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Volume 35
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Environ. Earth Sci. Proc., 2025, COMECAP 2025

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6 pages, 1256 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Heatwave-Related Mortality Prediction Using Machine Learning: Integrating Historical and Future Climate Data
by Ilias Petrou and Pavlos Kassomenos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035001 - 8 Sep 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1954
Abstract
Heatwaves are among the deadliest climate-related hazards, with their intensity and frequency projected to rise. This study develops a machine learning model to predict heatwave-related mortality in Greece under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Historical mortality and climate data (2015–2024) were combined with future [...] Read more.
Heatwaves are among the deadliest climate-related hazards, with their intensity and frequency projected to rise. This study develops a machine learning model to predict heatwave-related mortality in Greece under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Historical mortality and climate data (2015–2024) were combined with future projections (2025–2050) from CORDEX models. Feature engineering included lagged heatwave indicators, seasonal effects, and age group interactions. An optimized XGBoost model revealed increasing mortality trends, especially under RCP8.5 after 2039. These findings highlight the growing public health threat posed by extreme heat and offer a predictive framework for climate adaptation and policy planning. Full article
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7 pages, 1589 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Modeling Smoke Emissions and Transport for Wildfire Using Satellite Observations and Lagrangian Dispersion Modeling
by Thanasis Kourantos, Anna Kampouri, Anna Gialitaki, Maria Tsichla, Eleni Marinou, Vassilis Amiridis and Ioannis Kioutsioukis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035002 - 8 Sep 2025
Viewed by 2406
Abstract
A significant wildfire event occurred in Korinthos, Greece, on 22 July 2020, releasing large amounts of smoke into the atmosphere. This episode provided the opportunity to develop and apply the methodology described in this work, where the synergistic use of ground data, satellite [...] Read more.
A significant wildfire event occurred in Korinthos, Greece, on 22 July 2020, releasing large amounts of smoke into the atmosphere. This episode provided the opportunity to develop and apply the methodology described in this work, where the synergistic use of ground data, satellite remote sensing data and dispersion modeling is utilized to demonstrate highly accurate source detection, emission transport, and dispersion of the smoke plumes. The Fire Radiative Power (FRP) data from SEVIRI, on board Meteosat Second Generation, are used to estimate hourly fire top-down emissions. These emissions are used as input for the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model, driven by GFS meteorological data. Simulated smoke transport is compared with TROPOMI satellite CO observations and lidar profiles from the PANhellenic GEophysical observatory of Antikythera (PANGEA) station. The model includes key atmospheric processes such as advection and deposition, providing a framework for assessing wildfire impacts on air quality and transport. The results highlight the effectiveness of combining high temporal resolution FRP data with the WARM START configuration of FLEXPART versus the Standard FLEXPART Simulation. Full article
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6 pages, 1077 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Advancing Effective Climate Change Education by Using Remote Sensing Technologies: Leveraging the Research Infrastructure of the LAP/AUTh in Greece
by Konstantinos Michailidis, Katerina Garane, Chrysanthi Topaloglou and Dimitris Balis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035003 - 8 Sep 2025
Viewed by 3521
Abstract
Raising awareness and understanding of climate change among younger generations is crucial for building a sustainable future. The Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics (LAP) within the School of Physics of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh) supports this goal by developing innovative educational activities [...] Read more.
Raising awareness and understanding of climate change among younger generations is crucial for building a sustainable future. The Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics (LAP) within the School of Physics of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh) supports this goal by developing innovative educational activities centered on atmospheric processes and climate science. Drawing on its expertise in atmospheric monitoring and remote sensing, LAP makes complex scientific concepts accessible to school students through interactive workshops, hands-on experiments, and data-driven projects using real-time environmental measurements. By integrating research-grade tools and open-access satellite data from ESA, NASA, and EUMETSAT, LAP bridges academic research and public understanding. These activities foster critical thinking, environmental responsibility, and student engagement with real-world climate monitoring practices. Moreover, LAP contributes to the ACTRIS network, offering high-quality data and expertise at both national and European levels. Through these efforts, LAP serves as a hub for climate education, turning awareness into action and inspiring future climate-conscious citizens. Full article
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7 pages, 4689 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Variability and Long-Term Trends of CO2 & CH4 in European Countries, Using CAMS Global Reanalysis Data
by Marios Mermigkas, Stergios Kartsios, Anna Kampouri, Theano Drosoglou and Vassilis Amiridis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035004 - 8 Sep 2025
Viewed by 431
Abstract
In this study, Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis data (EAC4 & EGG4) are used. To capture short-term variations and analyze long-term changes in CO2 and CH4, this study focuses on two specific regions of interest in each of three [...] Read more.
In this study, Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis data (EAC4 & EGG4) are used. To capture short-term variations and analyze long-term changes in CO2 and CH4, this study focuses on two specific regions of interest in each of three European countries: Greece, Italy, and France. Both CO2 and CH4 exhibit a positive trend with seasonally averaged increases of over 6% and 2%, respectively, compared to the reference period 2003–2013. Enhanced CH4 concentrations in Greece are observed during winter, primarily linked to anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuel combustion, heating, industrial activities, and gas distribution. Additionally, positive CH4 residuals exceeding 0.6% were detected in autumn, likely due to regional agricultural activities in N. Greece and/or wildfires in Athens. Winter, spring, and autumn are the seasons during which CH4 concentrations are typically highest in the Basilicata and Po Valley regions of Italy, primarily due to agricultural activities, waste management processes, and natural gas extraction, particularly in the Val d’Agri region. Higher CH4 variability was found during winter in France. Regarding CO2, all countries show a large diurnal variability (approximately ± 2 ppm), that of a typical mid-northern-hemisphere site, largely associated with the biospheric cycle of photosynthesis and enhanced by anthropogenic emissions and wildfire episodes. Full article
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6 pages, 965 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Three-Dimensional Asymmetric Holmboe Instability
by Georgios Melitas and Nikolaos A. Bakas
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035005 - 8 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1701
Abstract
The study of the conditions under which a stratified shear flow becomes turbulent is important, as turbulence is the source of mixing and dissipation in the atmosphere and can significantly influence the momentum and temperature structure of the atmospheric circulation. This study investigates [...] Read more.
The study of the conditions under which a stratified shear flow becomes turbulent is important, as turbulence is the source of mixing and dissipation in the atmosphere and can significantly influence the momentum and temperature structure of the atmospheric circulation. This study investigates the asymmetric Holmboe instability, which is the instability of a parallel shear flow of a stably stratified atmosphere with two layers of homogeneous but different density, where the interface of the two layers is not in the middle of the shear region, but at some height above it. We calculate the evolution of small-amplitude, three-dimensional perturbations around this background flow for various values of the Richardson number and of the non-dimensional asymmetry height. Instability is found for all values of the Richardson number and the asymmetry height with the most unstable modes being counter-propagating waves in the plane of the flow with differing wave speeds. The eastward propagating mode is found to have a larger scale and faster growth in comparison to the westward propagating mode. Both the scale and the growth rate of the most unstable waves were found to decrease with the Richardson number, while an increase in asymmetry was found to increase the scale and the growth rate of the most unstable eastward wave. Full article
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6 pages, 1559 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Validating TIR-Derived Total Column Water Vapor Using Sun Photometers and GPS Measurements
by Ilias Agathangelidis, Yifang Ban, Constantinos Cartalis and Konstantinos Philippopoulos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035006 - 8 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1303
Abstract
Total column water vapor (TCWV) is essential for assessing Earth’s radiation budget and hydrological cycle and plays a crucial role in accurate Land Surface Temperature (LST) retrieval from thermal infrared (TIR) imagery. Although TCWV is commonly estimated using near-infrared or microwave observations, TIR-based [...] Read more.
Total column water vapor (TCWV) is essential for assessing Earth’s radiation budget and hydrological cycle and plays a crucial role in accurate Land Surface Temperature (LST) retrieval from thermal infrared (TIR) imagery. Although TCWV is commonly estimated using near-infrared or microwave observations, TIR-based methods offer an efficient alternative; however, their long-term validation remains limited. This study evaluates TCWV retrieval from Landsat 8/9 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) using an updated version of the Modified Split-Window Covariance-Variance Ratio (MSWCVR) method, implemented on the Google Earth Engine platform, across Europe. Validation is conducted using AERONET sun photometer measurements (2013–2024) and GPS-based TCWV estimates enhanced with meteorological inputs (2020). Retrieval accuracy is evaluated analyzed in relation to seasonal variations, surface characteristics (e.g., land cover, altitude) and background climate. Results demonstrate robust performance of the TIR-based method, with an average Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.6 gr/cm2 across stations and datasets, supporting its applicability for LST retrieval and broader environmental monitoring applications. Full article
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5 pages, 7182 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Effect of “Aeolus” Data on the Accumulated Precipitation Associated with a Severe Storm Event over Greece
by Euripides Avgoustoglou, Ioannis Matsangouras, Ioannis Pytharoulis and Panagiotis Nastos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035007 - 8 Sep 2025
Viewed by 159
Abstract
The limited availability of wind profile measurements has long hindered advancements in atmospheric modeling and our understanding of climate systems. The European Space Agency’s (ESA) “Aeolus” mission encountered this challenge with the groundbreaking introduction of space-based Doppler wind lidar technology, capable of providing [...] Read more.
The limited availability of wind profile measurements has long hindered advancements in atmospheric modeling and our understanding of climate systems. The European Space Agency’s (ESA) “Aeolus” mission encountered this challenge with the groundbreaking introduction of space-based Doppler wind lidar technology, capable of providing Near-Real-Time wind profile data. The regional COSMO NWP model was utilized to demonstrate the potential of “Aeolus” in improving NWP model capabilities. The research focuses on analyzing the precipitation of the severe Hephaestion storm, which struck Greece in early January 2020, by comparing the performance of the NWP model with and without the assimilation of “Aeolus” data. Full article
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6 pages, 667 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Weather Patterns as Predictors of West Nile Virus Infection Risk in Greece
by Anastasia Angelou, Nikolaos I. Stilianakis and Ioannis Kioutsioukis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035008 - 8 Sep 2025
Viewed by 717
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) poses a recurring public health threat in Greece, with outbreaks influenced by meteorological conditions. This study examines associations between key weather variables (e.g., temperature and total precipitation) and WNV incidence from 2010 to 2024 using ERA5 environmental data and [...] Read more.
West Nile Virus (WNV) poses a recurring public health threat in Greece, with outbreaks influenced by meteorological conditions. This study examines associations between key weather variables (e.g., temperature and total precipitation) and WNV incidence from 2010 to 2024 using ERA5 environmental data and available epidemiological data. Distributed lag nonlinear models were applied to identify time-lagged impacts of climate on WNV transmission. The results aim to reveal critical meteorological thresholds that could improve early warning systems and vector control. Understanding these climate–infection links can support predictive modeling and enhance public health preparedness amid growing climate variability and global vector-borne disease risks. Full article
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5 pages, 582 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Air Pollution and Extended Hospital Burden: A Proxy Approach to Health and Economic Strain in the Greater Athens Area, Greece
by Aggelos Kladakis, Kyriaki-Maria Fameli, Konstantinos Moustris, Vasiliki D. Assimakopoulos and Panagiotis Nastos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035009 - 9 Sep 2025
Viewed by 250
Abstract
This study investigates the health and economic burden of air pollution in the Greater Athens Area, Greece, from 2018 to 2022, by comparing daily hospital admissions and overall hospital stays for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Using data from six major hospitals and air [...] Read more.
