hormone signaling. The expression patterns of StbHLH genes varied significantly across different conditions, revealing their potential roles in stress resistance and developmental processes. For example, under drought and re-watering treatments, distinct expression patterns were observed, with specific genes showing upregulation or downregulation at different time points. StbHLH025 regulates tissue development and stress response in potato. These findings not only reveal the diversity and complexity of the potato bHLH gene family but also provide valuable insights for future research into the functions of StbHLH genes, particularly their roles in potato stress resistance and developmental processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivation Physiology, Molecular Biology and Molecular Breeding of Solanaceae—2nd Edition)

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29 pages, 5713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships Between Carbon Fractions and Soil Nutrients in Organic Cassava Cultivation in the Sandy Soil of Northeastern Thailand

by Suphathida Aumtong, Chanitra Somyo, Kanokorn Kanchai, Thoranin Chuephudee and Chakrit Chotamonsak

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051069 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 172

Abstract

This research investigated the interaction between the labile and stable fractions of soil organic carbon (SOC) during the cultivation of organic cassava in sandy soil in northeastern Thailand over a period of five years. We collected surface soil samples (0–30 cm) from this [...] Read more.

This research investigated the interaction between the labile and stable fractions of soil organic carbon (SOC) during the cultivation of organic cassava in sandy soil in northeastern Thailand over a period of five years. We collected surface soil samples (0–30 cm) from this sandy region, utilizing a combination of cow and chicken manure along with dried distilled grains (DDGs) from cassava fermentation for ethanol production, to monitor and compare the effects of continuous mixed organic fertilization on SOC, carbon fractions, soil pH, and nitrogen and phosphorus levels throughout a five-year period of varying land use ages (LUA) to the pre-fertilization state. This study proposed that the use of a combination of organic fertilizers could increase soil organic carbon levels. This study indicates that the continuous application of organic fertilizers over five years does not lead to a significant increase in soil carbon; however, it may result in temporary alterations in different organic carbon fractions. The study showed that the mixed organic fertilization could the increase carbon fractions. Labile carbon (LBC) fraction was at its lowest before fertilization, peaking at LUA 3 and increasing by 5.44–25.50% after organic fertilizer addition. The first year revealed high non labile carbon (NLBC) levels, exceeding 60%, in comparison to the pre-fertilizer period. In the second year, NLBC levels declined to LUA 5, a change that was not statistically significant. After pre-fertilization, the concentration of recalcitrant carbon (REC) did not significantly decrease. Nitrate (NO₃⁻-N) concentrations exhibited no significant fluctuation pre-and post-fertilization. Furthermore, the Bray II-extractable phosphorus (P(B)) decreased (i.e., LUA 1 and 4). The pH levels dropped after the addition of organic fertilizer, particularly in the second year. We found strong positive links between SOC and carbon fractions such as NLBC (r = 0.54 ***) and POXC (r = 0.49 ***). However, neither LBC nor less labile carbon fraction (LLBC) showed any significant correlations with SOC. The negative correlations were observed between ammonium (NH₄⁺-N) and NO₃⁻-N with labile carbon types, such as LBC, LLBC, and POXC, while positive correlations were noted with stable carbon fractions, such as NLBC, and REC. From the application of this organic fertilizer, there are various amounts of organic carbon which cause the following effects: The inclusion of LBC from mixed organic fertilization seems to enhance SOC decomposition rather than accumulation. NLCB may persist in sandy soil for a longer duration than LBC, resulting in the retention of SOC in sandy soil. Our results suggested the implementation of a systematic soil testing strategy to monitor temporal variations in carbon fractions and nutrient levels. Using the right amounts of both LBC and NLBC would improve soil health and help store carbon through organic fertilizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Amendments to Low-Fertility Soils: Current Status and Future Prospects)

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24 pages, 8130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Irrigation Interval and Irrigation Level on Growth, Photosynthesis, Fruit Yield, Quality, and Water-Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Drip-Fertigated Greenhouse Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

by Hongxin Zhang, Hongxia Cao, Zhiming Zhao, Zhiyao Dou, Zhenqi Liao, Zhentao Bai, Sien Li, Fucang Zhang and Junliang Fan

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1068; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051068 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 146

Abstract

The inefficient irrigation strategy is an important factor affecting the yield and water productivity of tomatoes in greenhouses, seriously hindering the development of the cultivation industry. While the impact of irrigation level on tomato growth and yield has been extensively studied, irrigation interval, [...] Read more.

