Direct Radiative Effects of Dust Events over Limassol, Cyprus in 2024 Using Ground-Based Measurements and Modelling †
by
, , ,
Georgia Charalampous
1,2,*
,
Konstantinos Fragkos
3,
Ilias Fountoulakis
4
,
Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou
5,
Argyro Nisantzi
2,6,
Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri
2,6,
Diofantos Hadjimitsis
1,2 and
Stelios Kazadzis
5
1
Department of Resilience Society, Eratosthenes Centre of Excellence, 3012 Limassol, Cyprus
2
Department of Civil Engineering & Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
3
Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
4
Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
5
Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos, World Radiation Center, 7260 Davos, Switzerland
6
Department of Environment and Climate, Eratosthenes Centre of Excellence, 3012 Limassol, Cyprus
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 17th International Conference on Meteorology, Climatology, and Atmospheric Physics—COMECAP 2025, Nicosia, Cyprus, 29 September–1 October 2025.
Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035077
Published: 30 October 2025
Abstract
Dust plays a significant role in the atmospheric radiative balance by altering both shortwave and longwave radiation fluxes. While deserts are the primary sources of dust emissions, atmospheric circulation can transport dust over long distances, impacting air quality and climate in remote regions. These transport episodes, commonly known as dust events, vary in intensity and effects. Despite extensive research, uncertainties persist regarding their precise radiative impacts. This study examines the direct radiative effects of dust events in 2024 (a year marked by heightened dust activity) over Limassol, Cyprus. A comprehensive approach is employed, integrating radiative transfer modelling, ground-based solar radiation measurements, and dust optical property analysis. The LibRadtran radiative transfer package is used to simulate atmospheric radiative transfer under dust-laden conditions, incorporating key dust optical properties such as Aerosol Optical Depth, Single Scattering Albedo, and the Asymmetry Parameter retrieved from the Limassol’s AERONET station. Observations from solar radiation station at the ERATOSTHENES Centre of Excellence serve as validation for the model. This study quantifies the radiative impact of dust by evaluating changes in surface irradiance, providing valuable insights into the role of dust in atmospheric energy balance.
1. Introduction
Atmospheric aerosols, particularly desert dust, significantly affect the Earth’s radiation budget by modifying both incoming solar and outgoing terrestrial radiation [1,2]. Dust particles directly interact with solar radiation through scattering and absorption processes that depend heavily on the aerosols’ optical and microphysical properties such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), single scattering albedo (SSA), and asymmetry parameter. These properties vary not only with dust composition but also with atmospheric conditions, leading to uncertainties in the quantification of their radiative impacts [3,4]. In addition to their climatic effects, dust aerosols can reduce solar energy availability and influence surface temperatures [5]. The need for accurate assessment of their direct radiative effect is particularly relevant in the context of solar energy production, especially in regions such as Cyprus with high solar potential and frequent dust exposure [3,6].
This study investigates the direct aerosol radiative effect of dust events in 2024 over Limassol, Cyprus—a year characterized by notably elevated dust activity. Using the LibRadtran radiative transfer model, simulations are performed under dust-laden atmospheric conditions using input from the AERONET station in Limassol. Observed global solar irradiance from the Eratosthenes Centre of Excellence’s radiation station serves as ground-based validation. The monitoring infrastructure in Limassol includes as part of the Aerosol Remote Sensing Observational platform of the CARO National Facility a CIMEL sun photometer (part of the AERONET network), and a PollyXT lidar system for vertical profiling of aerosols, and high-quality pyranometers for solar radiation measurements [7,8]. This work quantifies changes in surface irradiance and estimates radiative forcing efficiencies during dust episodes, contributing to a more precise understanding of how dust impacts regional radiative transfer processes. The results offer insight into the role of aerosol optical properties in shaping surface radiation and support efforts to improve solar energy forecasting in dust-affected environments [9,10,11].