This study investigates the health and economic burden of air pollution in the Greater Athens Area, Greece, from 2018 to 2022, by comparing daily hospital admissions and overall hospital stays for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Using data from six major hospitals and air quality records for NO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5, we applied a Distributed Lag Non-Linear Model to estimate cumulative relative risks (RR). Results show that while both indicators increase with declining air quality, hospital stays consistently yield higher RRs, better capturing the prolonged strain on healthcare resources. Even Fair air quality was associated with an 8% increase in hospital burden (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.06–1.12), while Extremely Poor conditions corresponded to a 24% increase (RR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.07–1.43). Economic estimates based on length of stay and standardized hospitalization costs indicate a substantial financial impact. These findings underscore the importance of using hospital burden as a sensitive proxy for health and economic strain, reinforcing the need for stricter air quality management and targeted public health interventions. Full article
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4 pages, 575 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Development of a Tool (Numerical Model) for Estimating and Forecasting Ultraviolet Surface Solar Radiation
by Angeliki Lappa, Marios Bruno Korras-Carraca and Nikolaos Hatzianastassiou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035010 - 10 Sep 2025
Viewed by 451
Abstract
Monitoring and accurately forecasting ultraviolet (UV) radiation is of great importance especially due to its adverse effects on human health. In this study, we develop a numerical model to estimate the UV surface solar radiation with the overarching goal of providing a fully [...] Read more.
Monitoring and accurately forecasting ultraviolet (UV) radiation is of great importance especially due to its adverse effects on human health. In this study, we develop a numerical model to estimate the UV surface solar radiation with the overarching goal of providing a fully automated UV forecasting tool in the region of Epirus, Greece, and especially at the city of Ioannina. The UV surface solar radiation (SSR) is estimated based on detailed radiative transfer (RT) calculations. To ensure their accuracy, we employ the well-established UVSPEC model included in the libRadtran RT routines. LibRadtran provides a variety of options to set up and modify an atmosphere with molecules, aerosol particles, water and ice clouds and a surface as the lower boundary. As a first step, we performed a sensitivity study of the surface solar UV radiation with respect to ozone, precipitable water, aerosol optical properties and surface albedo. Our calculations are performed initially under clear-sky conditions to eliminate the uncertainties induced by clouds. All our calculations are performed spectrally within the UV spectral range, for a specific date and time at Ioannina, Epirus. Full article
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6 pages, 1480 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Indicating Compound Hazards on Porous Building Materials of Greece’s Monuments
by Iason Markantonis, Theocharis Katrakazis, Diamando Vlachogiannis, Athanasios Sfetsos and Ioannis Karatasios
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035011 - 10 Sep 2025
Viewed by 337
Abstract
The deterioration of porous building materials in archeological monuments is often intensified by slow and cumulative compound climate events, including salt crystallization cycles. This research examines the spatial patterns of these damaging events across Greece using high-resolution climate simulations derived from ERA-Interim and [...] Read more.
The deterioration of porous building materials in archeological monuments is often intensified by slow and cumulative compound climate events, including salt crystallization cycles. This research examines the spatial patterns of these damaging events across Greece using high-resolution climate simulations derived from ERA-Interim and ERA5 Reanalysis datasets, as well as EURO-CORDEX models. By analyzing both past conditions (1980–2004) and projected future scenarios (2025–2049) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, the study identifies regions at heightened risk and explores how climate change influences the occurrence and possibly alters the aggressiveness of such events. By mapping the total frequency of these events and their anticipated changes under future climate conditions, this study contributes to developing a climatology of compound events that affect porous building materials of cultural heritage importance. Full article
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6 pages, 590 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Air Quality Benefits of Ship Electrification: A Modeling Case Study for Saronic Gulf, Greece
by Natalia Liora, Anastasia Poupkou, Serafim Kontos, Kyriaki-Maria Fameli, Georgios Remoundos, Achilleas Grigoriadis, Evangelia Fragkou, Vasiliki Assimakopoulos, Aikaterini Bougiatioti, Georgios Grivas, Anna Kotrikla, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Athena Progiou, Stavros Solomos and Christos Zerefos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035012 - 10 Sep 2025
Viewed by 422
Abstract
Maritime transport significantly contributes to air pollution, especially in coastal areas. This study evaluates air quality improvements from replacing conventional ferries with hybrids on the Perama–Paloukia line (Greece). Using WRF-CAMx modeling and bottom-up shipping emissions data for the Perama–Paloukia line (a busy line/high-frequency [...] Read more.
Maritime transport significantly contributes to air pollution, especially in coastal areas. This study evaluates air quality improvements from replacing conventional ferries with hybrids on the Perama–Paloukia line (Greece). Using WRF-CAMx modeling and bottom-up shipping emissions data for the Perama–Paloukia line (a busy line/high-frequency line) for January and July 2019, we simulated full electrification atmospheric impacts. The results revealed up to 9.2% and 7.9% reductions in NO2 and PM2.5 mean monthly levels, respectively, during summer. These findings highlight the benefits of ferry electrification, offering actionable insights for policymakers to reduce pollution, enhance public health, and support sustainable maritime practices in densely populated coastal zones. Full article
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6 pages, 1113 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Integrating NWCSAF Nowcasting Tools into the Regional Cloud Seeding Program: A Case Study on 1 November 2023 in Saudi Arabia
by Ioannis Matsangouras, Stavros-Andreas Logothetis and Ayman Albar
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035013 - 10 Sep 2025
Viewed by 751
Abstract
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia launched a Regional Cloud Seeding Program in 2022 to enhance rainfall in central and southwestern regions. This study highlights a cloud seeding case on 1 November 2023, using convective development products derived from the Nowcasting Satellite Application Facility [...] Read more.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia launched a Regional Cloud Seeding Program in 2022 to enhance rainfall in central and southwestern regions. This study highlights a cloud seeding case on 1 November 2023, using convective development products derived from the Nowcasting Satellite Application Facility (NWCSAF), part of the SAF Network coordinated by the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites. NWCSAF provided real-time satellite data for assessing cloud dynamics and precipitation. Analysis focused on Convection Initiation (CI) products issued 30–90 min before cloud seeding activities. Results showed the CI+30, +60, and +90 min outputs had high predictive accuracy, aligning with observed convection and demonstrating the value of satellite-based nowcasting in potential adaptation during cloud seeding operations. Full article
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6 pages, 1722 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Future Changes Based on Climate Risk Indicators Across the Troodos Mountains in Cyprus
by Nadia Politi, Iason Markantonis, Athanasios Sfetsos, Diamando Vlachogiannis and Louisa M. Shakou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035014 - 10 Sep 2025
Viewed by 319
Abstract
The future climate is anticipated to affect economic activities, the unique natural and forest ecosystems, agriculture, buildings, and communities in the region of the Troodos Mountains in Cyprus. The current study, as part of the European project Regions4Climate (R4C), aimed to develop a [...] Read more.
The future climate is anticipated to affect economic activities, the unique natural and forest ecosystems, agriculture, buildings, and communities in the region of the Troodos Mountains in Cyprus. The current study, as part of the European project Regions4Climate (R4C), aimed to develop a sustainable tourism model for this specific region to ensure the climate resilience of the Troodos communities while preserving its traditional products and ecosystems for future generations. Tangible key risk climate indicators were calculated using the CORDEX climate surface datasets to estimate the spatial changes under two climate scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The climate indicators were specifically selected to identify several known regional hazards, such as drought, heatwaves, forest fires, etc., that are linked to impacts on socio-economic activities like tourism, ecosystems, agriculture, energy, and water resources. Full article
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6 pages, 962 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Comparison of Methane Concentrations Between CMIP6 Earth System Model Simulations and CAMS Reanalysis Fields
by Sofia Eirini Paschou, Alkiviadis Kalisoras and Prodromos Zanis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035015 - 10 Sep 2025
Viewed by 209
Abstract
Methane is a short-lived climate forcer (SLCF) that has a pivotal influence on the Earth’s climate. This work focuses on mean methane concentrations and their year-to-year variability for the period 2003–2014 between four CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6) Earth System Model [...] Read more.
Methane is a short-lived climate forcer (SLCF) that has a pivotal influence on the Earth’s climate. This work focuses on mean methane concentrations and their year-to-year variability for the period 2003–2014 between four CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6) Earth System Model simulations and CAMS (Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service) reanalysis fields. The selected CMIP6 models are CNRM-ESM2-1, GFDL-ESM4.1, UKESM1, and EC-Earth3-AerChem, while monthly averaged fields from the CAMS global greenhouse gas reanalysis (EGG4) were employed. It is shown that the EC-Earth3-AerChem model closely aligns with CAMS methane concentration pattern, whereas other models display notable differences. Full article
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6 pages, 1640 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Response of Aerosols and Tropospheric Gases to Wildfire Emission Scenarios
by Manolis P. Petrakis, Eirini Boleti, Rafaila-Nikola Mourgela, Konstantinos Seiradakis, Iulian Alin Roșu and Apostolos Voulgarakis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035016 - 10 Sep 2025
Viewed by 312
Abstract
Wildfires are a complex and underexplored aspect of the Earth system, significantly affecting climate, as they emit greenhouse gases and aerosols that alter the Earth’s radiative balance. This study utilizes the EC-Earth3 Earth System Model to investigate how interannual variability in biomass burning [...] Read more.
Wildfires are a complex and underexplored aspect of the Earth system, significantly affecting climate, as they emit greenhouse gases and aerosols that alter the Earth’s radiative balance. This study utilizes the EC-Earth3 Earth System Model to investigate how interannual variability in biomass burning emissions influences variability in total aerosol optical depth (AOD), as well as carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) tropospheric columns. We demonstrate that fluctuations in biomass burning emissions impact AOD, CO, and O3 variability at regional and global scales, emphasizing the need for improved understanding of wildfires and their climate effects. Full article
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7 pages, 2112 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Implementation of Advection–Diffusion and Linear Orographic Schemes for Nowcasting Precipitation
by Aikaterini Pappa, John Kalogiros, Maria Tombrou, Marios N. Anagnostou, Christos Spyrou and Petros Katsafados
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035017 - 10 Sep 2025
Viewed by 228
Abstract
Accurate precipitation nowcasting is essential for short-term forecasting, but it remains challenging due to the dynamic nature of rainfall mechanisms. This study implements and evaluates two schemes for improving precipitation nowcasting: (1) an advection–diffusion scheme and (2) an advection–diffusion scheme integrated with the [...] Read more.
Accurate precipitation nowcasting is essential for short-term forecasting, but it remains challenging due to the dynamic nature of rainfall mechanisms. This study implements and evaluates two schemes for improving precipitation nowcasting: (1) an advection–diffusion scheme and (2) an advection–diffusion scheme integrated with the linear theory of orographic precipitation. These schemes are implemented into the Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) to produce short-term precipitation forecasts and applied to a case study involving a rainfall event over the Athens metropolitan area in Greece. These schemes are compared against the default LAPS nowcasting module based on a first-order advection scheme (control). The first-order advection scheme, while computationally efficient, lacks the ability to simulate rainfall field evolution due to its exclusion of diffusion processes and orographic effects, leading to inaccurate nowcasts. To address these limitations, the advection–diffusion scheme is introduced to capture the precipitation evolution, and the third scheme integrates the linear theory of orographic precipitation to account for the influence of topography. Preliminary results show improvements in the spatiotemporal distribution of the nowcasted precipitation. These findings suggest that incorporating diffusion and orographic effects can enhance the accuracy of short-term precipitation forecasts, though further evaluation across diverse meteorological events is needed to confirm general applicability. Full article
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5 pages, 4506 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Assimilation of Satellite Dust Optical Depth in the CiROCCO System: Methodology and Initial Results
by Eleni Drakaki, Thanasis Georgiou and Vassilis Amiridis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035018 - 11 Sep 2025
Viewed by 270
Abstract
Understanding and predicting the distribution of mineral dust in the atmosphere remains a major scientific challenge due to the complex nature of dust emission, transport, and deposition processes. Dust aerosols have a profound impact on climate, air quality, and biogeochemical cycles, making their [...] Read more.