The inefficient irrigation strategy is an important factor affecting the yield and water productivity of tomatoes in greenhouses, seriously hindering the development of the cultivation industry. While the impact of irrigation level on tomato growth and yield has been extensively studied, irrigation interval, another crucial component of irrigation schedule, as well as their interaction, remain poorly explored. There were four irrigation levels (W1: 125% ET_c, W2: 100% ET_c, W3: 75% ET_c, and W4: 50% ET_c; ET_c represented crop evapotranspiration) and three irrigation intervals (D1: 4-day interval, D2: 7-day interval, and D3: 10-day interval), aiming to explore the effects of different irrigation intervals and levels on the performance of tomatoes. Here, we showed that the moderate increases in irrigation level and interval promoted root growth, improved nitrogen uptake and distribution, and enhanced plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, and aboveground biomass, thereby promoting the net photosynthetic rate of plants and fruit yield. The fruit quality indicators of total soluble solids, vitamin C, and soluble sugar decreased with increasing irrigation level but increased with decreasing irrigation interval. Higher irrigation levels increased tomato water consumption and resulted in lower water-nitrogen use efficiency. Overall, compared with W2D2 and W2D3, the yield of W2D1 increased by 8.0% and 26.1%, respectively, and the water productivity increased by 5.7% and 19.3%, respectively, and the soluble sugar increased by 7.1% and 17.5%, respectively. In addition, nitrogen uptake in tomato organs increased and then decreased with the increase of irrigation level, while it consistently increased with decreasing irrigation interval. At the harvest period, the nitrogen uptake in plant organs followed the order of fruit > leaf > stem. Taken together, W2D1 (100% ET_c and 4-day interval) is the recommended irrigation strategy for this experiment, which can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the sustainable production strategy of greenhouse drip irrigation tomatoes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)

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23 pages, 9594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cold-Tolerance Candidate Gene Identification in Maize Germination Using BSA, Transcriptome and Metabolome Profiling

by Cheng Wang, Nan Hao, Yueming Li, Nan Sun, Liwei Wang and Yusheng Ye

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051067 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 84

Abstract

Exploring the characteristics of maize’s tolerance to low-temperature stress is of great significance for enhancing maize’s adaptability to such stress and for developing valuable germplasm resources. In this study, a combined analysis of genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics was conducted on maize 245 F7 [...] Read more.

Exploring the characteristics of maize’s tolerance to low-temperature stress is of great significance for enhancing maize’s adaptability to such stress and for developing valuable germplasm resources. In this study, a combined analysis of genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics was conducted on maize 245 F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) to screen for candidate genes and differential metabolites controlling the cold tolerance of maize during the germination stage. Bulked segregant analysis-sequencing (BSA-seq) located four candidate regions on chromosome 1 (qSGRL1-2, qSGRL1-3, and qSGRL1-4) and chromosome 10 (qSGRL10), which altogether contained 109 candidate genes. Combined with the transcriptome sequencing results, among the genes screened by quantitative trait locus sequencing (QTL-seq), seven genes (Zm00001eb043000, Zm00001eb043620, Zm00001eb043650, Zm00001eb043680, Zm00001eb043720, Zm00001eb043400, and Zm00001eb043490) were identified as common candidate genes related to the cold tolerance of maize during the germination stage. Combined with the metabolomic analysis results, low-temperature stress induced the differential expression of relevant genes, leading to the differential accumulation of metabolites such as L-glutamic acid, 4-aminobutyric acid, and Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). These results enrich the information for molecular marker-assisted selection of maize tolerance to low-temperature stress and provide genetic resources for the maize varieties breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

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18 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Preharvest Bagging on the Volatile Profile of Vinalopó Table Grapes

by Lucía Andreu-Coll, Luis Noguera-Artiaga, Esther Sendra and Francisca Hernández

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051066 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 113

Abstract

The bagging technique is a traditional preharvest practice used in Vinalopó Bagged Table Grape production to improve fruit quality and protect clusters from environmental stress. However, its influence on grape volatile composition remains underexplored. This study analyzed the volatile profile of three grape [...] Read more.

The bagging technique is a traditional preharvest practice used in Vinalopó Bagged Table Grape production to improve fruit quality and protect clusters from environmental stress. However, its influence on grape volatile composition remains underexplored. This study analyzed the volatile profile of three grape varieties (‘Dominga’, ‘Aledo’, and ‘Doña María’) by comparing bagged and non-bagged clusters to assess the effect of bagging on aromatic compounds. Volatiles were extracted using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 35 volatile compounds were identified and quantified, mainly aldehydes, terpenes, and alcohols. The highest concentration was found in non-bagged ‘Dominga’ grapes (57.17 mg kg⁻¹), and the lowest in bagged ‘Doña María’ grapes (16.36 mg kg⁻¹). Although total volatile content did not differ significantly between treatments, differences were observed in the relative abundance of chemical families. Bagged grapes showed higher proportions of aldehydes, such as hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal, contributing to green, fresh aromas, while non-bagged grapes exhibited more alcohols and esters, linked to fruity and overripe notes. This study offers new insights into the role of preharvest bagging in shaping grape volatile composition, contributing to a better understanding of its impact on fruit aroma and quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality and Safety of Crops and Crop-Based Foods)

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Agronomy, Volume 15, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 95 articles

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