2. Data and Methodology
This study utilizes a combination of ground-based, satellite, and model-generated datasets to assess the direct radiative effect of dust over Limassol, Cyprus. The primary aerosol optical properties were retrieved from a Cimel CE 348NE Sun Photometer (Cimel, Paris, France), part of the AERONET network, located at the Cyprus University of Technology. In this study we utilized level 1.5 cloud-screened data, including aerosol optical depth (AOD), single scattering albedo (SSA), asymmetry parameter (ASY), Ångström exponent, and precipitable water column (PWC) [12]. These parameters were used as core inputs for the radiative transfer model simulations.
Solar irradiance measurements were obtained from an EKO (Osaka, Japan) MS-80 pyranometer. To identify cloud-free conditions, sky imagery from the co-located ASI-16 All Sky Imager (EKO, Osaka, Japan). Vertical profiles of aerosol layers were provided by the PollyXT multiwavelength-Raman lidar from TROPOS (Leipzig, Germany), which is operated at the Cyprus Atmospheric Remote Sensing Observatory National Facility (CARO NF) of the Eratosthenes Centre of Excellence at Limassol (34.677° N, 33.0375° E).
For model validation and dust event detection, MODIS imagery from the Terra and Aqua satellites was acquired via NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview platforms [13]. Additionally, total column ozone data was sourced from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), which provides daily gridded global ozone estimates [14]. To determine the geographic origin of dust events, the HYSPLIT model was used in backward mode, initialized at altitudes defined by the lidar-observed aerosol layers [15].
We implemented a multi-step approach integrating data filtering, dust case identification, source attribution, and radiative modeling. Cloud-free periods were first selected using imagery from the EKO (Osaka, Japan) all-sky camera, after which AERONET Level 1.5 data were temporally matched. To classify aerosol types and identify dust events, we applied the aerosol typing scheme by Dubovik et al. (2002) [16], which uses thresholds in AOD and Ångström exponent to distinguish dust from other aerosol types. This classification was further verified using PollyXT lidar profiles to ensure the presence of elevated aerosol layers consistent with long-range dust transport. MODIS imagery confirmed the spatial distribution of the dust plumes, and HYSPLIT backward trajectories (initialized at lidar-observed altitudes) were used to determine whether the dust originated from the Sahara, the Middle East, or represented a mixed source.
Radiative simulations were performed using the libRadtran UVSPEC model (version 2.0.5) with the DISORT solver (six streams) and the REPTRAN fine-resolution absorption parameterization [17,18]. Inputs included AERONET-derived AOD, SSA, ASY, and water vapor, total column ozone from OMI, and a fixed surface albedo of 0.2. Simulations were run for both dusty and aerosol-free conditions. The model outputs were validated against solar horizontal irradiance measurements from the MS-80 pyranometer from EKO, (Osaka, Japan) at the surface.
3. Results and Discussion
Three major dust events were identified in Limassol during 2024, occurring at the end of March (Event 1), end of April (Event 2), and end of May (Event 3). These cases were selected based on their high aerosol optical depth (AOD) values, distinct vertical structure from lidar observations, and strong attenuation in ground-based solar radiation measurements. The optical parameters, including daily mean AOD and its standard deviation, as well as the daily mean Angstrom exponent and its respective standard deviation, are given in Table 1. But not all the days that are presented in Table 1 are dust-affected.
Figure 1 shows satellite imagery from MODIS confirming widespread dust plumes over Cyprus during all three events.
Figure 2 presents profiles of the volume depolarization ratio (VDR) from the PollyXT lidar system during the period of 15/05/2024–25/05/2024 (Event 3). Pronounced dust layers (VDR > 0.15) are evident, extending up to approximately 4 km above ground level. Notably, between 20/05/2024 and 23/05/2024, dust penetrated the lowest atmospheric levels, reaching the surface and affecting air quality. The HYSPLIT trajectories shown in Figure 3 traced their origins to the Sahara. These intense events provided ideal conditions for quantifying the direct radiative impact of dust under clear-sky conditions.