Understanding and predicting the distribution of mineral dust in the atmosphere remains a major scientific challenge due to the complex nature of dust emission, transport, and deposition processes. Dust aerosols have a profound impact on climate, air quality, and biogeochemical cycles, making their accurate representation in models critical. In this study, we employ the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to simulate dust events over the Mediterranean. To reduce model uncertainties, we assimilate satellite-derived dust optical depth observations from the MIDAS (Mineral Dust Aerosol Satellite) dataset. The assimilation of MIDAS data leads to significant improvements in the spatial and temporal accuracy of dust forecasts. The enhanced model outputs offer continuous in time and space dust fields that are particularly valuable for applications such as air quality management and the optimization of solar energy systems. Full article
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6 pages, 6234 KB  
Proceeding Paper
On the Evolution of Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Tornadoes in a Supercell in Kansas
by Howard Bluestein, Jacob Margraf, Trey Greenwood, Samuel Emmerson, Jeffrey Snyder and Louis Wicker
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035019 - 11 Sep 2025
Viewed by 262
Abstract
The evolution of a tornadic supercell in Kansas on 24 May 2021 is documented from an analysis of data from the ground-based mobile RaXPol (Rapid-scan, X-band, Polarimetric) radar. A cyclonic tornado evolved from a single-vortex into a multi-vortex tornado. The formation and evolution [...] Read more.
The evolution of a tornadic supercell in Kansas on 24 May 2021 is documented from an analysis of data from the ground-based mobile RaXPol (Rapid-scan, X-band, Polarimetric) radar. A cyclonic tornado evolved from a single-vortex into a multi-vortex tornado. The formation and evolution of an anticyclonic tornado, which passed directly over the radar, is also documented, in addition to an anticyclonic, satellite vortex that moved along or just outside the outer edge of the cyclonic tornado. This study is noteworthy because there were both extensive radar and visual observations of the evolution of the tornadoes at close range. Full article
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6 pages, 2231 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Future Projections of Photovoltaic Power Generation Potential Change in Greece Based on High-Resolution EURO-CORDEX RCM Simulations
by Aristeidis K. Georgoulias, Dimitris Akritidis, Alkiviadis Kalisoras, Dimitris Melas and Prodromos Zanis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035020 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 263
Abstract
Here, we assess the projected changes in photovoltaic power generation potential (PVpot) in Greece for the 21st century. Our analysis is based on an ensemble of high-resolution Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative following three different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), [...] Read more.
Here, we assess the projected changes in photovoltaic power generation potential (PVpot) in Greece for the 21st century. Our analysis is based on an ensemble of high-resolution Regional Climate Model (RCM) simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative following three different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), namely, RCP2.6 (strong mitigation), RCP4.5 (moderate mitigation), and RCP8.5 (no further mitigation). The spatial patterns of the PVpot changes in the near future (2021–2050) and at the end of the century (2071–2100) relative to the 1971–2000 baseline period are presented along with the corresponding statistical robustness. In addition, we analyze time series of the projected PVpot changes. Finally, we isolate the effects of specific climatic variables on the projected PVpot changes and discuss the importance of PV energy production in Greece. Full article
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6 pages, 2199 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Reconstructing Saharan Dust–Cloud Scenes with WRF-L: Initial Evaluation of Aerosol-Aware Ice Nucleation Schemes
by Eleni Drakaki, Eleni Marinou, Amin R. Nehrir, Petros Katsafados and Vassilis Amiridis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035021 - 11 Sep 2025
Viewed by 354
Abstract
This study explores the role of mineral dust in ice nucleation using WRF-L model simulations during the ASKOS-ESA and CPEX-CV campaigns (Cabo Verde, 2022). Numerical experiments are carried out to examine dust impacts and secondary ice production via the Hallett–Mossop process. The results [...] Read more.
This study explores the role of mineral dust in ice nucleation using WRF-L model simulations during the ASKOS-ESA and CPEX-CV campaigns (Cabo Verde, 2022). Numerical experiments are carried out to examine dust impacts and secondary ice production via the Hallett–Mossop process. The results show variability in ice and liquid water paths, with the modeled aerosol optical depth aligning well with AERONET data. A case study of 15 September 2022 reveals notable cloud structure differences in aerosol-aware simulations. These findings can inform future LES simulations with assimilated aerosol fields and radar comparisons, emphasizing the importance of accurately representing aerosol–cloud interactions in atmospheric models. Full article
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6 pages, 4375 KB  
Proceeding Paper
BIOASTY: Sustainable Urban Design for Climate Resilience
by Athena G. Progiou, Iliana Polychroni, Marina Panagiota P. Nastou, Ioannis Charalampopoulos, Charilaos Benetatos, Antonis Gkikas, Christos Spyrou, Stavros Solomos, Konstantinos Eleftheratos, Stelios Zerefos and Panagiotis T. Nastos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035022 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 274
Abstract
Climate change has led to the development of adaptation strategies at national, regional, and local levels. However, these interventions are often implemented without a strategic focus, either overlooking areas with the most urgent needs or failing to optimize efficiency at the local scale. [...] Read more.
Climate change has led to the development of adaptation strategies at national, regional, and local levels. However, these interventions are often implemented without a strategic focus, either overlooking areas with the most urgent needs or failing to optimize efficiency at the local scale. BIOASTY aims to address this gap. The project’s primary objective was to assess thermal comfort in various urban environments using high-resolution modeling and propose targeted interventions to enhance thermal conditions. The final outcome was an operational system with comprehensive action protocols applicable to the city of Tripolis, Greece, strengthening urban resilience under different climate change scenarios. Full article
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6 pages, 948 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Studying the Pre-Industrial to Present-Day Effective Radiative Forcing from Wildfire Emissions Using EC-Earth
by Rafaila-Nikola Mourgela, Iulian-Alin Roșu, Eirini Boleti, Manolis P. Petrakis, Konstantinos Seiradakis, Angelos Gkouvousis, Philippe Le Sager, Klaus Wyser, Bingqing Zhang, Pengfei Liu and Apostolos Voulgarakis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035023 - 10 Sep 2025
Viewed by 247
Abstract
The current study focuses on the interconnection between wildfires and the atmosphere and more precisely on the radiative effect of wildfire emissions on a global scale. Specifically, the effective radiative forcing (ERF) of present-day wildfire emissions relative to pre-industrial conditions is determined. Atmosphere-only [...] Read more.
The current study focuses on the interconnection between wildfires and the atmosphere and more precisely on the radiative effect of wildfire emissions on a global scale. Specifically, the effective radiative forcing (ERF) of present-day wildfire emissions relative to pre-industrial conditions is determined. Atmosphere-only simulations were performed using EC-Earth3, and three wildfire-emission datasets were introduced: BB4CMIP6 and two reconstructed alternatives, one derived from the BB4CMIP6 dataset and one derived from the fire model LPJ-LMfire. Our simulations indicate that the main drivers of ERF are the changes in cloud cover and surface albedo caused by the present-day wildfire emissions. Full article
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6 pages, 905 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Economic Costs Associated with the Adverse Health Effects of PM10 and O3 Health over the Greater Athens Area, Greece, for the Period 2001–2019
by Kleopatra Ntourou, Kyriaki-Maria Fameli, Christos Tsitsis, Theodoros Papachristos, Konstantinos Moustris and Nikolaos M. Manousakis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035024 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 348
Abstract
Air pollution imposes significant economic burdens due to its adverse health effects. This study estimates the economic cost of premature mortality from PM10 and ground-level O3 exposure in the Greater Athens Area (2001–2019), using the value of statistical life and willingness-to-pay [...] Read more.
Air pollution imposes significant economic burdens due to its adverse health effects. This study estimates the economic cost of premature mortality from PM10 and ground-level O3 exposure in the Greater Athens Area (2001–2019), using the value of statistical life and willingness-to-pay methods. Despite low PM10 levels in 2011, rising O3 concentrations from 2015–2019 correlated with increased cardiorespiratory mortality costs. The average cost reached €1253 million per 100,000 people. Results suggest air pollution mortality costs follow Gross Domestic Product (GDP) trends, underscoring the economic and public health value of improving air quality. Full article
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7 pages, 1273 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Impacts of Wildfires on the Global Atmosphere: Multi-Year Simulations Using a Range of Emissions Datasets
by Konstantina Paraskevopoulou, Chrysoula Vamvakaki, Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Rafaila-Nikola Mourgela, Manolis P. Petrakis, Konstantinos Seiradakis and Apostolos Voulgarakis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035025 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 404
Abstract
Our study focuses on investigating the present-day influence of wildfires on the global atmosphere. To achieve this, we utilized four observational biomass burning (BB) emissions datasets for present-day simulations employing the TM5 Chemical Transport Model (CTM). To assess how different emissions estimates influence [...] Read more.
Our study focuses on investigating the present-day influence of wildfires on the global atmosphere. To achieve this, we utilized four observational biomass burning (BB) emissions datasets for present-day simulations employing the TM5 Chemical Transport Model (CTM). To assess how different emissions estimates influence the model’s ability to simulate the atmosphere, we compared the following datasets over the period 2003–2015: GFED4s, GFASv1.2, FEERv1.0-G1.2 and QFEDv2.6r1. Our study aims to investigate the role of wildfires in affecting important trace gases and aerosols. Their impact on atmospheric composition and their interactions with solar radiation affect the radiative balance at the Earth’s surface and, consequently, temperature trends in the troposphere. Full article
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7 pages, 1828 KB  
Proceeding Paper
An Evolution of Climate in Greece by the Johansson, Kerner and Pinna Indices
by Athina Kiorouktsidou, Fotoula Droulia and Ioannis Charalampopoulos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035026 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 391
Abstract
To analyze the climatic evolution of Greece, the ERA5-Land dataset, providing high spatial (~9 km) and temporal (daily) resolution, was utilized. Since the dataset comes from reanalysis (surface, satellite, and radiosonde measurements assimilated with the forecast model), it is ideal for assessing atmospheric [...] Read more.
To analyze the climatic evolution of Greece, the ERA5-Land dataset, providing high spatial (~9 km) and temporal (daily) resolution, was utilized. Since the dataset comes from reanalysis (surface, satellite, and radiosonde measurements assimilated with the forecast model), it is ideal for assessing atmospheric variations. Input parameters were used to calculate the Johansson, Kerner, and Pinna climatic indices during the 1964–1993 and 1994–2023 periods. Along with the spatial distribution of the indices for each time interval, the spatial statistics related to the phytogeographical regions of Greece were also demonstrated. The results indicate a clear shift in the climate’s characterization by more “Continental” and more “Moderate Dry” classes, mostly in inland parts of the country. Outcomes involving the mapping material along with spatial statistics data may shed light on the spatial and temporal changes in the climate over the Greek peninsula. Full article
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6 pages, 1569 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Extreme Storm over the Cyclades on 31 March 2025: The Role of Warmer Sea Surface Temperatures in the Intensification of the Event
by Theodoros H. Kondilis and Sotirios T. Arsenis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035027 - 12 Sep 2025
Viewed by 527
Abstract
On 31 March 2025, a severe thunderstorm system affected the Cyclades region, causing extensive flash floods on the islands of Paros and Mykonos and leading to significant material damage. This study investigates the meteorological characteristics of the event and focuses on the potential [...] Read more.
On 31 March 2025, a severe thunderstorm system affected the Cyclades region, causing extensive flash floods on the islands of Paros and Mykonos and leading to significant material damage. This study investigates the meteorological characteristics of the event and focuses on the potential role of elevated sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in intensifying the storm’s severity. The analysis is centered on the broader Aegean region (geographic extent: 41.25° N, 21.83° E to 34.30° N, 28.51° E), utilizing ERA5 reanalysis data from ECMWF. These data provide high-resolution information on the atmospheric and ocean surface conditions during the event. The primary research objective is to explore how warmer SSTs may have contributed to enhanced moisture in the lower troposphere and increased energy availability for convective storm development. The theoretical background and a preliminary data exploration suggest that elevated SSTs likely favored increased evaporation, enhanced low-level moisture transport, and greater atmospheric instability, leading to the development of deep convective clouds. This, in turn, may have intensified precipitation rates and elevated the flood risk. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind such extreme weather events, particularly in island environments, and to explore the sea’s potential catalytic role under a changing climate. Full article
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6 pages, 6072 KB  
Proceeding Paper
ClimateHub: Seasonal to Decadal Predictions for National Renewable Energy Management
by Stergios Kartsios, Stergios Misios, Platon Patlakas, Konstantinos Varotsos, Ioanna Mavropoulou, Thanos Kourantos, Ilias Fountoulakis, Antonis Gkikas, Stavros Solomos, Ioannis Kapsomenakis, Dimitra Kouklaki, Eleni Marinou, Dimitris Bliziotis, Nikos Sergis, Dimitris Vallianatos, Stavroula Papatheochari, Christos Giannakopoulos, Prodromos Zanis, Vassilis Amiridis and Christos Zerefos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035028 - 15 Sep 2025
Viewed by 530
Abstract
ClimateHub, the National Collaboration Programme (NCP) in Greece aims at delivering innovative services to national authorities regulating the energy sector by developing climate-based tools and services building on the C3S experience. As a service provider, ClimateHub fills the knowledge and service gap on [...] Read more.
ClimateHub, the National Collaboration Programme (NCP) in Greece aims at delivering innovative services to national authorities regulating the energy sector by developing climate-based tools and services building on the C3S experience. As a service provider, ClimateHub fills the knowledge and service gap on climate information at time scales exceeding the typical weather forecast. Through a co-design approach, ClimateHub has identified three applications where public authorities have virtually no access to climate-related impacts on the renewable energy sources (RES) sector at seasonal and decadal time scales, (a) energy demand, (b) solar power and (c) wind power. This study addresses the performance of ECWMF SEAS5 seasonal and the CMCC-CM2-SR5 decadal prediction systems over Greece, for near-surface temperature. Full article
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6 pages, 1272 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Future Projections in Agricultural Drought Characteristics for Greece Under Different Climate Change Scenarios
by Alkiviadis Kalisoras, Aristeidis K. Georgoulias, Dimitris Akritidis and Prodromos Zanis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035029 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 345
Abstract
Changes in agricultural drought frequency (DF), duration (DD) and severity (DS) in Greece are investigated based on 11 high-resolution EURO-CORDEX regional climate model simulations covering the period 1971–2100 under three different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) with the use of the [...] Read more.
Changes in agricultural drought frequency (DF), duration (DD) and severity (DS) in Greece are investigated based on 11 high-resolution EURO-CORDEX regional climate model simulations covering the period 1971–2100 under three different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) with the use of the SPI and SPEI. Increases in DF, DD and DS are more prominent in the 2071–2100 period under RCP8.5. Central and southern Greece, the Aegean islands and Crete experience the largest increases under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Under RCP2.6, changes in DD and DS are less pronounced, especially over northern Greece. Full article
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6 pages, 285 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A Verification Procedure for Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts
by Dimitra Boucouvala and David McCooey
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035030 - 15 Sep 2025
Viewed by 301
Abstract
Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAFs) and long TAFs are issued by forecasters in the Hellenic National Meteorological Service for the upcoming 9 or 24 h respectively, for all airports to aid in flight planning. The most important predicted parameters are wind speed and direction, [...] Read more.
Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAFs) and long TAFs are issued by forecasters in the Hellenic National Meteorological Service for the upcoming 9 or 24 h respectively, for all airports to aid in flight planning. The most important predicted parameters are wind speed and direction, weather phenomena, and visibility. A verification procedure comparing TAFs to Meteorological Aerodrome Reports (METARs) can be helpful for improving the skills of forecasters. To this end, software was developed to read the raw format structure of TAFs and METARs and compare them. The wind speed and direction for each forecast hour are verified according to thresholds specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and a summary is produced, showing correct, overestimated, and underestimated percentages. A weather phenomenon, such as rain (RA) or thunderstorm (TSRA), is usually given inside a probability time window in a TAF (e.g., PROB40 TEMPO RA). In such a case, the occurrence or absence of the phenomenon and its frequency inside the time window are considered when determining the forecaster’s skill (correct, false alarm, or miss), evaluated using categorical indices such as POD, ETS, and FAR over a number of TAFs. A similar procedure is carried out for visibility range intervals. In this study, verification was performed for a test period of January 2023 for 14 Greek airports. Results indicate generally good performance in predicting wind speed and direction, and also demonstrate the TAFs accuracy in detecting phenomena like rain, although with a notable tendency for false alarms. A systematic tendency to underestimate actual visibility, especially inside TEMPO statements is observed. Full article
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6 pages, 928 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Forecasting of the Capacity Factor of a Photovoltaic System Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Modeling
by Victoras Jbeily, Konstantinos Moustris and Georgios Spyropoulos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035031 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 298
Abstract
Accurate forecasting of the Capacity Factor (CF) of Photovoltaic (PV) systems is vital for optimizing energy output, grid stability, and economic performance. This study applies Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling in the MATLAB environment, using seven years (2018–2024) of data from the Renewables.ninja [...] Read more.
Accurate forecasting of the Capacity Factor (CF) of Photovoltaic (PV) systems is vital for optimizing energy output, grid stability, and economic performance. This study applies Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling in the MATLAB environment, using seven years (2018–2024) of data from the Renewables.ninja open database, for Athens, Greece. Inputs include meteorological parameters, irradiance patterns, and system performance. The models are evaluated for prediction accuracy, computational efficiency, and adaptability. Results show that ANN modeling significantly improves CF forecasts, offering critical insights for energy planners and stakeholders, and supporting data-driven strategies in sustainable energy management and grid planning. Full article
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8 pages, 2177 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Assessing Urban Greening Strategies to Mitigate Heatwave Impacts in Greater Athens Metropolitan Area, Greece
by Christina Kalogeri, Marika Koukoula, Pantelis M. Saviolakis, Pavlos Batsios, Christos Spyrou and Petros Katsafados
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035032 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
As cities grow, natural surfaces are replaced by heat-retaining materials, raising urban temperatures and intensifying heatwave impacts. The present study investigates the effectiveness of urban greening strategies, including green roofs, street vegetation and metropolitan parks, in enhancing climate resilience in Athens, a coastal [...] Read more.
As cities grow, natural surfaces are replaced by heat-retaining materials, raising urban temperatures and intensifying heatwave impacts. The present study investigates the effectiveness of urban greening strategies, including green roofs, street vegetation and metropolitan parks, in enhancing climate resilience in Athens, a coastal Mediterranean city characterized by complex heatwave dynamics. The strategies were evaluated through simulations using the WRF model coupled with the BEP-BEM urban canopy model and a detailed land-cover map that is uses the 11 urban Local Climate Zones (LCZ) categories (CLIMPACT) tailored for Athens. Simulations focused on a significant heatwave event that affected the region in 2021 assessed the thermal impacts of the different greening scenarios. Results show that expanding green areas reduces peak temperatures and modifies local thermal circulations, highlighting the potential of greening in mitigating urban heat island effects. Full article
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6 pages, 1365 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and Ice Nucleating Particles (INP) Conversion Factors Based on Thessaloniki and Leipzig AERONET Stations Using CALIPSO Aerosol Typing
by Archontoula Karageorgopoulou, Vassilis Amiridis, Thanasis Georgiou, Eleni Marinou and Eleni Giannakaki
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035033 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 285
Abstract
An analysis was conducted using AERONET Inversion Data at Thessaloniki and Leipzig stations. Aerosol type plays a vital role in determining their ability to act as CCN or INP, as properties such as chemical composition, morphology, and particle size influence their hygroscopic and [...] Read more.
An analysis was conducted using AERONET Inversion Data at Thessaloniki and Leipzig stations. Aerosol type plays a vital role in determining their ability to act as CCN or INP, as properties such as chemical composition, morphology, and particle size influence their hygroscopic and ice-nucleating behavior. The CALIPSO mission provides global aerosol classification with vertical resolution by using backscatter intensity and depolarization ratio measurements. Aerosol typing from CALIPSO overpasses within 100 km of each selected AERONET station was used. Only pure aerosol cases (dust, polluted continental, smoke) were selected. This study combines AERONET-derived microphysical properties with CALIPSO aerosol classification to estimate particle number concentrations relevant for CCN and INP formation. The aim is to derive improved conversion factors for each aerosol type, enabling their application in future CCN and INP concentration profiles. Full article
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7 pages, 973 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Compound Climate Extremes Impacts on Cultural Heritage: The Case of Open Ancient Theatres in Greece
by Marina-Panagiota Nastou and Stelios Zerefos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035034 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 283
Abstract
Climate change is an ongoing threat to heritage assets with compound climate extremes. Risk assessment and vulnerability approach show the consistent deterioration of ancient monuments. This study focuses on the open-air Greek theatre, a recognizable structure with cultural values and exposed to the [...] Read more.
Climate change is an ongoing threat to heritage assets with compound climate extremes. Risk assessment and vulnerability approach show the consistent deterioration of ancient monuments. This study focuses on the open-air Greek theatre, a recognizable structure with cultural values and exposed to the climatic conditions. The methodology of this study is the collection of historical meteorological data from weather stations to assess the frequency and impacts of warm–wet, warm–dry, cold–wet, and cold–dry climate extremes on these structures. Climate historic documentation indicates an increasing frequency of these compound extremes, intensifying the structural degradation. Heritage management should include the mitigation–adaptation strategy based on the climate data and the assessment of climate change challenges for the protection of heritage and, in particular, of Greek open-air theatres. Full article
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6 pages, 1492 KB  
Proceeding Paper
First Results of Strategic Infrastructure Project CYGMEN: Cyprus GNSS Meteorology Enhancement
by Christina Oikonomou, Haris Haralambous, Despina Giannadaki, Filippos Tymvios, Demetris Charalambous, Vassiliki Kotroni, Konstantinos Lagouvardos and Eleftherios Loizou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035035 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 293
Abstract
The CYGMEN (Cyprus GNSS Meteorology Enhancement) infrastructure project aims to establish a meteorological cluster (CyMETEO) in Cyprus of a lightning detection network, a dense GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network for atmospheric water vapor estimation, a Radar Wind Profiler, and a microwave radiometer. [...] Read more.