3.1. Model Evaluation
To evaluate the accuracy of the radiative transfer simulations, modeled global horizontal irradiance (GHI) values were compared against in situ measurements from the EKO MS-80 pyranometer under dust-affected conditions. Figure 4 shows the correlation between modeled and measured GHI for all identified dust cases in 2024. The model performed exceptionally well, with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.98, indicating strong agreement between the two datasets. The root mean square error (RMSE) was 27.68 W/m2, and the mean bias error (MBE) was −5.47 W/m2, suggesting a slight underestimation of modeled GHI. The color scale in the scatter plot illustrates the percent difference between measured and modeled values, with most points clustered around the 1:1 line and percent differences generally within ±10%.
3.2. Daily Radiative Attenuation During Dust Events
The daily evolution of shortwave radiation attenuation was analyzed for each of the three most intense dust events in 2024. Figure 5 shows the attenuation expressed as the difference between the measured shortwave irradiance and the model output under aerosol-free conditions. The shaded area represents ±1 standard deviation. Negative values indicate reduction in surface irradiance due to the presence of dust aerosols. All three events exhibited sustained and significant reductions in surface solar irradiance, with peak attenuation occurring on March 28, April 22, and May 19, respectively. These days coincide with elevated AOD values and strong aerosol layer signatures from lidar, confirming the presence of dense dust. Attenuation values exceeded –100 W/m2 at their peak, highlighting the considerable impact of dust on surface energy input. The variability across days, as shown by the standard deviation bands, reflects fluctuations in dust load and atmospheric stability. These results reinforce the importance of accounting for dust-related attenuation in radiative transfer modeling and solar energy assessments over Cyprus.
4. Conclusions
This study evaluated the direct radiative effects of intense dust events over Limassol, Cyprus, during 2024 using a combination of solar ground-based measurements, lidar profiling, satellite observations, and radiative transfer modeling. Three major dust episodes—on March 28, April 22, and May 19—were identified and analyzed in detail. The libRadtran model, driven by AERONET optical properties and validated with high-precision pyranometer data, demonstrated high agreement with observed global horizontal irradiance (R2 = 0.98, RMSE = 27.68 W/m2). Daily shortwave attenuation during these events exceeded –100 W/m2, underscoring the substantial impact of mineral dust on surface solar radiation. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating accurate aerosol optical properties and vertical profiling (via lidar) in radiative effect assessments. Future work will extend this analysis over longer time periods, aiming to further refine the radiative forcing estimates and support improved solar energy forecasting and climate modeling in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, G.C., K.F. and S.K.; methodology, S.K., G.C., K.F., I.F. and K.P.; software, G.C., K.F., I.F. and K.P.; validation, G.C., A.N. and R.-E.M.; formal analysis, G.C. and S.K.; investigation, K.F.; resources, K.F. and D.H.; data curation, G.C., K.F., S.K. and A.N.; writing—original draft preparation, G.C., K.F., I.F., K.P., A.N. and S.K.; writing—review and editing, G.C., K.F., S.K. and A.N.; visualization, G.C.; supervision, K.F., D.H. and S.K.; project administration, D.H. and R.-E.M.; funding acquisition, D.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by the ‘EXCELSIOR’: ERATOSTHENES: Excellence Research Centre for Earth Surveillance and Space-Based Monitoring of the Environment H2020 Widespread Teaming project (www.excelsior2020.eu). The ‘EXCELSIOR’ project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 857510, from the Government of the Republic of Cyprus through the Directorate General for the European Programmes, Coordination and Development and the Cyprus University of Technology.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