The CYGMEN (Cyprus GNSS Meteorology Enhancement) infrastructure project aims to establish a meteorological cluster (CyMETEO) in Cyprus of a lightning detection network, a dense GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network for atmospheric water vapor estimation, a Radar Wind Profiler, and a microwave radiometer. Additionally, observational data generated by CyMETEO infrastructure will be assimilated into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with the aim of improving short-term weather forecasting. The preliminary results of precipitable water vapor (PWV) estimation by employing (a) a GNSS network, (b) a microwave radiometer, (c) radiosonde, and (d) ERA5 reanalysis datasets over the Athalassas super-site in Nicosia, during May 2025, are intercompared in this study. Full article
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8 pages, 1888 KB  
Proceeding Paper
AtmoHub: A National Atmospheric Composition Hub for Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting in Greece
by Anna Kampouri, Stergios Kartsios, Thanos Kourantos, Maria Tsichla, Kalliopi Artemis Voudouri, Anna Gialitaki, Thanasis Georgiou, Eleni Drakaki, Marios Mermigkas, Vassilis Spyrakos and Vassilis Amiridis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035036 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 317
Abstract
AtmoHub, the Greek Copernicus National Collaboration Programme (NCP) gateway, delivers daily air quality forecasts aligned with the EC Air Quality Directives and provides in situ measurements for key pollutants (NO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5, SO2), as well as [...] Read more.
AtmoHub, the Greek Copernicus National Collaboration Programme (NCP) gateway, delivers daily air quality forecasts aligned with the EC Air Quality Directives and provides in situ measurements for key pollutants (NO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5, SO2), as well as insights into environmental phenomena such as pollen dispersion, smoke, volcanic activity, and dust transport. To address a previous lack of coordinated atmospheric services in Greece, it utilizes the WRF-Chem model for downscaling CAMS data. Offering hourly forecasts at 5 km resolution, AtmoHub supports researchers, authorities, and the public, promoting climate resilience and informed air quality management through a centralized, accessible platform. Full article
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7 pages, 916 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Orographic Effect’s Correlation with Convection During a Low-Pressure System Passage over Greece in September 2023
by Sotirios T. Arsenis, Ioannis Samos and Panagiotis T. Nastos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035037 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
Extreme rainfall events are frequently associated with regions of complex topography, where terrain-induced convergence and uplift enhance storm development. Understanding the interaction between surface relief and atmospheric dynamics is essential for improving severe weather forecasting and hazard mitigation. Storm “Daniel”, which affected Greece [...] Read more.
Extreme rainfall events are frequently associated with regions of complex topography, where terrain-induced convergence and uplift enhance storm development. Understanding the interaction between surface relief and atmospheric dynamics is essential for improving severe weather forecasting and hazard mitigation. Storm “Daniel”, which affected Greece from 4–7 September 2023, produced extreme rainfall and widespread flooding in the Thessaly region—a landscape characterized by significant elevation gradients. This study investigates the spatial relationship between lightning activity and terrain elevation, aiming to assess whether deep convection was preferentially triggered over mountainous regions or followed specific orographic patterns. High-resolution elevation data (SRTM 1 Arc-Second Global DEM) were used to calculate the mean elevation around each lightning strike across four spatial scales (2 km, 5 km, 10 km, and 20 km). Statistical analysis, including correlation coefficients and third-degree polynomial regression, revealed a non-linear relationship, with a distinct peak in lightning frequency at mid-elevations (~200–400 m). These findings suggest that topographic features at local scales can significantly modulate convective initiation, likely due to a combination of mechanical uplift and favorable thermodynamic conditions. The study integrates geospatial techniques and statistical modeling to provide quantitative insights into how terrain influences the formation, location, and intensity of thunderstorms during high-impact weather events. Full article
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6 pages, 904 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Electrification of Transportation in Greece: A Study on CO2 Emission Reduction Potential and Energy Mix Implications
by Georgios Spyropoulos, Konstantinos Spyrakis, Konstantinos Moustris, Michael Mavroulidis and Irene Touralia
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035038 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
Transportation accounts for about 20% of Europe’s CO2 emissions, significantly affecting urban air quality and public health. Electric vehicles (EVs)—particularly BEVs and PHEVs—offer a solution by reducing local pollutants and noise. However, their net environmental benefit depends on the electricity generation mix. [...] Read more.
Transportation accounts for about 20% of Europe’s CO2 emissions, significantly affecting urban air quality and public health. Electric vehicles (EVs)—particularly BEVs and PHEVs—offer a solution by reducing local pollutants and noise. However, their net environmental benefit depends on the electricity generation mix. This study assesses the environmental impact of EV adoption in Greece through 2030, based on national energy targets. By comparing projected CO2 emissions from BEVs and PHEVs with those of conventional vehicles, the analysis quantifies the emissions reduction potential of EVs within the evolving Greek energy mix, emphasizing the importance of renewable energy integration. Full article
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8 pages, 2157 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A Climate Suitability Model for Olive Cultivation in Greece
by Fotoula Droulia and Ioannis Charalampopoulos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035039 - 19 Sep 2025
Viewed by 246
Abstract
To effectively adapt the agricultural sector to the threats posed by climate change, it is essential to provide tools to establish a link between climate conditions and crops. The olive is a significant crop in the Mediterranean area. Although highly acclimated, specific climatic [...] Read more.
To effectively adapt the agricultural sector to the threats posed by climate change, it is essential to provide tools to establish a link between climate conditions and crops. The olive is a significant crop in the Mediterranean area. Although highly acclimated, specific climatic and geomorphological conditions are required to achieve sufficient performance. By considering the already recorded impacts of extreme weather on the olive groves, a simple climate-suitability model is implemented to assess the feasibility of olive cultivation in diverse areas of Greece. By incorporating fundamental climatic factors (e.g., temperature, precipitation) and geomorphological elements (e.g., elevation, slope), the model generates a thematic map for Greece, allocating suitability scores corresponding to its suitability for olive farming in any area of interest. The model may be utilized as an adjustable tool for monitoring changes in climate suitability through different time scales. Full article
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6 pages, 1619 KB  
Proceeding Paper
An Analysis of the PM2.5 Concentrations from Insect Repellent Emissions Through a Bag Filter Unit
by Christos Tsitsis, Konstantinos Moustris, Kleopatra Ntourou and Angelos Laios
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035040 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 132
Abstract
This study investigates the variations in the PM2.5 particles in a baghouse filter unit under variable airflow conditions. PM2.5 emissions originate from the insect repellents commonly used in homes during warmer months, potentially affecting human health. Three low-cost sensors were installed [...] Read more.
This study investigates the variations in the PM2.5 particles in a baghouse filter unit under variable airflow conditions. PM2.5 emissions originate from the insect repellents commonly used in homes during warmer months, potentially affecting human health. Three low-cost sensors were installed at the entry, middle, and exit of the filter unit to measure the particle concentrations. Various filter combinations were tested. The findings revealed that using all filters achieved complete PM2.5 retention, while reduced filter setups led to only a partial reduction. These results offer useful insights for optimizing the design and performance of air filtration systems. Full article
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6 pages, 1314 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Evolution of the Interannual and Seasonal Variation of the Main Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants in Athens, Greece, for 2001–2023
by Theodora Stavraka, John Kapsomenakis, Anastasia Poupkou, Kostas Douvis and Pavlos Kalabokas
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035041 - 19 Sep 2025
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Abstract
The densely populated city of Athens has been facing air pollution problems over the past few decades due to the high population density associated with an intense emission load constrained by the local topography causing poor ventilation. In this study, the evolution of [...] Read more.
The densely populated city of Athens has been facing air pollution problems over the past few decades due to the high population density associated with an intense emission load constrained by the local topography causing poor ventilation. In this study, the evolution of the interannual and seasonal variation in primary and secondary gaseous as well as particulate urban air pollution in Athens was examined for the 2001–2023 period and for the following pollution parameters: SO2, CO, NO2, NOx (NO + NO2), O3, Ox (O3 + NO2), PM10, and PM2.5. For this purpose, the annual and monthly averages from the Athens air pollution monitoring stations of Peireas (SO2, CO, NO2, NOx), Patission (SO2, CO, NO2, NOx), Aristotelous (PM10, PM2.5), Lykovrissi (PM10, PM2.5, O3, Ox), and Liossia (O3, Ox) in the selected periods of 2001–2004 and 2020–2023 were examined. There was a clear reduction in most air pollution parameters at all stations during the period examined, relative to the average values. The ozone and Ox values, presenting a high interannual variability, remained generally unchanged. The smallest reductions are observed for NO2 and NOX (about −10% to −20%), while the highest reductions are observed for SO2, CO, and PM10 (about −50% to −60%). The change in pollutant concentrations for every month of the year between the 2001–2004 and 2020–2023 time periods is also examined, and the observed seasonal differences are discussed. Full article
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6 pages, 2357 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Mitigation Measures Towards Net Zero Carbon Emissions
by Antigoni Voudouri, Kyriaki Metheniti and Athanasios Oikonomou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035042 - 22 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Climate change is inducing new and increasing existing hazards that can cascade from one system or region to another affecting communities, ecosystems and various sectors of the economy. In 2022 Greece has incorporated the national climate law describing climate actions on mitigation and [...] Read more.
Climate change is inducing new and increasing existing hazards that can cascade from one system or region to another affecting communities, ecosystems and various sectors of the economy. In 2022 Greece has incorporated the national climate law describing climate actions on mitigation and adaptation, introducing strategies and outlining key priorities and commitments of the country. Moreover, under article 20 of the national climate law, it is declared that it is mandatory for enterprises and public bodies to calculate their carbon footprint and publish a carbon footprint report in which mitigation actions and measures are also summarized. Reports collected within the first 2 years of the implementation of the law have been reviewed and data extracted are discussed in this work. A clear reduction of the total carbon footprint is evident in most sectors of Greek economy. Policy recommendations to enhance not only regulatory but also voluntary compliance and ensure progress towards the 2050 net-zero carbon emissions target are also outlined. Full article
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7 pages, 2334 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Application of LiDAR Remote Sensing for Aerosol Monitoring: Case Studies in Cyprus and Greece
by Chara Malesi, Elina Giannakaki and Ourania Soupiona
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035043 - 22 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols impact environmental quality and health, requiring accurate quantification. This study employed the PMeye scanning LiDAR, a UV system operating at 355 nm by Raymetrics S.A. for continuous, high-resolution monitoring in two campaigns: May 2024 (Vasilikos Power Station, Cyprus) and June 2024 [...] Read more.
Atmospheric aerosols impact environmental quality and health, requiring accurate quantification. This study employed the PMeye scanning LiDAR, a UV system operating at 355 nm by Raymetrics S.A. for continuous, high-resolution monitoring in two campaigns: May 2024 (Vasilikos Power Station, Cyprus) and June 2024 (Port of Piraeus, Greece). Measurement days with dust presence were selected via AERONET-based aerosol classification and validated using a SKIRON model. A novel horizontal scanning method at 355 nm distinguished dust from anthropogenic emissions. Results showed higher pollution in Cyprus (~500 μg/m3) due to dust and chimney emissions, versus ~150 μg/m3 in Piraeus from dust and ship exhausts. Full article
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6 pages, 1249 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Assessment of Biometeorological Conditions in the Ancient Olive Grove Campus of the University of West Attica
by Christos Roumeliotis, Konstantinos Moustris, Georgios Spyropoulos, Michalis Mavroulidis and Irini Touralia
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035044 - 24 Sep 2025
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Abstract
This study assesses the biometeorological conditions in the Ancient Olive Grove Campus of the University of West Attica, near central Athens, to evaluate human thermal comfort in an urban green space. Hourly calculations of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and HUMIDEX were [...] Read more.
This study assesses the biometeorological conditions in the Ancient Olive Grove Campus of the University of West Attica, near central Athens, to evaluate human thermal comfort in an urban green space. Hourly calculations of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and HUMIDEX were performed using BioKlima 2.6, based on data from the campus meteorological station (DAVIS Vantage Pro 2), covering July 2022 to April 2024. Results show diverse thermal comfort-discomfort conditions, with more extremes in warmer months. The study highlights how microclimatic factors influence thermal perception, supporting efforts to design climate-adaptive, user-friendly urban environments with historical and ecological value. Full article
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6 pages, 2980 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Cooling Urban Municipalities Through Sustainable Microclimate Interventions: The Case of Kallithea in the Greater Athens Area
by Thomas Stavropoulos, Elissavet Feloni, Chrysovalanti-Charikleia Prokopiadi, Maria Sklia, George Hloupis and Panagiotis T. Nastos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035045 - 25 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Urbanization and intensified human activity have significantly impacted city climates, amplifying the urban heat island effect and increasing thermal stress on residents. This study focuses on the design of a pocket park in the Municipality of Kallithea as a targeted bioclimatic intervention. Through [...] Read more.
Urbanization and intensified human activity have significantly impacted city climates, amplifying the urban heat island effect and increasing thermal stress on residents. This study focuses on the design of a pocket park in the Municipality of Kallithea as a targeted bioclimatic intervention. Through the integration of on-site microclimate measurements, GIS mapping, and 2D design tools, the research evaluates key bioclimatic indicators to inform climate-responsive design strategies. Proposed solutions include the use of cool materials, reflective surfaces, permeable pavements, and water features to enhance natural ventilation and mitigate surface temperatures. The project demonstrates how small-scale green infrastructure can improve thermal comfort in dense urban areas while supporting sustainability goals. By highlighting the potential of localized interventions, the study contributes to the broader discourse on urban resilience and the role of bioclimatic planning in creating healthier, more livable cities. Full article
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6 pages, 649 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Meteorology in Aratus’ Phaenomena
by Dorotheos Evaggelos Aggelis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035046 - 25 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Aratus’ poem Phaenomena, and particularly its second part commonly known as Diosemeia (Signs from Zeus), offers a compelling blend of poetic narrative and proto-scientific observation. Composed in the 3rd century B.C., the work reflects the Hellenistic interest in systematizing knowledge of the natural [...] Read more.
Aratus’ poem Phaenomena, and particularly its second part commonly known as Diosemeia (Signs from Zeus), offers a compelling blend of poetic narrative and proto-scientific observation. Composed in the 3rd century B.C., the work reflects the Hellenistic interest in systematizing knowledge of the natural world through both literary and empirical means. Within its verses, meteorological phenomena such as clouds, rain, hail, winds, and atmospheric changes are not merely described but interpreted through a cosmological lens that reflects the worldview of the era. Aratus Solensis employs a poetic language that transforms everyday weather into a meaningful sequence of signs tied to divine order and celestial cycles providing in that way a kind of classified weather prognostics. Full article
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7 pages, 1385 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Evaluating Climate Change Risks for Greek Tourism Destinations: A Bioclimatic Approach
by Panagiotis T. Nastos, John Kapsomenakis and Christos S. Zerefos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035047 - 26 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Tourism in Greece is directly influenced by bioclimatic conditions, with thermal comfort being a key determinant of destination suitability. This study quantifies projected changes in outdoor thermal stress across 25 representative Greek tourism locations using the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) index. The analysis [...] Read more.
Tourism in Greece is directly influenced by bioclimatic conditions, with thermal comfort being a key determinant of destination suitability. This study quantifies projected changes in outdoor thermal stress across 25 representative Greek tourism locations using the Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) index. The analysis employs daily outputs from four EURO-CORDEX regional climate model simulations at ~11 km spatial resolution, covering the period 1970–2100 under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5). Predominant PET classes were derived for a reference period (1971–2000) and two future horizons (2031–2060, 2071–2100) to evaluate the spatiotemporal evolution of thermal comfort. The results reveal a consistent upward shift toward higher PET classes, indicating intensifying thermal stress. During the baseline, moderate to strong heat stress (29–35 °C) dominated summer months, with cold stress (<8 °C) restricted to northern and high-altitude stations. By mid-century, even under RCP2.6, summer PET values increasingly exceed 35–41 °C, while RCP8.5 simulations show the first occurrence of extreme PET (>41 °C). By late century, RCP2.6 stabilizes heat stress, whereas RCP4.5 exhibits widespread dominance of strong stress classes and elimination of cold stress. Under RCP8.5, July–August are uniformly categorized as extreme (>41 °C) across nearly all stations, and transitional months shift toward high stress, leading to a homogenization of summer conditions. These findings underscore the high sensitivity of Greek tourism destinations to climate change, highlighting both the critical benefits of global emissions mitigation and the urgent need for locally tailored adaptation strategies. Full article
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8 pages, 705 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Variation in Discomfort Indices in Athens, Greece, for the Period from 1901 to 2024
by Basil E. Psiloglou, Nikolas Gkinis and Christos Giannakopoulos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035048 - 25 Sep 2025
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Abstract
This study investigates long-term thermal discomfort trends in central Athens, from 1901 to 2024, using hourly data from Thissio station. Two widely used indices, Thom’s Discomfort Index and Humidex, assess human thermal sensation. Results indicate a significant increase in thermal discomfort, extending from [...] Read more.
This study investigates long-term thermal discomfort trends in central Athens, from 1901 to 2024, using hourly data from Thissio station. Two widely used indices, Thom’s Discomfort Index and Humidex, assess human thermal sensation. Results indicate a significant increase in thermal discomfort, extending from June to September, especially during recent decades. Since 1980, days with severe discomfort have more than doubled compared to early 20th century years. In July and August, such days often exceed 20–25, especially after 2000. These findings highlight growing heat-related stress in Athens’ urban environment and underscore the need for climate adaptation strategies in Mediterranean cities. Full article
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4 pages, 995 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Successive Hours of Heat Stress in Athens Based on the Universal Thermal Climate Index (1960–2024)
by Dimitra Founda and George Katavoutas
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035049 - 26 Sep 2025
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Abstract
The study explores long-term changes in the maximum number of consecutive hours per day of heat-related discomfort in Athens over the period 1960–2024, using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). This index includes a four-category scale to represent heat stress intensity, ranging from [...] Read more.
The study explores long-term changes in the maximum number of consecutive hours per day of heat-related discomfort in Athens over the period 1960–2024, using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). This index includes a four-category scale to represent heat stress intensity, ranging from ‘moderate’ to ‘extreme’, as part of its broader multi-category classification system. The analysis indicated a clear increase in the frequency of days with a large number of consecutive discomfort hours over the past decades. Almost 70% of the total number of days with 11 consecutive hours under at least ‘strong heat stress’ and 7 consecutive hours under at least ‘very strong heat stress’ were detected after the year 2000. Full article
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6 pages, 1858 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Precipitation Nowcasting with Weather Radar and Lightning Data Assimilation
by John Kalogiros, Panagiotis Portalakis, Nikolaos Roukounakis, Dimitrios Katsanos and Adrianos Retalis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035050 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Assimilation of weather radar data, as well as additional data like lightning data, in high-resolution weather forecast models is a promising method to improve short-term forecasting (nowcasting) of flash-flood events. A data assimilation system based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model is [...] Read more.
Assimilation of weather radar data, as well as additional data like lightning data, in high-resolution weather forecast models is a promising method to improve short-term forecasting (nowcasting) of flash-flood events. A data assimilation system based on the Weather Research and Forecasting model is used in this study, with radar reflectivity and radial velocity data collected with X-band Doppler polarimetric radar in the area of Athens, Greece, and lightning observations obtained from a lightning detection network covering Greece. Radar data are assimilated with the four-dimensional variational method, which includes a full-hydrometeor assimilation scheme, in a nested domain of the model with a resolution of 3 km. Humidity, vertical velocity and horizontal wind divergence profiles estimated from lightning data are assimilated with a three-dimensional variation method in the parent domain of the model with a resolution of 9 km. The results from a case study are presented to show the effect of assimilating each type of data. Full article
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11 pages, 3446 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Multi-Source Observational Evidence for Cloud Seeding Potential in Cyprus
by Michalis Sioutas, Adam Brainard, Youssef Wehbe, Darin Langerud and Bruce Boe
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035051 - 26 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Cyprus faces mounting pressure on freshwater resources from climate change, recurrent drought, and rising demand. This study evaluates the feasibility of a rain enhancement program through cloud seeding, integrating long-term rain gauge records (1991–2024), lightning climatology (2021–2025), and local X-band weather radar data [...] Read more.
Cyprus faces mounting pressure on freshwater resources from climate change, recurrent drought, and rising demand. This study evaluates the feasibility of a rain enhancement program through cloud seeding, integrating long-term rain gauge records (1991–2024), lightning climatology (2021–2025), and local X-band weather radar data (30 October 2024–4 January 2025) to quantify the frequency and characteristics of seedable clouds. Rain gauge analysis shows mean monthly rainfall exceeding 20 mm during October to April, with up to 16 rainfall events per month, indicating ample seeding opportunities. Lightning records show between 40–60 annual average thunderstorm occurrences, peaking in December (~10 days) along the Troodos Mountains in the central region and Limassol-Akrotiri in the south. Radar data analysis confirms the presence of both glaciogenic (≥25 dBZ at 5 km MSL) and hygroscopic (≥10 dBZ with ≥4 km depth) seedable cloud structures, with hotspots over the Troodos orography, southern plains, and maritime inflow zone. The combined results support the viability of an initial 7-month (October–April) cloud seeding program demonstration, integrated within a scientific framework, as a complementary and cost-effective freshwater augmentation tool for Cyprus. Full article
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6 pages, 1268 KB  
Proceeding Paper
The Role of the Hellenic Police in the Management of Natural Disasters: Legislative Framework
by Isidora Gerontiotou, Panagiotis Nastos, Athanasios A. Argiriou and Leonidas Maroudas
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035052 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 187
Abstract
This study investigates the involvement of the Hellenic Police in the management of natural disasters. The legislation governing police participation in disaster management in Greece is based on the general framework of civil protection policy, outlining the responsibilities assigned to various agencies for [...] Read more.
This study investigates the involvement of the Hellenic Police in the management of natural disasters. The legislation governing police participation in disaster management in Greece is based on the general framework of civil protection policy, outlining the responsibilities assigned to various agencies for handling emergency situations. The role of the Hellenic Police is particularly significant and proactive in both the prevention and management of natural disasters, with specific responsibilities and duties. Key areas of Hellenic Police involvement in disaster management include the following: 1. prevention and public awareness; 2. risk identification and management; 3. evacuation of areas, organized removal and relocation of citizens and traffic management; 4. cooperation and coordination with other authorities and services; 5. support for rescue teams; and 6. security and order in affected areas. Full article
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7 pages, 1975 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Assessing the Impact of Land Use Changes on Regional Climate over Europe
by Sofia Eirini Paschou, Stergios Kartsios and Eleni Katragkou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035053 - 27 Sep 2025
Viewed by 250
Abstract
Anthropogenic alterations of the land surface through activities such as agriculture, forestry and urban development represent important human-induced forcings on the Earth’s climate system. This study, conducted in the framework of the UpClim project, employs the non-hydrostatic WRF-ARW v4.5.1 model forced by ERA5 [...] Read more.