All data used in this study are available upon request from the main author.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the EXCELSIOR: ERATOSTHENES: Excellence Research Centre for Earth Surveillance and Space-Based Monitoring of the Environment H2020 Widespread Teaming project (www.excelsior2020.eu, accessed on 13 March 2023).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
- Bellouin, N.; Quaas, J.; Gryspeerdt, E.; Kinne, S.; Stier, P.; Watson-Parris, D.; Boucher, O.; Carslaw, K.S.; Christensen, M.; Daniau, A.-L.; et al. Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change. Rev. Geophys. 2020, 58, e2019RG000660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sokolik, I.N.; Winker, D.M.; Bergametti, G.; Gillette, D.A.; Carmichael, G.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Gomes, L.; Schuetz, L.; Penner, J.E. Introduction to special section: Outstanding problems in quantifying the radiative impacts of mineral dust. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2001, 106, 18015–18027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fountoulakis, I.; Kosmopoulos, P.; Papachristopoulou, K.; Raptis, I.-P.; Mamouri, R.-E.; Nisantzi, A.; Gkikas, A.; Witthuhn, J.; Bley, S.; Moustaka, A.; et al. Effects of Aerosols and Clouds on the Levels of Surface Solar Radiation and Solar Energy in Cyprus. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kok, J.F.; Storelvmo, T.; Karydis, V.A.; Adebiyi, A.A.; Mahowald, N.M.; Evan, A.T.; He, C.; Leung, D.M. Mineral dust aerosol impacts on global climate and climate change. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 2023, 4, 71–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boucher, O.; Randall, D.; Artaxo, P.; Bretherton, C.; Feingold, G.; Forster, P.; Kerminen, V.-M.; Kondo, Y.; Liao, H.; Lohmann, U.; et al. Clouds and Aerosols. In Climate Change 2013—The Physical Science Basis; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2013; pp. 571–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Achilleos, S.; Mouzourides, P.; Kalivitis, N.; Katra, I.; Kloog, I.; Kouis, P.; Middleton, N.; Mihalopoulos, N.; Neophytou, M.; Panayiotou, A.; et al. Spatio-temporal variability of desert dust storms in Eastern Mediterranean (Crete, Cyprus, Israel) between 2006 and 2017 using a uniform methodology. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 714, 136693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ene, D.; Poutli, M.; Mettas, C.; Michaelides, S.; Mamouri, R.-E.; Nisantzi, A.; Papoutsa, C.; Hadjimitsis, D.; Bühl, J.; Seifert, P. Aerosol and Cloud Remote Sensing Observation in Limassol, Cyprus. In Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS 2024), Athens, Greece, 7–12 July 2024; pp. 3111–3114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fragkos, K.; Nisantzi, A.; Fountoulakis, I.; Michaelides, S.; Charalampous, G.; Papachristopoulou, K.; Kontoes, C.; Hadjimitsis, D.; Kazadzis, S. Introducing the Solar Radiation and Energy Laboratory of the Eratosthenes’ Centre of Excellence: Overview of Activities. Environ. Sci. Proc. 2023, 26, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mamouri, R.-E.; Ansmann, A.; Nisantzi, A.; Solomos, S.; Kallos, G.; Hadjimitsis, D.G. Extreme dust storm over the eastern Mediterranean in September 2015: Satellite, lidar, and surface observations in the Cyprus region. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2016, 16, 13711–13724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Logothetis, S.-A.; Salamalikis, V.; Gkikas, A.; Kazadzis, S.; Amiridis, V.; Kazantzidis, A. 15-year variability of desert dust optical depth on global and regional scales. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2021, 21, 16499–16529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gkikas, A.; Obiso, V.; García-Pando, C.P.; Jorba, O.; Hatzianastassiou, N.; Vendrell, L.; Basart, S.; Solomos, S.; Gassó, S.; Baldasano, J.M. Direct radiative effects during intense Mediterranean desert dust outbreaks. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2018, 18, 8757–8787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giles, D.M.; Sinyuk, A.; Sorokin, M.G.; Schafer, J.S.; Smirnov, A.; Slutsker, I.; Eck, T.F.; Holben, B.N.; Lewis, J.R.; Campbell, J.R.; et al. Advancements in the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Version 3 database—Automated near-real-time quality control algorithm with improved cloud screening for Sun photometer aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2019, 12, 169–209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barnes, W.; Xiong, X.; Salomonson, V. Status of terra MODIS and aqua modis. Adv. Space Res. 2003, 32, 2099–2106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levelt, P.F.; Joiner, J.; Tamminen, J.; Veefkind, J.P.; Bhartia, P.K.; Zweers, D.C.S.; Duncan, B.N.; Streets, D.G.; Eskes, H.; Van Der A, R.; et al. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument: Overview of 14 years in space. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2018, 18, 5699–5745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stein, A.F.; Draxler, R.R.; Rolph, G.D.; Stunder, B.J.B.; Cohen, M.D.; Ngan, F. NOAA’s HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling System. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 2015, 96, 2059–2077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dubovik, O.; Holben, B.; Eck, T.F.; Smirnov, A.; Kaufman, Y.J.; King, M.D.; Tanré, D.; Slutsker, I. Variability of Absorption and Optical Properties of Key Aerosol Types Observed in Worldwide Locations. J. Atmos. Sci. 2002, 59, 590–608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Emde, C.; Buras-Schnell, R.; Kylling, A.; Mayer, B.; Gasteiger, J.; Hamann, U.; Kylling, J.; Richter, B.; Pause, C.; Dowling, T.; et al. The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations (version 2.0.1). Geosci. Model Dev. 2016, 9, 1647–1672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mayer, B.; Kylling, A. Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations—Description and examples of use. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2005, 5, 1855–1877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Figure 1.
Modis Images from the three events over Cyprus (GIBS/Worldview).
Figure 2.
PollyXT lidar volume linear depolarization ratio at 532 nm over Limassol, Cyprus, from 15 to 25 May 2024 (event 3).
Figure 2.
PollyXT lidar volume linear depolarization ratio at 532 nm over Limassol, Cyprus, from 15 to 25 May 2024 (event 3).
Figure 3.
72 h backward trajectories calculated with the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integration Trajectory (HYSPLIT) NOAA model [15] and Reanalysis meteorological data for the 3 events indicating dust originated from Sahara, with red, green and blue are the different heights of the backward trajectories.
Figure 3.
72 h backward trajectories calculated with the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integration Trajectory (HYSPLIT) NOAA model [15] and Reanalysis meteorological data for the 3 events indicating dust originated from Sahara, with red, green and blue are the different heights of the backward trajectories.
Figure 4.
Comparison between modeled and measured global horizontal irradiance (GHI) during identified dust events in 2024 over Limassol.
Figure 4.
Comparison between modeled and measured global horizontal irradiance (GHI) during identified dust events in 2024 over Limassol.
Figure 5.
Daily mean shortwave (SW) radiation attenuation during the three major dust events in 2024 over Limassol.
Figure 5.
Daily mean shortwave (SW) radiation attenuation during the three major dust events in 2024 over Limassol.
Table 1.
Mean daily optical properties for the 3 major dust events in Limassol during 2024. Highlighted are the days exhibiting the most intense radiative effects (see Section 3.2 for details).
Table 1.
Mean daily optical properties for the 3 major dust events in Limassol during 2024. Highlighted are the days exhibiting the most intense radiative effects (see Section 3.2 for details).