Anthropogenic alterations of the land surface through activities such as agriculture, forestry and urban development represent important human-induced forcings on the Earth’s climate system. This study, conducted in the framework of the UpClim project, employs the non-hydrostatic WRF-ARW v4.5.1 model forced by ERA5 reanalysis data to assess the impact of land use changes (LUCs) on the European climate. The study aims to quantify the effects of LUCs over the EURO-CORDEX domain at 0.11° resolution during 1980–1985 by comparing simulations with transient land use forcing against a control run with static land use. Full article
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8 pages, 1515 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Forest Fires in Cyprus Using Earth Observation and Climate Data
by Maria Prodromou, Stella Girtsou, George Leventis, Georgia Charalampous, Alexis Apostolakis, Marios Tzouvaras, Christodoulos Mettas, Giorgos Giannopoulos, Charalampos Kontoes and Diofantos Hadjimitsis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035054 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 322
Abstract
Wildfire detection remains a critical challenge for authorities, with human activity being the leading cause. The historical conditions prevailing in burned forest areas require a comprehensive analysis at both the environmental and anthropogenic levels. This study presents a multidimensional dataset comprising data from [...] Read more.
Wildfire detection remains a critical challenge for authorities, with human activity being the leading cause. The historical conditions prevailing in burned forest areas require a comprehensive analysis at both the environmental and anthropogenic levels. This study presents a multidimensional dataset comprising data from 2008 to 2024 and integrating Earth observation data and anthropogenic, environmental, meteorological, topographic, and fire-related features. This study evaluates, through time series analysis, the impact of climate trends such as increased temperature in comparison with anthropogenic activities such as deliberate fires. Time series analysis reveals that although climatic conditions with increased temperature and reduced precipitation in Cyprus intensify the risk of fire, the presence of fire events is primarily due to deliberate actions. The findings of this study support national-scale fire modeling, offering a foundation for targeted prevention, early warning systems, and sustainable forest fire management strategies. Full article
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6 pages, 714 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Development of a Spatial Methodology for Minimum Temperature Estimation for Early Frost Management in Agricultural Areas of Central Macedonia
by Kostas Chronopoulos, Elias Christoforides, Athanasios Kamoutsis and Ioulia Panagiotou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035055 - 29 Sep 2025
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Abstract
This research develops a reliable methodology for estimating minimum temperature distribution in agricultural areas, focusing on frost conditions threatening crop production. The data was collected across the plain of Krya Vrysi in Central Macedonia. The approach uses linear regression equations between daily minimum [...] Read more.
This research develops a reliable methodology for estimating minimum temperature distribution in agricultural areas, focusing on frost conditions threatening crop production. The data was collected across the plain of Krya Vrysi in Central Macedonia. The approach uses linear regression equations between daily minimum temperatures from a central station and 12 autonomous temperature sensors with data loggers. Statistical analysis covered winter 2023–2024, with 2025 validation showing exceptional predictive capability—R2 values of 0.97–0.99 and RMSE of 0.34–0.58 °C. Spatial interpolation employed the Radial Basis Function with thin plate splines, effective for agricultural microclimatic interpolation. This methodology provides an operational frost prediction tool, enabling targeted interventions, reducing production losses and enhancing agricultural resilience. Full article
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7 pages, 1712 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Hail Measurement Characteristics in Central Macedonia—Spatial and Temporal Distribution
by Soultana Dimoutsi, Eleni Chatzi, Aikaterini Mylothropoulou, Stavroula Stolaki and Dimitra Delliou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035056 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 59
Abstract
The objective of this study is the statistical analysis of a six-year period (2019–2024) hit hailpad dataset over the area of Central Macedonia to define the temporal and spatial distributions of selected hail parameters based on hailpad network data. The maximum number of [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is the statistical analysis of a six-year period (2019–2024) hit hailpad dataset over the area of Central Macedonia to define the temporal and spatial distributions of selected hail parameters based on hailpad network data. The maximum number of hail days was recorded in June, while the maximum number of hit hailpads was recorded in April and the secondary maximum was registered in June. During the spring months, hailfalls contain hail small in size, while during the summer months, larger sizes of hail are recorded more frequently. The region most frequently affected by hail is the northwest-west part of the area, and locally, the southern part. Pea- and grape-size hail is distributed almost evenly over the whole protection area, but walnut-size hail is mainly recorded over a rather narrow strip that crosses the entire area from northwest to southeast in its central part. Full article
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7 pages, 2312 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Hail Measurement Characteristics in Central Macedonia: Relation to Radar-Derived Storm Parameters
by Eleni Chatzi, Stavroula Stolaki, Soultana Dimoutsi, Aikaterini Mylothropoulou and Dimitra Delliou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035057 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 162
Abstract
The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between hailstorm and hail intensity and describe their spatial distribution over the cultivation area of Central Macedonia, as captured by weather radar and hailpad data during six hail suppression seasons in 2019–2024. Storm [...] Read more.
The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between hailstorm and hail intensity and describe their spatial distribution over the cultivation area of Central Macedonia, as captured by weather radar and hailpad data during six hail suppression seasons in 2019–2024. Storm radar characteristics can, to some extent, predict the hail size recorded, with an apparent discrimination on radar parameters among different observed hail sizes. Multicell hailstorms are the most common hailstorm types observed, and they mostly impact the west and northwest part, while supercells, although rare, are the most destructive to the eastern part of the area. Full article
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7 pages, 1917 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Supercell Thunderstorms on September 7, 2024, in Greece: Documentation and Predictability
by Maria Christodoulou, Ioannis Tegoulias and Ioannis Pytharoulis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035058 - 30 Sep 2025
Viewed by 243
Abstract
On September 7, 2024, a deep convection event was observed in Northern and Central Greece, and based on radar data analysis, three supercells were identified. One of these, the most intense with maximum radar reflectivity of 68 dBZ, had a lifetime of almost [...] Read more.
On September 7, 2024, a deep convection event was observed in Northern and Central Greece, and based on radar data analysis, three supercells were identified. One of these, the most intense with maximum radar reflectivity of 68 dBZ, had a lifetime of almost 7 h and covered a distance of more than 200 km, producing damaging winds and large hail along its track. The goal of this study was to analyze this case using radar data and to evaluate the predictability of such a high-impact event using a numerical weather prediction model. The Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW-WRF) model was used to perform an array of simulations, and using multiple initialization times, the influence of lead time was examined. Furthermore, the dependence of the results on the choice of parameterization scheme used in the model is assessed below. The model performed satisfactorily in predicting intense storm activity, without reaching the extreme values observed by the radar. Full article
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5 pages, 1449 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Deep 3D Scattering of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere Due to Clouds-D3D
by Andreas Kazantzidis, Stavros-Andreas Logothetis, Panagiotis Tzoumanikas, Orestis Panagopoulos and Georgios Kosmopoulos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035059 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 238
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) structure of clouds is a key factor in atmospheric processes, profoundly influencing solar radiation transfer, weather patterns, and climate dynamics. However, accurately representing this complex structure in radiative transfer models remains a significant challenge. As part of the Deep 3D [...] Read more.
The three-dimensional (3D) structure of clouds is a key factor in atmospheric processes, profoundly influencing solar radiation transfer, weather patterns, and climate dynamics. However, accurately representing this complex structure in radiative transfer models remains a significant challenge. As part of the Deep 3D Scattering of Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere due to Clouds (D3D) project, we conducted a comprehensive study on the role of all-sky imagers (ASIs) in reconstructing observational 3D cloud fields and integrating them into advanced 3D cloud modeling. Since November 2022, a network of four ASIs has been operating across the broader Patras region in Greece, continuously capturing atmospheric measurements over an area of approximately 50 km2. Using simultaneously captured images from the ASIs within the network, a 3D cloud reconstruction was performed utilizing advanced image processing techniques, with a primary focus on cumulus cloud scenarios. The Structure from Motion (SfM) technique was employed to reconstruct the 3D structural characteristics of clouds from two-dimensional images. The resulting 3D cloud fields were then integrated into the MYSTIC three-dimensional radiative transfer model to simulate and reconstruct solar irradiance fields. Full article
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8 pages, 1041 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Atmospheric Circulation Processes Leading to the Generation of Halcyon Days in Athens, Greece
by Nicholas Prezerakos and Dimitris Katsanos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035060 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 280
Abstract
Halcyon days are characterized by periods of one to three or more consecutive, typically sunny and mild days, occurring during winter (from 15 December to 15 February) in Attica, the region where Athens is located. We examined meteorological data from the station of [...] Read more.
Halcyon days are characterized by periods of one to three or more consecutive, typically sunny and mild days, occurring during winter (from 15 December to 15 February) in Attica, the region where Athens is located. We examined meteorological data from the station of the National Observatory of Athens in Thission, over a 54-year period, applying criteria that include daily maximum temperatures equal to or greater than 12 °C, minimum temperatures equal to or greater than 4 °C, wind speeds equal to or less than 6 knots, and mean total cloudiness (between 06:00 and 18:00 GMT) equal to or less than 3.2 oktas. This analysis identified all Halcyon days that occurred during this period. Our statistical study revealed the annual evolution of these days and any possible relationship with climate change. We focused on understanding the dynamics of the atmospheric circulation processes associated with the occurrence of Halcyon days. The primary atmospheric circulation feature responsible for the generation of Halcyon days appears to be the establishment of a subtropical anticyclone over Greek territory. Full article
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7 pages, 1951 KB  
Proceeding Paper
A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Droughts in Greece (1960–2022): Severity, Duration and Frequency Based on the SPI and SPEI
by Michael Samouris, Anna Mamara, Vasileios Armaos and Athanassios Argiriou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035061 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 193
Abstract
This study focuses on Greece, providing a comprehensive climatological analysis of drought conditions from 1960 to 2022. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were employed on a 1-month timescale to assess meteorological drying conditions over the study [...] Read more.
This study focuses on Greece, providing a comprehensive climatological analysis of drought conditions from 1960 to 2022. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were employed on a 1-month timescale to assess meteorological drying conditions over the study period. The Drought Occurrence Probability (DOP), Total Drought Duration (TDD) and drought severity were analyzed spatially, while temporal trends were examined using rolling time windows and the Mann–Kendall test. The findings reveal regional differences in drought characteristics and indicate more intense drought conditions under the SPEI compared to the SPI, underscoring the increasing role of temperature in drought intensification. Full article
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8 pages, 1277 KB  
Proceeding Paper
National Integration and Optimization of CAMS Products: The Eratosthenes Center of Excellence as National Coordinator for Atmospheric Monitoring in Cyprus
by Maria Anastasiadou, Silas Michaelides and Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035062 - 2 Oct 2025
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Abstract
The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) offers a broad portfolio of global and regional atmospheric products that support environmental monitoring, air quality assessment, health applications and climate policy. Under the CAMS National Collaboration Programme (NCP), the ERATOSTHENES Centre of Excellence (ECoE) serves as [...] Read more.