| Event 1 | AOD_500nm | 440–870_Angstrom_Exponent | ||
| mean | std | mean | std | |
| Date | ||||
| 2024-03-26 | 0.415 | 0.054 | 0.254 | 0.061 |
| 2024-03-27 | 0.294 | 0.036 | 0.231 | 0.013 |
| 2024-03-28 | 0.448 | 0.066 | 0.191 | 0.021 |
| 2024-03-29 | 0.486 | 0.030 | 0.236 | 0.052 |
| 2024-03-30 | 0.372 | 0.029 | 0.350 | 0.082 |
| 2024-03-31 | 0.280 | 0.007 | 0.382 | 0.018 |
| 2024-04-01 | 0.269 | 0.014 | 0.425 | 0.056 |
| 2024-04-02 | 0.241 | 0.029 | 0.498 | 0.038 |
| 2024-04-03 | 0.172 | 0.026 | 0.584 | 0.148 |
| 2024-04-04 | 0.271 | 0.115 | 0.282 | 0.079 |
| Event 2 | AOD_500nm | 440–870_Angstrom_Exponent | ||
| mean | std | mean | std | |
| Date | ||||
| 2024-04-17 | 0.134 | 0.032 | 0.845 | 0.114 |
| 2024-04-18 | 0.351 | 0.097 | 0.246 | 0.064 |
| 2024-04-19 | 0.214 | 0.063 | 0.543 | 0.132 |
| 2024-04-20 | ||||
| 2024-04-21 | ||||
| 2024-04-22 | 0.611 | 0.159 | 0.186 | 0.024 |
| 2024-04-23 | 0.379 | 0.017 | 0.204 | 0.017 |
| 2024-04-24 | 0.531 | 0.021 | 0.207 | 0.013 |
| 2024-04-25 | ||||
| 2024-04-26 | ||||
| 2024-04-27 | ||||
| 2024-04-28 | 0.277 | 0.022 | 0.339 | 0.024 |
| Event 3 | AOD_500nm | 440–870_Angstrom_Exponent | ||
| mean | std | mean | std | |
| Date | ||||
| 2024-05-15 | 0.142 | 0.036 | 1.315 | 0.110 |
| 2024-05-16 | 0.150 | 0.024 | 1.172 | 0.173 |
| 2024-05-17 | 0.400 | 0.051 | 0.311 | 0.041 |
| 2024-05-18 | 0.372 | 0.049 | 0.248 | 0.047 |
| 2024-05-19 | 0.464 | 0.049 | 0.289 | 0.048 |
| 2024-05-20 | 0.413 | 0.022 | 0.314 | 0.069 |
| 2024-05-21 | 0.399 | 0.016 | 0.400 | 0.057 |
| 2024-05-22 | ||||
| 2024-05-23 | 0.276 | 0.103 | 0.273 | 0.068 |
| 2024-05-24 | 0.166 | 0.015 | 0.776 | 0.075 |
| 2024-05-25 | 0.205 | 0.044 | 0.927 | 0.127 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Charalampous, G.; Fragkos, K.; Fountoulakis, I.; Papachristopoulou, K.; Nisantzi, A.; Mamouri, R.-E.; Hadjimitsis, D.; Kazadzis, S. Direct Radiative Effects of Dust Events over Limassol, Cyprus in 2024 Using Ground-Based Measurements and Modelling. Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2025, 35, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035077
AMA Style
Charalampous G, Fragkos K, Fountoulakis I, Papachristopoulou K, Nisantzi A, Mamouri R-E, Hadjimitsis D, Kazadzis S. Direct Radiative Effects of Dust Events over Limassol, Cyprus in 2024 Using Ground-Based Measurements and Modelling. Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings. 2025; 35(1):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035077
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharalampous, Georgia, Konstantinos Fragkos, Ilias Fountoulakis, Kyriakoula Papachristopoulou, Argyro Nisantzi, Rodanthi-Elisavet Mamouri, Diofantos Hadjimitsis, and Stelios Kazadzis. 2025. "Direct Radiative Effects of Dust Events over Limassol, Cyprus in 2024 Using Ground-Based Measurements and Modelling" Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings 35, no. 1: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035077
APA StyleCharalampous, G., Fragkos, K., Fountoulakis, I., Papachristopoulou, K., Nisantzi, A., Mamouri, R.-E., Hadjimitsis, D., & Kazadzis, S. (2025). Direct Radiative Effects of Dust Events over Limassol, Cyprus in 2024 Using Ground-Based Measurements and Modelling. Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings, 35(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2025035077