The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) offers a broad portfolio of global and regional atmospheric products that support environmental monitoring, air quality assessment, health applications and climate policy. Under the CAMS National Collaboration Programme (NCP), the ERATOSTHENES Centre of Excellence (ECoE) serves as the national coordinator for Cyprus, working to bridge the gap between CAMS outputs and local end-user needs. This paper presents the strategy and implementation framework adopted by ECoE to facilitate CAMS uptake in Cyprus. Efforts focus on integrating CAMS data into national systems, developing tailored applications (e.g., UV forecasting, dust event alerts), building stakeholder capacity, and supporting regulatory reporting. Outcomes also include the deployment of the AirData Hub platform and initial steps toward institutionalizing CAMS-derived workflows in public health and environmental planning. The work highlights both the opportunities and technical challenges of customizing CAMS products for small-island contexts. Full article
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7 pages, 854 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Air Pollutants Projections Using SHERPA Simulator: How Can Cyprus Achieve Cleaner Air
by Jude Brian Ramesh, Stelios P. Neophytides, Orestis Livadiotis, Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis, Silas Michaelides and Maria N. Anastasiadou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035063 - 3 Oct 2025
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Abstract
Air quality is a vital factor for safeguarding public and environmental health. Particulate matter (i.e., PM2.5 and PM10) and nitrogen dioxide are among the most harmful air pollutants leading to severe health risks such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, while also affecting the [...] Read more.
Air quality is a vital factor for safeguarding public and environmental health. Particulate matter (i.e., PM2.5 and PM10) and nitrogen dioxide are among the most harmful air pollutants leading to severe health risks such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, while also affecting the environment negatively by contributing to the formation of acid rains and ground level ozone. The European Union has introduced new thresholds on those pollutants to be met by the year 2030, taking into consideration the guidelines set by the World Health Organization, aiming for a healthier environment for humans and living species. Cyprus is an island that is vulnerable to those pollutants mostly due to its geographic location, facilitating shipping activities and dust transport from Sahara Desert, and the methods used to produce electricity which primarily rely on petroleum products. Furthermore, the country suffers from heavy traffic conditions, making it susceptible to high levels of nitrogen dioxide. Thus, the projection of air pollutants according to different scenarios based on regulations and policies of the European Union are necessary towards clean air and better practices. The Screening for High Emission Reduction Potential on Air (SHERPA) is a tool developed by the European Commission which allows the simulation of emission reduction scenarios and their effect on the following key pollutants: NO, NO2, O3, PM2.5, PM10. This study aims to assess the potential of the SHERPA simulation tool to support air quality related decision and policy planning in Cyprus to ensure that the country will remain within the thresholds that will be applicable in 2030. Full article
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8 pages, 1868 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Reliability Evaluation of CAMS Air Quality Products in the Context of Different Land Uses: The Example of Cyprus
by Jude Brian Ramesh, Stelios P. Neophytides, Orestis Livadiotis, Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis, Silas Michaelides and Maria N. Anastasiadou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035064 - 6 Oct 2025
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Abstract
Cyprus is located between Europe, Asia and Africa, and its location is vulnerable to dust transport from the Sahara Desert, wildfire smoke particles from surrounding regions, and other anthropogenic emissions caused by several factors, mostly due to business activities on harbor areas. Moreover, [...] Read more.
Cyprus is located between Europe, Asia and Africa, and its location is vulnerable to dust transport from the Sahara Desert, wildfire smoke particles from surrounding regions, and other anthropogenic emissions caused by several factors, mostly due to business activities on harbor areas. Moreover, the country suffers from heavy traffic conditions caused by the limited public transportation system in Cyprus. Therefore, taking into consideration the country’s geographic location, heavy commercial activities, and lack of good public transportation system, Cyprus is exposed to dust episodes and high anthropogenic emissions associated with multiple health and environmental issues. Therefore, continuous and qualitative air quality monitoring is essential. The Department of Labor Inspection of Cyprus (DLI) has established an air quality monitoring network that consists of 11 stations at strategic geographic locations covering rural, residential, traffic and industrial zones. This network measures the following pollutants: nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate matter 2.5, and particulate matter 10. This case study compares and evaluates the agreement between Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) air quality products and ground-truth data from the DLI air quality network. The study period spans from January to December 2024. This study focuses on the following three pollutants: particulate matter 2.5, particulate matter 10, and ozone, using Ensemble Median, EMEP, and CHIMERE near-real-time model data provided by CAMS. A data analysis was performed to identify the agreement and the error rate between those two datasets (i.e., ground-truth air quality data and CAMS air quality data). In addition, this study assesses the reliability of assimilated datasets from CAMS across rural, residential, traffic and industrial zones. The results showcase how CAMS near-real-time analysis data can supplement air quality monitoring in locations without the availability of ground-truth data. Full article
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7 pages, 2068 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Assessing the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect Using Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI): A Case Study on Paphos, Cyprus
by Christodoulos Dimitriou, Silas Michaelides, Kyriacos Themistocleous, Diofantos G. Hadjimitsis, George Papadavid, Ioannis Gitas and Nicholas Kyriakides
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035065 - 6 Oct 2025
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Abstract
The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is responsible for increased urban temperatures compared to rural areas due to heat-absorbing materials like concrete and asphalt, worsening climate change impacts and creating thermal discomfort for citizens. Limited green spaces reduce natural cooling, increasing health risks. [...] Read more.
The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is responsible for increased urban temperatures compared to rural areas due to heat-absorbing materials like concrete and asphalt, worsening climate change impacts and creating thermal discomfort for citizens. Limited green spaces reduce natural cooling, increasing health risks. This study examines UHI in Paphos (2015–2024) during significant infrastructure development, using Landsat-9 data to analyze Land Surface Temperature (LST), urban growth (NDBI), and vegetation (NDVI). The results reveal how development has affected the microclimate of Paphos compared with the limitation of green spaces through time series. This study also highlights remote sensing’s effectiveness in assessing UHIs. Full article
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7 pages, 1657 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Assessing the Sensitivity of WRF to Surface Urban Physics
by Iraklis Kyriakidis, Vasileios Pavlidis, Maria Gkolemi, Zina Mitraka, Nektarios Chrysoulakis and Eleni Katragkou
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035067 - 9 Oct 2025
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Abstract
This study investigates the sensitivity of an urban parameterization scheme of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). The model sensitivity is tested during the period April–May 2020 over the greater Paris region. The parent domain covers Europe with a 12 km horizontal [...] Read more.
This study investigates the sensitivity of an urban parameterization scheme of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). The model sensitivity is tested during the period April–May 2020 over the greater Paris region. The parent domain covers Europe with a 12 km horizontal resolution, with a nested one covering the greater Paris region with a 3 km horizontal resolution. A multi-layer urban scheme called Building Effect Parameterization coupled with the Building Energy Model (BEP-BEM) was applied in two simulations: (1) BEP-BEM Paris, with urban options tailored for the Paris region, which were derived from Earth Observation data, and (2) BEP-BEM Europe, which uses an updated urban parameter table with an estimated average profile for European cities. These two simulations were compared with observations and a WRF simulation using a simple urban parameterization (BULK approach). BULK and multi-layer urban scheme experiments present a similar general error for April, underestimating temperature, while the BEP-BEM runs overestimate temperature for May. The simulation with the advanced tailored urban parameterization over Paris appears to have the best overall performance in this 2-month period. Full article
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7 pages, 1497 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Observed Changes in Temperature Extremes over Greece: Warm and Cold Spells
by Anna Mamara, Athanasios A. Argiriou, Nikolaos Karatarakis and Vasileios Armaos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035068 - 9 Oct 2025
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Abstract
The daily maximum and minimum temperatures measured by the HNMS’s stations from 1960 to 2022, are used to compute percentile-based indices capturing the percentage of days below or above the 10th and 90th percentile, respectively (TN10p, TX10p, TN90p, TX90p), and event duration indicators [...] Read more.
The daily maximum and minimum temperatures measured by the HNMS’s stations from 1960 to 2022, are used to compute percentile-based indices capturing the percentage of days below or above the 10th and 90th percentile, respectively (TN10p, TX10p, TN90p, TX90p), and event duration indicators (WSDI and CSDI). The climate extremes indices are evaluated assuming two different reference periods (1961–1990 and 1991–2020), and trend analysis is performed using the Mann–Kendall test. The results show a significant increase in the frequency of the warm days and nights. The magnitude and perceived timing of trends depend on the baseline chosen. Using the warmer 1991–2020 reference period dampens the upward trends in warm–extreme indices and amplifies the downward trends in cold extremes. Full article
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5 pages, 2675 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Etesian Winds and Sea Surface Chlorophyll Concentrations over the Eastern Aegean
by Dionysia Kotta
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035069 - 9 Oct 2025
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Abstract
Etesian winds, the characteristic summer winds over large parts of Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, can cause coastal upwelling, especially over the eastern Aegean. The question that many studies address is whether these northern winds can cause upwelling processes that alter not only [...] Read more.
Etesian winds, the characteristic summer winds over large parts of Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, can cause coastal upwelling, especially over the eastern Aegean. The question that many studies address is whether these northern winds can cause upwelling processes that alter not only sea surface temperature but also chlorophyll concentrations, which are indicative of phytoplankton growth and overall ocean health. The present study is an effort to investigate the above matter over the eastern Aegean, from Lesvos to Ikaria and Samos islands, on a monthly basis, based on all the available satellite chlorophyll data up to now. Full article
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6 pages, 1156 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Summers in Greece—Climate Analysis
by Dimitrios Kampolis and Panagiotis Nastos
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035070 - 14 Oct 2025
Abstract
Climate change is disrupting nature, human lives, and infrastructure worldwide. Its effects are becoming more evident in every region, with IPCC reports warning of a warming world and an increase in extreme weather events. The scale and severity of climate change’s impacts exceed [...] Read more.
Climate change is disrupting nature, human lives, and infrastructure worldwide. Its effects are becoming more evident in every region, with IPCC reports warning of a warming world and an increase in extreme weather events. The scale and severity of climate change’s impacts exceed earlier estimates, leading to widespread disruption of ecosystems and societies. It threatens food production, clean water availability, and ultimately, the health and well-being of billions. The primary driver of these changes is rising global temperatures, which significantly influence climate patterns and hydrological conditions. This study analyzes time series of summer air temperature (at 500 hPa and 850 hPa) and total precipitation from NOAA records across ten major administrative regions of Greece over a 35-year period (1989–2024). Using a machine learning approach, the analysis identifies climate trends and extreme weather patterns while providing climate forecasts to support water management improvements and public health initiatives. Full article
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6 pages, 3351 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Greek National Hail Suppression Program: Severe Supercell of CDC +4 Produces Egg-Sized Hail in Thessaly on 7 September 2024
by Mary Vlachou and Dimitris Brikas
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035071 - 15 Oct 2025
Abstract
On 7 September 2024, a trough, situated over the Black Sea, in combination with a northeasterly outflow of a surface anticyclone over Russia, increased moisture and established an instability environment in Greece. Veering winds with height, in combination with high CAPE values in [...] Read more.
On 7 September 2024, a trough, situated over the Black Sea, in combination with a northeasterly outflow of a surface anticyclone over Russia, increased moisture and established an instability environment in Greece. Veering winds with height, in combination with high CAPE values in the middle and upper troposphere, produced a violent supercell. Cloud base updrafts, intense lightning activity and severe precipitation in the form of large hail were the main characteristics of this case. Egg-sized hail was reported, contributing to the highest observed CDC index (+4) in Thessaly. Weather RADAR data were recorded and processed by TITAN, revealing an extensive WER in the RHI. Full article
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